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COPYRIGHT DEPOSm 




Thomas E. Hill 



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THE OPEN DOOR 
TO INDEPENDENCE 



Making Money From the Soil 



WHAT TO DO— HOW TO DO 

ON 

CITY LOTS, SUBURBAN GROUNDS 

COUNTRY FARMS 

Together with Outline Maps of All Parts of the United States, 

Irrigated Regions, Climates, Cities, Villages, Market 

Towns, Locations and Populations 



HOW TO FERTILIZE SOIL 

Landscape — Beautify — Cultivate — and Successfully Grow Fruits, 
Flowers, Vegetables and Grains, 



WHILE OBTAINING FOOD AND SUPPORT 

How to Have Comfort and Luxury on the Farm, in the Suburb, and on the City Lot 



HOW TO CARE FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS 

Sheltering, Feeding, Humanely and Profitably Increasing Breeds and Flocks 



By THOMAS E.^ HILL 

Practical Farmer and Scientific Agriculturist 

Author of 

"Hill's Manual," "Hill's Album of Biography," 

"Hill's Practical Encyclopedia," Etc. 



CHICAGO 

HILL STANDARD BOOK COMPANY 

1915 



Copyright, 1915 

by 
Thomas E. Hill 



MAR 29 1915 






4'? 



PREFACE 

The purpose of this volume is to enable people 
to utilize, beautify and enjoy the use and owner- 
ship of land. "BACK TO THE LAND" does 
not necessarily mean removing from one loca- 
tion to another, but rather the utilization of 
land wherever you are — your home garden and 
grounds, either city, suburb, or your country 
farm. 

Nevertheless, this volume does teach you how 
to go back to the land and shows you how to 
choose the location most likely to meet your 
requirements and realize for you the best 
results. 

This volume tells where desirable land is 
located, how far there, the climate, and popula- 
tion of over 43,000 market towns. It tells how 
to subdue the land, fertilize, plant, cultivate, 
grow the best fruits and grains, the use of agri- 
cultural tools; how to utilize domestic animals, 
breed flocks, grow flowers, beautify the home 
surroundings, how to prosper and enjoy rural 
life. 

Within these pages more than one thou- 
sand subjects pertaining to farming, garden- 
ing, home building and care of domestic ani- 
mals are treated practically in such plain lan- 
guage that beneficial results are certain to be 
obtained by all persons who follow directions. 

Thomas E. Hill 



Index of Guide to Land 

[An Alphabetical Index to One Thousand Subjects and Titles covered in this book will be 
found on pages 441-445. Index to Illustrations, pages 446-448.] 



For Description of Any One of tlie Forty-eiglit States and Territory of Alaslia, See General Index of States. 



General Index of States 



Pages 

Alabama . . .10-13 

•Alaska 14-15 

Arizona 16-19 

Arkansas 20-23 

California 24-27 

Colorado 28-31 

Connecticut 32-35 

Delaware 36-37 

Florida 40-43 

Georgia 44-47 

Idaho ..48-49 

Illinois 50-55 

Indiana 56-59 

♦Though Alaska is a 
Guide. 



Pages 

Iowa 60-63 

Kansas 82-85 

Kentucky 86-89 

Louisiana . . , 90-93 

Maine 94-97 

Maryland 98-99 

Massachusetts . . .104-105 

Michigan 106-109 

Minnesota 110-113 

Mississippi 114-117 

Missouri 118-119 

Montana 122-125 



Pages 

Nebraska 126-129 

Nevada 130-131 

New Hampshire. . .132-133 

New Jersey 134-137 

New Mexico ,138-139 

New York 140-147 

North Carolina. . .148-151 

North Dakota 152-155 

Ohio 156-161 

Oregon 166-169 

Oklahoma ....... 162-163 

Pennsylvania ....170-177 



Rhode Island 178-179 

South Carolina. .. .180-183 

South Dakota 184-187 

Tennessee 188-191 

Texas 192-199 

Utah 200-203 

Vermont 204-207 

Virginia 208-211 

Washington 212-215 

West Virginia ...216-219 

Wisconsin 220-223 

Wyoming 224-227 



territory, it is placed among States in this index for quick finding location in this 



FOB II.LUSTBATION OF NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT 

And Brief Mention of 120 Points cf Interest Located Thereon, See Pages 6, 7, 8 and 9 



TO GET INFORMATION 

About Irrigation, Renovation of Worn-out Land, Statistics of States, Etc., See Alpliabetically Arranged Index 



Government Irrigation Projects in the United States. 

Amonnt of Land Reclaimed, Feet of Water Supplied, Cost per Acre of Annual Maintenance, Crops 
Produced, Price of Land, Near-by Market Towns, Etc. 



Pages 

Arizona Salt River Project 67 

Arizona-California Yuma Project 68 

California Orland Project 68 

Colorado Grand Valley Project 69 

Colorado Uncompahgre Valley Project 69 

Idaho Minidoka Project 70 

Idaho Boise Project 70 

Kansas Garden City Project 71 

Montana Blackfeet Project 71 

Montana Huntley Project ) 72 

Montana Milk River Project 72 

Montana Sun River Project 73 

Montana North Dakota Lower Yellowstone 

Project 73 



Nebraska- Wj^oming North Platte Project 74 

Nevada Truckee-Carson Project , 74 

New Mexico Carlsbad Project 75 

New Mexico Hindo Project 75 

New Mexico-Texas Rio Grande Project 75 

North Dakota Pumping Projects 76 

Oregon Umatilla Project , 76 

Oregon-California Klamath Project , 77 

Soutli Dakota Belle Fourche Project 78 

Utah Strawberry Valley Project 

Washington Okanogan Project 79 

Washington Yakima Project 79 

Wyoming Shoshone Project ] . '. 80 



Alphabetically Arranged Index 



Admitted to Union, What Year. 



Pages 
...235 



Capital of Each State 235 

Continents of the World 4 



Distances from City to City. 
District of Columbia 



Government Land Offices. Where Located 67 

Government Liberality in Irrigation 66 

Governors' Terms of Office 235 



Hay, Cost Small Quantities 233 

Horses, Weights, Different Breeds 233 



Irrigation Projects by Government; map. 
Irrigated Land, Benefits of 



Legislatures, Length of Sessions. 



Pages 
. . .235 



Plants, Number to an Acre., 233 

Population, Percentage; Increase 20 Years 234 

Population, Total United States 234 

Population, Each State, United States 235 

Poultry, Facts About , 232 

R 

Renovation of Worn-out Land . , 228 

S 

Seeds, Length of Vitality 232 

Settlement of States, Years 235 

Settlement on Irrigated Land; Conditions 81 

Seed, Quantity to Plant an Acre ,...233 

W 

World as It Floats in Space 5 



A GUIDE TO LAND 



How to Use the Soil for Pleasure and Profit. 

Ever since the days ''when Adam delved and Eve span," the soil has fur- 
nished man's greatest and most natural means of livelihood. In fact, a man 
is never more of a man than when engaged in garnering a living from the 
bountiful bosom of Mother Earth. 

The importance of the soil as a natural resource, and the pleasure and 
profit to be derived from land culture, are recognized today as never before 
in the history of the race. Congestion of population in urban centers, result- 
ing in unemployment, poverty, disease, distress, squalor and crime, has turned 
the eyes of thousands of city residents to the opportunities afforded on every 
hand to gain health, happiness and financial freedom, by intelligent use of 
available land. 

But the stumbling-block in the way of the city or suburban resident hith- 
erto has been the question, how to set about it? How to realize the natural 
desire to get "back to the land"? How to utilize the garden space, the vacant 
lot, the suburban acre, or the possible truck farm or quarter section, so as to 
make them yield the profit that other men and women have wrested from 
their land, with bettered health and untold pleasure? The city man has hesi- 
tated to turn to the land for a living because of lack of exact knowledge 
how to make it pay. Now he need hesitate no longer, for in this book will be 
found in plenty just the kind of information and advice he requires, based 
upon the results of actual experience on the land and having all the weight 
and advantage of expert authority. 

This is the first and only book to give this information to the land- 
hungry and the seeker after economic freedom. The slightest inspection will 
suffice to show that the book is replete with the most valuable features. Its 
"Guide to the Land" is the most comprehensive ever published, and the most 
useful to those seeking a locality for settlement, because it shows the char- 
acteristics of all available localities, including conditions of climate, soil and 
transportation, the kinds of crops that may be raised, and all the possibilities 
for profit that exist in the soil. Besides all this, a vast amount of useful infor- 
mation of a general character respecting each locality, is given in the Guide. 

The Guide, however, important as it is, forms only one of the many fea- 
tures of this book that will appeal to the man or woman who feels the irresist- 
ible call "back to the land." It may not be necessary to look for a new loca- 
tion — and in that case this book will tell you what you can do with the land 



A Guide to Land — Continued 



you have, though it be but the backyard of a city lot. It is packed full of 
the most practical kind of information on all subjects of interest to those who 
would know the joy and gain the benefit of raising the things that spring 
from the soil and the creatures that thrive upon them. 

The best methods of agriculture, of horticulture, of stock-breeding, of 
dairying, of raising poultry for profit, of market gardening, fruit culture, bee- 
keeping, and a host of other profitable piirsuits upon the land, are here de- 
scribed in full. The language of the book is that of the practical man, easily 
understandable and plain in direction and advice; but the information given 
is based upon exact science, upon knowledge gained by experience. It is akin 
to the information that would be gained by attendance at one of the great 
agricultural colleges, those splendid institutions that have done so much of 
late years to increase the efficiency of American agriculture and the comfort 
of rural homes ; and that are yearly sending out their thousands of young men 
and women eqviipped with scientific ability to make two ears of corn grow 
where only one grew before, or to make the home of the ruralite healthier, 
happier and more prosperous by approved methods of domestic science. To 
those who cannot attend a school of agriculture, this book will bring, in a form 
for ready reference, many of the benefits of a technical training for living off 
the soil. 

The business of farming is today at the flood-tide of prosperity. Every 
product of the soil is in great demand and the rewards of the agriculturist far 
exceed all previous records. No wonder then that the thoughts of hundreds 
of thousands of men in all walks of life are turned toward the business in 
which, more than in any other, the individual is his own master, the arbiter of 
his own destiny. 

Nature stands ready to enter into partnership Avith any man who will 
undertake soil-cultivation in earnest, and will help him to success. And this 
book will show him how to start right in the oldest, greatest and most lucra- 
tive business the world has ever known. It is a book for everybody, since 
everybody is interested in the land ; a book for the business man, the parent 
and the teacher ; for the dweller in the city and the tiller of the soil. From its 
pages the young may learn, or may be taught, how the wonderful products 
of Nature are made available for man's use, and every seeker after inde- 
pendence and comfort may learn how to secure them from the soil. 



The World and Its Divisions of Land and Water 




THE EARTH AS IT APPEARS IN SPACE 

Showing Earth, Sun, Moon, a Comet and various Planets as they revolve in the immensity of space. 



- Admitting the theory that the earth, in its interior, is filled with liquid fire which finds vent, 
from time to time, in volcanic eruption, it is easy to understand how, in the remote past continents 
may have been thrown up, the moisture on the earth's surface settling into the hollows, thus making 
the oceans, seas and lakes. 




MAP OF THE PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH 

Displaying the central situation of the United States in relation to other countries of 



Relief Map Showing Mountains, Oceans, Lakes, Rivers and Plains 



HARVEST TIME IX Dir- 

f EKENT TARTS Ol" 

THE WOKED. 

Ill Janiiary the wheat 
is harvested in Australia, 
New Zealand, Chile and 
the Argentine Republic. 

In February and March 
the harvest has extended 
into upper Egypt and 
India. 

In April it is in lower 
Egypt, India, Persia, 
Syria, Asia Minor, Cyprus, 
Mexico and Cuba. 

In May it reaches per- 
fection in Algeria, Cen- 
tral Asia, China, Japan, 
Morocco and Texas. 

In June it has readied 
into Oregon, California, 
Alabama, Mississippi, 
Georgia, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Virginia, 
Kentucky, Tennessee, 
Kansas, Arliaiisas, Colo- 
rado, Utah, Missouri, 
Turliey, Greece, Italy, 
Spain, Portugal and the 
South .of France. 

In July it has extended 
into New Zealand, New 
York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
Indiana, Michigan, Illi- 
nois, Iowa, Wisconsin, 
Southern Minnesota, Ne- 
braska, Upper Canada, 
Roumania, Bulgaria, Aus- 
tria, Hungary, South of 
Russia, Germany, Switz- 
erland and the South of 
England. 

In August the harvest 
is a,ctively going forward 
in Central and Northern 
Minnesota, Dakota, Mani- 
toba, Lower Canada, Co- 
lumbia, Belgium, Holland, 
Great Britain, Denmark, 
Poland and Central Rus- 
sia. 

In September and Oc- 
tober it has reached up 
into Scotland, Norway, 
Sweden and the North of 
Russia. 

In Kovember it is pro- 
ceding in Peru and South 
Africa, and in December 
it is in Burmah. 



FOREIGN CITIES, DIS- 
TANCES FROM 
CHICAGO. 

Miles. 
Amsterdam, Holland. 4,897 
Antwerp, Belgium . .4,912 

Athens, Greece 6,567 

Berlin, Germany 5,147 

Bremen, Germany .. .5,147 

Brindisi, Italy 6,117 

Brussels, Belgium. . .4,887 
Christian ia, Norway. 5, 563 
Con'nople, Turkey. . .6,722 
Rangoon, India. .. .12,822 
St. Helena, West of 

Africa 10,192 

Bahia, Brazil 6,782 

Bermuda, E. of U. S.1,692 

Colon, Columbia 3,217 

Hav.ina, Cuba 2,312 

Livins'ston, Guate- 
mala , 3,407 

Nassau, Bahama Ils..2,067 
Pio Janerio, Brazil. 7, 642 

Singapore 11,328 

Tampico, Mexico ... .3,162 
Adelaide, Australia.. 11, 933 
Hongkong, China. .. .9,678 
Honolulu, Sand. Is. ..4,733 

Melbourne, Aus 11,353 

Yokohama. Japan . ..7,813 
WeU'ton, N. Zealand. 9,878 



Part of the Western Hemisphere, Including North American Continent. 




Map of the North American Contin« n( 

Occupied, two thousand or more years ago, by the Mound Builders; more 
recently bv the red men, called Indians; opened to civilization by Christo- 
pher Columbus, who discovered the Bahama Islands, October 12, 1492. 

This map and three others taken from "Hill's Guide," by Thomas E. 
Hill, published by Laird & Lee, Chicago, 111. 

When examining the map of North America ligures will be found extend- 
ing from left to ri.ght, beginning with A 1 snd A 2. in the Arctic regions; 
succeeding which are B 1, etc., in the regions south of latitude SO; while 
south of latitude 70 are C 1, and so on. down to Central America. Letters 
and figures on the map indicate important localities. By examining the 
map the letters and figures will be readily found indicating points that are 
thus described. 



Localities and Objects Designated on Map by Letters and Numbers 



Quebec. Can. 
Nova Scotia. 
Gull' ot' St. L.aw- 
rence. 

Newfoundland. 
San Francisco. 
Sierra Nev. Mts. 
San Diego. 
Salton I^ake. 
Colorado River. 
Mex. Boundary. 
Rocky Mts. 
Denver, Colo. 
Santa Fe. 
Indian Ter. 
Arkansas River. 
Red River. 
Missisippi River 
St. Louis, Mo. 
Ohio River. 
Cincinnati, O. 
Allegheny Mts. 
Charleston, S. C. 
Cape Hatteras. 
Wash'gton, D. C. 
Phil'delphia, Pa. 
Bermuda Isl'ds. 
Atlantic Ocean. 
Pacific Ocean. 
Guadaloupe Is. 
Tropic of Canc'r. 
Low. California. 
Gf. of Calif'nia. 
Mexico. 
Sierra Mad re. 
Rio Grande. 
Monterey, Mex. 
Gulf of Mexico. 
Galveston, Tex. 
New Orleans. 
Florida. 
St. Augustine. 
Havana. 

Cuba, W. Indies. 
Watling Island. 
Mexico City. 
Pococatepetl. 
Vera Cruz, Mex. 
Yucatan, S. A. 
Guatemala. 
Honduras. 
Nicaragua. 
Nicaragua Lake. 
Caribbean Sea. 
Jamaica. 
Hayti, W. Inds. 
1st. of Panama. 
Aspinwall. 
U. S. of Col'bia. 
Venezuela, S. C. 
Equator. 



Description of Notable Objects on the North 
American Continent. 

A 1. The Nortli Pole. An Imaginary point 
where the lines of longitude are supposed 
to converge. 

A 2. The Point Near the North Pole, 

reached by arctic navigators, being Lock- 
wood Island, discovered by the Greely ex- 
pedition in May, 1883. and supposed to be 
about 450 miles from the North Pole. Fail- 
ing to get supplies, the expedition started 
southward, and camped at Cape Sabin (see 
B. 2), about 420 miles southwest of Lock- 
wood Island, where they were rescued in a 
dying condition by the relief expedition un- 
der guidance of Commander W. S. Schley, 
7 being rescued alive, 17 having died before 
relief arrived. 

B 1. Point Barrows. The northernmost 
point of Alaska, and the most northern point 
of the United States' possessions. 

B2. Cape Sabin. A locality that will 

alwaj's be notable as the place where the 
Greely explorers went into camp and waited 
for relief, which did not come until the 
ma.iority of the party had died. 

B 3. Baffin's Bay. So named after Wil- 
liam Baffin, who first explored the region 
in 1810. It is a large inland sea, 1,000 
miles long and 500 miles wide. 



A 1. 


North Pole. 


E 28. 


A 2. 


Highest P oi n t E 29. 




of Arctic Ex- 


E 30. 




ploration. 




B 1. 


Point Barrow. 


E31. 


B 2. 


Cape Sabin. 


F 1. 


B 8. 


Baffin's Bay. 


F 2. 


B 4. 


Greenland. 


F 3. 


B 5. 


Spitzbergen. 


F 4. 


«! 1. 


Siberia, Russia. 


F 5. 


C 2. 


Behring's Str't. 


F 6. 


C 3. 


Alaska. 


F 7. 


C 4. 


Yukon River. 


F 8. 


C 5. 


Can. Dominion. 


F 9. 


C 6. 


M'Kenzie River. 


F 10. 


C 7. 


Gt. Bear Lake. 


F 11. 


C 8. 


Gt. Slave Lake 


F 12. 


C !>. 


Hudson Bay. 


F13. 


C 10. 


Hudson Strait. 


F 14. 


C 11. 


Davis Strait. 


F 15. 


C 12. 


Iceland. 


F 16. 


C 13. 


Norway. 


F 17. 


C 14. 


Arctic Circle. 


F18. 


I> 1. 


Mt. St. Elias. 


F19. 


D 2. 


Mt. Fairweather. F 20. 


D 3. 


Sitka, Alaska. 


F21. 


D 4. 


Mt. Brown. 


F 22. 


D 5. 


Lake- Winnipeg.F23. 


D 6. 


Winnipeg. 


G 1. 


D 7. 


Lake Nipigon. 


G 2. 


D 8. 


Labrador. 


G 3. 


D ». 


Strait of BelleG 4. 




Isle. 


G 5. 


K 1. 


Vancouver Is. 


G 6. 


E 2. 


Victoria, B. C. 


G 7. 


E 3. 


Mt. St. Helens. 


G 8. 


E 4. 


Portland, Ore. 


G 9. 


E 5. 


Columbia River.G 10. 


K a 


Boundarv Line 


G 11. 


E 7. 


Salt Lake, Utah.G 12. 


E 8. 


Yellowstone Pk.G 13. 


E 9. 


Missouri River. 


G 14. 


E 10. 


Dakota. 


G 15. 


E 11. 


St. Paul, Minn.G 16. 


K 12. 


Duluth, Minn. 


G 17. 


E 13. 


Lake Superior. 


H 1. 


K 14. 


Mackinac. 


H 2. 


E 15. 


Lake Michigan. 


H 3. 


E 16. 


Chicago. 


H 4. 


E 17. 


Lake Huron. 


H 5. 


E 18. 


Detroit, Mich. 


H 6. 


E 19. 


Lake Erie. 


H 7. 


E 20. 


Cleveland. 


H 8. 


E 21. 


Buffalo, N. Y. 


H 9. 


E 22. 


Lake Ontario. 


H 10. 


E 23. 


Montreal, Can. 


H 11. 


E 24. 


New York, N. Y.I 1. 


E 25. 


Boston, Mass. 


I 2. 


E 26 


Mt. Wash'gton.I 8. 


E27. 


St. Lawrence R.I 4. 



B 4. Greenland. A region 
of unknown extent north- 
ward, said to have been dis- 
covered in the ninth cen- 
tury by an Icelander. Dr. 
Kane extended his explora- 
tions northward, across 
Greenland, to within 520 
miles of the North Pole. The 
whole face of the northern 
portion is covered with a 
sheet of ice and snow. 
Greenlanders are widely 
scattered throughout the 
colder regions of the north. 

B 5. Spitzbergen. A group 
of islands covering about 
30,000 English square miles. 
Covered with nearly perpet- 
ual snow and glaciers. 

C 1. Siberia. A vast ter- 
ritory in North Asia, be- 
longing to Russia, 4,000 
miles long and 2,600 wide. 

C 2. Behring's Strait. Ex- 
plored by Vitus Behring in 
1728; is nearly 50 miles wide 
from Alaska to Siberia, with 
three uninhabited islands 
nearly midway between. To- 
wards the middle the water 
is about 120 feet in depth. 
With a railroad spanning the 
distance between Alaska and 
Siberia, either above water 
or in a tunnel under the 
water, nearly all portions of 
the world could be traversed 
by continuous railways. 

C 3. Alaska. Belongs to 
the United States; comprises 
565,862 square miles; popu- 
lation in 1900, 63,592. A 
small proportion are whites. 
Purchased of Russia, in 1867, 
for .$7,200,000. Alaskan 
waters are the home of the 
fur seal, the largest weigh- 
ing about 700 pounds. 

C 4. Yukon River. The 

principal river of Alaska; 
rises in the Rocky Moun- 
tains, in the Canadian Do- 
ininion, flows 2,000 miles, 
and empties into the Pacific 
ocean some 400 miles south- 
west of Behring Strait. 

C 5. Canadian Dominion. 

A vast area of country in 
the northern part of North 
America, usually designated 
as British America, contains 
3.500,000 square miles, ex- 
tending from the Atlantic to 
the Pacific Ocean, and from 
the LTnited States to the Arc- 
tic Ocean. Population in 
1901 was 5,528,847. 



C 6. Mackenzie River. An 

impoitant river of British 
America. 1,773 miles long. 
Runs through Athabasca 
and Great Slave Lakes, and 
empties Into the Arctic 
Ocean. 

C 7. Great Bear Lake. By 

observing a perfect map of 
North America it will be 
seen that a chain of lakes 
extends from the Arctic 
Ocean, near Alaska, east- 
ward to the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence. The most north- 
erly of these is Great Bear 
Lake, the area of surface of 
which is estimated to be 14,- 
000 square iniles. 



C 8. Great Slave Lake. 

Next, south of Great Bear, 
is Great Slave Lake, 300 
miles in length by 50 in 
width, and like other lakes 
in this region, wholly frozen 
over for six months in the 
year. 

C 9. Hudson Bay. A 

great inland sea, on the bor- 
ders of which the Hudson 
Bay Company, which was 
established in 1670, held 
control until 1869; at which 
time their possessions were 
transferred to the Dominion 
of Canada for the sum of 
$1,500,000, they only reserv- 
ing their trading posts and 
a small amount of land 
around each post. 

C 10. Hudson Strait is a 

body of water joining Hud- 
son Bay with the Atlantic 
Ocean; is 450 miles in 
length, by 60 miles in 
width. 

C 11. Dav-is Strait. So 

called from the name of the 
navigator who first discov- 
ered it. Connects Baffin's 
Bay with the Atlantic 
Ocean, being at its narrow- 
est point 160 miles in width. 

C 12. Iceland. An island 
SOO miles in length by 200 
miles in width; in the north- 
ernmost part of the Atlantic 
in the confines of the Arc- 
tic Ocean; belongs to the 
kingdom of Denmark. Is 

about SOO miles from Nor- 
way and 300 from Green- 
land. Settled by Norwegians 
in the latter part of the 
ninth century; has thus been 
open to civilization over 
1,000 years. Possessed once 
a climate much more warm, 
than now. 

In spite of cold and pov- 
erty its people have been 
noted for literary attain- 
ments and scientific acquire- 
ments. Population, 1901, 
78,470. 

C 13. Norway. Formerly 
formed with Sweden one 
joint kingdom; is 1,100 
miles long and 250 miles 
wide; has. however, its own 
government, legislative ma- 
chinery, army and navy, 
after the manner of each 
separate State in the United 
States. 

C 14. Arctic Circle. A 

circle drawn around the 
North Pole which is sup- 
posed to divide the arctic 
regions from the temperate 
zone. 



D 1. Mt. St. Elias. A vol- 
canic mountain between 
Alaska and British Amer- 
ica; is 19,000 feet in height 
and is one of the highest 
peaks in North America. 

D 2. Mt. Fairweather. In 

southeast Alaska; is 14,900 
feet, or 2% miles, in height. 

D 3. Sitka. The former 

capital of Alaska, on the 
coast, in the southernmost 
part of that territory. 



Points of Interest in the Central Part of North America 



D 4. Mt. Brown. Is 15,900 feet 
high, in the Rocky Mountains, 
near Mt. Hooker, in the same 
range of mountains; the latter 
being 15,675 feet in height. 

D 5. Lake Winnipeg. Is 90 

miles north of Minnesota; is 264 
miles long, 85 miles wide. 

D 6. Wianipeg. Capital of Man- 
itoba; celebrated for its schools 
and advanced civilization. Popu- 
lation, 1901, 90,204. 

D 7. Lake Nipigron. An im- 
portant lake at the head of Nipi- 
gon River, renowned as a resort 
for fishermen. 

D 8. Labrador. A portion of 
the North American continent 
supposed to have been visited by 
the Northmen in the ninth cen- 
tury; is a cold, frigid region a 
large portion of the year, and is 
settled largely by the Esquimaux. 
Is under English rule. 

D 9. Strait of Belle Isle. A 

narrow neck of water separating 
Labrador from Newfoundland. 

E 1. Vancouver Island. Is 270 

miles long, 50 miles wide, and 
has, with its chief town, Victoria, 
a large and growing population. 
Under British rule. 

E 3. Victoria. Capital of the 
province of British Columbia; 
stands at the southeast extrem- 
ity of Vancouver Island. 

E 3. Mt. St. Helena. In the 

southeast of Washington State; 
13,400 feet high. Mt. Hood, in 
northern Oregon, is 11,225 feet 
high. 

.,,.F^*^ ^*""*'*°tl' Ore. Population 
1900, 90,426. This is a region, ow- 
mg to mild, moist and favorable 
climate, of remarkable fruit and 
vegetable production. 

E 5. Columbia River. Largest 
stream on the western coast of 
the United States, being 1,000 
miles long. , 

E 6. Boundary Line, between 
the United States and the Brit- 
ish Dominion. 

E 7. Salt Lake. An extensive 
sheet of salt water, 70 miles long 
and 30 miles wide, having an av- 
erage depth of 7 or 8 feet, and 
nowhere over 20 feet in depth. 
Its surface is over 4,200 feet 
above the sea. Nine Islands are 
found in this lake, some of which 
are 3,250 feet above the level of 
Its surface. No living creature 
IS found in its waters, which con- 
stitute one of the purest and 
most concentrated brines in the 
world. Receives fresh water 

ffom two sources, but has no out- 
let. 

E 8. Yellowstone Park. Is 65 

miles long and 55 miles wide; 
contains from 5,000 to 10,000 
springs, and 50 geysers that 
throw water to a height of from 
50 to 200 feet. Was set apart 
oy Congress as a public park in 

E 9. Missouri River. The long- 
est continuous river in the world- 
springs out in the Rocky Moun- 
tains, in Montana, runs north 200 
miles, thence east 1,200 miles, 
thence southeast to the mouth of 
the Kansas River, thence east to 
the Mississippi, thence south, in 
the union with the Mississippi, to 
the Gulf of Mexico; its entire 
length being 4,506 miles; 2,540 
miles being navigable, in high 
water, up from the Mississippi. | 



E 10. Dakota. So called from 
the Dakota Indians; was set 
apart as a territory in 1861, and 
admitted into the Union as two 
states in 1889. Bountiful wheat- 
growing region. 

E 11. St. Paul. Population 1900, 
163,065. 

E 12. Duluth. Population, 1900, 
52,969. 

E 13. Lake Superior. Is the 

largest body of fresh water in 
the world, being 355 miles long 
and 160 wide; is 600 feet above 
the level of the sea; its average 
depth is 1,000 feet, its bottom 
thus being 400 feet below the 
level of the sea. 

E 14. Mackinac. An island lo- 
cated at the northern extremity 
of Michigan, in the Straits of 
Mackinac; is a national park 3 
miles long by 2 miles wide; is 
much frequented as a summer re- 
sort. 

E 15. Lake Michigan. The sec- 
ond in size of the great fresh 
water lakes; lies wholly in the 
United States, 240 miles long and 
88 miles wide in some places. 

E 16. Chicago. In the vicinity 
of Chicago, and to the westward, 
throughout the Mississippi val- 
ley, are the great prairies where 
the rank growth of vegetation 
has blossomed and gone to de- 
cay, every year for centuries, cre- 
ating a wondrously fertile soil, 
adapted to the growth of that 
important cereal known as corn. 

E 17. Lake Huron. One of the 

five great lakes. Separates the 
Canadian dominion from the 
State of Michigan. Area, 20,000 
square miles. Depth, 1,000 feet. 
Its surface is 584 feet above the 
level of the ocean. Contains 3,000 
islands. 

E 18. Detroit. Population, 1900, 

285,704. 

E 19. Lake Erie. Length, 240 
miles; breadth, from 30 to 60 
miles. Average depth about 120 

feet. 

,«E ~®- ^'^^'^lan^ Population, 

1900, 381,768. 

E 21. Buffalo. Population, 1900, 

E 22. Lake Ontario. Eastern- 
most of the five great lakes, is 
196 miles long and 55 miles wide, 
being, in some places, 600 feet 
deep. 

E 23. Montreal. The largest 

city of Canada. 400 miles from 
New York, 180 miles from Que- 
bec and 2,750 miles from Liver- 
pool. England. Population, 1901, 
267,730. 

E 24. New York City. Popula- 
tion, 1905, 3,948,191. 

E 25. Boston. Population, 1904, 

588,482. 

E 26. Mt. Washington. One of 

the highest of the White Moun- 
tains, in the State of New Hamp- 
shire, is 6,285 feet high; has a 
carriage road and railway to its 
summit, on the top of which Is 
a signal service station and a 
hotel. 

E 27. St. Lawrence River. Rises 
at the lower end of Lake On- 
tario and empties into the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence, being 750 miles 
long. Including the chain of 

lakes it is 3,200 miles long up 
to Duluth. 



E 28. Quebec. The location 

where this city is situated was 
discovered by Jacques Cartier in 
1553, and founded by Champlain 
in 1608. Throughout the Cana- 
dian Dominion one of the prin- 
cipal sports of the country Is 
that of tobogganing on the frozen 
snow, in the long winter season. 
Capital of the Providence of Que- 
bec. Population, 1901, 68,840. 

E 29. Nova Scotia. A small 

province belonging to the British 
Possessions 280 miles long and 
from 50 to 100 miles in width. 
Contains about 400 lakes and a 
population of 459,572. Capital 
city, Halifax. 

E 30. Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

Lies westward of Newfoundland, 
and is the entrance to the St. 
Lawrence river. 

E 31. Newfoundland. An island 
and province of the British Pos- 
sessions at the eastward extreme 
of the North American continent; 
is 370 miles in length, 290 in 
breadth. 

r 1. San Francisco. Population, 
1900, 342.782. 

F 2. Sierra Nevada Mountains. 

Extending 450 miles in length 
along the eastern boundary of 
California. 

F 3. San Diego. Seaport city 
and port of entry, having a su- 
perior harbor, in lower Califor- 
nia. Modern discovery by Ca- 
brillo in 1542. First settled in 
1769. A new town commenced 
in 1867. Has many attractions 
both as a summer and winter re- 
sort. Will become a large city. 
Population in 1900, 17,700. 

F 4. Salton Lake. A newly 
formed lake in southern Califor- 
nia. 

F 5. Colorado River. Rises in 

southeastern Utah, flows first 
M-est and then south 2,000 miles, 
emptying into the Gulf of Cal- 
ifornia. 

F 6. Boundary Line of Mexico. 

Extending from the Pacific 
Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, a 
distance of about 1,400 miles. 

F 7. Rocky Mountains. Ex- 

tending from Mexico to the Arc- 
tic Ocean, a distance of 2.500 
miles, being over 1,000 miles wide 
in the U. S. 

F 8. Denver. Population, 1900, 
133,859. 

F 9. Santa Fe. Capital of New 
Mexico. An old Spanish-Mexican 
town, founded in 1605. 

F 10. Indian Territory. A re- 
gion having about 10,000 square 
miles, originally set apart by the 
government in 1848 for the use of 
the Indians. 

F 11. Arkansas River. Except- 
ing the Missouri, the largest 
branch of the Mississippi. Rises 
In the Rocky Mountains and 
flows 2,170 miles, southeastward, 
to the Mississippi, being naviga- 
ble for eight months of the year 
for a distance of 800 miles from 
its mouth. 

F 12. Red River. Rises on the 
east border of New Mexico. 

F 13. 3Iississippi River. The 

principal river of North Ameri- 
ca and, including its chief branch, 
the Missouri, the longest in the 
world. Rises in the highlands of 
Minnesota and flows southward 
2,616 miles. 

F 14. St. Louis. Population, 

1900, 575,238. 



Notable Localities and Objects in Southern North America 



F 15. Ohio Kiver. Formed by 
the union of the Allegheny and 
Monongahela at Pittsburg, Pa. ; 
thence flows southwest to the 
Mississippi 950 miles. Navigable 
through its entire length. 

F 16. Cincinnati. Population, 

1900, 32.3,902. 

F 17. Allegheny 3Iountain8. 
Extending froin Cape Gaspe, on 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, south- 
west to Alabama, 1.300 miles. 
Are the dividing ridge between 
the Atlantic and the Mississippi 
valley. 

F 18. Charleston. Population, 

1900, 55. SO". Since the early set- 
tlement of the States this has 
been a region celebrated for the 
growth of cotton. 

F 19. Cape Hatteras. A dan- 
gerous point for ships on the sea, 
at the extreme eastern point of 
North Carolina. 

F 20. Washington. Population, 
1900, 278,718. 

F 21. Pl.iladelphla. Population, 
1900, 1,293,097. 

F 22. Bermuda Islands. So 

named because first discovered by 
Bermudez, a Spaniard, in 1527. 
Were colonized in 1609. There 
are 500 islets, which, in all, con- 
tain about 12.000 acres, the whole 
occupying about 20 iniles in 
length by C miles in breadth. 

F 23. Atlantic Ocean. That 

ocean, at the eastward of Amer- 
ica, which divides the old world 
from the new, extending from 
the Arctic circle on the north to 
the Antarctic circle on the south; 
is 5.000 miles wide at the widest 
and 1.600 iniles in width at the 
narrowest point. 

G 1. Pacific Ocean. That great 
body of water at the westward 
of America, being about 9,000 
miles long by 10.300 miles broad, 
at its greatest breadth, its area 
covering about two-fifths of the 
entire globe. 

G 2. Guadeloupe Island. Three 
hundred miles to the westward 
of lower California. 

G 3. Tropic of Cancer. That 
line which is supposed to be the 
northern boundary of the equa- 
torial region. 

G 4. I.,ower California. That 

portion of California which is 
principally in Mexican territory; 
a very drj', rocky and forbidding 
region having a population num- 
bering about 12.000 persons, the 
most of whoin live near the south- 
ern extremity of the peninsula. 

G 5. Gulf of California. Di- 
vides lower California from the 
rest of Mexico. Is 700 miles long 
and from 40 to 100 miles wide. 

G 6. Mexico. Occupies the south- 
trn part of the North American 
continent, occupied by a race of 
beings, about the seventh century 
called the Toltecs; subsequently, 
in the twelfth century, by the 
Aztecs, who remained here until 
the conquest of the country, by 
Cortez, in 1510. Present popula"- 
tion is little less than 14,000,000. 

G 7. Sierra Madre. The name 
of the southern portion of the 
Rocky Mountains which are in 
Mexico. 

G 8. Rio Grande River. Has a 

total length of about 1,800 miles, 
and for 1,100 miles forms the 
boundary between Mexico and the 
I'nited States. Navigable for 450 
miles from the sea. 



G 9. Monterey, Mexico. The 

most thi-iving city of Northern 
Mexico, having. In 1900, a popu- 
lation of 62,266. Founded in 1596. 

G 10. Gulf of Mexico. Basin of 

the Atlantic Ocean, covering an 
area of 800,000 square miles. 

G Jl. Galveston. Population, 
1900, 37,780. 

G 12. New Orleans. Population, 
1900, 287,104. 

G 13. Florida. The most south- 
ern portion of the United 
States, 400 miles long; average 
width, 120 miles. A very general 
and favorite resort, in the win- 
ter season, because of its mild 
climate. 

G 14. St. Augustine. The old- 
est city in the United States. 
The region hereabouts first made 
known to Europeans by Ponce de 
Leon, who landed near the citv 
in 1512. The city, itself, founded 
in 1565. A favorite resort for 

people from the north in the 
winter season. Widely known 

because of its magnificent Ponce 
de Leon hotel. 

Gtl>15. Havana. The capital of 

Cuba and the most important city 
in the West Indies. Founded by 
Velasquez in 1511. Population of 
Havana and its suburbs, 1899, 
235,981. 

G 16. Cuba. Largest of West 
India Islands. Length, 750 

miles; average width, 50 miles. 
Population about 1,500.000. The 
white people of Cuba are of 
Spanish descent, and among the 
ladies are types of a very high 
order of beauty. 

G 17. Watling Island. One of 

the Bahamas, being the island on 
which, it is supposed, Columbus 
first landed, October 12, 1492, 
upon his arrival in the New 
world, 70 days after leaving 
Spain. 

H 1. Mexico City. Capital of 
the Mexican Republic. Situated 
on an elevated plateau; is laid 
out with great regularity, being 
about three miles square. Sup- 
posed to have been founded by 
the Aztecs in 1325. Population, 
1900, 308,777. 

H 2. Volcano Popocatepetl. 

Largest volcano in Mexico, a 
mountain about 10 miles south- 
Tvest of Mexico City. Is 17,720 
feet above sea level. Though it 
emits smoke, no eruption has 
taken place since 1540. 

II 3. Vera Cruz. Leading har- 
bor on the eastern coast of Mexi- 
co, 200 miles from the Mexican 
capital; built in semicircle and 
surrounded by a strong wall. Pop- 
ulation about 17,000. 

H 4. Vucatan. A Mexican pen- 
insula jutting into the Gulf of 
Mexico. Discovered by the Span- 
iards in 1517. 

H 5. Guatemala. In Central 

America. Area, 48,290 square 

miles; nearly as large as Ohio. 
Has a population of 1,842.134. 
Many Northerners have recently 
come here and engaged in the 
cultivation of coffee and bananas. 

H 6. Honduras. A Republic 

in Central America about the 
size of Indiana, having a popu- 
lation of 744.901. Was discov- 
ered by Columbus on his fourth 
voyage, in 1562(?). Is being rap- 
idly opened to settlers from the 
United States. Area, 42,658 

square miles. 



H 7. Nicaragua. A Republic of 
Central America, near the size of 
the State of New York. Popula- 
tion about 500,000. Has several 
smoking volcanoes, and a soil 
that produces, in abundance, all 
the fruits and vegetables of the 
tropics. Area, 49,200 square 

miles. 

H 8. Lake Nicaragua. A sheet 
of water 110 miles long and from 
SO to 50 miles wide. 

H 9. Caribbean Sea. That part 
of the Atlantic Ocean, between 
the coasts of Central and South 
America and the large islands of 
the West Indies. 

H 10. Jamaica. One of the 

West India Islands belonging to 
England, a little less in size than 
New Jersey. Length, 135 miles; 
21 to 49 miles wide. Population, 
581,000. 

H 11. Hayti. Largest of the 
West India Islands, Cuba ex- 
cepted; 400 miles long, 150 miles 
wide at the widest point. Is near 
the size of New Hampshire. Pop- 
ulation about 1,425.000, nearly al! 
negroes. 

I-l. Istlimus of Panama. Nar- 
row neck of land, connecting 
North and South America. a 
high range of mountains forming 
the barrier between the Atlantic 
and Pacific Oceans, which, at this 
point, are about 31 miles apart. 

I-l. Panama Canal. The route 
for this canal was first surveyed 
in 1527; Panama railroad built 
in 1850-1855; Panama Canal Com- 
pany organized by De Lesseps, 
1879; work on canal begun 1881; 
Canal company failed, 1888; De 
Lrsseps and others sentenced to 
prison for fraud, 1893; new 
French canal company formed, 
1894; De Lesseps died, 1894; 
canal property offered to the 
United States, 1902, for $40,000,- 
000; accepted, 1903; a canal 
treaty made with Colombia, Jan- 
uary. 1903, was rejected bv Co- 
lombia in August. 1903; Revolu- 
tion; organized the Republic of 
Panama in November, 1903; 
United States treaty with Pana- 
ma for purchase of territory five 
miles in width on each side of 
canal November, 1903. 

1-2. Aspinwall. Sometimes called 
Colon, is built on the coral island 
of Manzanilla. Was founded by 
the Panama Railway Company, 
in 1850, and derives its name 
from W. H. Aspinwall, one of the 
principal railway shareholders. 

1-3. United States of Colombia. 

The name for several confeder- 
ated States, in this portion of 
South America, the area of which 
is 502.000 square mil§s; about 
seven times as large as the six 
New England States. 

1-4. Venezuela. A portion of 
Northern South America. In- 

cludes nineteen separate States 
and Territories, and contains a 
population of 2,198,825. Repub- 
lican government. 

1-5. Equator. The imaginary 

partition line midway between 
the North and South Poles; di- 
vides the northern from the 
southern hemisphere, and crosses 
those regions which, being directly 
under the sun's vertical ravs. are 
the warmest parts of the earth 



ALABAMA 



STATE AND THE 67 COUNTIES OF ALABAMA 

With Their Boundaries 



Liocation and Population 
of 
ALABAJIA COUNTIES 



Lo- 
ca- 
tion 



1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
13. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
23. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 
42. 
43. 
44. 
45. 
46. 
47. 
48. 
■49. 
50. 
51. 
52. 
53. 
54. 
55. 
56. 
57. 
58. 
59. 
60. 
01. 
62. 
63. 
64. 
65. 
66. 
67. 



COUNTIES 



Pop. 
1910 



Lauderdale 

Limestone 

Madison 

Jackson 

. Colbert 

Franklin 

Lawrence 

, Morgan 

Marshall 

. DeKalb 

.. Marion 

Winston 

Cullman 

. . Blount 

Etowah 

Cherokee 

.. Lamar 

Fayette 

, "Walker 

Jefferson 

aint Clair 

Calhoun 

Cleburne 

Pickens 

Tuscaloosa 

.. Shelby 

Talladega, 

Clay 

Randolph 
. . Sumter, 
.. Greene 

Hale 

Bibb 

. . . Perry 

. Chilton 

. .. Coosa 

Tallapoosa 

Chambers 

. . Choctaw, 

. . Marengo, 

Dallas, 

. . Autauga. 
. . . Elmore, 

Lee . 

Washington. 
.... Clarke. 
.... Wilcox . 
. . Lowndes. 
Montgomery, 
.... Macon . 
... Bullock. 
Russell. 
. . . Monroe, 
. . Conecuh, 
.... Butler, 
. Crenshaw. 

Pike, 

Barbour. 

. . Mobile, 

Baldwin, 

Escambia, 

Covington. 

... Coffee. 

.... Dale, 

Henry, 

Geneva. 

Houston. 



. .30,930 
. .26,880 
. .47,041 
. .33,918 
..34,802 
..19,369 
. .31,984 
. .33,781 
. .38,553 
. .38,261 
. .17,495 
. .13,8.55 
..38,331 
..31,456 
. .39,109 
. .30,226 
..17,487 
..16,248 
. .37,013 
.220,470 
. .30,715 
. .39,115 
. .13,385 
. .35,055 
. .47,559 
..36,949 
.37,921 
. .31,006 
. .34,6,59 
. .28,699 
..22,717 
. .39,115 
. .22,797 
. .31,223 
. .33.187 
. .16,634 
. .31,034 
. .36,056 
. .18,483 
. .39,923 
. .58,401 
, .20,038 
. .28,245 
.23,867 
.14,454 
.30,987 
.33,810 
.31,894 
.82,178 
.26,049 
.30,196 
.35,937 
.37,155 
.24,433 
.29,030 
.23,313 
. .30,815 
, .32,148 
. .80,854 
. .18,178 
, .18,889 
.32,134 
.26.119 
.21,873 
.30,943 
.36,230 
.33,414 



Total 2,138,093 




■=2 



"tn* ^f o* eMATT-NOfXiA 












^- 



^-1 r 






124 . 25^P^.y'26 /27.-^28 ; 29 I 



I 



f 



-^ 33 



^1 Ul .^27;^. '?5N36 137 i38 M 





66 ' 67 
ALABAMA, 



ALABAMA TOWNS "WITH 1910 POPULATION 



Loca. Pop. 



Abbeville 65. 

Abercrombie ..33. 

Abernant 25. 

Acton 26. 

Adamsville ...20. 

Adgar 20. 

Alabama City. 15. 

Alameda 46. 

Albertville 9. 

Aldrich 26. 

Alexander City. 37. 

Allceville 24. 

Allenton 47. 

Alton 20. 

Altoona 15. 

Andalusia 62. 

Anderson 1 . 

Anniston 22. 

Ariton 64. 

Arkadelphia ..13. 

Ashford 67. 

Ashland 38. 



..1,141 

. . . 350 
. . . 300 
. .1,500 
. . . 649 
..1,371 
..4,313 
. . . 318 
..1,544 
. . . 451 
..1,710 
. . . 647 
. . . 208 
. . . 200 
. .1,071 
. .2,480 
. . . 226 
.12,794 
...431 
. . . 207 
. . . 479 
. .1,062 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Ashville 21., 

Athens 2. , 

Atmore 61. . 

Attalla 15.. 

Aubrey 20. . 

Auburn 44. . 

Austinville 8. . 

Autaugaville ...42.. 
Avondale 20.. 



Bangor 
Banks 
Barlow 
Battelle 



Bend, 



.14., 

. 57 . , 
.46.. 
.10. , 



Bay Minette. . .60. , 
Bear Creek .... 1 1 . , 

Beatrice 53 . . 

Belcher 58. , 

Bellamy 30., 

Belle Ellen 33., 

Bellwood 66., 



. . 278 
.1,715 
.1,060 
.2,513 
. . 318 
.1,408 
. . 671 
, . 313 
.4,015 



. . 208 
. . 307 
. . 217 
.1,614 
. . 749 
. . 614 
, . 349 
.. 211 
. . 514 
. . 418 
. . 201 



Toiciis 



Loca. Pop. 



Benton 48. 

Berry 18. 

Bessemer 20. 

Baxar 11. 

Billingsley . . . .42. 
Birmingham ..20. 

Black 66. 

Bladen Springs.39. 

Blocton 33. 

Blossburg 20. 

Blount Springs. 14. 



Blountsville 
Blowhorn . 
Bluffton .. 

Boaz 

Boligee . . . 
Boiling 
Bon ."Vir . . 
Bon Secour 
Biraehead 
Brantley . . 

Brewton 61. 

Bridgeport 4. 



.27. 
.60. 
.33. 
.56. 



... 644 
. . . 372 
.10,864 
. . . 384 
... 356 
133,685 
. . . 485 
. . . 425 
..2,500 
..1,518 
. . . 371 
. . . 314 
. . . 287 
.. . 318 
. .1,010 
. . . 200 
.. . 351 
. . . 378 
. . . 355 
. . . 257 
. . . 803 
. .2,185 
. .2,115 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



Alabama Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Brierfield .... 
Brighton .... 
Brempton .... 
Brooklyn .... 
Brookside 
Brookwood 

Browns 

Brundidge . . . 
Buena Vista . . 
Burnsville 
Butler 

c 

Caddo 3.5. 

Cahala 41. 

Calumet 19. 

Camden 47. 

Camphill 3?. 

Capitol Heights.49. 



.33. 
.20. 
.21. 
.54. 
.20. 
.25. 
.41. 
.57. 
.53. 
.41. 
.39. 



Carbon Hill. 

Cardiff 

Carroll ton 
Castlebury . . 
Catherine . . . 

Center 

Centerville 
Central Mills. 



.19. 
.29. 
.'4. 
.Ci. 
Ai. 
.16. 
38. 
.41. 



Chambers 41. 

Chatham 4'>. 

Chelsea 26. 

Chepultepec . .14. 
Choccolocco ...22. 
Chunchula . . . .59. 

Citronelle 59. 

Clanton 35. 

Clayton 58. 

Clio 38. 



.20. 
.21. 
.20. 



Coalburg 
Coal Citv.. 
Coal Creek 

Coaling 23. 

Coal Valley ...19. 

Cochrane 24. 

Coden 59. 

Coffee Springs. 66. 



Collinsville 
Columbia . 
Columbiana 
Comer 
Cordova . . 
Corona 
Cottondale 
Cottonwood 
Courtland . 
Covington . 
Crawford . 
Crossville . 

Cuba 

Cullman . . 



.10. 
.67. 

.•:6. 

.58. 
.19. 
.19. 
.25 . 
.65. 
..7. 
, .20. 
. 52 . 
.10. 
.30. 
.13. 



Curio Station.. 13. 
Curtistown 



.2.081 
.1,502 
. . 251 
. . 358 
. . 623 
.1,550 
. . 200 
. . 815 
. . 208 
. . 208 
. . 351 



. . 300 
. . 214 
. . 355 
. . 648 
. . 896 
. . 403 
.1,627 
. . 426 
. . 444 
. . 225 
. . 208 
. . 256 
. . 730 
. . 208 
. . 250 
. . 218 
. . 413 
. . 212 
. . 250 
. . 214 
. . 935 
.1,123 
.1,130 
. . 580 
. . 350 
. . 685 
. . 381 
. . 350 
. . 410 
. . 309 
. . 250 
. . 503 
. . 673 
.1,122 
.1,079 
. . 300 
.1,741 
.1,571 
. . 581 
. . 578 
. . 478 
. . 515 
. . 218 
. . 250 
. . 650 
.2,130 
. . 200 
. . 200 



Dadeville . . 
Daleva . . . . 
Daleville . . , 
Daphne 
Dayton . . . , 
Decatur ... 
Deer Crek. . 
Deinopolis 



.37. 
.67. 
.64. 
.60. 
.40. 
. .8. 
.19. 
.40. 



Dixons Mills... 40., 



Dolomite 

Dora 19. 

Dothan 67. 

Double Springs.l3. 

Dozier r<i . 

Duncan vllle . . .25. 
Dunn 20. 

E 

Eastaboga ... .37. 
E. Birmingham. 20. 

East Lake 20. 

East Tallassee.37. 
East Thomas.. 20. 

Electric 43. 

Edwardsville ..23. 

EfRe 54. 

Elarnvllle 58. 

Elba 63. 



Elmore . . 
Elvira ... 
Elyton 
Enon . . . . 
Ensley . . . 
Enterprise 
Epes 



, .43. 

.26. 

.20. 

.51. 
, .20. 
. .63. 

.30. 



.1,193 
. . 218 
. . 520 
. . 718 
. . 382 
.4,328 
. . 279 
.2,417 
. . 210 
.2. .500 
..916 
.7,016 
. . 205 
. . 288 
. . 249 
.1,018 

. . 2^8 
. . 531 
.4,108 
.3,030 
.1,500 
. . 315 
. . 393 
. . 307 
. . 300 
.1,179 
. . 317 
. . 251 
.1,126 
. . 311 
.9,1.55 
.2,332 
. . 374 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Equality . 
Eufaula 
Eumora 
Eutaw . . . 
Evergreen 
Ezra 



.58. 
.66. 
.31. 
.54. 
.20. 



- . 230 
.4,350 
. . 331 
.1,001 
.1,583 
. . 350 



F 

Fairhope 60 590 

Fairview 8 337 

Falkville 18. . . . 335 

Faunsdale . . . .40. . . . 353 

Fayette 18 636 

Finchburg 53 300 

Fisk 3 311 

Fitzpatrick . . .51 398 

Five Points 38 200 

Flat Creek 40 217 

Flomaton 61.... 539 

Florala 62... 2,439 

Florence 1... 6,689 

Foley 60 218 

Forest Home . .55. . . . 341 

Fort Davis ,50 200 

Fort Deposit. . .48. ... 893 

Fort Payne 10... 1,31 7 

Fredonia 38. . . . 250 

Fruitflale 45 378 

Fruithurst ....33 357 

Fulton 46 518 



G 

Gadsden . 
Gainesville 
Gallion .. 
Gantt ... 
Gantts Quarry 
Garden City 
Garland 
Gate City 
Gaylesville 
Geneva . . 
Georgiana 
Girard . . . 
Glass .... 
Glen Carbon 
Glencoe . 
Glendale 
Glenville 
Glenwood 
Good Water 
Gordo .... 
Gordon . . . 
Goshen . . . 
Graces .... 
Graham 
Granger . . 
Grasselli . . 
Graysville 
Greeley . . . 
Green Pond 
*Greensboro 
*Greenville 
*Grove Hill 

Guin 

*Guntersville 
Gurley .... 
Gurnee .... 

H 



15.. 

.30. 
.32. 
.63. 
.27. 
.13. 
.55. 
.20. 
.16. 
.66. 
.55. 
..52. 
.38. 
.26. 
.15. 
.60. 
.52. 
.S6. 
.36. 
.24. 
.67. 
.57. 



Hackleburg 
Haleyville 
'Hamilton 
Hanceville 
Hardaway 
Hargrove . 
Hartford . . 
Hartsells 
Hatichechubbee.52 
*Hayneville . . .48 
Headland 
*Heflin ... 
Helena 
Honryellen 
Herbert . . . 
Highnote 
Hillsboro . . . 
Hobbs Island 
Hobson City 
Hokes Bluff 
Hollins . . . 
Hollywood 

Holt 

Houston 

Hull 

*Huntsville 
Hurtsboro 



.6^ 

.23. 

.26. 

.20. 

.54. 

.66. 

..7. 

..3. 



,10,557 
. . 532 
, . . 308 
, . . 321 
. . . 314 
, . . 200 
, . . 250 
, . . 700 
, . . 204 
. . . 969 
, . . 969 
,.4,214 
, . . 200 
. . . 200 
. . . 500 
. . . 600 
. . . 282 
, . . 336 
, . . 740 
. . . 707 
. . . 293 
. . . 347 
, . . 500 
, . . 284 
. . . 216 
,.1.000 
. . . 428 
. . . 300 
. . . 250 
.2,048 
. .3,377 
, . . 314 
. . . 356 
. 1,145 
. . 750 
, . . 200 



, . . 286 
..1,111 
, . . 422 
, . . 464 
, . . 300 
. . . 350 
..1,159 
..1,374 

. . 250 
. . . 400 

.1,090 
. . . 839 
. . . 400 
. . . 459 
. . . 300 
. . . 300 
. . . 204 
. . . 212 
. . . 344 
. . . 312 
. . . 688 
. . . 234 
. . . 584 
. . . 200 
. . . 372 
..7,611 
. . . 764 



L.ca. Pop. 



Iverness 51 . 

Ireland Hill . . .11. 

Ironaton 37 . 

Iron dale 20. 

Isoni 14. 



Jackson 46. 

Jacksons Gap.. 37. 
Jacksonville 22. 
James 51 . 



* Jasper . . . . 
Jefferson 
Jemison 
Jernigan . . . 

Johns 

Jonesboro . . 
Jones Mills. 



. .19. 

..40. 

. .35. 
. . . 52 . 

. .20. 
, . .20. 
...53. 



241 
325 
987 
572 
381 



.1,379 
. . 307 
.2,231 
. . 434 
.2,.509 
. . 204 
. . 413 
. . 500 
. . 500 
.1,979 
. . 443 



K 



Kellyton 36. 

Kennedy 17 . 

Kimberly 30. 

Kinsey 67 . 



.38. 
.15. 
.10. 
.47. 

.. .7. 
.38. 
.38. 



* Lafayette . 
Lagarde . . . 
Lahusage . . 
Lamison . . . 
Landersville 
Lanett .... 
Langdale . . 

Langston 4. 

Lanier 27 . 

Lapine 56. 

Larkinsville ... .4. 
Lawrenceville .65. 

Leeds 20. 

Lehigh 14. 

Leighton 5. 

Letohatchee ..48. 

Lilita .30. 

Lily 35. 

Lim Rock 4. 

Lincoln 27 . 



*Linden .... 
Lineville 
*Livingston . 
Loachapoka 
Lockhart 
Longview . . . 
Louisville . . . 
Lower Peach 

Tree 

Lowndesboro . 
Luthers Store 
*Luverne .... 

M 

Maben 

McCullum 

McFall 

McGhee 

McKinley .... 
Madison .... 
Magazine .... 
Magnolia .... 
Magnolia Sprgi 
Manchester . . 
Maplesville 

Marbury 

Margaret .... 

* Marion 

Marion June. . 

Marvel 

Marvyn 

Mathews 

Maylene 

Maysville .... 

Mehama 

MeiTiphis 

Midland 

Midway 

Millport 

Minter 

Mitchell 

*Mobile 

*Monroeville . . 
Montevallo . . . . 
♦Montgomery 
Moores Bridge, 

Morris , 

*Mou!ton 

Moundville . . . 
Mountain Creek 



.40. 
.28. 
.30. 
.44. 
. 63 . 
.36. 
.58. 

.47. 

.48. 
.4'). 
.56. 



315 
361 
800 
340 



.1,633 
. . 366 
. . 350 
. . 250 
. . 241 
. 3,820 
. . 584 
. . 314 
. . 300 
.•. 250 
. . 216 
. . 200 
. .810 
. . 300 
. . 540 
. . 341 
. . 313 
. . 300 
. . 244 
. . 250 
.1,900 
.1,053 
. . 877 
. . 357 
. . 600 
. . 250 
. . 483 

. . 700 
. . 481 
. . 250 
.1,384 



.30. 
.19. 

.16'. 
.40. 
, .3. 



.59. 
.40. 
3.60. 
.19. 



.33. 
.42. 
.21. 
.34. 
.41. 
.33. 
.52. 
.49. 
.36. 



City. 



Sta. 



. . 200 
, . . 200 
, . . 820 
. . 350 
. . 314 
. . 426 
, . . 350 
, . . 531 
. . . 244 
, . . 507 
. . . 511 
, . . 617 
, . . 600 
..1,834 
. . . 219 
. . . 421 
, . . 300 
. . . 300 
. . . 350 
. . 218 
. . . 344 
. . . 200 
. . . 539 
. . . 464 
. . . 529 
. .. 318 
. . . 296 
.51,521 
. . . 616 
, . . 933 
.38,136 
...311 
. . . 299 
. . . 354 
. . . 353 
. .. 314 



Towns 



Loca. Pop, 



Mount Andrew. 58. 
Mount Hope . . .7. 
Mount Vernon. 59. 
Mount Willing.48. 

Mulga 20. 

Munford 27. 

Murray 20. 

N 

Nanafalia 40. 

Natural Bridge.l2. 

Nauvoo 19. 

Newbern 32 . 

New Brockton. .63. 

Newburg 6. 

New Decatur. . .8. 

New Hope 3. 

New Market.... 3. 

Newsite 

Newton 

Newville .... 
Nokomis .... 
North Birm- 
ingham . . , 
Northport 
Notasulga . , 



.37. 
, .64. 
.65. 
.61. 



. 307 
. 300 
. 800 
. 231 
. 409 
. . 400 
.1,000 



. . 600 
. . 214 
. . 392 
. . 515 
. . 328 
. . 250 
.6,118 
. . 301 
. . 300 
. . 300 
. . 524 
. . 522 
. . 209 



Oakhill . 
Oakman 
♦Oneonta 
*Opelika 

Opp 

Orrville . 
Osceola . 
Oxford . 
Oxmoor 
*Ozark . 



.47.. 

.19. 

.14. . 

.44. 

.62. 

.41. 

.16. 

.22. 

.20. 

.64. 



.2,000 
. . 500 
. . 512 



. . 341 

. 1,065 
. . 609 
.4,734 
. . 863 
. . 255 
. . 370 
.1,090 
. . .501 
.2,229 



P 

Paint Rock 4. . . . 534 

Palmetto 

Beach 60 325 

Palos 20 384 

Pana 15. . . . 251 

Patton 19 309 

*Pell City 21. . . . 530 

Perdue Hill 53 283 

Petrey 56 214 

Phoenix 44... 4,555 

Pickensville ...24.... 214 

Piedmont 22... 2.226 

Pinckard 64. . . . 541 

Pine Apple. . . .47. . . . 627 

Pine Grove. . . .51 274 

Pine Hill 47 470 

Pine Level 49 250 

Pinkney 21. . . . 358 

Piper 33 500 

Plateau 59 209 

Pleasant Hill . .41 . . . . 506 
Pleasanton . . . .16. . . . 361 
Pleasant Ridge.31. . . . 350 

Fletcher 66. . . . 284 

Pocahontas ...19.... 300 

Point Clear . . .60 431 

Foley 62 317 

Polard 61 599 

Porter 20. . . . 226 

Portersville . . .10 218 

Powderly 20 341 

Powers 32 250 

Pratt City 20. . .3,485 

♦Prattville ... .42. . .2,322 
Prentice 40. . . . 284 

B 

Ragland 21 483 

Ramer 49 314 

Ramsey 30 309 

Randolph 33. . . . 350 

Red Bay 6. . . . 473 

Red Level 63 317 

Reform 24.'. . . 550 

Repton 54 331 

Republic 20 350 

Richmond ... .41 ... . 383 

Riderville 35 500 

Riley 53 300 

River Falls 62 760 

River Ridge... 53 300 

Riverside 21 ... . 277 

River View 38 200 

Roanoke 29... 3,034 

Robertsdale . .60. . . . 340 

*Rockford 36 600 

Rock Mills 39 349 

Rock Run 16.... 360 



11 



Alabama Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Rockwood 6 

Round 

Mountain 
Rue 

Russell ... 
*Russellville 
Rutledge 



..16. 
. .25. 
..59. 
. . .6. 
-.56. 



Saco 57. 

Saginaw 26. 

Saint Florian. . . 1 . 

Salem 44. 

Samson 66. 

Sandusky 20. 

Sandy Ridge... 48. 

Sanford 62. 

Saraland 59. 



Sayre 20 

Sayreton 20 

*Scotsboro 4 

Scott Station . .34 

Scyrene 46 

Seale 52 

Searles 25 

Section 4 

*Selma 41 

Seloca 20 

Seminole 60 

Shady Grove... 57 

Sheffield 5 

Shelby 26 

Shorter 50 



.. 240 

.. 210 

.. 272 
.. 208 
.2,046 
. . 230 

.. 230 

..214 

. . 450 

. . 309 

.1,350 

. . 491 

.. 281 

. . 742 

. . 260 

. . 600 

. . 644 

.1,019 

. . 219 

.. 203 

...312 

.. 781 

. . . 250 

, 13,649 

...314 

. . . 209 

, . . 510 

.4,865 

. . 753 

. . 510 



Loca. Pop. 



Silver Hill Sta.60. 



.66. 
.20. 
.33. 
.49. 
.47. 
. .8. 



Slocomb 

Sloss 

Smith Hill 
Snowdown 
Snow Hill 
Somerville 
Spring Garden. 16 
Spring Hill ...59 
Springville . . .21 

Stafford 24 

Stamp 10 

Standing Rock. 38 

Stanton 35 

Stevenson 4 

Stewart .... 
Stocks Mill 
Stockton 
Stouts 

Mountain 
Suggsville 
Sulligent . . 
Summerfield 
Sumterville 
Sycamore 
Sylacauga 



.32. 
.16. 
.60. 

.13. 
.46. 
.17. 
.41. 

.30. 
.27. 

, . 27 . 



*Talladega ....27. 

Tallassee 43. 

Taylorsville ... .3. 
Tecumseh 16. 



, . 360 
, . 896 
. . 265 
, . 422 
. . 260 
, . 509 
. . 265 
. 310 
. . 200 
. . 350 
. . 570 
, . 260 
. . 381 
. . 410 
, . 574 
. . 255 
. . 300 
. . 943 

. . 580 
. . 336 
. . 619 
. . 383 
. . 380 
. . 560 
.1,456 



.5,854 
.1,347 
. . 284 
. . 200 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Texas 

Theodore 
Thomas . . . . 
Thomaston 
Thomasville . 
Thompson . . 
Thorsby . . . . 

Tilden 

Town Creek. 

Townly 

Triana 

*Troy 

Trussville 
*Tuscalonsa . 
*Tuscumbia . 
*Tuskegee 



..11. 
. .59. 
..20. 
..40. 
. .46. 
..51. 
..35. 
..41. 
...7. 
..19. 
...3. 
. . 57 . 
. .20. 
..25. 
. ..5. 
..50. 



U 

*Union Springs.51. 
Uniontown . . . .34. 



Valley Head 
Verbena . . . . 
*Vernon ... 
Vincent .... 



.10. 
.35. 
.17. 
.26. 



Vinegar Bend. .45. 



W 



Wadley . . . 
"Wadsworth 



.29. 
.42. 



. . 300 
. . 300 
.1,500 
. . 200 
.1,181 
. . 263 
. . 500 
. . 224 
. . 345 
. . 235 
. . 200 
.4.961 
. . 742 
.8,407 
.3.324 
.2,803 



.4,055 
.1,836 



233 
400 
423 
995 
540 



426 
224 



Loca. Pop. 



Wallace 61. 

Warrior ..... .20. 

Warriorstand .50. 



Waterloo 
Watkins .... 

Watson 

Wawbeek . . . 

Webb 

White Plains. 

Wedowee . . . 

Weogufka 

West Blockton.33. , 



.1. 
.21. 
.20. 
.61. 
.67. 
22. 
' .29. 
.36. 



Westend .... 
*Wetumpka 
Whistler . . . . 
White Oak 

Springs . . . 
White Plains 
Whitfield . . . 

AVilmer 

Wilsonville 
Winfleld .... 
Woodlawn . . 
Woodstock . . 
Woodville . . . 
Woodward . . 
Wylam 



Yellow Pine 
Yolande 
York 



. .20. 
.43. 
.59. 

.58. 
.22. 
.30. 
.59. 
.26. 
.11. 
.20. 
.33. 
. .4. 
.20. 
.20. 



.45. 
.25. 
.30. 



. . 204 
. . 660 
. . 400 
. . 435 
. . 200 
.1,000 
. . 200 
. . 256 
. . 202 
. . 435 
. . 200 
. . 892 
.2,500 
.1,103 
.2,000 

. . 249 
. . 202 
. . 219 
. . 560 
. . 933 
. . 419 
.2,848 
. . 590 
. . 860 
. . 795 
.3,099 



. . 506 
.1,040 
. . 710 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises. 



ALABAMA. 



This state, 330 miles in length by 1.54 miles in 
width, traversed by numerous large navigable rivers, 
which readily carry the products of the state to the 
great thoroughfares of ocean transportation, offers 
many inducements to people seeking new and desir- 
able location for settlement on land. 

The variety of climate resulting from difference of 
latitude permits the following of that kind of farm- 
ing which is satisfactory to agriculturalists and 
horticulturalists who have had certain experience in 
cultivating the soil, and to those who have had no 
agricultural experience, the large diversity of oppor- 
tunity here for getting a living appeal very strongly 
to the land seeker. 

Thus those people who are fond of fruit culture, 
find climate and soil adapted to their wants in the 
southern counties bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. 

SOIL IN SOUTHEKN ALABAMA. 

The southern part of the state has an alluvial soil, 
light, but highly productive and favorable for rais- 
ing fruits. Cotton and corn are produced, and there 
are extensive forests of pine in this region. 

COTTON AND MINERAL LAND OF ALABAMA. 

Further north, towards the middle of the state. Is a 
prairie region admirably adapted to the raising of 
cotton. 

The great mineral section is in the eastern and 
northea.stern part of the state. Here are the iron 
mines and the coal lands which have contributed so 
largely to the building up of the iron manufactories 
In Birmingham and the surrounding country. 

It requires but a moment of consideration to rea- 
lize that a combination of iron ore and prolific coal 
beds, in close vicinity of each other, combined with 
the rapid development of the South, in railroad 
building and manufacturing, all tends to the making 
of numerous large cities and the giving of large 
numbers of people employment. 

In. the western part of the state is a manufacturing 
district which is well supplied with water power. 

LUMBER AND VARIOUS INDUSTRIES. 

In the southern part of the state are forests of 
cypress, yellow liine and magnolia. Also the fig 
and pomegranite, olive, apricot and orange trees, 
grasses, the cereals and corn in the valleys. Cotton 
is raised in the northern parts of the state. 



In the southern parts of the state are grown 
sugar, rice and some indigo. Tobacco is grown to 
some extent. 

ALABAIHA NORTH AND SOUTH. 

From a, circular entitled "North and South" we 
gather items of interest concerning different parts of 
the state. 

While many people will be attracted to the southern 
counties of Alabama, to most people the northern 
part of the state is equally attractive. 

"North and South" says, speaking of one Of the 
northernmost counties: 

"Lauderdale County, Alabama, must be a good 
county, or Andrew Jackson, 'Old Hickory,' would 
not have invested in real estate in Florence, as he 
did in 1818. 'Old Hickory' had traveled over all this 
Southern country, and had the reputation of knowing 
a g:oocl thing when he saw it, and one of the first 
things he did after reaching Lauderdale County, 
Alabama, was to buy some land. In those days the 
'boom fever' caught the people about as it does now, 
and Andy was not exempt, 

"Lauderdale County is in the great 'Middle Belt' 
half way between the North and South, avoiding 
both extremes as to heat and cold, and has many 
other advantages that make it a desirable place tt 
live. It is seldom a county is found that offers as 
much as Lauderdale County does, both in agri- 
cultural and manufacturing advantages. 

AS A FARMING REGION. 

"As a farming section, Lauderdale is all that 
could be desired. They raise a great diversity of 
tTops and the climate conditions are most favorable. 
Land can be bought from $10 per acre up, and while 
a bale of cotton to the acre is always considered a 
satisfactory yield, and sometimes less, a farmer near 
Florence, by giving his crop a little extra care, and 
by the liberal use of fertilizer, produced two bales 
of cotton to the acre. Cotton culture, however is 
of little consequence to the Northern reader, who is 
as a rule unfamiliar with the methods of cotton 
growing, but looks to the growing of corn and wlieat 
as his legitimate calling, for he knows more about 
the business. 

A MILDER CLIM4TE. 

"Lauderdale County offers strong inducements to 
the man that desires to come to a milder climate. 



12 



Alabama Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



even though he does not wish to farm. The many 
factories, foundries, etc., in Florence offer the work- 
ingman something he cannot get in some Northern 
cities; that is, work every day in the year, if he 
wants it. A man can live for less, fuel costs him 
less, and there are plenty of other advantages offered 
here that are not tp be found in the North. 

ONE OF THE BEAUTIFUL, CITIES OF THE 
SOUTH. 

"Just above the head of the beautiful and broad 
Mobile Bay lies the city of Mobile, the second in 
age of all the cities on the Southern coast, as well 
as the second in size and importance. From her 
wharfs sail ships to all the ports of the world, 
loaded with cotton, coal, iron, lumber and naval 
stores. Mobile was the first capital of the French 
province, and so remained until 1763, when it be- 
came a British dependency. A few years later 
Spain became her master and only reluctantly gave 
way in 1813 to American troops sent over from 
New Orleans. No city in the South has shown 
greater progress in the past few years. Innumerable 
hirge modern buiiding:^ have been constructed. No 
city of like size anywhere in this country has better 
hotels. The street car s.vstem is exceptionally good, 
while the major portion of this 'city is well paved 
with asphalt and brick. Government Street, running 
from the business center of the city far out into the 
suburbs, is one of the finest residence streets in tire 
South and has many handsome homes. 

CLIMATE ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL ATTRAC- 
TIONS. 

"The climate is one of its principal attractions — 
never too cold in winter, rarely damp and with an 
abundance of warm sunshiny days. Mobile has the 
distinction of being the originator of the carnival 
street parades and today vies with New Orleans in 
the beauty and splendor of the Mardi Gras display. 

"Some of the finest deep and shallow water game 
fishing in the country is to be had in easy reach of 
Mobile, and the "snapper banks," near the Point, are 
noted for the immense numbers of finny inhabitants 
and their delicious flavor, while tarpon, Spanish 
mackerel, green trout, pompano and the game, fight- 
ing redfish are found in limitless quantities, while in 
the woods, not far distant, wild turkeys and big 
game abound for the sport of the hunter. The privi- 
leges of both the yacht and golf clubs are easily ob- 
tained by visiting tourists. 

"There are beautiful places to be seen in and about 
Mobile: no more picturesque drive exists on the gulf 
coast than the famous shell road, which runs for ten 
or twelve miles along the crest of the bluffs under a 
green arbor of odorous magnolias. 

A GREAT WINTER RESORT. 

"The eastern shore of Mobile Bay has become as 
famous a winter resort as it was a summer resort in 
years gone by. With each returning winter a large 
number of tourists from the North, East and West 
visit this section and either rent cottages for the 
season or stay at one of the numerous hotels or 
boarding houses. Each day furnishes a round of 
sport and amusement. Fishing and sailing parties 
are of daily occurrence, while hunting parties go to 
the interior of Baldwin County after quail and wild 
turkev. The principal resorts on the eastern shore 
are Point Clear, Zundels Wharf, Battles Wharf, 
Montrose, Daphne and Fairhope. All of these points 
are reached by boat from Mobile. High bluffs follow 
the coast line nearly the entire length of the eastern 
shore, giving a magnificent, unobstructed view of 
the bay. 

The shore line along the coast is broken by in- 
numerable bays, rivers and bayous, and down these 
water courses immense quantities of timber find their 
wav to the mills and to ports from which it is 
exported to the four quarters of the globe. The 
shipping is protected by the outlying islands and the 
peninsula of Florida jutting out as it does into the 
ocean breaks the severity of the Atlantic storms, 
and the immense losses sustained along the .Atlantic 
seaboard and in Southern Florida are here unknown. 

The recent devastating West Indian hurricane, 
which wrought such great damage to the orange 
groves in Florida, caused scarce a ripple on the 
waters along the Riviera. 



THE RIVIERA OF THE GULF COAST. 

Extending from Mobile westward along the Gulf 
Coast to New Orleans are many interesting cities, 
which will be found described in connection with our 
description of other states. 

"Tall thriving trees confess'd the fruitful mould; 

The verdant orange ripens here to gold; 

Here the blue fig with luscious juice o'erflows, 

With deepest red the full pomegranate glows; 

The balmy spirit of the western gale 

Eternal breathes on fruit untaught to fail. 

Each dropping pear another pear supplies, 

On orange oranges, figs on figs ai-ise; 

The same mild season gives the blooms to blow, 

The buds to harden, and the fruits to grow." 

The fame of Europe's Riviera has been sung in 
song and poesy for many centuries. When the Ijon- 
doner tires of the damj} fogs and the Parisian finds 
the winds along his beloved boulevards too keen, they 
go to Southern France or Spain or along the historic 
and beautiful shores of fair Italy or Sicily for health, 
pleasure and repose. 

Had the bard who voiced his appreciaiton of that 
fair country in the lines quoted at the head of this 
column been residing in this country he would have 
found the same Inspiration where the waters of Mis- 
sissippi Sound lovingly embrace the shores of South- 
ern Alabama and Mississippi. 

His description of the fair land along the Mediter- 
ranean fits this section like a lady's glove. Without 
the spiteful gleam of Vesuvius' treacherous fires; 
with no fear of earthquakes; no camorrist or black 
hand fuedists to levy tribute on the honest residents; 
with all of the charm of the European resort and 
none of its drawbacks, this surpassingly beautiful 
Creole Coast can well lay claim to be called the 
Riviera of America. 

This coast has not the rugged mountain back- 
ground of its Old World rival, but it has a restful 
and entrancing sweetness and beauty all its own. 

Endowed •with a superlatively glorious climate; 
peopled by the descendants of those gracious South- 
ern cavaliers whose names were synonymous with 
courtly manners and superb hospitality: with a his- 
tory reaching far back into the romantic centuries 
of the young republic's birth, across whose stage 
have stalked majestic Indians, swaggering swash- 
bucklers, roving adventurers, daring explorers, and 
even lawless pirates, it is indeed a country worth 

FOODSTUFFS FOR THE WORLD. 

Above its towering pines the colors of many na- 
tions waved before our forefathers, with inspired 
outlook into the future, secured title to this fair 
land and unfurled the glorious stars and stripes and 
bade the foreign nations withdraw their governors 
and leave this coast in trust for the future rulers 
of the universe — the American farmers — who must 
furnish the foodstuffs for th"e world. 

For many generations this has been the playground 
of the South. When the big crops of cotton wore 
finally floated to the market in the antebellum days, 
the aristocratic planters were wont to foregather 
here and idle away the winter hours amidst the 
health-giving pines, fanned by the invigorating salt- 
laden zephyrs that the grand old ocean tempered by 
the warmth of the gulf stream and sent to the sun- 
kissed shores of this delightful land. 

Here they would sit beneath gigantic oaks, all gar- 
landed and festooned with wonderful growths of 
moss that had been gathering for untold ages and 
listen to :he lisping laughter of the rippling wavelets 
that seemed but as the pulse-beats of the mighty 
ocean's great tides, gently caressing the pearly sands. 
The storm-tossed seas were prevented from dashing 
against the coast by the chain of islands that the 
Architect of the Deep has so benignly placed in the 
gulf a dozen miles from shore to form a natural 
barrier and protection. 

THE BATHING. 

These islands also serve to tone down t e ocean's 
waves, and no one who has not enjoyed th^ pleasure 
can realize the ecstatic enjoyment to be de 'ived from 
the sea bathing in the waters along the (lulf Coast. 
The water is sliallow, the beach hard. The water is 
always of a delighftul temperature. There are no 
big breakers that knock one down and roll them 
along the beach. No life lines are necessary, under- 
tows are practicaly unknown and the life savers who 
are so prominent at the resorts on the Atlantic coast 
are never seen here. 



13 



ALASKA 



The Territory of the Great North, a United States Possession 



ALASKA 

Having the Largest River, the Deepest Frozen Ground, the Longest Sunshine Days, the 
Highest Mountain — A Region of Unknown Possibilities. 




BORDER LAND OF THE ARCTIC SEA. 
An Undeveloped Region Rieh in Precious Metals. Figures Herewith 
Indieate the following: 1 Dutch Dnrljor; 2 rr!!>nof Islands; 3 St. Matthew Island; 4 St. I^awrenoe 
Island; 5 Cape Print e of Wales; 6 Nome; 7 St. Mieliacl; 8 Coal Mines; !) Point Barrow; 10 Circle; 11 
Aaldez; 13 ^^Uagway; 13 Muir Glacier; 14 Juneau; 15 Wrangel ; 16 Sitkeen District; 17 Waterway Seattle- 
Alaska; 18 Sitlia; 19 Karluk; 20 Kadiak; 21 Central Alaska R. K.; 23 Copper River R. R.; 33 Yukon 
Kiver. 

POPULATIONS. 
The 1910 Census gives Cape Prince of Wales Settlement, (5), a population of 396; St. 3Iichael, (7), 
857; Circle, (10). 330; Eagle. 458; Karluk, (19), 447;Kadiak, (20), 341; Treadwell, (14), 523; Wrangel, 
(15), 868; besides populations we mention elsewhere. 



Alaska, region first visited by Bering in 1732. 
Bering was a Dane who belonged to the Russian 
navy. In command of a fleet he was sent out by 
Peter llie Great of Russia, to explore the Arctic 
Sea and Strait, afterwards named for him. 

Alaska Territory was purchased from Russia, in 
1S67 for .$7,2(»0,U<H), the purchase being negotiated 
by Wm. H. Seward, then U. S. Secretary of State. 
Area of the territory, 577,300 square miles, aggre- 
gate area of the islands in the territory, 8,194 square 
miles. I.^ength of territory 1,100 miles, width 800 
miles. Length of sea coast estimated at 26,000 miles 

Acres in Alaska surveyed, 7,125; acres unsurveyed, 
in 1<)10, are 308,028,075. 

Capital of the Territory, formerly Sitlta; is now 
.Tuneati. 

Comparative Size. Alaska is two and a half times 
as large as Texas. It is eight times as large as all 
New England. It has the highest mountain, Mt. 
McKinley, in North America. Mt. McKinley 20,300 
ftet It has the greatest seal fsheries, greatest 
salmon fisheries and largpst river — the Yukon. 
Standing on its bank, 150 miles from its mouth, the 
opposite bank cannot be seen. It is 20 miles wide 
700 miles from its mouth. With its tributaries it 



is n.avigable for 2,500 miles. It discharges one-third 
more water than the Mississippi. 

Number of reindeer in territory, 8,104. 

AGRICULTURE AND TILLABLE LAND 

Agriculture is yet in its beginning in Alaska. 
Aided by greenhouses, which will start plants in the 
spring, it is probable that liorticultural products will 
become a source of large profit adjoining the cities 
and villages of the country. 

The Summer Sun of 00 degrees above, and 18 and 
22 hours of sunshine, during the day, so warms the 
soil as to permit the growth of grasses, berries and 
the ripening of various kinds of vegetables, during 
the three months from June 15 to September 15. 

TILLABLE L.1ND IN ALASKA 

Tillable land, in southern Alaska, is estimated at 
from 2,500,000 to 3,200,000 acres. In the Yukon dis- 
trict at 460,000 acres. 

Grasses are the most valuable plant products, in- 
cluding timothy. Alaska red top, blue grass and or- 
chard grass. Wild barley and rye flourish. 

Berries of fine flavor grow abundantly in the Yu- 
kon district. 



14 



Alaskan Facts 



At Eagle, 110 miles from Dawson, and lying 5 
miles in American territory, the gardens produce 
and mature potatoes, cabbages, caulillower, lettuce, 
turnips and radishes. Other vegetables, peas, beans, 
etc., are also being grown. Barley, oats and fla.K 
mature perfectly at Sitka. 

The number of growing days there is given at 122. 
At St. Michaels, killing frosts occur from September 
2 to 22, giving 106 growing days. Average annual 
temperature here is 26 above. Summer temperature 
reaches 77 above and winter 55 below. 

At Eagle, on the Yukon river, ice begins running 
from May 4 to May 10. The river is clear of ice by 
May 19 and closes by October 10. 

KLONDIKE TOWN— LARGE PERMANENT IM- 
TROVEJIENTS 

Dawson has a permanent resident population of 
about 7.000. a school house costing .f40.000, public 
buildings which cost $2.j0,000, and two daily news- 
papers. 

DISTANCES GOING TO AXASKA 

In going to Nome by water, across the Pacific 
ocean, the route leads from Seattle to Dutch Harbor, 
owe of the Aleutian Islands. Distance from Seattle 
to Dutch Harbor. 2.100 miles; time 8 days. From 
Dutch Harbor to Nome, 800 miles; time, 3 days. 
Fast boats may go in less tiine. From Seattle to 
Skagway, by water, 1,000 miles; time, 4 days. From 
Skagway to White Horse, by rail, 112 miles; time, 
10 hours. From White Horse to Dawson, by Lewes 
and Yukon rivers, 450 miles; time, 2 days. 

From White Horse to Dawson, in winter, passen- 
gers are conveyed by sleighs. Each sleigh will carry 
nine passengers. Frequent road houses occur on the 
way. Froin Dawson to Eagle, 110 miles. From 
Eagle to U. S. line, 5 miles. From Seattle to St. 
Michaels, by way of Dawson, 2, OSS miles. Nome is 
120 miles from Cape Prince of Wales. It is pro- 
posed to tunnel under Bering Strait frona Cape Prince 
of Wales to Russian territory, a distance of about 
50 miles, the tunnel to an island midway in the 
strait being about 25 miles in length. 

Owing to a strong current always flowing north- 
ward the strait is never, or seldom ever, frozen over 
in the winter. The depth of water here averages 
from 120 to 180 feet. 

Expense of going to Alaska from Seattle to Nome, 
via Pacific Ocean, is from $30 to $125. Freight costs 
from $7 to $22 per ton. 

Passenger fare from Seattle to Dawson, by way of 
Skagv/ay, $80. Returning from Dawson to Seattle, 
by way of Skagway, $100. The journey up the river 
from Dawson to White Horse requires more time and 
is more expensive than in going down. One of the 
leading transportation companies charges $250 for 
passage to Nome via Skagway, White Horse and St. 
Michaels, returning to Seattle, the place of starting, 
by boat, via Dutch Harbor. 

Gold. The annual output of gold in the territory 
is from $6,000,000 to $7, ."'00,000, two thirds of which 
has latterly come from Nome. 

FACTS ABOUT AL.ASKA GOLD 

Klondike gold varies in size and appearance from 
particles of Indian meal up to grains of rice. For 
purpose of transportation it is melted and run into 
oblong form about the size of ordinary building 
brick. 

Ice.. As ice breaks up in Bering Sea about June 
15 and closes interior Alaskan ports about October 10, 
it is seen that freight for this point must be received 
and removed within a period of a little over three 
months. 

DEPTH OF GROUND NOT FROZEN 

With summer days, filled with warm sunshine from 
18 to 22 hours, each 24 hours, the ground thaws to 
a depth of about two feet from the surface. From 
that depth downward, a depth of 95 feet, the earth 
is frozen solid. 

Ice closes navigation on the Yukon river by Oc- 
tober 10, and continues usually until May 20, of the 
next year. 

Juneau, named from Joseph Juneau, a mining pros- 
pector, the capital of the territory, is the location 
of the Alaska Land office, and has a varying popu- 
lation of about 2.000. Parties desiring to engage in 
agriculture, mining or to obtain government land in 
the territory, will address the Land Commissioner 
at Juneau. In going into the interior of Alaska by 
the .Skagway route it is well to stop off for a time 
at Juneau and gather general inforination about the 
country. 

Mining: in Alaslta. Up to the present time the 
most of the gold taken from Alaska has come from 
the top soil. The Treadwell quartz mine at Juneau 
is one exception. This mine, which a San Francisco 
liuilder named Treadwell. took for a debt of $150 
when it was a mere prospect hole, now employs 1,200 
workmen and runs 80 stamps. 



Hundreds of millions in gold are supposed to be 
hidden in the rocks of Alaska, and when exploring 
enterprise opens this wealth to the world, the great 
influx of population will begin and the area of 
Alaska's prosperity will commence. 

U. S. MINING REGULATIONS AND BRITISH 

While the resident of Alaska must be a citizen, 
or have declared intention to become a citizen, be- 
fore he can secure a mining claiin, British law in 
the Klondike will permit the miner to obtain a claim 
without being naturalized. A certain amount of de- 
velopment work is required, however, or money de- 
posited each year, to hold a claim. 

Nome. This town has a resident population in 
winter of 2,500 and 6,000 additional in the summer. 
There are in the summer, also, from 12,0(i0 to 15 000 
people scattered about on this peninsula where Nome 
is situated. The inhabitants of this town and vicin- 
ity get their supply of outside news from two semi- 
weekly newspapers published in Nome. 

Nome lias no harbor, and seagoing vessels cannot 
get within one mile of the coast. If rough water 
prevails, passengers sometimes have to wait several 
days before they can be taken ashore by lighters, 
which come out from Nome to take off passengers 
and freight. 

Postal facilities. During the winter period of eight 
months the mail comes into Nome by dog team from 
Dawson, and as the mail cannot exceed 400 pounds 
in weight, no newspapers or magazines from the out- 
side world can be received within that time. 

Roads. A determined effort is being made to pro- 
vide the Yukon district with good roads, the British 
government assisting in the enterprise. Aided by 
motor carriages this will greatly assist in opening 
the country long before the advent of railroads. 
Hundreds of miles, radiating from Dawson, are to 
be laid out and improved in the near future. 

As the fall of snow is light and what falls lies 
steadily on the ground, people will soon be travers- 
ing the country with motor sleighs. 

Routes to Alaska. W^hile Skagway with its pop- 
ulation of 1,200 is as yet the best entrance into the 
Yukon country, it is probable that Valdez and Cor- 
dova, located on Prince Williams Sound, will be- 
come towns of much importance and two of the 
main points of entrance to the interior of the coun- 
try. 

Valdez has a population of 1,000 and is the point 
furthest north, having an excellent harbor whifh is 
not closed by ice in the winter. Railroad building 
has begun from Cordova which is the starting point 
of the Copper River Line. 

To test agricultural possibilities thoroughly, the 
United States government gives the settler 320 acres 
of land under homestead conditions. 

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS 

The possibilities of this region in the growing of 
food stuffs have yet to be more fully tested. Agri- 
cultural experiment stations have been established 
at Kanai, Cooks Inlet and at Sitka, and these, with 
stations which will be started in the interior of the 
country on the Yukon, will show what can be grown. 

Climate. Dawson and other points in the interior 
of Alaska. The thermometer shows summer at 90 
above, and winter's cold at 00 and 70 below. The 
air is still and dry at that temperature and is no 
more uncomfortable than when the thermometer 
shows 20 and 25 in the States. 

The Japanese current modifies the temperature 
along the southeastern coast up to Cook's Inlet. At 
Sitka the temperature ranges from 85 above to 4 
below. Barley, oats and flax have matured here and 
at Skagway perfectly. 

The rainfall along the southern coast is about 100 
inches a year. 

Controller Bay. Is in an extensive region of 
United States government possession, southwest of 
Valdez, which has large coal deposits. In order to 
get out this coal the government has been disposed 
to sell tracts of land where it lies to capitalists who 
have the means to mine it. The result is a com- 
pany has started to build the Copper River railroad 
which leads to the mines, the town of Cordova, at 
the terminus of the railroad, containing several 
hundred people has sprung up. and hope has been 
expressed that the incorning of capital would tend 
to the development of Alaska. At this period 1911. 
the government is being criticised for selling its val- 
uable coal beds to a private syndicate, it is alleged, 
to the detriment of others who would like to take 
out and ship coal to the various towns on the Pacific 
Coast. The outcome of the controversy will prob- 
ably be the renting of the coal lands on such favor- 
able conditions as will induce capital to open the 
mines and pay a royalty to the government on each 
ton of coal taken out and shipped away. 



15 



ARIZONA 



STATE AND THE 14 COUNTIES OF ARIZONA 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 

of 

ARIZONA COUNTIES 



Lo- 



tion 



COUNTIES 



Pop. 
1910 



1 Mohave. 

2 Yavapai. 

3 Coconino. 

4 Navajo. 

5 Apache. 

6 Yuma. 

7 Maricopa . 

8 Gila. 

9 Pinal. 

10 Graham. 

11 Greenlee. 

12 Pima. 

13. . . .Santa Cruz. 
14 Cochise. 



,773 
,894 
,130 
,491 
,196 
,733 
,488 
,780 
,045 
,547 



,818 
7G6 
,591 



Total 204,354 



CITIES AND VnXAGES 
or ARIZONA. 

Having Population of 100 
and Over in 1910. 



Tou-ns Looa. Pop. 

' A 

Agua 7 100 

Alhambra 7 200 

Arivaca 12 100 

Arlington 7 100 

Ashfork 2 150 

B 

Bellevue 8 100 

Benson 14 909 

Bisbee 14. . .9,019 

Blackwater ....9 250 

Bowie 14 214 

Bronnell 12 231 

Bryce 10 271 

Buchan 7 445 

C 
Camp Verde ...2.... 381 

Canille 13 237 

Casa Blanca . . .9. . .1,284 
Casa Grande ...9.... 334 

Cave Creek ... .7 114 

Central 10 . . . . 345 

Cerro Colorado 12.... 219 

Chiracahua. . . 14 203 

Chloride 1 465 

Christmas 8 223 

♦Clifton 11. . .4,874 

Cochran 9. . .. 117 

Columbia 2. ... 124 

Combabi 12 251 

Concho 5. . .. 261 

Congress 2 578 

Constellation . . .2 256 

Copper Creek .10.... 116 
Cottonwood ....2.... 127 
Courtland . . . .14. . .. 581 

Crowley 8. . .. 157 

Crown King . . .2 211 

D 

Dome 6 100 

Don Luis 14. . .. 255 

Douglas 14... 6,437 

Dudlevville ....9 100 

Duncan 11... 1,281 

Duquesne 13. . . . 156 

Eden 10 541 

Esculla 12 218 

F 

Fairview 10. . .. 218 

♦Flagstaff 3... 1,613 

♦Florence 9. . .. 807 

Fort Apache ...4.... 255 
Fort Huachuca 14. . .. 421 

Fort Thomas ..10 151 

Fortuna 6 605 

Franklin 11 100 

G 

Gila Bend 7. ... 210 

Glendale 7 357 

•Globe 8... 7,087 

Groom Creek ...2 317 




r- >oBl5BEE : 



Arizona To\vns with 1910 PoiJiiIations Having: 100 People and More. 



Loca. Pop. 



H 

Hackberry 1 . 

Hamburg 14. , 

Harshaw 13. 

Hayden 8. 

♦Holbrook 4. . 

Hubbard 10. 

J 

Jerome 2 . 

Jerome Junction 2, 

K 
Kelvin . . . 
♦Kingman 



Lehi . . 
Liberty 
Lowell 



M 



McCabe . 
Mammoth 
Matthews 
Matthewsville 
Maxton .... 

Mesa 

Metcalf .... 

Miami 

Middlemarch 
Mohave City 
Morencl .... 
Mowry 13 



.7.. 



. .9. 

.10. 

.10. 

..2. 

..7. , 

.11.. 

. .8. . 

.14. 

..1., 

.11. . 



.. 118 
.. 157 
.. 100 
.. 417 
.. 421 
.. 112 

.2,393 
.. 100 

.. 115 
.1,000 

.. 331 
.. 157 
.2,500 

.. 314 
.. 473 
.. 218 
.. 224 
.. 207 
.1,692 
.2,511 
.. 741 
.. 100 
.. 182 
.5,010 
. 531 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



N 

Naco 14. 

♦Nogales 13. 

O 

Octave 2. 

Owens 1 . 

P 

Paradise 14. 

Parker 6. 

Pearce 14 . 

♦Phoenix 7 . 

Pima 12. 

Pine 8. 

Pinedale 



.. 231 
.3,515 



500 
381 



.. 117 
.. 410 
.. 718 
11,143 
.. 571 
.. 100 



Pinetop 


. .4. 


.. 110 


Pirtleville 


.14. 


. 1,520 


♦Prescott . . . . 


. .2 . 


. 5,092 


Q 






Quartzsite . . . 


..6. 


.. 318 


R 






Rice 


. .8. 


.. 385 


Roosevelt . . . . 


. .«. 


.. 871 


Rosemont ... . 


.12. 


.. 175 


S 








9. 


. 251 


Pafford 


.10. 


.. 929 


Saint David . . 


.14. 


.. 574 


♦Saint Johns. . 


..5. 


.1,211 


San Carlos . . . 


..8. 


.3.065 


Santa Cruz . . . 


.13. 


.. 104 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Sasco 

f'how Low . , 
Siverbell . . . 
Snowflake . . 
♦Soloinon 
Springerville 
Superior . . . 
Swansea . . . 

T 
Tempe .... 
Teviston . . 
Thateher . . 

Toltec 

♦Tombstone 
Toreva .... 

Troy 

Tubac .... 
♦Tucson . . . 
Twin Euttes 

W 
Walker . . . 
Warren . . . 
Wellton . . . 
TVendon . . , 
Wickenburg 
Willcox .... 
Williams . . 
Winkelman 
Winslow . . 

Y 
♦Yuma 



.9. 
..4. 
.12. 
..4. 
.10. 

.5. 
. .9. 
. .6. 



.. 311 
.. 131 
.. 714 
.. 521 

. .. 629 
.. 511 
.. 208 

, . . 409 



..6. 
. .7. 
.14. 
. .3. 



, .. 473 

.. 208 
.. 904 
, .. 109 
. .1,582 
... 551 
, .. 200 
, .. 318 
. 13,193 
, .. 314 

.. 153 
. .. 175 
, .. 218 
. .. 160 
, .. 570 
. .. 581 
.1,267 
.. 471 
.2,381 

.2,914 



16 



The New State of Arizona. Admitted to the Union in 1911 



ARIZONA 

Large Territory in Southwest Portion of the United States. 
Inducements Offered to New Settlers in Arizona 



Arizona, including a State of 113.!)16 squarp miles, 
was first visited by Spanish explorers in l."38. The 
Gulf of California, the Colorado and Gila rivers were 
discovered in ];i42, and two boats ascended the Colo- 
rado to the Grand Canyon. 

By treaty with Mexico in 1846 all that portion of 
the present State north of the Gila river was ceded 
til the United States. At that time the white popu- 
lation included but a few hundred in the vicinity of 
Tucson, there being- no whites in the central and 
northern parts of the territory. 

THE GADSEN PURCHASE. 

In 1854 the Hon. James Gadsen, then minister from 
the United States to Mexico, negotiated the purchase 
of the territory lying between the Gila river and 
Sonora, Mexico, for $10,000,000. that addition to the 
territory being known as the "Gadsen Purchase." 
This purchase added to the United States 30,000 
square miles of territory, an area about the size of 
South Carolina. At that tiine the Southern Pacific 
railroad was in contemplation and was afterwards 
built on this territory of the Gadsen purchase. 

The fare of the country in Arizona consists largely 
of hi.erh broad plains, the elevation of more than 
half of the territory being above 5,000 feet. 

The principal river, the Colorado, noted for its 
Grand Canyon, is 2,000 miles in length and navigable 
400 miles for boats of light draft. The Gila, another 
large river of the State, is about 500 miles long, 
fnur-fifthu of this stream being in Arizona. The 
Salt, Verde, Black and other rivers empty into the 
Gila river. 

Gila Monster. Spealting of Gila reminds us to ex- 
plain that the "Gila monster," of which we sometimes 
hear, is siinply a large lizard found in the sands of 
New Mexico, Arizona and Texas, and is harmless so 
far as human beings are concerned, though its bite, 
which is poisonous, is said to be fatal to small ani- 
mals. 

The climate is tropical in the southwestern section 
of the State, temperate in the valley regions and 
frigid in the mountain districts in the winter season. 
The air is dry and clear. 

Rainfall.. The average annual rainfall in the up- 
per portion of the State is 10.1 inches. In the south- 
ern part only about 3 inches. 

Agriculture here becomes important, therefore, in 
proportion as artificial waterways are extended. The 
area of Arizona farming land includes 1,000.000 acres, 
of which about 200,000 acres are now under cultiva- 
tion. 

With a sufRciency of moisture all the products of 

the sub-tropics are grown here in abundance. The 
future of this region in agriculture, depends upon 
irrigation, which capital and engineering ability will, 
in time, supply, and is already supplying, as seen in 
the Salt river project in Miricopa county, which wo 
describe elsewhere. 

Much of the general situation in Arizona may be 
known from the following: 

.ARIZONA IN OUTLINE. 

.\ Grand Field Rich in :Mininff and Agrricultural 
Possibilities. 

Not only are there thousands of square miles of 
mineral lands in this State yet unexplored but in no 
part of the world are there to be found a greater 
number of natural curiosities than are to be seen 
in this region. 

Entering: Arizona from the west, on the Santa Fe 
railroad, the tourist may change cars at Williams and 
go north sixty-four miles to the Grand Canyon, and 
the greatest natural curiosities in the world. 

The Colorado river has cut a channel in the soft 
rock for a distance of over 200 miles, sinking so low 
ii the rock as to make the sides of the chasm rise 
perpendicularly at some points on either side to a 
height of over one mile. 



The general government has set aside, in the 
northern part of Mohave county, 2,803 square miles 
of area as a national park, in a portion of which is 
the Cataract Canyon, at which point it is wisdom for 
the tourist to remain for several days, going out 
sight-seeing from the well-kept hotels which the 
guest finds on arrival here. 

MANY NATURAL CURIOSITIES. 

Numerous points of interest claim attention in this 
region beside the rocky canyon, among them being 
the San Francisco mountains and the plateau in the 
midst of a desert, while the varied scenery of plain 
and mountains, which rise up here twelve and thir- 
teen thousand feet, add sublimity to the scene. 

Petrified Forest. To see other very interesting 
features of the State, the tourist returns to AVilliams 
and goes eastward by rail to Holbrook, only a few 
miles from which station are the great Natural 
Bridge in Navajo county and the world-famous petri- 
fied forest, covering a tract of about 2,000 acres, once 
heavily timbered, which geologists surmise, in the 
rise and fall of the earth's crust from volcanic up- 
heavals, may once have been in the bottom of a great 
inland sea. Again, in another epoch, covering possibly 
thousands of years, this sea may have receded, an 
earth may have formed above these monarchs of the 
forest, to be washed away from this plain by the 
floods that followed in the subsequent centuries; and 
heie at last these giants of a vast prehistoric age lie 
glistening in the sunshine, mute evidences of great 
changes on the earth's surface when the world was 
young. 

The etransrer in gazing on this remarkable scene 
can only wonder what unexplained phase of nature 
changed these trees into such beautiful precious 
stones, including chalcedony, topaz, onyx, cornelian, 
agate and amethyst. 

What a remarkable forest it must have been in the 
olden tiine to have grown these great trees 150 and 
200 feet in height and, at largest parts, 10 feet in 
diameter. 

In this petrified forest are gems enough to supply 
the world. The wonders of Egypt are as nothing 
compared with this vast forest turned to stone. 

Cliff Dwelling's. All over Navajo county are the 
ruins of prehistoric cities. In Apache county the 
remains of cliff dwellings are never failing objects 
of interest to the curiosity hunter and archeologist. 
Days and weeks can be passed here in a study of 
cliff dwellings and the remains of acqueducts, con- 
structed for the purpose of irrigation by a people 
thousands of years ago. 

It is impossible to go by rail and visit the inter- 
esting points in Arizona without retracing our steps 
at some points on the journey. Before leaving this 
region, however, we visit a remnant of a tribe of cliff 
and cave dwellers who live in a wild retreat known 
as Cataract Canyon, a class of people found in no 
other part of the world, a race of human beings who 
represent the age before history began, primitive 
man. a living picture of what our ancestors were 
perhaps 50,000 years ago. 

Rettiming: westward, we stop at Flagstaff, a town 
so named from the fact that a government expedi- 
tion, many years ago. camped at this point on the 
Fourth of July, trimmed up a tall pine tree and 
floated a flag from its top. The name was thus given 
to the place before a house was erected in the town. 

OF GREAT INTEREST TO LUMBERMEN. 

Flagstaff is located on the edge of a vast pine 
forest in which it is estimated there are billions of 
feet of lumber. Landseekers interested in the lumber 
business should understand that thousands of acres 
of superior pine are waiting here for the incoming 
of enterprising lumbermen. 

The journey is continued westward and a stop 
made at Prescott. This is a central point for the 
mining interest, but is only one of the Iniportant 
minin.g centers of the State. 



17 



Arizona Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



The Clark Copi>er 3Iine. Southward from Pres- 
cott, some thirty miles, is the copper mining section 
of the United Verde District at Jerome. It is here 
where Senator W. A. Clark has acquired a part of 
his large fortune. The claim is made that the 
United Verde mine has yielded for several years, and 
now gives a profit of $9,000,000 a year. 

As the digging of precious metals out of the earth 
is a most fascinating work, and as Arizona has many 
mountains throughout the entire State in which 
there is vast treasure yet to be explored and de- 
veloped, the landseeker in search of good opportunity 
for investment in mining will wish to know some- 
thing about prospects here. In explanation it may 
he said that no brief article can do this subject jus- 
tice. 

The air here is full of mining intelligence and 
news of new discoveries being made every week, but 
to verify reports and fully understand the subject 
the mquirer shouHl spend a good deal of time right 
here on the ground. 

PROFITS IN COPPER MINING. 

Published reports give the following: 

The "Fortuna" inine. 27 miles south of Yuma, has 
paid $."30,000 profit each month for several years. 

The "Pe\rce" mine, in Cochise county, near Sul- 
phur Springs, has given $20,000,000 to its owners in 
the past eight years. 

The "Bisbee" mine, in Cochise county, has paid 
$20,000,000 in dividends to its stockholders in the 
past 20 years. 

The "Vulture" mine, 60 miles from Phoenix, though 
li^rdly opened yet, has already turned out $10,000,- 
000 in profits. 

THE OPENING OF A COPPER MINE. 

To people who have never seen the opening and de- 
velopment of a copper mine it will be interesting to 
visit the Mascot Copper mine, located 16 miles east 
of Wilcox, Cochise county, in Arizona, on the side of 
the Dos Cabezas mountains. Prospectors years ago 
discovered this mine, had specimens of the ore as- 
sayed, learned that the ore carried a certain per cent 
of gold and silver along with copper, sold out the 
property to a syndicate of capitalists, who incor- 
poiated a company capitalized at $10,000,000, shares 
being placed at $10 each. 

Knownngr that a good copper mine holds out for a 
lifetime, investors have bought shares fast enough to 
keep a force of men at work since the beginning, un- 
covering the ore and doing preparatory work at an 
expense of several thousand dollars per month, mak- 
ing ready for sending the ore by gravity down to a 
smelter in the valley below. 

Visitors are not only made welcome but they are 
transported from Wilcox to the mine by automobiles, 
are .2:iveii an interesting country ride and an oppor- 
tunity to investigate copper mining, which is one of 
the great industries of Arizona. Our map shows the 
location of the Mascot copper mine. 

AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES. 

The ultimate source of gn at wealth in this region 
will be agricultural production. 

Arizona is blessed with a delightful climate. There 
are numerous elevated plains in the upper part of the 
State where the weather is cool and frosts prevail in 
the cold seasons of the year, but in the southern part 
of the country the cliinate is such as will produce in 
perfection oranges, dates, figs, lemons, olives and 
peaches several weeks earlier than can be given in 
other regions of the same latitude. The possibilities 
in fruit culture are shown in the strawberry, which, 
by attention, can be kept in bearing here for eight 
months in the year. 

As the average rainfall of the entire State Is but 
about 7 inches a year, the universal want of the 
country is irrigation — more water for growing crops. 

ANCIENT IRRIGATION WORKS HERE. 

It is clearly evident that the inhabitants of this 
repion, in the remote past, overcaine this difficulty 
by aqueducts. The engineering talent of the present 
age will, in similar manner, surmount this trouble. 

Arizona is so large in area and so diversified in 
opportunities for the land seeker in lumbering, min- 
ing, ostrich raising, dairying, fruit growing or poul- 
try enterprise we know not what to particularly 
describe. 

It should be understood that Arizona has many 
regions where delightful homes may be made and 
fortunes acquired. 



We will let Mr. E. J. Bennitt. of Phoenix, tell about 
a single section. This is but one. There are many 
others. 

STORY OF AN AUTO RIDE 

By E. J. Bennitt. 

"I wonder if, after all, it will prove a foors er- 
rand?" 

Thus Jacob Harris' queried himself, seeking, yet 
expecting no answer, as he seated himself comfort- 
ably on a plush cushion and looked out of the car 
window. Of mature j ears, spent mainly in the 
Middle West, he had acquired a modest competence 
for his family. But the long, cold winters, during 
which he suffered exposure in the protection of what 
he was able to acquire in the fruitful summer sea- 
sons, were sapping his vitality. He dreaded the in- 
clemencies and chances of crop failure that, any 
season, might reduce his savings to a minimum. He 
had seen some literature of the Salt River Valley 
and had been Induced to spend a few dollars in per- 
sonally investigating the seemingly fairy-tale claims. 
"I will never be a rich man anywa.v," he mused, 
"and perhaps I ought to let well enough alone." 

"Phoenix," announced the conductor, and an hour 
later Jacob Harris was in conversation with a 
Phoenix real estate dealer to whom he had been 
recommended. A tour of the valley was arranged 
to begin the next morning, and the rest of that 
day was devoted to sizing up the city, visiting the 
Phoenix Board of Trade, examining the maps of the 
county and territory, the exhibits of fruits and prod- 
ucts, and inquiring of those he met concerning the 
crop returns of the many products raised in the 
valley. He had read all this in the literature, but 
knowing the world pretty well, knew that what the 
Arizona people wanted was the investment of his 
money. He did not doubt their honesty, but he knew 
the vision of the immigration agent is sometimes dis- 
torted. He wanted to know what others, who had 
been enticed to Phoenix before him. had to say about 
it. And what they said fully verified what he had 
read. In the afternoon he climbed the court house 
tower where he secured a panoramic view of the 
valley. Spread around him lay a modern city of 
18.000 inhabitants, and beyond, stretching away over 
on area of 100.000 acres were green fields, comfort- 
able farm houses and miles of tree-lined country 
roads, a community that, with Phoenix for its center, 
numbers approximately 23.000 pe«ple. served by the 
Phoenix postoffice and its 100 miles of rural routes. 
Northwest some ten or twelve miles, are Glendale 
and Peoria and sourrounding farms, numbering sev- 
eral hundieds of inhabitants. To the east, and 
across and up Salt River, beyond the line of vision, 
lay Tempe and Mesa, nine and seventeen miles away, 
respecti\-ely. the coinmercial centers of another 100.- 
000 acres of land, equally as rich and as well suited 
for agriculture as that before him. 

THE VALLEY A PARALLELOGRAM 

Jaoob Harris noted that the general form of the 
valley is a parallelogram, averaging 20 iniles wide 
and 40 miles long, hedged in by mountain ranges 
that rise abruptly from the valley plain. Entering 
at the northeast corner, where the Granite Reef 
Diversion Dam is located. Salt River winds sinuously 
in a generally direct course to the southwest corner 
of the valley, and thence onward 100 miles further 
to its junction with the Colorado. Crossing the 
valley diagonally, the river leaves Phoenix, Scotts- 
dale, Alhambra, Glendale and Peoria, on what is 
known locally as the "north side," and Tempe, Mesa, 
and surrounding lands on the "south side." Looking 
toward the site of the Granite Reef Dam again, 
twenty-three miles away, he learned that fifty miles 
further up the river, through an impassable canyon, 
is the site of the Roosevelt Storage Dam, now nearly 
complete, at the junction of Tonto Creek and Salt 
River. This dam will form a storage basin, making 
the largest artificial lake in the world. 

If would fake too long: to tell what Mr. Harris saw 
in the foreground — the city of Phoenix. It is all told 
in the literature of The Phoenix Board of Trade & 
County Immigration Commissioner, which is sup- 
plied for the asking. The story is of a modern city 
of brick houses, churches, schools, railroads, parks, 
the territorial capitol, and all public utilities. Mr. 
Harris returned to the hotel, tired and hun.gry. his 
head already crammed with information that was 
rolling in on him like a tidal wave. At the hotel 
that evening he inet an ensrineer of the reclamation 
service. Before he knew it. he was listening to an 
outline of the reclamation plan and irrigation system. 

Jarob Harris went to bed also, impressed but still 
doubtful. He wanted to see some of that "desert" 
land. This was all "town talk" and it seemed too 



18 



Arizona Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



good to be true. He yearnfed to hear an inharmoni- 
ous chord and even a "knocker" would have been 
welcomed. 

Early next morning: he was whirling away in an 
automobile with the realty agent. They passed 
the seven fine brick school buildings in Phoenix and 
the territorial capitol coasting $130,000, without suspi- 
cion of a penny of graft, standing in the midst of a 
beautiful park of green lawns and thousands of vari- 
tties of shrubbery. Continuing, they speed through 
the residence sections of the city, fronted by at- 
tractive street parks, and then — to the country. Out 
Grand Avenue a mile and a half they came to the 
Territorial Fair Grounds, where three annual exhi- 
bitions had been given, equal to the big eastern state 
fairs. The corporation has a balance in the treasury 
and the best mile track west of Memphis. They 
traveled straight west ten miles, passing small 
ostrich farms, finally arriving at the largest one in 
the United States, containing about 1,900 acres, 
where hundreds of these valuable birds are grazing 
in alfalfa pastures. Mr. Harris learned that the val- 
ley has three-fourths of all the ostriches in America 
and they are money makers. 

THE SUGAR-BEET DISTRICT 

Seven miles north found them in the Glendale- 
Peoria country, as rich a sugar-beet and general 
farming soil as can be had anywhere. Half of it is 
cultivated; all will be soon. Thence east through 
the town of Glendale and on to the big mill of 
the Arizona Sugar Company, that cost approximately 
a million dollars to build. Straight east, for six 
miles more, the party traveled through equally as 
rich a country until Central Avenue was reached, 
that being a boulevard that runs ten miles due north 
from Phoenix to the Arizona Canal. Down the avenue 
with orchards, grain fields and farin homes all 
around. Three miles from Phoenix they arrived at 
the government Indian school, a collection of fine 
buiUlings that would put many state universities to 
shame, where are being fed. clothed and educated in 
grammar courses and manual training, a thousand 
native children. From this point the auto turned 
east for seven miles, through farms and orchards to 
the heart of the orange belt. 

Thence the machine was headed for the "south 
side," crossing the river at Tempe, a beautiful city 
of 1,.500 inhabitants, with the territory's chief normal 
school and grammar and high schools. Adjacent is 
the Lily Brand condensed milk factory, affording a 
fine market for dairymen. Six miles east of Tempe 
is the town of Mesa, with about the same population, 
also with fine homos, stores, banks, churches, schools, 
and high school, creamery, vineyards, orchards, etc. 
Lying directly south of a line through Tempe and 
Mesa is an agricultural area ten miles square, all 
titled land, and as good as any in the valley, 
but only partly in cultivation, for want of sufficient 
settlers. Its possibilities are everything agricultural 
and horticultural and the prices are lower, as it is 
the latest section of the valley to be settled. 

After a ten-mile spin through that region, the 
machine went flying Phoenixward, the most notable 
institution passed on the way being the territorial 
asylum for the insane, three miles from Phoenix. 
After traveling through seventy miles of orchards of 
citrus and deciduous fruits, olives, alfalfa pastures, 
oat, barley and wheat fields, corn, sorghum, can- 
taloupes, watermelons and other acreage crops, straw- 
berries and truck gardens, by country and city 
creameries and public institutions, Mr. Harris was 
set down at his hotel. 

He had marveled from the first at all the good 
things he saw, but the question on his mind was: 
"What is there for the poor man and where will 
he find his 'desert' land for homesteading?" Long 
before his trip was over he learned that there is no 
"desert" land as the easterner speaks of it, and no 
possibilities for homesteading within the reservoir 
district, but that there is plenty of titled land, un- 
improved, at .$.oO an acre. It is not a "cheapland" 
country, except relatively speaking, but it is a "good- 
land" country whose produce pays interest and big 
profits on a high valuation.. He was reminded that 
half the ranches he had passed had from 100 to .300 
acres in them, and he needed no telling that twenty 



acres is ample for any man to farm who does his 
own work. The secret of it is that the Government 
builds reservoirs for settlers, not for speculators. 
The poor man's opportunity is to buy a farm from 
the excess holdings of some earlier settler, in an ideal 
climate and community, with the advantages of the 
most modern and comfortable surroundings, and take 
up life not as a pioneer but as a country gentleman, 
moderately well-to-do and independent. 

Jacob Harris is now an enthusiastic Salt River 
Valley rancher and can testify that he did not come 
here on a "fool's errand." 

WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH $2,000 

By J. W. Spear. 

The man with !f!2,000 can do any one of a lone list 
of thmgs which, with ordinary fortune and judgment, 
will return much more than interest. It is assumed 
that the question is asked in behalf of those who 
have no remunerative occupation, and with their 
capital propose to be independent, thus narrowing it 
to an agricultural proposition. 

Good land costs from $"-> to .$250, including irriga- 
tion water. Assume the middle ground of $100 per 
acre. Buy fifteen acres. Pay for it $1,000 cash and 
mortgage for the rest, placing the other $1,000 in the 
bank to draw upon for the first year's support and foi 
necessary equipment. Utilize credit as far as possible 
with safety and assurance of meeting obligations 
Begin in the fall Build a small, comfortable house 
until able to build a better one— say a $400 mansion, 
unless you are single, then live in a tent. Some 
crenit could be secured on the house. Procure team 
wagon, plow, and other needfuls. Establish an ac- 
count at the grocery store. Plant almost anything 
you like that will grow in the latitudes between Mil- 
waukee and New Orleans, preferably, for parly 
revenue, truck, etc. Later you may decide that a 
ten-acre orange orchard is what you want with five 
acres of truck; but as it takes six or eight vears 
tor oranges to make returns of consequence, and in 
the interim only the space between rows can be 
utilized, wait for oranges until you have more money. 

A LITTLE LAND WELL TILLED 

Put five acres into deciduous fruits of various 
kinds. In the months that follow plant between 
trees for a year or so, vegetables for family use and 
market. Later do not use for other things soil vi- 
tality that belongs to the trees. Plant an acre of 
strawberries. There will be some return the first 
year, a big yield the next. An acre of asparagus 
will be a money-maker if you know how. James 
Davis, of Mesa City, made $00 on one-eighth acre of 
green peas, marketing them in February. He says he 
can raise beets the year round, returning $406 per 
acre at from 1 cent to 3 cents per pound. He realized 
$130 from one-quarter acre Irish potatoes, an excep- 
tional result; but he knows the truck business. 

Put in two acres of alfalfa for the horses. You still 
have about five acres for cantaloupes. Plant in 
March, harvest during July. Many small patches 
have returned net, except for owner's labor, $200 
per acre; some more than $300. Plant sorghum or 
some other crop to follow cantaloupes. One man 
handles five acres of cantaloupes; but fifteen acres 
intensively farmed will require some help. It might 
be better to try fewer crops and more acreage to 
each at first; but the small farm must be diversified 
and worked intensively. The farmer must work hard 
and live economically until he has paid out. In this 
climate he can work 36,5 days annually. Keep 
chickens. H. B. Lehman, of Glendale, deals in them 
almost exclusively. Returns last year were $2,2.54, 
le.=s $890 expenses, net, $1,364. Five acres would 
make a splendid chicken ranch. A few hundred dol- 
lars would stock it. 

Some have started by renting land for the canta- 
loupe season at $10 to $15 per acre. That only re- 
quires cost of living while making the crop, but the 
renter is not building his own home place, though 
experience may be worth the delay. 

It is an ideal countr.v for the apiary, poultry, vege- 
tables, and for small fruits on a $2,000 basis. With 
more money there is a much wider field. 




19 



ARKANSAS 



STATE AND THE 75 COUNTIES OF ARKANSAS 

With Their Boundaries 




-r;^ 



I" 



r 



9 1 to /It t2 >j;u.^,j-J ^6 l_.^_.-^^^, 



■-->.^ 



I t8 S-tS ! 20 r^Zt ) 22 j 23 L. J j 27 : ^J^' 







^ 



'HEtENA ^ 



^ 60 r «'J 62 . 



11 si-^J 64 1 „i-.-T:1^-r:^i 



T 



^X !h 



%ii3v7 I 65 I 66/67 ^1 69 h^ 

73 %"^ 74 !75 



TCXARKAVl 

i70_^njj 72 ! 



s 



L © y B 



11 A 



LOCATION AND POPULATION OF ARKANSAS COUNTIES. 



Loca. Cou7ity 

1 Benton . 

2 Carroll. 

3 Boone. 

4 Marion. 

5 Baxter. 

6 Fulton. 

7 Randolph. 

8 Clay. 

9. . . Washington. 

10 Madison. 

11 Newton . 

12 Searcy. 

13 Stone. 

14 Isard. 

15 Sharp. 

16 Lawrence. 

17 Greene. 

18 Crawford. 

19 Franklin. 

20 Johnson. 



Pop. 



.33,389 
,16,829 
,14,318 
,10,203 
.10,389 
.12,193 
.18,987 
.23,690 
.33,389 
.16,056 
.10,612 
.14,485 
. 8,946 
.14,561 
.11,688 
.20,001 
. 3,852 
.23,942 
.20,638 
.19,698 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



21 Pope, 

22 Van Buren, 

23 Cleburne. 

24.. Independence. 

25 Jackson, 

26 Craighead. 

27 Poinsett. 

28. . . . Mississippi. 

29 Sebastian. 

30 Logan. 

31 Scott. 

32 Yell. 

33 Perry, 

34 Conway, 

35 Faulkner. 

36 White, 

37 Woodruff. 

38 Cross. 

39 St. Francis, 



.24,527 
.13,.509 
.11,903 
.24,776 
.28.501 
.27,627 
.12.791 
.30,468 
.52.278 
.26,350 
.14,802 
.26,323 
. 9,402 
.22,729 
.23,708 
.28 574 
.20,049 
.14,012 
.22,548 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



40. . . . Crittenden. 

41 Polk. 

42.. Montgomery. 

43 Garland. 

44 Saline. 

45 Pulaski. 

46 Lonoke. 

47 Prairie. 

48 Monroe. 

49 Lee. 

50.... Hot Springs. 

51 Grant. 

52 Jefferson. 

53 Arkansas. 

54 Phillips. 

5,5 Sevier. 

.56 Howard. 

57 Pike. 

58 Clark. 



.22,447 
.17,216 
.12,455 
.27,271 
.16,657 
.86,751 
.27,983 
.13,853 
.19,907 
.24,2.52 
. 5,022 
. 9,425 
.52,734 
.16,103 
. 33,535 
.16,616 
. 6,898 
. 15,565 
.23,686 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



59 Dallas. 

60 Cleveland. 

61 Lincoln. 

62 Desha. 

63... .Little River. 
64. . .. Hempstead. 

65 Nevada. 

66 Ouachita. 

67 Calhoun. 

68 Bradley. 

69 Drew. 

70 Miller. 

71 Lafayette. 

72 Columbia. 

73 Union. 

74 Ashley. 

75 Chicot. 



.12,621 
.14,481 
.15,118 
.15,274 
.13,.597 
. 8,285 
.19,344 
.21,774 
. 9,894 
.14,518 
.21,960 
.19, .555 
.13,471 
.23,820 
.30,723 
.25,268 
.21,987 



Total 1,574,449 



Arkansas Cities and Villages With 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Abbott 
Alco . . 
Alix . . 



.31 300 

.13 200 

.19 500 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Alma 18 565 

Almond 23 308 

Almvra 53. ... 252 

Alpena Pass.... 3 314 



Toirns 



Loca. Pop. 



Alston 
Altus 
Aly . . 
Amity 



.52 350 

.19 6.59 

.32 215 

.58 813 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Antoine 57 324 

Apex 29 200 

Appleton 21 319 

Arden 63 424 



20 



Arkansas Cities and Villages With 1910 Populations 



Tinciu 



Loca. 



Argenia 45. 

*Arkatlelphia ..58. 

Arkana 5- 

♦Arkansas City.62 . 

Armada 18. 

Arniorel 28 . 

♦Askdown . . . .63. 

Ashton ''5. 

Atkins 21- 

* Augusta 37. 




Towns 



Luca. Pop. 



B 



.15. 
. .36. 
. .68. 



..14. 

. . 54 . 

. .31. 

. .24. 
. ..44. 
. . . 69 . 
. . .26. 
. . . 66 . 

'.■.'.36! 
. . .58. 

3 

, . .32, 



Balboa 

Bald Knob. . 

Banks 

Bardstown . 

Barren Fork 

Barton 

Bates 

*Batesville . 

Bauxite .... 

Baxter 

Bay 

Bearden .... 

Beaver 

Beebe 

Beirne 

Bellefonte . . 

Belleville ... 

Ben Lomond. . .55, 

*Benton 44, 

*Bentonville . . .1 

*Berryville 3, 

Bertig 17 

Bierne 58 

Big Creek 40 

Bigelow 33 

Biggers 7 

Biglake 28 

Biscoe 47 

Black Rock. . . .16 
Black Springs. .42 

Blevins 64 

Blissville 69 

Blue Mountain. 30 
BIytheville ... .28 
Bodcaw . . 
Bonanza . 

Bono 

*Booneville 
Boydsville 
Boynton . 
Bradford . 
Branch 



65. 
..29. 
. .26. 
..30. 
. ..8. 
. .28. 
. .36. 
.19 



Brasfield 47, 



Brighton 
Brinkley . . , 
Brookland 
Brownstown 
Buckner . . 
Buffalo ... 

Burdette 28, 

Butler 



. .17 

..48. 
. .26. 
. .55. 
..71 
.4 



. . 200 
. . 617 
.. 208 
. . 210 
. . 350 
. . 218 
. . 272 
.3.399 
. . . 309 
. . . 224 
. . . 500 
. . . 439 
. . . 250 
. . . 873 
. . . 450 
. . . 296 
. . . 335 
. . . 431 
. .1,708 
..1,956 
. . . 785 
. . . 304 
. . . 450 
. . . 218 
. . . 350 
. . . 435 
. . . 254 
. . . 253 
. .1,078 
... 254 
... 212 
... 296 
. . . 204 
..3,819 
. . . 216 
. . . 811 
222 

!;i.63i 

...214 
... 350 
... 382 
... 271 
... 200 
. . . 350 
..1.740 

516 

221 

240 

224 

707 

250 



Coal Hill 

Columbus . . . 

Combs 

* Conway .... 
Cornerstone . 
*Corning .... 

Cotter 

Cotton Plant. 

Cove 

Cricket 

Cropsett .... 
(■■uminins . . . 
Cushman . . . . 

D 



.20. 

.64. 
..10. 

.35. 
,.52. 
...8. 
...5. 
..37. 
. .41. 
.. .3. 
. .74. 
..61. 
..24. 



. . 59 . . 
. . 35 . . 
. .32. 
..32. 
. . .8., 
. ..1. 
. .11. 
..57. 
..19. 



Cabin Creek... 20. 

Cabool 61). 

Cabot 46. 

Cache 47. 

Caddo Gap 4' 



Calico Rock 
*Camden . . . 
Canehill . . . 
Carlisle .... 
CarroUton . . 
Carthage . . . 

Casa 

Cauthron . . 
Cave City. . . 
Center Point 
Centerville . 
Cerrogordo . 
*Charleston 
Cherokee City 



.14. 
. .66. 
. . . 9 . 
..46. 
. . .2. 
..59. 
..33. 
..31. 
. .15. 
. .56. 
. .32. 
..63. 
..19. 
1 



Cherry Valley. .38. 

Chickalah 32. 

Chickasawba ..28. 

Chidester 66. 

Chula 3r 



*Clarendon 
Clarkdale . 
♦Clarksville 
♦Clinton . . . 

Clio 

Coaldale . . 



.48 
..40 
. .20 
..22 
. .60 
..31 



. . 530 
. . 250 
. . 441 
. . 219 
. . 212 
. . 401 
, .3,995 
. . 431 
. . . 516 
. . . 310 
. . . 386 
. . . 310 
. . . 318 
...278 
. . . 328 
. . . 250 
. . . 253 
. . . 576 
. . . 350 
. . . 300 
. . . 244 
. . . 250 
. . . 344 
. . . 309 
. .2,037 
... 250 
. .1.456 
... 297 
. . . 450 
... 350 



Dabney . . . 
Dalark .... 
Damascus . 
Danville . . 
*Dardanelle 

Datto 

Decatur . . . 

Deer 

Delight .... 

Denning 

Denning Yard. .19 

*De Queen 55 

Dermott 75. 

*Des Arc 47. 

Devall Bluff... 47. 

*De Witt 53. 

Dierks 56. 

Dodd City 4. 

Douglas 61. 

Dover .'. 21. 

Drakes Creek . . 10 . 
Draughton ....60. 

Dumas 62. 

Dyer 18. 

E 

Eagle Mills 66. 

Earl 40. 

Edgemont 23. 

*E1 Dor-ido 73. 

Elizabeth 6. 

Elmore 50. 

El Paso 36. 

Emerson 72. 

Emmet 65. 

England 46. 

Eudora 75. 

* Eureka Springs. 2. 
*Evening Shade.15, 

F 

*Fayetteville 
Felsenthal . . 

Fordyce 

Foreman .... 
*Forest City. . 
*Fort Smith. 

Fouke 

Fulton 

G 

Galla 21 

Garland 70 

Garretson 52 

Gentry 1 

Gethsemane 

Gifford 

Gillett 

Gilham 

Gilmore .... 
Glenwood . . 
Grand Lake. 
Grannis .... 
Grapevine . . 
Gravette 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



. ..9. 
. .73. 
. .59. 
. .63. 
..39. 
. . 29 
. . 70 . 
..64. 



.1,229 
. . 216 
. . 200 
.3,794 
. . 250 
.1,439 
. . 894 
.1,081 
. . 400 
. . 524 
.3,038 
. . 500 
. . 244 



. . 241 
. . 331 
. . 309 
. . 803 
.1,757 
. . 344 
. . 246 
. . 250 
. . 750 
. . 757 
. . 584 
.2.018 
.1,662 
.1,061 
. . 924 
. . 831 
.. 273 
. . 3.50 
. . 398 
. . 385 
. . 308 
.. 304 
. . 519 
. . 433 



. .1,300 
. .1,542 
. . . 343 
..4,303 
. . . 311 
. . . 300 
. . . 317 
. . . 600 

!!i.407 
. . . 606 
. .3,338 
. . . 389 



.4,471 
...273 
. .2,794 
. .1,041 
. .3,484 
.33,975 
. . . 314 
. . . 647 



, . 205 

, . 277 
. . 200 



*Hampton 
Hardy .... 
Harrell . . . 
*Harrisburg 
*Harrison . 
Hartford . . 
Hartman . . 
Hattield . . . 
Havana . . . 
Kaynes . . . 
Hazen .... 
*Heber Springs. 23 

*Helena 54 

Hensley 44 

Hermitage ... .68 
Hickory Plains. 47 



.67. 
. . 15 . 
..67. 
..27. 
. . .3. 

'.'."io'. 

. .41. 
. . 32 . 
. .49. 

..47. 



Higden 
Hindsville . . . . 
Holland .... 

Holly 

Holly Grove. . 

Homan 

Hope 

Horatio 

*Hot Springs. 
Houston .... 

Hoxie 

Humphrey . . 

Hunter 

Huntington . . 
*Huntsvine 



23. 
.10. 
.35. 
.57. 
.48. 
.70. 
.64. 
.55. 
.43. 
.33. 
.16. 
.53. 
.37. 
.29. 
.10, 



Huttig 73. 



Imboden 
luka . . . 



. . . 16 . 
. . .14. 



. . 353 
. . 329 
. . 300 
. . 942 
.1,602 
.1,780 
. . 540 
. . 300 
. . 621 
. . 350 
, . . 687 
.1,518 
.8,773 
. . 500 
, . . 347 
. . . 350 
. . . 336 
, . . 384 
. . . 300 
. . . 850 
. . . 536 
. . . 350 
. .3,639 
. . . 605 
.14,434 
. . . 350 
. . . 915 
. . . 380 
. . . 508 
..1,700 
. . . 540 
. .1,240 



. . . 600 
...317 



Toii^ns 



Loca. Pop. 



Mandeville . . 

Manilla 

Mansfield . . . 
*Marianna . . 

Marion 

Marked Tree. 
Marmaduke . 
♦Marshall . 
Marvell . . . 
Maynard . . 
Maysville . 
♦Melbourne 
*Mena .... 
Midland . . 
Millard ... 

Millville 66. 

Mineral Springs. 56. 

Minturn 16. 

Monette 36. 

♦Monticello . . .69. 
Montrose . 
Morrell . . . 
♦Morrillton 
♦Mountain Home. 5. 
♦Mount View. ..13. 
Mount Vernon. 35. 

Mulberry 18. 

Murfreesboro .57. 

N 
♦Nashville ....56. 
Neal Springs. . .55. 

Nettleton 36. 

Newark 34. 

New Edinburg.60. 

♦Newport 25. 

Norfork 5. . 



Jacksonport ...35 
Jacksonville . . .4.5 

♦Jasper 

Jeanette 

Jenny Lind . . . 

Jericho 

.Toiner 

♦ Jonesboro . . . 

Judsonia 

Junction City 



373 
250 
242 



Kearney . 
Kensett . . 

Keo 

Kerrs .... 
Kingsland 
Knob . . . . - 

Knobel 8. 

Knowlton 62. 

Knoxville 30. 



. . . 52 . 
. . .36. 
. . .46. 
. .46. 
...60. 
.8. 



. . 500 
. . 200 
. . 281 
.7,123 
. . 746 
.1,065 



, . 350 
. . 263 
. . 250 
. 381 
. . 445 
. . 250 
. . 362 
. . 250 
. . 316 



.52. 
.49. 



.50. 

.53. 

..55. 

.40. 

.57. 

.75. 

.41. 

.51. 

1. 

Graysonia 58. 



Greenbrier 
Greenfield ... 
Green Forest 
Greenway . . . 
♦Greenwood . 
Griffithville . 
Guion 

Gurdon ..... 
Guy 



.35. 

.27. 
...2. 

. .8. 
..29. 

.36. 

14. 

. .58. 

.35. 



Hackett . 
Halley . . . 
♦Hamburg 



H 



.63 



. 500 
. 300 
, . 356 
, . 291 
, . 350 
, . 850 

'. '. 350 
. . 384 
. . 569 
. . 771 
. . 250 
. . 316 
. . 635 
. . 390 
.1,129 
. . 202 
. . 296 
.1,384 
. . 350 



. . 363 

. . 357 
.1,787 



.53. 

53. 



Ladd 

La Grange. 
♦Lake City 
Lake Dick . 
Lakefarm . 
♦Lake Village. .75 

Lamar 30 

Laurel 31 

I,avaca 29 

Lead Hill 3 

Leland 75 

Leola 51 

Leslie 12 

♦Ijewisville ... .71 

Lincoln 9 

Little Rock 

(capitol) ....45 
Locksburg ....55 

London 21 

Lonoke 



Luxora 38. 

M 

McCrory 37. 

McGehee 62. 

McGrew 52. 

McNab 64. 

McNeil 73. 

Madison 39. 

Magazine 30. 

Magness 34. 

♦Magnolia 73. 

♦Malvern 50. 

Mammoth Spr'g.6. 



. . 200 
. . 310 
. . 443 
. . 500 
. . 281 
.1,074 
. . 520 
. . 351 
. . 350 
. . 711 
. . 207 
. . 398 
.1,898 
.1,261 
.. 393 



.45,941 
. . . 748 
. . . 303 
..1,547 
. . . 677 



. 70. 

. .38. 

. . 29 . 

. .49. 

..40. 

..27. 

..17. 

13. 

54. 

7. 

1. 

.. .14. 

41. 

29. 

30 . 



.74. 
.74. 
.34. 



. . 200 
. . 563 
. . 816 
.4,810 
. . 256 
.2,026 
. . 780 
. . 558 
. . 556 
. . 395 
. . 344 
.. 382 
.3,953 
. . 639 
. . 208 
.1,014 
. . 432 
. . 251 
. . 555 
.2,274 
. . 250 
. . 508 
.2,424 
. . 446 
. . 272 
. . 250 
. . 722 
. . 516 



.2,374 
. . 316 
.1,080 
. . 595 
. . 435 
.3,557 
. . 221 



Ogamaw 
Ogden . . 
Okolona . 

Ola 

Omaha . 
♦Osceola 
♦Ozark . 



O 

66 . 

63 . 

58. 

33. 

3. 



.. 637 
.1,157 
.. 250 
.. 271 
. . 483 
.. 472 
. . 968 
. . 216 
. 3,045 
.3,778 
. . . 817 



.17. 

.30. 
.74. 

.8. 
. .43. 
. .1. 
.38. 
.25. 
.50. 
.33. 
.33. 
.10. 

.8. 



♦Paragould 
♦Paris .... 
Parkdale 
Peach Orchard 
Pearcy .... 
Pea Ridge . 
Pecan Point 
Pennington 

Perla 

Perry 

♦Perryville , 
Pettigrew . . 

♦Piggott _. 

Pike 57. 

Pindall 12. 

♦Pine Bluff ...53. 

Plainview 32 . 

Plumerville . . .34. 
♦Pocahontas ...7. 

Portia 16. 

Portland 74. 

Pottsville 21. 

Poughkeepsie .15. 
Prairie Grove... 9. 
Prairie View ... 30 . 

♦Prescott 65. 

Provo 55. 



. . 214 
. . 397 
.. 399 
. . 516 
. . 508 
.1,769 
.1,146 



.5,248 
.1,497 
. . 383 
. . 344 
. . 216 
.. 208 
. . 219 
. . 250 
.. 250 
. . 314 
. . 3.55 
. . 450 
.1,150 
. . 335 
. . . 277 
.15,102 
. . . 853 
. . . 495 
..1,547 
. . . 367 
. . . 823 
. . . 205 
. . 284 
. .. 774 
. . . 200 
..2,705 
. . . 348 



Quitman 



Q 



B 



Ravana 

Ravenden . . . . 
Readland . . . . 

Rector 

Redfleld 

Remmel 

Reyno 

Richmond 

♦Rison 

Rogers 

Rosboro .... 

Rosston 

Rover 

♦Kussellville . 



.70. 
.16. 
.75. 
. .8. 
.52. 
.25. 
. .7. 
.63. 
.60. 
. .1. 
.57. 
.65. 
.32. 
.21. 



. . 264 
. . 350 
. . 214 
.1,859 
. . 278 
. . 381 
. . 390 
. . 309 
. . 735 
.3,820 
. . 516 
.. 300 
.. 218 
.2,936 



T-.- t r.„i„r,-,n Ajflmes or Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
Explanation: I^^ex to Towns First Column, ^j^/^^^s o p^p^jation of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 

^clti^'r^'lop°yel1.s^°pTp*u^larn^^%^t^nn'l'r^.^r^fNa^."e Indicates County Seat. 

^ ' 21 



Arkansas Cities and Villages With 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Saginaw 
Saint Francis 
Saint James . 
Saint Paul. . . . 
Saint Vincent. 

♦Salem 

Sandy Ridge. . 
Saratoga . 
♦Searcy . . 
Settlement . . . . 22 . 

Seyppel 40. 

♦Sheridan 51. 

Sherrill 52. 

Siiiloh 23. 

Silica 44. 

Siloam Springs...!. 



S 
..50. 

. .8. 

.13. 

.10. 

.34. 
. ..6. 
..28. 
..56. 
..36. 



Smitliville 
Spadra 
Springdale 
Springfield 
Stamps . . 
Staple . . . 
Star City 
Stevens . . 
Sterling .. 



.16. 
.20. 
. .9. 
.34. 
.71. 
.61. 
.61. 
.66. 
.75. 



. . 254 
. . 459 
. . 314 

. 430 
. . 500 
. . 865 
. . 700 
. . 400 
.2,331 
. . 250 
. . 250 
. . 481 
, . 350 

. 351 
. . 284 
.2,405 
. . 308 
. . 640 
.1,755 
. . 316 
.2,316 
. . 274 
. . 396 
. . 572 
. . 618 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Strong 73. 

Stuttgart 53. 

Success 8. 

Sugar Grove ..30. 
Sulphur Rock .24. 
Sulphur Springs..!. 
Sunnyside ... .75. 
Swan Lalte. . . .52. 
Swifton 25. 



♦Texarkana 

Thorney 

Thornton 

Traskwood 

Trumann 

Tucker ... 

Tuckerman 

Tupelo 

Turrell . . . 

Tyronza . . 



Union 
T^niontown 



.70. 
.10. 
.67. 
.44. 
.27. 



.40. 
.27. 



. . 463 
.2,740 
. . 379 
. . 284 
. . 232 
. . 543 
. . 500 
. . 250 
. . 290 



.5,6.53 
. . 292 
. . 611 
. . 228 
. . 300 
. . 264 
. . 583 
. . 205 
. . 200 
. . 250 



. . 284 
. 246 



Pop. 



Valley Springs. .3. 
*Van Buren . . .18. 
Vandervoort ..41. 

Vanndale 38. 

*Varner 61. 

Vick 68. 

Victor 50. 

Vincent 40. 

Vineyard 49. 

Viola 6. 



. . 208 
.3,878 
. . 599 
. . 571 
. . 920 
. . 250 
. . 218 
. . 229 
. . 250 
. . 275 



W 

Wabbaseka ...53. 

Waldo 72. 

♦Waldron 31. 

Walkers 18. 

Walnut Hill .. .71. 
♦Walnut Ridgo.16. 
Walnut Tree... 32. 

Wareagle 1. 

♦Warren 68. 

Warsaw 45. 

♦Washington ..64. 
Webb City ... .19. 



. . 251 

. . 597 
. . 984 
. . 372 
. . 300 
.1,798 
. . 214 
. . 262 
.2,057 
. . 284 
. . 399 
. . 291 



Ton-na 



Loca. Pop. 



Weiner .... 
Weldon .... 
Wesson .... 
West Fork . . 
West Harfto 
Wheetley 
Whelen Sprin 
Whipple 
Wickes .... 
Wideman . . 
Wideners . . 
Wilmar ... 

Wilmot 

Wilson ... 
Wilton ■...., 
Winchester 
Winslow . . , 
"Winthrop . 
Womble 
'Woodson . . . , 
Wrightsville 
Wyanoka 
♦Wynne 



.27. 



d.29. 
. . 39 . 

gs.58. 



. .41. 
. .14. 
. .39. 
..69. 
..74. 
. .28. 
..63. 
..69. 
. . .9. 
. .63. 
..42. 
..44. 
. .45. 
..40. 
..38. 



232 

250 

694 

264 

280 

330 

2^2 

284 

286 

270 

245 

929 

62 

521 

2yi 

. 300 
289 
. 600 
, 552 
, 342 
. 318 
. 500 
5,353 



Y 

"Yellville 4. 



General Description of Arkansas 
Future of the State 

A Portion of the United States Just Awaliening to Its Natural Advantagres. 



Tills State Ijelongs to the great basin of the 
Mississippi Valley. Parts of the Eastern portion, 
bordering on the Mississippi, are low, swampy and 
are annually overflowed, but westward the country 
gradually attains a higher elevation, passing off 
into the hills which' lead up to the Ozark Mountains. 

While subject to sudden changes, the climate, as 
a whole, is exceedingly delightful. Examination of 
any map showing water courses will reveal iiun- 
dreds of streams in the State, the majority of which 
can supply power for manufacturings. 

Tile Arltansas, Red, White, and Black Rivers, 
each hundreds of miles in length, all aid in giving 
the State inore interior water navigation than any 
State in the Union, besides over 4,000 iniles of 
railrg^ds. And yet, with these natural advantages, 
the State has been slow in development largely 
because this is a lieavil.y timbered State and also 
because the old settlers, having Jittle ambition, 
have been willing to let things jog along in the 
same old rut. 

Tlieir desires have been few and they have had 
all they wanted. With soil and climate good to 
them, it has been easy to get enough and they 
have rested content. They have heard no call to 
new life and have not wak^d up to new conditions. 

Three-fifths of the State still has its forest cov- 
ering, and nearly all this is commercial timber, for 
which there is an increasing demand at a good 
price, there being some sixt.v varieties of trees 
within the boundaries of the State. 

Bacli from the Mississippi for a distance of 25 
and CO miles is a belt of liardiwood. In the southern 
part of the State spreads a broad area of pine. 

GREAT WEALTH IN TIMBER. 

With lumber increasing in value every year it is 
impossible to estimate the great wealth of Arkansas 
in timber. In one of the late years more than 
$25,000,000 worth of lumber was shipped out of 
the State, much of it going to furniture and wagon 
works in the central states. 

It is estimated that of standing pine in the 
State, there are 50,000,000,000 feet, and of hard- 
woods sufficient to supply all the furniture, wagon, 
automobile and piano factories in the United States 
for the next twenty years. 

With limited transportation service in the State, 
until recently, it was natural that the timber should 
remain untouched, and here it is now in readi- 
ness for export at a good price. But, better yet, 
to be cut and used in local factories, giving em- 
ployment to tens of thousands of workmen wlio may 
become residents of the State. 

Today Arkansas is an ideal State for enterprising 
lumbermen and for all kinds of factories, the prod- 
ucts of which are made from liardwoods. 



NATURAL COTTON FIELD. 

But not alone in timber is the S*ate blessed. 
One-half of the tillable land In the State is es- 
pecially adapted to the growing of cotton, and one- 
tenth of America's cotton is already produced in 
this State. 

Tlie adaptability of this soil to cotton growing is 
shown in the fact that the average yield per acre of 
seed cotton, upon the uplands here, is ,500 and 800 
pounds, and from 1,000 to 2,000 pounds on the 
bottom lands. 

Of tlie more than 1,000,000 bales produced in this 
State yearly, only a small fraction, up to the 
present tiine, is luanufactured into goods in this 
State. Tills cotton, at large expense, is shipped to 
New England, to Europe, and to all cotWon markets 
of the world, and this too, while the rapid running 
streams of Arkansas are full of power which would 
convert this cotton into the manufactured product 
at great profit. 

JEnterprising cotton manufacturers are invited to 
investigate the advantages offered by this State in 
tlie production of cotton goods. 

But Cotton and Wool-growing and tlie Dairy are 
not the only raw materials waiting for factories. 
This is a glorious country for sheep. 

A large share of the State seenas especially made 
for sheep growers. No hot summers to exhaust the 
vitality of the flock, and no cold winters to destroy 
the animals. No blizzards at lambing time to pre- 
vent the increase, and no drouths to cut off feed in 
the summer time. 

Being tlie natural field for the wool -grower, this 
should be a center for the woolen industr.v, and 
what Is said here of sheep may be said of the 
Angora goat. With a sunshine climate, with a 
highly fertile soil, with exemption from drouth, 
through 53 inclies of rainfall every year, causing 
an abundance of pasturage, goats, sheep, and all 
kinds of stock become a source of large profit to 
stockmen. 

No better region can be found than this for the 
dairy business. With an abundance of pure run- 
ning water, luxuriant grasses, a mild climate, here 
are all the essentials for the successful dairyman. 

FOUNDATION FOR GREAT WEAUTH 

Overloolting Best Opportunities. That the founda- 
tion for great wealth is here is shown in the fact 
that of 28,000,000 acres of arable area in the State, 
onl.v about 5,000,000 acres are under cultivation, 

The truth is that land-seekers, overlooking the 
rich opportunities that lie in this State, have floated 
by to other regions where land speculators weri_> 
li'olding out brilliant inducements to new settlers. 
During all this rush for the West, these fertile Ar- 



22 



Arkansas Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



karisas lands have remained right here biding their 
time, the forests improving in the meantime, the 
acres in the mineral lands advancing in value, and 
the State as a whole, getting ready to join the 
grand march in the great industrial advance now, 
beginning to sweep over the Southwest. 

The land-seeker, becoming Interested, will natur- 
ally ask the price of land, a question not easily 
answered to the satisfaction of the enquirer. 

Price usually depends upon the production and 
rental value of a property. Thus, land at $150 an 
acre, in some localities may be cheaper than land at 
$1.50 an acre at other points. 

Mliat can be produced on the land? Where can 
the produce be sold? What price, and what profit 
can be realized? What are the prospects for future 
growth in values? All these are determining factors. 

We can only give a general outline of the advan- 
tages of a region and suggest that the land-seeker 
investigate for himself. 

' In the search for good opportunities to engage in 
agriculture, fruit growing, stock raising, mining or 
manufacturing, the land-seeker will find the advan- 
tages offered by this region are superior, and that 
Arkansas lands are cheap, very cheap, because there 
is more land here than people. 

VALUE OF LANDS. 

By reference to our map and table of counties, the 

position of every 'region and county in the State, 
herewith described, can be readily understood. 

Thus, in Crawford County, the soil of which is 
adapted to the growth of the peach and the grape, 
seventy-five per cent of the acreage is yet covered 
with timber; while the southern part of this county 
is underlaid with coal. Prices: Wild land, $3 to $6 
per acre; improved farms, $30 to $150 per acre. 

It should be understood the wild lands are usually 
covered with forest, the timber on which will pay, 
and frequently much more than pay, for clearing 
the land. 

Wasliingrton County, an upland region, elevated 
1,.500 feet, is the land of the big red apple. An 
Italian Colony came in here a few years ago, ab- 
solutely almost penniless, and in six years they 
owned 2,300 acres of land, were out of debt and 
have their land under a high state of cultivation.' 
Wild land is yet low in price in this County. 

Benton County, the center of the Ozark apple 
region, reaps an annual income of $1,000,000 from 
3,000,000 of apple trees in the county. 

The county is in a very high state of cultivation, 
fruit raising and general farming being the rule. 
Improved land here is worth from $40 to $200 per 
acre. Unimproved land is worth from $6 to $12 per 
acre. 

Madison County, Ozark Mountain region. Re- 
sources: Fruit, iron, lead, zinc, asphaltum and fine 
quarries of marble. Fine orchard lands low in price 
here. 

Carroll County. Resources: Fruit, lumber, famous 
medicinal springs, summer and winter resort. Eu- 
reka Springs, becoining an excellent market for fruit 
and vegetable production. 

Great demand here for canneries, sawmills and 
woodworking institutions. Parties seeking new lo- 
cations for business are invited to come to Eureka 
Springs. 

Fulton County. Resources: Fruit, cotton. County 
nearly all covered with heavy forests. Land, $4 per 
acre. Timber will pay for clearing. Mammoth 
Springs in this County, gives rise to a full-fledged 
river, an active, beautiful great stream, adjoining 
which is a flour mill and a cotton mill, the United 
States fish hatchery and a pleasure resort, with 
large and commodious hotels, etc. 

Sharp County. A very picturesque region. Re- 
sources: Fruit, timber and iron. Soil rich and very 
cheap. Stately growths of timber, numerous run- 
ning streams. 

Wn.D LAND if3 AND $6 AN ACRE. 

Craighead County. Much dense forest here yet, 
but rapidly being cleared away. Jonesboro becoming 



a large manufacturing center. County well supplied 
with railroads. Wild land $3 and $6 an acre. 

Little Kiver County. Resources: Great abundance 
of timber, level land, hardwood on river bottoms, 
Ijinc on uplands, well supplied with railroads, soil 
and climate adapted to fruit and truck raising. 
Lands from $3 to $8 wild; from $8 to $20 per acre 
improved. 

Hempstead County. One of the oldest in the 
State, a peach and tomato country. Yet unimproved 
farms here can be had for $4 per acre. Timber is 
being removed and the county rapidly settling. 

Lafayette County, in the great pine belt, highly 
fertile soil underlaid with clay subsoil. County well 
watered and drainage perfect. Wild land worth 
from $2.50 to $4 per acre. Climate delightful. 

Columbia County. This is the poor man's county. 
With $500 the man can be well established on a 40- 
acre farm and making money. A cotton, fruit and 
grape country. The quick, fertile soil here gives a 
family a living the first year. 

Hot Springs is not only the most widely known 
city in Arkansas, but it has an international reputa- 
tion. Its visitors come from all countries and all 
conditions of life. The United States government 
has proven its faith in the curative powers of its 
waters by its ownership and control of the springs. 
The hotels are equal to those of Chicago and New 
York. 

The water from the springs, with a daily flow of 

over 800,000 gallons, is not only used for baths, but it 
is delicious to drink. A large number of complaints 
have yielded to its power. 

Hot Springs has a hotel capacity of 20,000, and 
there is never a season that it is not filled. With 
its twenty-three bath houses and its ninety-five 
doctors, it is pre-eminently a Sanitorium. Never- 
theless, out of its fifty thousand annual visitors, a 
large proportion consists of people who have come 
solely on account of the climate, and the opportunities 
to have a good time. The death rate is low — G.ll 
per thousand for residents and for visitors 1.32. 
Total 7.43. Minus the decimals. New York stands at 
25, Boston 21, Philadelphia 17, Chicago 19, Los 
Angeles 10. 

Hot Springs has two banks, two daily papers, 
nineteen churches, fifteen schools, twelve livery sta- 
bles, water works, electric and gas light, electric 
street railway, fire department, local and long dis- 
tance telephone system. New York, Chicago and New 
Orleans market reports by direct wire, police system, 
an athletic arena and baseball park, and one of the 
finest mile racing tracks in America. 

If a business trip to Arkansas, for a personal in- 
vestigation of opportunities herein set forth, is being 
planned. Hot Springs should by all means be included 
in the itinerary. 

With the vast concourse of capitalists who make 
this their yearly playground, from which prospect- 
ing expeditions are made, there is perhaps no point 
in Arkansas which affords a better opening for a 
real estate business, covering a list of properties 
embracing every section of the state. 

4rea of State. Length, north and south, 240 
miles; average breadth, 22S miles. Length of State 
on Mississippi River, from 300 to 360 miles. 

Climate. Temperate and healthful. Average tem- 
perature throughout the year, 62.2 degrees. January 
average 40 above. July average 81 above. Warmest 
on record 106; Coldest 12 below. Extremes of tem- 
perature are rare. It ts a land of delightful sunshine 
for nine months in the year, and the other three 
months are not unpleasant. Rainfall 53.6 inches a 
year. 

HISTORY. 

Arkansas. Visited by the Spaniards, under De 
Soto, 1541. Settled by the French, in 1685. Was a 
part' of the French Colony of Louisiana, which was 
purchased by the U. S. in 1803. 

Continued a part of Louisiana territory until 1812. 
Including Indian Territory, was organized as a Ter- 
ritory in 1819. Admitted as a State, June 15, 1836 



23 



CALIFORNIA 



STATE AND THE 58 COUNTIES OF CALIFORNIA 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 

of 
CALIFORNIA COUNTIES 



Lo- 

ca- COUNTIES Pop. 

tion 1910 

1 Del Norte.. 2,41'J 

2 Siskiyou.. 18,801 

3 Modoc. 6,191 

4 Humboldt.. 33,857 

5 Trinity.. 3,301 

6 Shasta. .18,930 

7 Lassen.. 4,803 

8 Tehama.. 11,401 

9 Plumas.. 5,359 

10 Mendocino.. 23,929 

11 Glenn.. 7,173 

12 Butte. .27,301 

13 Lake.. 5,528 

14 Colusa.. 7,732 

15 Sutter.. 6,328 

16 Tuba.. 10,043 

17 Sierra.. 4,098 

18 Nevada. .14,955 

19 Placer.. 18,337 

20 Sonoma.. 48, 394 

21 Napa.. 19,800 

22 Yolo.. 13,926 

23 Solano. .27,559 

24... Sacramento. .67,800 

25 Eldorado.. 7,403 

26 Amador. . 9,086 

27 Alpine.. 309 

28 Marin.. 25,114 

29... Contra Costa. .31,674 

30 San Joaquin . . 50,731 

31 Calaveras.. 9,171 

32.. San Francisco. 416,913 

33 Alameda. 346, 131 

34 San Mateo. .26,585 

35 Santa Cruz. .26,140 

36 Santa Clara. .37,738 

37 Stanislaus.. 22,523 

38 Tuolumne.. 9,979 

39 Mono. . 2.043 

40. Monterey. .24,146 

41 San Benito.. 8,041 

43 Merced.. 15,148 

43 Mariposa.. 3,956 

44 Fresno.. 75,657 

45 Madera.. 8,368 

46 Kings. .16,233 

47 Tulare.. 35,440 

48 Inyo.. 6,974 

49.San Luis Obispo. .19,383 

50 Kern. .37,715 

51. Santa Barbara. .27,738 

52 Ventura. .18,347 

53. . . .Los Angeles. 504, 131 
54. San Bernardino. .56.706 

55 Orange. .34,436 

56 Riverside. .34,696 

57 San Diego. .61,665 

58 Imperial. .13,591 

Total 2,377,549 



Tonus Loca. Pop. 

B 

*Bakersfield .. .50. .12,727 

Baiboa 55. . . . 500 

Banning 56. . .1,000 

Barstow 54 500 

Beaumont 56.... 407 

Belmont 34. . . . 450 

Belvedere 28. . . . 431 

Benali 24. . . . 533 

Bend 8 863 

Benecia 23. . .2,360 

Ben Lomond ... 35 ... . 500 

Berkeley 33. .40,434 

Beverly 53 250 

Bieber 7 513 

Biggs 12. . . . 403 

Big Oak Flat .38.... 263 

Bigpine 48. . . . 250 

Bishop 48. ..1,190 

Black's Station.23 393 

Blocksburg 4. . . . 366 

Blue Canyon. . .19. ... 300 

Blue Lake 4. . . . 800 

Blythe 56 200 

Boca 18 314 

Bodie 39. . . . 750 

Bostonia 57 400 

Boulder Creek.. 35. . . . 441 

Brawley 58 881 

Brentwood . . . .29. . . . 335 
*Biidgeport . . .39. . . . 300 

Blown 50. . . . 200 

Brownsville ...16.... 374 




CALIFORNIA TOWNS WITH 1910 POPULATIONS. 



Loca. Pop. 



Acampo . . 

Adin 

Alameda 

Albion . . . 

Alhambra 

Allegheny 

Alma . . . 

Alpaugh 

Altaville 

Alton ... 

* Alturas 

Alvarado 

Alviso . . . 

Amidor City . .26. 

Anaheim 55. 



30. 

3. 

33 . 

10. 

53. 

17. 

36. 

47. 

31. 

. . .4. 

3. 

23. 

26. 



. . 300 
. . 500 
23,883 
. . 500 
.5,021 
. . 300 
. . 300 
. . 350 
. . 300 
. . 200 
. . 916 
. . 612 
. . 402 
. . 8.54 
.2,628 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

Anderson 6 837 

Angel Island ..28 285 

Angels Camp ..31... 3,000 

Antioch 29. ..1,124 

Aptos 35 278 

.^rbuckle 14 743 

Arcadia 53 696 

Areata 4. . .1,121 

Aromas 41 . . . . 300 

Arrowhead . . . .54. . . . 200 

Arrovo Grande 49 300 

Artesia 53 .500 

* Auburn 19. . .3.376 

Avalon 53. . .1.000 

Azusa 53.. .1,477 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Buena Park. 
Bulwinkle . . 
Burba nk . . . 
Burlingame 
Burnett . . . . 
Butte City . 
Byron 



Calexico . . . . 
Calistoga . . . 
r^ambria . . . 
Campbell . . . 

Campo 

Camptonville 
Capay 



.55. 
. .4. 
.53. 
34. 
.53. 
.11. 
.29. 



.58. 
.21. 
.49. 
.36. 
.31. 
.16. 
.22. 



. 200 
. 300 
. 400 
1,565 
. 500 
. 279 
. 350 



. . 797 
. . 751 
. 288 
. 700 
. . 200 
. . 387 
. . 304 



24 



California Cities and Villages, with 1910 Populations 



Tuiciis Loca. 

Carniel 40. 

Carpenteria ...51. 

Casper 10. 

Castroville . . .40. 

Cayucas 49. 

Cedarville 3. 

Centerville ....33. 

Ceres 37. 

Charter Oak. . .53. 

Cherokee 12. 

Chico 13. 

Chino 54. 

Claremont ... .53. 

Clayton 39. 

Clearwater . . .53. 

Clements 30. 

Cloverdale ... .20. 

Clovis 44. 

Coachelia 5«i. 

Coalinga 44. 

Colegrove 53. 

Colfax 19. 

College City... 14. 
Collinsville . . .33. 

Colma 34. 

Colton 54. 

*Colusa 14. 

Compton 53. 

Concord 29. 

Copperopolis . .31 . 

Coram 6. , 

Cordelia 38. , 

Corning 8. 

Corona 56. 

Coronado 57. 

Corte Madera. .28. . 
Cottonwood . . . .6. , 
Coulterville . . .43. , 
CouMty Farm. .53. , 

Covelo 10. . 

Covina 53. , 

Coyote 36. . 

Cozzens 50. . 

♦Crescent Citv. .1 
Crescent Mills. .9 

Creston 49 

Crockett 39 

D 

Daggett 54 

Danville 29 

Daunt 47 

Davenport . . . .35 

Davis 32 

Decoto 33 

Delano 50, 

Del Mar 57, 

Diamond 

(Black) 29. 

Diamondg Sp'g33. 

Dinuba 47. 

Dixon 33 i 

Dorris 2. 

Dos Palos 47^ 

Downev 53] 

♦Downieville ..17. 

Drytown 36. 

Duarte 53. 

Duncans Mills. .20. 

Dunsmuir 12. 

Durham 13. 

Dutch Flat 19. 

Eagleville 3. 

Edgewood . . 3 

El Cajon 57 

*EI Centro 58. 

Eldorado 35. 

Eldridge 20 

Elk Creek 11 ! 

Elk G-^ove 34 

Elmira 23 

El Modeno 55.' 

EIrio 52 

Elsinore 56. 

Emerald Bay. .25. 

Emerys 33. 

Encinitas .... .57.' 
Eseonclido ... .57! 
Etna Mills. . . ". ! .2.' 

•Eureka 4 

Exeter 47. 

F 

•Fairfield 23. 

Falroaks 24 

Fall Brook 57 

Fall River Mills 6. 
Farmington . . .30. 



Pop. 



. . . 500 
. . . 300 
... 385 
. . . 800 
... 316 
. . . 500 
. . . 561 
... 200 
... 200 
. . . 216 
..3.750 
. .1,444 
. .1.114 
... 268 
. . . 250 
... 317 
. . . 8-^3 
. .1,200 
. .1,500 
. .4,199 
. . . 300 
. . . 615 
. . . 208 
. . • 300 
. . . 1393 
. . 3.'980 
..1,583 
. . . 932 
. . . 703 
. . . 413 
. . . 666 
. . . 381 
. . . 973 
. . 3,540 
. .1,477 
. . . 360 
. . . 450 
. . . 330 
. . . 325 
. . . 300 
. .1.633 
. . . 225 
. . . 200 
. .1,114 
. . . 300 
. . . 200 
. .1,800 



. . 450 
. . 200 
. . 307 
. . 503 
. . 833 
. . 230 
. . 437 
. . 350 

.2,373 
. . 367 
. . 970 
. 837 
, . 214 
, . 3!>0 
.1,500 
. 500 
. 216 
. 600 
. 300 
1,719 
. 250 
. 400 



.. 400 
. . 200 
. . 500 
.1,610 
.. 311 
. . 800 
. . 213 
. . 467 
.. 317 
. . 200 
.. 250 
. . 488 
. . 426 
.2.613 
. . 200 
.1.334 
.. 518 
11,815 
.. 500 

. . 834 
. . 500 
. . 300 
. . 350 
. . 236 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Fellow 50. 

Felton 35. 

Fernando (San)53. 

Ferndale 4. 

Firebough 44. 

Florence 53. 



.54. 
.34. 
.12. 
.17. 
.19. 
. .3. 
.10. 

'..4! 
.31. 
.44. 
..54. 
30. 



Florin 

Folsom 

Forhestown . 

Forest 

Foresthill . . . 
Fort Bidwell. 
Fort Bragg. . 
Fort Jones. . . 

Fortuna 

Fosteria 

Fowler 

Fredalba .... 
French Cainp 
French Corrall.18 

•Fresno 44 

Fullerton 55 

Fulton 20 



G 

Gait 

Garbervllle . . . 
Garden Grove. 
Georgetown . . 
Germantown . 
Geyserville . . . 
Gibsonville .. . 

Gilroy 

Glendale 

Glendora 

Glen Ellen 

Goleta 

Gonzales 

Graniteville .. . 
Grass Valley.. 
Greenville .... 
Greenwood . . . 

Gridley 

Grizzly Flats.. 
Guadaloupe . . 

Gualala 

Guerneville . . . 

H 



. . 500 
. . 439 
.1,100 
. . 905 
. . 400 
. . 751 
. . 385 
.1,500 
. . 222 
. . 342 
. . 658 
. . 362 
.2.408 
.1.316 
. . 883 
. . 400 
. . 673 
. . 213 
. . 233 
. . 250 
J4.892 
.1,735 
. . 400 



. . 985 
. . 384 
. . 401 
. . 724 
. . 335 
. . 411 
. . 203 
.2.437 
.2,746 
.1,500 
.1.030 
. . 511 
. . 612 
. . 246 
.4,.520 
. . 417 
.. 307 
.. 987 
. . 250 
. . 524 
. . 215 
.. 633 



Half Moon. . . 


.34 


. .1.301 


Hamilton City 


.11. 


..1,016 


•Hanford .... 


.46. 


. . 4,82!J 


Harrison ... 


.34. 


. . . 352 


Hawthorne .. 


..53 


. .. 210 


Haywards .... 


.33 


..3.740 


Healdsburg .. 


.30. 


..2.011 


Hemet 


..56. 


.. 992 


Hermon 


..53. 


. . 450 


Hermosa 


. 53 , 


.. 679 


Highgrove . . . 


.56. 


.. 204 


Highland .... 


..54. 


.1,600 


Holden 


.30 


.. 341 


•Hollister 


.41. 


.2.308 


Holtville 


..58 


.. 729 


Honcut 


.12 


. . 418 


Hopland 


.10. 


.. 802 


Hueneme .... 


..53. 


. . 812 


Huntington Pk 


.53. 


.1,399 


Hydesvllle . .. 

I 
Igerna 


..4. 


.. 317 


2 


.. 304 


Imperial 


.58. 


.1.357 


Imperial Beach. 57. 


.. 204 


•Independence 


48. 


.. 407 


Indlanola .... 


..56. 


. . 2.50 


Inglewood .... 


.53. 


.1,536 


lone 


.36. . 


. . 876 


Iowa Hill 


.19. 


. . 456 


Irvington .... 


.33. 


.1,010 


J 






♦Jackson 


.36.. 


.2,035 


Tamestown . . . 


.38 


.. 611 


Tohannesburg 


..50.. 


.. 307 


Johnsvllle .... 


19 


. . 311 


Julian 


.57.. 


.. 309 



Kelseyville 
Kennett 

Kern 

Kernville . . 
Klmberly . 
King City. . 
Kingsburg 

Klsu 49. , 

Knights Ferry. .37. 
Knights Lndg. .22., 



. ..13. 

6. 

..50. , 
..50.. 
...6.. 

. . .40. , 
.44. 



. . 902 
.2,511 
.2,000 
. . 210 
. . 625 
. . 537 
. . 634 
. . 201 
. . 573 
. . 367 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



I. 

La Canada 53 

La Crescenta. .53 

La Grange 37 

La Habra 55 



La Jolla 
•Lakeport 
La Mesa .... 
La Miranda. 
Larkspur . . . 
Lathrop .... 

Laton 

La t robe .... 
Laverne .... 
Lawrence . . 
Leeland .... 
Le Grand. . . 
Lemoore . . . 
Lincoln .... 
Lindsay .... 
Little Lake. 
Little Shasta 
Livermore . 
Lockeford . . 

Lompoc 

Lonepine . . . 
Longbeach . 
Long Valley. 
Loomis .... 
Lordsburg . . 
Lorengo 
Los Alamitos. . .55 
Los Alamas. . . .51 
•Los Angeles. . .53 
Los Banos. . 
Los Gatos. . . 
Los Olivos. . 
Lower Lake. 
Loyalton . . . 



..42. 
. .36, 
. .51. 
..13 
..17. 



M 

McKittrlck .. 
•Madera .... 
Mammoth . . . 

Magalia 

•Mariposa . . . 
•JIarkleeville 
•Martines . . . 
•Marysville .. 
Maxwell .... 
Mayfield .... 

Melitta 

Mendocino ,. . 
Menlo Park 
•Merced . . 
Michigan Bar. .24 
Michigan Bluff. 19 
Middletown 

Lake 13 

Midland 50 

Mikon 22 

Millbrae . . 
Mill Valley. 
Milpitas . . . 
Milton .... 
Mission . . . 
•Modesta . . 
Mojave 



..50. 
..45. 
. ..6. 
. .12. 
. .43. 
..27. 
..29. 
..16. 
. .14. 
..36. 
..20. 
. .10. 
. .34. 
. .42. 



... 250 
. . . 310 

... 385 
. . . 325 
...511 
. . . 870 
... 507 
... 313 
... 591 
... 361 
. . . 410 
...313 
... 308 
... 305 
... 350 
. . . 350 
. .1,017 
..1.404 
. .1,814 
... 310 
. . . 514 
..2,030 
..2,697 
. .1,483 
. . . 351 
.17,809 
... 305 
... 307 
... 934 
. . . 350 
. . . 310 
. . . 607 
319.198 
. . . 745 
. .3,232 
. . . 203 
. . . 395 
. . . 983 



212 
.'2,404 
. . 650 
. . 243 
. . 431 
. . 150 
.2,115 
. 5,430 
. . 350 
.1,041 
. . 220 
.1,289 
. 813 
.3,102 
. . 714 
. . 479 

.. 710 



ilO 



.34. 

.28. 
.36. 
.31. 
. 32 . 
.37. 
..50. 
MokelumneHill.31. 



Monrovia 
Montague . . . 

Monte 

Montecito . . . 
Monterey . . . . 
Monticello . . . 
Morgan Hill.. 
Murphy 



.53. 
.. .2. 
. .53. 
, .51. 

.40. 

.21. 

.36. 

.31. 



N 

*Napa 21. 

National City.. 57. 

Needles 54. 

•Nevada City.. 18. 
New Almaden..36. 
Newark . . 
Newcastle 
Newhall 
Newman . 
Newport Beach.. 55. , 

Niles 33. , 

Nipomo 49. . 

Nordhoff 52. . 

Norman 11. . 

No. Bloomfle!d.l8. . 
No. San Diego. 57.. 
No. San Juan.. 18.. 

Norwalk 53. . 

Novato 28. . 



.33. 
.19. 
.53. 
.37. 



. . 343 
.2,551 
. . 405 
. . 401 
. . 759 
.4.034 
. . 281 
.1.061 
.3,576 
. . 274 
. . 350 
. . 821 
.4,923 
. . 233 
. . 607 
. . 748 



.. '5,791 
.1,733 
.1,501 
.2,689 
. . 230 
. . 520 
. . 503 
. . 510 
. . 862 
. . 445 
.1.387 
. . 215 
. . 218 
. . 344 
. . 510 
, . 350 
, . 312 
. 513 
. . 405 



Toxcns 



Loca. Pop. 



O 



Oakdale ... 
•Oakland ... 

Oakley 

Occidental . . 

Oceano 

Ocean Park.. 
Oceanside . . . 

Olema 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orland 

Ormus 

Orogrande . . 
•Oroville . . . . 
Oxnard 



. .37. . .1,033 
. .33.150,174 

. .29 251 

. .20 213 

. .49 2.50 



.53. 

.57. 
.28. . 



3,119 
673 
305 



. .54. . .4,374 
. .55. . .2,920 

.11 836 

. .44 261 

. .54 210 

.12 3,859 

..52... 2,585 



Pacheco 29. 

Pacific Grove. .4o! 

Paige 47 

Palo Alto 36! 

Parkfleld 40. 

Parlier 44. 

Pasadena 53. 

Paso Robles. . . .49. 
Penryn . . . 
Perkins . . 
Pascadero 

Petaluma 

Pichaco 58. 

Piedmont 33. 



.19. 
. . 24 . 
. . 34 . 
. .20. 



.17. 
.53. 
.29. 



Pike 
Pinchot 
Pinole . 
Piru . . 

Pitt 6. 

•Placerville . . .23. 
Pleasanton . . . .33. 
Pleasant Valley. 25 

Plymouth 26. 

Point Arena. .. .10 
Point Reyes. . 

Pomona 

Pope Valley. . 
Port Costa. . . 
Portersville . . 
Port Kenvon. 
Potter Valley 
Prattville ... 
Princeton . . . 
Puente 



28. 
.33. 
.21. 
.29. 
.47. 
..4. 
.10. 
.19. 
. 14 . 
.53. 



Q 



Quartz . 
•Quincy 



. .38. 
..19. 



R 



.57. 
.50. 



Ramona . . 

Randsburg . . . , 

Raymond 45. 

•Red Bluff 8. 

•Redding 6. 

Redlands 54. 

Rcdondo Beach. 53. 
•Redwood City. 34. 

Reedley 44. 

Requa 1. . 

Richmond 29. 

Rio Dell 4. , 

Rio Vista 23. 

Riverdale 44. 

Riverside 36. 

Rocklin 19. 

Rohnerville . . . .4. . 

RosevlUe 19. . 

Ross 28. , 

Round Valley. .48. . 

Rust 29. . 

Rutherford «. . .21. . 



. . 251 
.2,384 
. . 412 
.4,486 
. . 207 
. . 505 
30,291 
..1,441 
. . . 253 
. . . 354 
. . . 984 
. .5.880 
. . . 356 
..1,719 
. . . 310 
. . . 250 
. . . 798 
. . . 310 
. . . 303 
. .1,918 
. . 1,3.54 
. . . 231 
. . . 508 
. . . 497 
...214 
.10.207 
. . . 266 
..1.321 
. .3,696 
. . . 307 
. . . 376 
. . . 339 
. . 309 
, . . 250 

. . 310 
. . 319 

.. 210 
.1.031 
. . 510 
.3.530 
.3,572 
10,449 
.2,933 
.2,442 
.1,800 
. . 408 
.6,802 
. . 313 
. . 881 
. . 281 
15,212 
.1,026 
. . 610 
.2,608 
. . 556 
.. 213 
.. 517 
.. 211 



•.'^acramento . .24. 
Saint Helena. . .21. 



•Salinas 

•.'^an Andreas 

•San Bernar- 
dino , 

San Buena 
Ventura . . . 

•San Diego 57 

San Fernando. .53. 

•San Francisco. 32 . 

Sanger 44. 

San Jacinto. . . .36. 

•San Jose 36. 

San Juan 41. 

San Juan 
Caplstrana 



.40. 
.31. 



.54 

,.52 



.44.696 
. .1.603 
..3.736 
..1,683 

.12,779 

. .2.915 
.39,518 
. .1,100 
416,912 
. .2,010 
... 898 
.28,948 
. . . 326 



.55. 



510 



25 



California Cities and Villages, with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



San Leandro. . .33. . 
San Ijorenzo . . .33. . 

San Lucas 40. . 

*San Luis 

Obispo 49. . 

San Luis Rey..57.. 

San Martin 36. . 

San Mateo 34. 

San Miguel 49. . 

San Pablo 29. . 

San Pedro 53., 

*San Rafael... 28. 
*Santa Ana. . . .55. 
Santa Clara. . . .35. . 
*Santa Barbara. 51. 
*Santa Cruz. . . .35. . 
Santa Maria. .. .51 . . 
Santa Monica.. 53.. 
Santa Paula. . .52. . 
*Santa Rosa. 
Santa Ynez. . 
Saratoga . . . 
Saticay .... 
Sausalito . . . 
Sawtelle . . . 

Scales 

Scotia 

Scott Bar... 
Sebastopol . 

Selma 

Shasta 



..20. 

.51. 
..36. 
,.52. 

.28. 

.53. 

.17. 

..4. 
. . .2 

'.20 ; 

.44. 
.6. 



Shasta Retreat. .2. 



.3,471 
. . 350 
.. 349 

.5,157 
.. 315 
. . 408 
.4.334 
. . 611 
. . 487 
.3.500 
. 5,934 
.8,429 
.4,348 
11,659 
11,146 
.2,260 
.7,847 
.2,216 
.7,817 
. . 250 
.1,500 
. . 400 
.2,383 
.2,143 
.. 217 
. . 513 
. . 212 
.1,233 
.1,750 
. . 634 
. . 617 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Sheepranch .. 
Sheridan .... 
Sierra City. . . 
Sierra Madre. 
Sierraville . . . 
Silver Lake. . 

Simons 

Sisson 

Soldiers Home. 53. 

Soledad 40. 

Somerset 2. 



.31. 

.19. 
, .17. 
, .53. 

.17. 
. .54. 
..53. 
. . .2. 



.20. 
.38. 
.35. 
.38. 
.53. 



Sonoma . 

*Sonora 

Soquel 

Soulsbyville . . 
So. Pasadena.. 
South San 

Francisco . . 
Stanford Univ. 

Stege 

♦Stockton .... 
Stonyford .... 

Suisun 

Summerland . 
Sunolgien .... 
*Susanville . . . 

Sutter 15 

Sutter Creek. . .26 
Sycamore 14 



.34. 
.36. 
.29. 
.30. 
.14. 
.23. 
.51. 
.33. 
7. 



Taylorsville 



.19. 



.. 21» 
. . 51? 
.1,308 
. . 350 
. . 21t 
. . 31 J 
. . 63iS 
.2,3(10 
. . 50S 
.. 2IJ) 
. . 957 
.2,029 
. . 426 
. . 250 
.4,649 



..1,989 
. . 700 
. . . 510 
.23,253 
. . . 315 
.. 641 
, . . 250 
, . . 328 
. . . 688 
, . . 410 
. .2,015 
. . 204 



245 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Tehachapi . 
Tehama ... 
Temecula . 
Templeton 
Thermal . . 
Thomasson 
Tiburon . . . 
Tipton .... 

Tobin 

Tomales . . 

Tracy 

Touckee .. . 
Tulare .... 
Turlock . . . 
Tustin .... 



.. .50. 

.. . .8. 

. ..56. 

.. .49. 

...56. 

. ..23. 
28. 

.. .47. 

.. .34. 

...28. 

...30. 

18. 

47. 

37. 

...55. 



U 

*XJkiah 10. 

Upland 54. 

Upper Lake. ...13. 
Urban 85. 



Vacaville 23. 

Vallejo 23. 

Valley Springs. 31. 

Vallicita 31. 

♦Ventura 52. 

Vina 8. 

Vineburg 20. 

♦Visalia 47. 



. . 385 
. . 221 
. . 220 
.. 308 
. . 721 
. . 315 
. . 207 
. . 366 
. . 250 
. . 424 
. . 382 
.1,239 
.2,758 
,.1,573 
, . . 810 



.2,136 
.2,384 
.. 205 
. . 315 



.1,177 
,11,340 
, . . 298 
, . . 318 
, .2,955 
, . . 218 
,. . 215 
, .4,550 



Loca. Pop. 



Vista Grande. . .34. . 
Volcano 26.. 



W 

Walnut Creek. 
Washington . . 
Washington 

(Broderick) 
Watsonville . 

Watts 53 

♦Weaverville ...5 

Westport 10 

Wheatland 
Whitehouse 
Whittier . . 
Williams .. 

Willets 

♦Willow .. 
Wilmington 
Windsor . . 
■Winters . . . 
Woodbridge 
♦Woodland 
Woodside . 
Wrights . . . 



,29. 
.18. 



.22. 
.35. 



.16. 
. .6. 
.53. 
.14. 
.10. 
.11. 
.53. 
.20. 
.22. 
.30. 
.22. 
.34. 
.36. 



Yolo 

Yountville . 

♦Yreka 

♦Yuba City.. 



.22. 

.21. 

,. .2. 

.15. 



.2,124 
. . 433 



. . 550 
. . 359 

. . 815 
.4,446 
.1,922 
.1,100 
. . 593 
. . 481 
. . 300 
. 4,5.50 
. . 630 
.1,154 
.1,139 
. . 206 
. . 483 
. . 910 
. . 203 
.3,187 
. . 205 
. . 289 



. . 284 
. . 307 
.1,134 
.1,160 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



Diversity of industries. The state of California, 
770 miles long and 37,") miles wide, is a region es- 
pecially interesting to the land seeker. It is a land 
of opportunity. The adventurer here may engage 
in a variety of enterprises, with prospects of success. 

Mining- for gold and silver has been and yet is a 
iiKjst profitable work. Successful mining enterprises 
are In operation in San Bernardino, Inyo, Mono and 
other counties, while the vast mountain ranges, ex- 
tending throughouT the length of the state, contain 
great quantities of mineral yet to be discovered. 

FRUIT GROWING AND GENER.\L FAR^HNG. 

Wheat raising employs largo numbers of work- 
men. Fruit growing is rapidly developing. The 
ri-rining of petroleujn, and its conversion into fine 
oils will be an immense enterprise in future years. 

Tiie eliniate of California is favorable for grape 
growing and the manufacture of a favorite wine 
of world wide reputation. The installation of great 
irrigation works will call for the service of multi- 
tudes of men. The development of power for man- 
ufacturing, transportation, heating and lighting from 
the immense water-power now going to waste will 
come forward soon. The utilization of the vast as- 
phaltum beds for road making is close at hand. , 

The fisheries, sugar making, poultry growing, 
dnirying, lumbering, seed growing, furniture mak- 
ing and other industries are all just on the verge 
o£ unlimited development. 

NEWCOMER 3IAY TAKE HIS CHOICE. 

Here is the raw material in wonderful abundance. 
It Is only for the newcomer to make his selection of 
what he will do. The Panama Canal was opened 
for traffic in the fall of 1!U4 and the event was 
celebrated by great expositions in 1915 in San Fran- 
cisco and San Diego. Henceforth the shipment of 
California products to the Eastern States and to 
Europe will be greatly facilitated. 

The land seeker may come, If most convenient, 
on either the Santa Fe or Southern Pacific railways 
Into California and begin investigation at San Diego, 
in San Diego County. 

STATE YET THINLY POPULATED. 

In this great state, three times as large as New 
York, the population is still relatively small, but 
It is increasing rapidly. 

It takes but a little time to become impressed 
with the vast possibilities of California. Thirty 
million acres here are in forest. Much of this being 
covered by the famous red woods of such immense 
size as to give a million feet of lumber to the acre. 

So abundant is this timber and so prolific in great 
trees as to cause the government to put ten million 



acres of this timber area into national parks, leav- 
ing yet enough for manufacturing and export for 
generations to come. 

It only wants a very brief time in consideration 
to note the future probabilities of California. Here 
is a state with an area sufficiently large to perinit 
the residence of fifty millions of people within its 
borders; here is soil for growth of grain, vegetables 
and fruits; here are mountain streains for Irriga- 
tion and power for manufacturing; here are mild 
temperature and sunshine: here are metals, marbles, 
oils and all the essentials for prod'uction of food, 
building, raiment and furnishings. 

TO BE A GREAT HL^NUFACTURING CENTER. 

Here is enough of raw material to put many mil- 
lion at work and the transportation facilities to 
carry the products of these many millions to all 
parts of the world. 

The average rainfall ranges from ten to twenty 
inches in northern California and is less in the 
southern part of the state, but artesian wells and 
irrigation are expected to give a sufficiency of mois- 
ture for crop raising. 

The mild weather of the winters in southern Cali- 
fornia is attracting a larger and a larger number 
of residents to Los Angeles, San Diego and other 
southern California cities every year, the conse- 
quence being a steady advance in real estate values, 
particularly In the suburbs of these cities. 

AGRICULTURISTS AND HORTICULTURISTS. 

To land seekers wishing to engage In agriculture 
or horticulture it will be interesting to know that 
in 1907 there were over 30,000,000 acres of govern- 
ment land In California yet open for homestead 
settlement. 

To investigate farming or to engage in fruit 
raising it is well to go out to Bakersfield In Kern 
county and follow down the San Joaquin valley 
northward to San Francisco, stopping from time 
to time at the various towns on the way while pass- 
ing through Tulare, Kings, Fresno, Mercer and other 
counties In the San Joaquin valley. 

This valley contains upward of 30,000 square miles, 

being nearly four times the size of Massachusetts. 
There are a dozen counties in this valley, but if the 
seeker for land can go no farther he should go into 
Kern, Tulare, Kings and Fresno counties at least. 

Tliree thousand oil wells are in Kern county and 
in this county cin be seen the operation of one of 
the California irrigation systems. 

The great fniit orchards will interest the visitor 
in Tulare county. 



26 



California Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



COST OF PLANTING FRUIT ORCHARDS. 

Fruit land here costs from $50 to $75 per acre. 
The cost of preparation of the land and planting 
trees (apples, peaches or prunes) amounts to $23 
per acre of seventy-five trees. They come into 
bearing on the average on the fifth year. Four 
years care will cost about $24 an acre for this 
period. Counting interest on the investment and in- 
cidentals, by the time the fruit orchard comes into 
bearing the cost in this locality is $160 per acre. 

The crop of prunes, at three cents a pound, will 
yield $1."0 per acre. Deducting $15 per acre for 
drying, $10 per acre for interest and $12 per acre 
for care and the net return is $112 per acre. 

Thus, suppose a person were to buy and put in ten 
acres of prunes, the profits per year, after the crop 
came into bearing, would be $1,120 per year. 

The returns would be the same for poaches or ap- 
ples. Various fruit and land companies in Tulare 
county who capitalized their lands at $200 an acre 
have paid profits of from 27% to 38% per cent. 

There are 7,500 acres under cultivation In citrus 
fruits in Tulare county, with an output of 30,000,000 
pounds a year, more than half of which are dried. 

PICKING AND PACKING FRUIT. 

The piclving. packing, drying and canning of the 
crop calls for the services of some 4,000 people, 
mostly boys and women. Everybody in the county 
works while the rush is on. Girls in the packing 
houses and canneries make from $1 to $1.75 per day 
and boys, by whom most of the picking is done, 
make from $1.50 to $2.50 per day. 

Orange land may be had at $25 to $100 per acre, 
the price depending upon whether the land is ready 
for use or must be developed by the purchaser. An 
orchard four years old begins to bear. The profits 
run from $125 to $200 per acre when in full bearing. 

Raii^ins are also an important product of Tulare 
county. ' When in full bearing, at six and seven 
years, the yield is from a ton to a ton and a half 
per acre, and the returns, when the market is nor- 
mal, average around $100 per acre. Raisin land in 
this district may be had at from $30 to $50 per acre. 
Lands higher in price are those closely adjacent to 
large cities. 

Fresno is a fine county containing 5.600 square 
miles, being larger than the state of Connecticut, 
and has a population of only about 41,000, of which 
nearly half live in Fresno city. 

The rainfall here is about ten inches a year. 

Fresno county produces annually two or three 
million bushels of wheat, besides other grains, ten 
or fifteen million pounds of wool, a million dollars' 
worth of deciduous fruit, four or five million pounds 
of figs, hundreds of car loads of raisins and a mil- 
lion dollars' worth of wine. One creamery in Fresno 
(and there are six) produces 6.000 pounds of butter 
a day. These are but a fraction of the total product. 

Good raisin land may be had in Fresno county 
for $35 an acre and upward. The returns are es- 
timated at $80 and $100 per acre. Figs pay $250 
to $275 per acre. 

UNLIMITED POSSIBILITIES. 

The entire state of California is a land of bound- 
Kss possibilities. The southern counties, including 
.San Diego, Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San 
Bernardino counties, send 30,000 cars of oranges to 
eastern markets every season and the growers make 
a profit of $250 to $400 an acre. 

There are broad ranges of land yet in southern 
California devoted to dry ranching, where thou- 
sands of acres are plowed with steam plows and 
wheat is harvested with great combination headers 
and threshers. This land, it is expected, will later, 
as the county settles up, come into fruit raising witli 
greater profit. 

CONDENSED FACTS RELATING TO THE STATE. 

Altitude. Highest points, feet: Mt. "Whitney, Tu- 
lare county, 14.SS7; Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou county, 
14;442; Mt. Tyndall, Tulare county, 14,386; Mt. Kar- 
veah, Tulare Co., 14,000; Mt. Lyell, Mono county, 
13.217; Mt. St. Bernardino, Bernardino county, 
8,370; Mt. Hamilton, Santa Clara county, 4,4,50; Mt. 
Lowe, Los Angeles county, 4,000; Mt. Diablo, Ala- 
meda county, 3,876. 

Climate. Average temperature: At Sacramento, 
Sacramento county, January 46, July 72. Highest 
110, lowest 19 above zero. Rainfall 20.9 inches. 

At San Diego, San Diego county, January 54, July 
C7, highest 101, lowest 32. Rainfall 10.5 inches. 

History. Explored by Spanish 1542. San Diego 



founded by Spanish missionaries 1769, who estab- 
lished in all twenty-one missions in California ex- 
tending north from San Diego to San Francisco. 
Territory became part of Mexico 1822. Pioneers 

from United States entered 1826. Fremont's expe- 
dition 1844-5; gold found in Coloma, Eldorado 
county, 1848. Ceded by Mexico to United States, 
1848. 

Notable places. Cliff House and Seal Rocks in 
San Francisco. 

Leland Stanford University at Palo Alto, Santa 
Clara county, thirty-four miles from the city. 

Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton, Santa Clara 
county, 26 miles from San Jose, the latter place 
being 51 miles from San Francisco. 

The Yosemite valley, Mariposa county, containing 
six square tnilcs shut in by sheer walls from 3,000 
to 5,000 feet high. 

Near this valley are the big redwood trees in 
Calaveras and Mariposa counties. The Yosemite 
lies eastward of San Francisco some over one hun- 
dred miles. 

The guide books mention many other very Inter- 
esting places to visit in California. 

San Francisco — This metropolitan city stands pre- 
eminently the financial center of the Pacific Coast. 
This has long been wholesale headquarters for all 
leading enterprise westward from the Rocky Moun- 
tains. It stands in the midst of a group of wealthy 
cities, which aid in maintaining its supremacy. 
These towns include Oakland, Sacramento, Berkeley, 
San Jose, Alameda, Stockton, Vallejo, Santa Cruz, 
Eureka, Santa Rosa and others. 

But while much may be said favorable to cities 
in the northern part of California, there are also 
many important and prosperous cities in the southern 
part of the State. Here, for example, is 

Los Angeles, the metropolis of southern California. 
This city is particularly notable from its very rapid 
growth in the past few years. Coming here for only 
temporary residence visitors find delightful, healthful 
climate, mingled with such beauty and other at- 
tractions as to induce them to remain permanently. 
Here is a group of southern California cities, the 
citizens in which claim that the Los Angeles dis- 
trict is the Garden Spot of the Universe. These 
cities include Pasadena, San Diego, Long Beach, 
Riverside, Redlands, Santa Ana and others. 

California Big Trees. Forty-seven miles from 
Milton Station, on the Stockton and Copperopolis 
(Cala.) Railway, the tourist comes upon the Cala- 
veras Big Trees, the highest of which tapers upward 
a distance of 435 feet, and has a circumference, near 
the ground, of 110 feet, while another, forty miles 
from Visalia, on King's River, measures 44 feet in 
diameter. This is the largest in California. The 
Mariposa group of forest giants comprises 600 trees, 
125 of which are each over 13 feet thick, while sev- 
eral are from 30 to 33 feet in diameter. One, re- 
markable for its grand dimensions, rises to a height 
of 90 feet and there throws out a limb having a 
thickness of six feet. The route to the Yosemite 
Valley passes near these monsters. 

The Yosemite Valley. Reached by four stage 
routes. Situated on the Merced River, Mariposa 
County, Cal., 220 miles (by road) from San Fran- 
cisco The Valley contains a level plateau about 6 
miles long and from Vs to 1 mile wide, and is sur- 
rounded bv granite cliffs, rising almost perpendicular- 
ly to a hefght varying from 3.000 to 6,000 feet. From 
the tops of these cliffs spring magnificent and beauti- 
ful cataracts. All through the valley fiowers abound, 
relieved with plants and shrubs, and their varied 
hues and odors are delightful to the senses. The 
valley has been known since 1851, and is the prop- 
erty of the State, set apart for a public resort. The 
name Yosemite, given to it by the Indians, means 
"Large Grizzly Bear." "El Capitan" is a solitary 
stone pillar, with a perpendicular elevation of 3.300 
feet The "Bridal Veil." a cataract of great beauty, 
falls over a cliff 900 feet high. Opposite to it is "The 
Virgin's Tears Creek," with a fall of 1,000 feet. 
"Cathedral Rock" is a granite pile, 2,660 feet high. 
"The Spires" are two graceful columns. "The Three 
Brothers" is a triplet group of rocks, the highest 
peak of which rises 3,830 feet. "Sentinel Rock" is 
3 043 feet high. "The Yosemite Falls" is a grand 
piece of scenery, broken into cascades, the first hav- 
ing a fall of 1,500 feet; then shorter ones to a depth 
of 6''6 feet, and finally a plunge of 400 feet into the 
valley East of the Falls is a bold peak, rising 3,030 
feet above the valley. The "Half Dome," in the 
vicinity is a granite crest rising nearly 5.000 feet 
above "the valley. "North Dome" is 3,508 feet high. 
"Vernal Fall" descends about 400 feet. The "Cap of 
Liberty," a huge mass of rock, is 2.000 feet high. 
"Nevada Fall" is nearly 600 feet high. The views 
from the various points of the valley reached by 
travelers are among the sublimest in the world. 



27 



COLORADO 



STATE AND THE 61 COUNTIES OF COLORADO 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 

of 
COLORADO COUNTIES 



Lo- 
ca- 
tion 



COUNTIES 



Pop. 
1910 



1 Moffat.. 

2 Rovitt. . 7,561 

3 Jackson. . 1,013 

4 Larimer. .25,270 

5 Weld. .39,177 

6 Morgan. . 9,577 

7 Logan. . 9,549 

8 Sedgwick. . 3,061 

9 Phillips. . 3,179 

10 Rio Blanco.. 2,332 

11 Garfield.. 10,144 

12 Eagle. . 2,985 

13 Grand. . 1,862 

14 Summit.. 2,003 

15.... Clear Creek.. 5,001 

16 Gilpin. . 4,131 

17 Boulder.. 30,330 

18 Jefferson. .14,231 

19 Denver. 213,381 

20 Adams. .38,872 

21 Arapahoe. .10,263 

22... Washington.. 6,003 

23 Yuma. . 8,499 

24 Mesa.. 22,197 

25 Delta. .13,688 

26 Gunnison.. 5,897 

27 Pitkin. . 1,556 

28 Lake.. 10,600 

29 Chaffee. . 7,622 

30 Park. . 2,492 

31 Douglas. . 3,192 

32 Elbert.. 5,331 

33 Teller. .14,351 

34 El Paso. .43,321 

35 Lincoln. . 5,917 

36 Kit Carson. . 7,483 

37 Cheyenne. . 3,687 

38 Montrose. .10,291 

39 San Miguel . . 4,700 

40 Dolores. . 642 

41 Ouray.. 3,514 

42 San Juan.. 3,063 

43 Hinsdale.. 646 

44 Mineral. . 1,293 

45 Rio Grande. . 6,563 

46 Saguache.. 4,160 

47 Fremont. .18,181 

48 Custer. . 1,947 

49 Pueblo. .52,223 

50 Otero. .20,201 

51 Kiowa. . 2,899 

52 Bent. . 5,053 

53 Prowers. . 9,520 

54.... Montezuma.. 5,029 

55 La Plata. .10,812 

56 Archuleta.. 3,302 

57 Conejos. .11,285 

58 Costilla.. 5,498 

59 Huerfano. .13,320 

60. . . . Las Animas. .33,643 
61 Baca. . 2,516 

Total 799,024 



w 



X o 



H 







r 
i 6 



6 i I 



"I'V 



T 22 



li 



ii— - 



11 



■f 



T 



23 %. 

I 

36 I 



I 10 rl I 13 ; 17 ! 1 

I r—r r^\-\ r^ — ; 20 

^— -- - ' 12 >,4^q^«J?::^z 

I :t-V"^ I /31 i 32 • I 

,. ^. , ^27 728) 30 f-!-l--l i \ " Jm 

r'25_J 26 >9> _ 1% 34 ^^^'^ ' " 

t 52 I S3 



if 38 

li~ 40 



54 



29 > I ^ 34 . . _^.. 

47 \ t"~'f si" I 

y— I 144,45 1 ^-,59 / \ r-- I 



55 



5b' 



i 57 



58 



/ _/__^ 






COLORAKO TOWNS WITH 1910 POPULATIONS. 



Loca. Pop. 



Aguilar 

*Akron . 

Alamosa 

Alma . . 

Amity 

Animas 

AntonitO 

Argo ,, . 

Arloa . . 

Arvada 

* Aspen 

Atwood 

Ault . . . 

Aurora 

Avondale 



.57. 
.30. 
.53. 
.55. 



.54. 

.18. 
.27. 
..7. 
..5. 
.20. 
.49. 



B 



Bald Mountain. 16. 

Basalt 12. 

Bayfield 55. 

Beacon 60. 

Berthoud 4. 

Berwind 60. 

Blackhawk ...16. 

Blanca 58. 

*Boulder 17. 

*Breckenridge . 14 . 



Brighton 
Brodhead . . . 
Brookside . . . 

Brush 

*Buena Vista 
*Burlington 



.20. 
, .60. 
. .47. 
. .6. 
. .29. 

.36. 



. . 858 
. . 647 
.3,013 
. . 301 
. . 231 
. . 201 
. . 681 
. . 201 
. . 202 
. . 841 
.1,834 
. . 251 
. . 569 
. . 679 
. . 251 



. . 801 

; ; 237 

. . 350 
. . 758 
. . 602 
. . 668 
. . 351 
.9,539 

..834 
. . 851 
. . 352 
. . 201 
. . 997 
.1.041 

. .368 



Calcite 47. 

*Canon City . .47. 

Capulin 57. 

Carbondale . . .11 . 

Carnero 46. 

*Castle Rock . .31. 



. 202 
5,163 
. 600 
. 284 
. 251 
. 365 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Cedaredge . . . . 

Center 

♦Central City . , 
*Cheyenne 

Wells 

Coalcreek 

Cokedale 

Colorado City. 
♦Colorado 

Springs .... 

Como 

*Conejos 

*Cortez 

Coventry 

*Craig 

Crawford .... 

Creede 

Crested Butte. 
Crestone ..... 
♦Cripple Creek 

Cucharas 

Curtis 



.. 295 
. . 385 
.1,782 

. . 272 
. . 676 
, . . 502 
..4,333 

.29,078 
. . . 411 
. . . 301 
. . . 565 
. . . 401 
. . . 392 
. . . 201 
. . . 741 
. . . 904 
. . . 231 
. .6,206 
. . . 351 
. . . 503 



D 



Delagua 

*Del Norte . . 

♦Delta 

Denver 

(capital) . . 

Dolores 

♦Durango . . . 
E 

Eaton 

Edgewater . . , 

Edith 

Elkton 

El Moro .... 

Engle 

Englewood . . 

Erie 

Espinoza 

Estes Park . . . 
Evans 



.60 958 

.45 843 

.25. . .2,388 

.19.213,381 

.54 821 

.55. ..4,680 



..5. . 
.18. . 
.56.. 
.33.. 
.60. . 
.60. . 
.21. . 
. .5. . 
.57.. 
. .4. . 
. .5. . 



.1,157 

. . 712 
. . 293 
. . 301 
. . 351 
. . 801 
.3,983 
. . 596 
, . 401 
. . 301 
. . 602 



Loca. Pep. 



♦Fair Play. . . . 

Florence 

Florissant . . . . 
♦Fort Collins 
Fort Garland. 
Fort Logan . . . 
Fort Lupton. . 
♦Fort Morgan 
Fountain .... 

Fo^\'1er 

Frederick . . . , 
Fruita 



G 

Galatea 

Gary 

♦Georgetown . 

Oilman 

♦Glenwood 
Springs ... 

♦Golden 

Goldfield 

Gorham 

♦Grand June. 

Granite , 

Graycreek 
♦Greeley .... 
Gro:nmet .... 

Guffey 

Gulch 

♦Gunnison 
Gypsum 



.30. 
.47. 
.33. 
..4. 
.58. 
.21. 
. .5. 
..6. 
.34. 
.50. 
. .5. 
.24. 

.51. 
.6. 
.15. 
.12. 

.11. 

.18. 
.33. 
.17. 
.24. 
.29. 
.60. 



H 



Hastings . 
Haxtum 
Hayden . . 
Henderson 
Hesperus . 
Highpark 

Holly 

♦Holyoke , 



.55. 
.30. 
.27. 
.26. 
.12. 



.60. 
..9. 

.2. 



. . 263 
.2,712 
. . 268 
.8,212 
. . 201 
.2,501 
. . 614 
.2,802 
. . 431 
. . 925 
. . 266 
. . 881 



. . 201 
. . 202 
. . 932 
. . 351 

.2,019 
.2,477 
.1,112 
. . 352 
.7.754 
. . 251 
. . 576 
.8,179 
. . 400 
. . 302 
. . 401 
. 1,026 
. . 301 



.20. 
.55. 
.33. 
.53. 
. .9. 



693 
341 
314 
303 
201 
251 
724 
659 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located; Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

28 



Colorado Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations— Continued 



Loca. Pop. 



Hotchkiss . . . 
HowardsviUe 
*Huso 



.25. , 
..42. 
.35. 



Idaho Springs. 15. 

Ideal 59., 

Independence .33. 

J 

Jasper 45. 

*Julesburg 8. 

K 

Kersey 5. 

Kline 55. 

I> 
Lafayette ... 

La Jara 

*La Junta. . . , 
*Lake City.., 
* Lamar .... 
*Las Animas., 
La Veta .... 
*Leadville 
Limon . . . 
•Littleton 
Loma .... 
Longmont 
Louisville 
Loveland 
Lujane 

Lupton 5. 

Lyons 17. 

M 

McKissick 5. 

Jlaitland 59. 



602 
301 
343 



.3,154 
. . 252 
. . 801 

. . 301 
. . 962 



.17. 

.57. 

.50. 

43. 

. .53. 

.52. 

..59. 

. .28. 

..35. 

..21. 

, . . 24 . 

...17. 

...17. 

4. 

.. .38. 



. . 304 
. . 501 

.1,892 
. . 448 
.4,154 
. . 405 
.2,977 
.2,011 
. . 691 
. 7. .508 
. . 534 
.1,373 
. . 801 
.4,256 
.1,706 
. 3,651 
. . 203 
. . 501 
.. 633 

. . 201 
. . 351 



Tuiciit; Loca. 


Pop. 


IManassa 


.57. . 


. . 788 


Mancos 


.54.. 


.. 567 


Manitou 


.34. . 


. 1,359 


Manzanola . . . 


..50.. 


. . 428 


Marble 


.26. 


. . 782 


♦Meeker 


.10. . 


. . 807 


Minturn 


.13. 


. . 241 


Montclair .... 


.19. . 


. . 415 


Monte Vista. . 


.45. 


2,544 


♦Montrose . . . 


.d8. 


.3,254 


Morrison 


.18. 


.. 251 


Mountain View 


.18. 


. . 391 


Mt. Morrison . 


.18. 


.. 351 


N 






Nederland 


17. 


. . 44fi 


Nevadaville . . 


.16. 


. . 367 


New Castle. .. . 


.11. 


.. 493 


New Windsor. 


..5. 


.1,503 


♦North Crcede. 


.44. 


.1,101 


North Long- 






mont 


.17. 


. . 262 


Norwood 


.39. 


. . 212 


O 






Oak Creek.... 


2 


.. 323 


Olathe 


.38. 


. . 458 


*Ordway 


..50. 


. . 705 


Ortiz 


.57. 


. . 501 


*Ouray 


.41. 


.1,644 


Overland 


.19. 


. . . 251 


Oxford 


.55. 


. . . 501 



*Pagosa 

Springs 
P-aisa.ie 
Palisades 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



Paonia . . . 
Perigo . . . 
Pierce . . . 
Pitkin . . . 
Platteville 
Portland . 
Primero . 
♦Pueblo . . 



..25. 

..16. 
5. 

. .26. 
.. 5. 

..47. 

..60. 
...49. 



R 



Radiant 47. 

Ramah 34. 

♦Redcliff 12. 

♦Rico 40. 



.41. 
. . .11. 
...12. 
...50. 
. ..57. 
. . .33. 
...34. 
...25. 

.59. 



...56. . 


. . 669 


.. .57.. 


. . 201 


.. .24.. 


. . 903 



Ridgway . . . 

Rifle 

Rock Creek . 
Rocky Ford. 

Romeo 

Rosemont . . 
Rosv.-ell .... 
Roubideau . 

Rouse 

Rugby 60 

Russell Gulch.. 16 
Rye 49. 

S 

Salida 29. 

San Rafael . . . .57. 

Sanford 57. 

♦San Luis 58. 

Sedgwick 8. 

Segundo 60. 

Sheridan 21. 

♦Silver Cliff . . .48. 
Silver Plume. . .15. 



. .1,011 

. . . 201 
. . . 353 
. . . 253 
. . . 433 
. . . 601 
. .3,011 
.44,395 

. . . 201 
. . . 301 
. . . 383 
. . . 368 
. . . 376 
. . . 698 
. . . 351 
. .3,331 
. . . 301 
. . . 501 
. . . 351 
. . . 303 
. . . 551 
353 
; ! ! 703 
. . . 352 



.4,425 
. . 361 
. . 564 
. . 903 
. . 201 
. . 602 
. . 498 
. . 253 
. . 463 



Toicns Loca. Pop. 

♦Silverton 43 . . .2,153 

Sneffels 41. . . . 751 

Somerset 36. . . . 421 

Sopris 60. . . . 302 

South Canon .. .47. . .1,331 
South Canon. . .11. ... 303 

Starkville 60... 1,003 

Steamboat 

Springs 2... 1,327 

♦Sterling 7. . .3,044 

Sugar City .50. . . . 80K 

.Superior 17 ... . 349 

Swink 50 310 

T 

♦Telluride 39. ..1,750 

Tercio 60 501 

Thomjasville ...37.... 303 

Tioga .59 253 

♦Trinidad 60.. 10,304 

V 

Valverde 19 665 

Victor ... 33... 3,163 

W 
♦Walsenburg . ..59. . .2,423 

Wellington 4 . . . . 459 

Westcliffe 48 232 

Weston 60 601 

Whitehorn . . . .47. . . . 503 
Williamsburg .47. . . . 556 

Windsor 5. . . . 935 

♦Wray 33. . .1,001 

Y 

Yampa 2 333 

Yuma 33. . . . 333 



COLORADO 



A YOUNG STATE— A MOST INTERESTING STATE OF GRE.VT rOSSIBFLITIES IN MINING, 
AGRICL'LTLRE, PLEASURE AND HEALTH RESORTS. 



For wild picturesque scenery in a State more than 
three times the size of New York, where mountain 
elevations are more than 14,000 feet high, where 500 
lalies and 6,000 miles of trout streams afford oppor- 
tunity for fishing, where panthers, grizzly bears, wild 
cats, wolves, foxes, badgers, beavers, antelope, ducks, 
geese, rabbits, squirrels, doves, and mountain quail 
make opportunity for hunting, where 340 sunshiny 
days in the year make an atmosphere so clear that 
objects can be seen one hundred miles away, where 
on the broad mesas and elevated plateaus the life- 
gii-ing air is so full of ozone as to make the whole 
region one grand sanitarium; where there are 
12,000 miles of irrigating ditches which water 



4,000,000 acres, 2,000,000 of which are under cultiva- 
tion; where there are yet over 26,000,000 acres of 
government land ready for homestead settlement — 
wanting to investigate all this, and a good deal more, 
the land seeker may look up a railroad guide and 
learn that a two thousand mile ride from the Atlantic 
cities, and a thousand-mile journey from the central 
cities of the United States will take him into the 
center of this State, and to the capital of Colorado, 
where the rocks, the mines, the cascades, the tunnels 
and the singular freaks of nature will be found to 
have surpassed any description we can give of the 
State. 



A LONG, DREARY RIDE. 



Going westward from the Central States it may 
seem a dreary ride across the prairie and desert 
regions before reaching the destination, but all at 
once he will be surprised by entry into one of the 
most beautiful cities in the world, and the surprise is 
all the greater when it is known that the State has 
been settled but fifty years and came into the Union 
only about thirty years ago. 

The Capitol City of this young State is Denver, 
named from Gen. James W. Denver, a former gov- 
ernor of Kansas Territory, of which Colorado was 
then a part. 

FACTS ABOUT DENVER. 

Here are some facts about Denver. It has a popula- 
tion of 214.000; is located ."i,'JO(l feet above sea level: 
has 1.5.5 miles of street car lines; 1.5.5 churches: 73 
public school buildings: 11 colleges and academies; 
a public librarv containing 75,000 volumes; 4 daily 
papers; 20 clubs; 23 hospitals and asylums; 5 na- 
tional banks; 11 parks, one of them covering 330 
acres; 7 theaters: 2 summer gardens, and many fine 
hotels. 

An excellent way to see Denver is by ' Seemg 
Denver" cars and automobiles, which make the cir- 
cuit of the cit> several times each day during the 
summer season. 

These cars leave from central points and take one 



not only through the city itself but through tlie 
suburbs. 

CANNOT DO JUSTICE TO THIS SUBJECT. 

It is impossible in our sketch to enumerate the 
many interesting places to visit in Colorado, and it is 
equally difficult to describe the general appearance 
of the region. One writer says: 

"Tile Rocliy 3Iounfains, in their majestic sweep 
through the North American continent, culminate 
midway in their course, and within the limits of the 
State of Colorado. Here is tlie 'crest of tlie continent' 
— its supremest uplift — where from a vast central 
plateau, itself 6,000 feet above the sea, rise liundreds 
of granite peaks into the regions of perpetual snow. 
Here the waters of a continent are divided and great 
rivers flowing to either ocean have their source. 
Here are canons and gorges, aweinspiring and stu- 
pendous, which testify to the hoary age of the moun- 
tains thev cut asunder; and a score of peak- 
encircled "parks; any one of which might constitute 
a principality. 

"Here are the continent's treasure vaults, where 
veins of gold and silver seam the granite mountains. 

"Here are medicinal springs for healing and re- 
freshment; and here, under skies of deepest blue, lies 
a sun-bathed land with a climate whose delights and 
perfections the lowland dweller may not know. " 



29 



Colorado Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



UNABLE TO DESCRIBE ALI>. 

But omitting descriptions of many interesting places 
we note two points: Colorado Springs and Manitou. 
The first with a population of 25,000 people, the last 
with half that number in the tourist season. 

Colorado Springs is a resting spot for people who 
enjoy climate and scenery. It has broad streets and 
many beautiful homes. It is the quiet meeting place 
for the successful miner who comes down from the 
mountains to greet his friends from the East. It is 
the delightful rendezvous of wealthy cattle raiser, 
the rich tourist, and the invalid who has been in- 
structed to go somewhere into sunshine and take up 
residence in pure invigorating air. 

But a shoit distance away is Manitou, the "Sara- 
toga of the West.". 

Nestling right here at the foot of Pike's Peak, in 
a charmin.g valley through which runs a rapid stream 
at all seasons is this town, filled with tourists 
throughout the summer season. 

There are fourteen springs in all, no two of them 
alike, and cne of them the largest known soda spring 
in the world. 

live large hotels, several smaller ones, and many 
boarding-houses, here are filled to their utmost ca- 
pacity during the summer. 

OPPORTUNITIES FOR PERMANENT SETTLERS. 

But leaving the watering places and pleasure re- 
sorts for the enjoyment of those who are tem- 
porarily in the State, we will e.xamine the induce- 
ments that offer new settlers in Colorado. 

Wherever there are mountains there are valleys 
between, and many of these in Colorado include broad 
plateaus, and nowhi-re in the United States is there 
better opportunity for the study of irrigation and its 
effects on crops than in this State. 

To the An3erioan farmer irrigation is almost a new 
thing. There has never been any necessity for him 
to consider it in the wonderful growth of this repub- 
lic He has in his achievements, up to the present 
time, been independent of all things artificial in his 
work upon the virgin soil he plowed, and has been 
content with the timely rains that fell upon it. 

But with the rapid spread of population much arid 
soil is found which can only be made habitable by 
artificial water supply. 

ORIGINATORS OF IRRIGATION IN THIS REGION. 

The Mormons were the first to intelligentl.v apply 
irrigation in the territory now occupied by the United 
States. They had come far away from civilization at 
the East and settled in a region so hopelessly arid 
that it was a certainty no one could ever molest theni 
there. But in order to live they must have moisture 
for their fields. They brought it from the mountain 
streams then running to waste, and the fertile fields 
of Utah testify to the worth of irrigation. 

The next experiment, on a considerable scale, was 
at Greeley, Colorado. There the farmers, through 
much costly experience, have finally triumphed over 
sand and sage, rock and alkali, reclaimed the waste 
land, and made a model fruit and farm land, which 
has taught important lessons to others in the recla- 
mation of arid land in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona 
and California. We explain this elsewhere. 

Like the annual overflow of the river Nile which 
enriches the Egyptian valleys, so the life-giving ele- 
ments in irrigatng water is of itself an important 
means of fertilization. 

A striking illustration of the effect of irrigation is 
shown in the valley of the Arkansas river in Prowers, 
Bent, and Otero counties, a region where formerly 
there was only alkali, sage brush and sand. To wit- 
ness this go southward from Colorado Springs forty 
miles to Pueblo, th?nce east about 100 miles. Some- 
body turned the waters of the Arkansas into the river 
valley in the vicinity of Rockyford, Otero County, 
and, behold, that barren valley became a garden 
spot where land yields 60 bushels of wheat to the 
acre, 6 tons of alfalfa to the acre, 25 tons of sugar 
beets, and 300 bushels of sweet potatoes to the acre. 

ORIGIN OF THE ROCKYFORD MELON. 

Here ad.joining the Arkansas river, is the thriving 
young city of Rockyford, a town of 2,500 people, and 
here is the home of the original Kockyford canta- 
loupe, which h'^s an established reputation in all the 
markets of the country. 

It is here where orders are received for the Rocky- 
ford cantaloupe seed, the rich irrigated land here 
turning out in some cases 400 pounds of seed per acre. 

The merit of this melon is that it always grows 



a uniform size, such that 45 melons can be packed in 
a standard crate 12x12x24, permitting dealers to 
make quotations on Kockyfords, knowing the quality 
of the melon and the exact number in a crate. 

From this seed sent out it is estimated that there 
are now over 00,000 acres of Rockyford cantaloupes 
being cultivated and that there are 7,000 carloads 
consumed every six months. 

MELONS AND SUGAR BEETS. 

But what can be said of the irrigated land in the 
Arkansas river valley in relation to melons may be 
said of sugar beets, cabbages, tomatoes, cucumbers, 
aspara.gus, parsnips, carrots, apples, plums, cherries, 
peaches and all the small fruits. 

In the purchase of farm property the land seeker 
■n-ill remember that price is measured generally 
by the capacity of land to yield money return. Thus, 
land at $250 and .$500 per acre may be cheap, depend- 
ing on improvements and profit to be obtained, while 
land at $5 per acre may be dear. 

Thus irrigated land in the vicinity of Rocky Ford 
is worth from .$200 to $500 per acre, but equally as 
good land in this region may be bought at a price 
varying from $30 per acre upwards. 

Before leaving Colorado, the land seeker should 
return by vv'ay of Pueblo to Gunnison and thence to 
Montrose, in Montrose County. 

The United States Government is at work in Mont- 
rose and Delta counties, for the purpose of utilizing 
rivers in these counties which will irrigate 120,000 
acres of land. Irrigation projects by the government 
are also in contemplation in the vicinity of Green 
Junction, Mesa County, and along the White and 
Yampa Rivers in Routt and Rio Blanco Counties. 
See our mention of these elsewhere. 

The Montrose and Delta project is expected to cost 
about $3,500,000. 

People who are attracted by Colorado climate and 
wish to buy fertile land in this State will do well 
to go to Montrose and there study the prospects for 
new settlers in the Uncompatigre valley. 

Altitude. — Highest points, Feet: Sierra Blanca 
14,483. Pike's Peak, 14,271 and over forty mountains 
over 14,000 feet high. 

Climate. — -Average annual temperature at Denver: 
January, 27 degrees above; July, 72; highest, 105; 
lowest, 2'J below; rainfall, yearly 14 '/i inches. 

Dimensions. — Extreme breadth, east to west, 375 
miles. Extreme length north to south, 270 miles. 

Histor.y. — Colorado was partially explored by Lieut. 
Pike in 1806, and in 1819 by Col. Long, from whom 
Long's Peak is named. The American Fur Company 
followed in 1S32 and Fremont in 1842-4. In 1854 
colonists founded Connejos in the Rio Grande valley. 
Gold discovered in the northern part of the State 
in 1858. In 1S50 thrifty intelligent settlers came in. 
The Rocky Mountain News was published. 

In 1861 the Territory of Colorado was established 
with 9 counties. Admitted to the Union in 1876 as 
"The Centennial State." 

Notable Places. — Denver, Manitou Springs, and over 
twenty points described in the guide books where 
there are famous mountain resorts, fine parks, hot 
springs, mineral and other springs. 

SPECIAL COLORADO FEATURES OF INTEREST. 

John Sebastian, in behalf of the Rock Island, has 
lately issued a work on Colorado, from which we copy 
the following: 

COLORADO: WHY IT ATTRACTS. THE IDEAL 
VACATION-LAND. 

To an.y one who has not been to Colorado the 
fact that so many thousands of people do go each 
summer for a period of rest or recreation must cer- 
tainly suggest that there are strong reasons for it. 

One is at a loss to know where to begin in set- 
ting forth these reasons, for they are many and of 
equal importance. 

First of all, Colorado is a state so completely 
unlike the one in which you live that you mupt see 
it if you are to fully realize what a wonderful 
country is this of the Stars and Stripes. 

Colorado is a wide, free land of mountain 
heights and canon depths, of grassy plain and high 
plateau. It is a land of clear pure air and golden 
sunshine. It is a land cf sparkling mountain 

streams and glassy-surfaced lakes. It is a land of 
many kinds of fish and fowl — wild animals roam 
the more inaccessible portions of the mountain 
country, emerging even lo the remote lower levels. 



30 



Colorado, a Most Interesting Region for Tourist and Traveler 



Should you seek health, or rest, or sport, or 
any of the various forms of pleasure, ranging from 
restful eni'oyment to venturesome quest, Colorado 
will provide tlie one and the all, and of such a 
kind as to captivate and to bring you back another 
season to taste again the joys of the Rocky Moun- 
tain region. 

Colorado is pre-eminently the place to do 
(huigs, and to enjoy immensely the doing. There 
is not a dull moment in the program of the Color- 
ado visitor If one seeks the pleasure of gay com- 
pany he n\ay have it in abundance. If one seeks a 
quiet solitude in which to forget the whirl of busi- 
ness or of socip.l life, and to get near to Nature in 
a mountain camp, then Colorado offers the very best 
place to enjoy each form of pastime. 

If one is not ready to relinquish the comforts 
and conveniences of city life. — lo! Colorado's count- 
less resorts offer up-to-date hotels, or less pre- 
tentious stopping places, where every wish is grati- 
fied, withal at reasonable cost. 

A very important factor in Colorado's popular- 
ity is its central location and ready accesibility 
•from any section of the country. 

There are one-night trains from Chicago, St. 
Louis and Kansas City, while the service from a 
score of other large cities in the middle west is 
equally good. And it is but a two-nights' trip 
from the Atlantic seaboard to the Rocky Moun- 
tains. 

TV'ith the double purpose of making it easy of 
reach for those of moderate purse and of making 
it the Mecca of the many, the custom is to grant 
throughout the summer, very low rates for the 
round-trip to Colorado from all quarters. Fre- 
quently special excursions are arranged which bring 
the cost of the trip to a minimum. 

To him who would try Colorado for this sea- 
son's outing, the word is: watch the newspapers 
and the magazines for announcement of this sea- 
son's rates. It will pay to do so. Very favorable 
arrangements will be made to give you an oppor- 
tunity to taste the "high life" in Colorado. 

Denver, Colorado Springs, Manitou and Glen- 
wood are the best known and most popular of 
Colorado's resorts. It may seem odd to include 
Denver, a city of 18.5,000, in this category, but it 
belongs there. Denver is a summer resort, as well as 
a rich and beautiful city. Its hotels are maintained 
very largely for the accommodation of summer visit- 
ors. It is a place where one could spend a month to 
excellent advantage. It is the best starting point for 
a large number of attractive one-day trii^s to and 
through the mountains. It has scores of good res- 
taurants, hundreds of boarding houses, parks, sum- 
mer gardens, and a street railway system that 
has fev/ equals. The mountains are only thirty 
miles awaj' — they look much closer, but they are 
really quite a long way off. 

Colorado Springs is the aristocrat of Colorado 
cities, the home of several thousand unusually well- 
to-do and exceptionally cultivated people from all 
parts of *he country. It has fewer hotels than 
Denver and their variety, especially in the matter 
of price, is not as great. But for the man or woman 
who wants to get awa.y from the noise and racket 
of a big city, and yet feels the need of having 
right at hand the conveniences and comforts of 
metropolitan life, Colorado Springs is ideal. 

A MOST DELIGHTFUL PLEASURE RESORT. 

Manitou has been called the "Saratoga of the 
West," and worthily does it bear the title. Very 
much smaller than Colorado Springs, it, neverthe- 
less, in the course of a summer, entertains more 
people. It is a pleasure resort, first, last and all 
the time. In this respect it differs from Colorado 
.Springs, which is essentially a city of homes. 
Manitou has half a dozen large hotels and per- 
haps tv/ice as many smaller ones, to say nothing of 
innumerable boarding houses. The springs and the 
hotel ballrooms are Manitou's centers of activity. 
In the season, any time froin July 1 to the middle 
nf September, Manitou is as gay as anyone would 
want. 

Glenwood lies in the very heart of the Rock- 
ies, about 300 miles west of Colorado Springs. Its 
location is magnificent, in a valley through which 
flows one of the largest of Colorado's rivers. It is 
referred to at length elsewhere in this publication. 
Meanwhile, it may be said that mention is here 
made of it — and this is true also of Denver, Color- 
ado Springs and Manitou — simply in order that the 
reader may know, before he arrives in Colorado, 
what are the dominant characteristics of its four 
leading resorts. Superficial as the comment has 



been, it is, nevertheless, sufficient to give him a 
key to all four places. 

However, it is only fair, not only to Colorado, 
but to the prospective visitor as well, to say that 
two of the four leading resorts of Colorado have 
litUe or nothing about them that is distinctively 
Coloradan. This is not intended as a retiection on 
either place. It means tliat with the exception of 
the always glorious climate, Manitou and Denver 
might be reproduced in any one of half a dozen 
other states without, being out of harmony with 
their surroundings. 

DLFFERENT FROM MOST RESORTS. 

Colorado is fortunate in possessing a number of 
resorts that are "different" from the general run 
of summering places. Their naines? Estes Park 
is such a place. So, in a way, are the pretty lodges 
in Platte Canon. So are any number of the smaller 
towns and resort places in the interior. They are 
located on the sides of mountains, on the banks of 
streams where famous fishing is to be had, or near 
springs whose waters come tiubbling to the earth's 
surface — queer of taste, hot to the touch, but 
"wonderfully good for you." 

These are the places that are truly and typic- 
ally Coloradan. These are the places where one 
gets in touch with good old Mother Eartli; where, 
for the first time in years, perhaps, one really real- 
izes how beautiful is the blue sky and how fine is a 
lungful of air, fresh from snowy peaks. 

It is to these out-of-the-way corners that your 
true lover of Nature hies. Not for him the great 
hotel, with its army of servants and crowded hall- 
ways. Not for him the gay promenade of beauty 
and fashion. He would woo the sweetest of all 
mistresses, Dame Nature herself. And so, for a 
period, his letters bear q\ieer superscriptions: 
"Such-and-such a place. Routt County, by stage 
from Eagle, via Bogg's Ferry." 

The really best way to see Colorado is to go 
first to Denver or Colorado Springs. There one can 
get one's bearings. They are the tourist's ■ head- 
quarters, the railroad and business centers of the 
State, the places from which all roads lead into 
the interior. North of Denver is a rich, irrigated 
region; east, the rolling plains, sloping gently to- 
\\ ards the Missouri; west, a veritable sea of moun- 
tains; south lie those gems of cities, Colorado 
Springs and Manitou, and beyond is Pueblo — the 
"Pittsburg of the West." 

One more paragraph and this rambling chapter is 
finished. 

You will wish to know what sort of clothes to 
wear in Colorado. That depends largely on what 
you intend doing there. If you expect to spend 
most, if not all, of your time in the cities, rather 
than to "rough it," you should take with you cloth- 
ing of the weight and texture you would wear at 
home at that time of the year. A light overcoat, 
or a wrap, should be included, as should an um- 
brella or a raincoat. You will, of course, have 
with you clothing for all the social occasions that 
are likely to arise. A pair of stout shoes, a soft 
hat and an old suit — these for mountain climbing, 
etc. — are also desirable. 

COLORADO'S SCENERY AND CLIMATE ARE 
COMPARED WITH SWITZERLAND. 

Just why the Alps should be so often referred 
to when the Rockies are mentioned is inexplicable 
to those knowing both. 

While the Alps have isolated peaks such as 
Mont Blanc (1.5,781 feet), and the Matterhorn 
(14,836 feet), the mean elevation of the highest 
Alpine chain is only from 8,000 to 0,000 feet. 
Colorado possesses more than 120 peaks of over 
13.500 feet, of which no fewer than thirty-five are 
higher than 14,000 feet. 

The highest village in Europe is Avers Platz 
in Switzerland (7,500 feet). The highest inhabited 
point in Europe is the Hospice of St. Bernard in 
Switzerland (8,200 feet). In Colorado the min- 
ing town of Leadville, with 15.000 inhabitants, is 
over 10,000 feet above sea level. Other mining 
camps are still higher and some gold and silver 
mines are worked at an elevation of over 13,000 
feet. 

In Switzerland the cog-railroad from Vitznau to 
the summit of the Rigi Kulin (5,900 feet), has a 
length of four and a half miles, in which the 
ascent is 4,072 feet. In Colorado the cog-railroad 
from Manitou to the summit of Pike's Peak (14,147) 
hns a length of eight and three-quarters miles, in 
which the ascent is 8,100 feet or an average of 
846 feet per mile, the maximum grade being 1 320 
feet. 



CONNECTICUT 



1 



STATE AND THE 8 COUNTIES OF CONNECTICUT 

With Their Boundaries 



Lrocation and Population 

of 

CONNECTICUT 

COUNTIES 



ca°-' COUNTIES 
tion 


Pop. 
1910 


1. . 

2. . 

3. . 

4. . 

5. 
6. . 
7. 
8.. 


.... Litchfield. 

Hartford 

Tolland 

.... Windham 

Fairfield 

. . .New Haven 
.... Middlesex 
. .New London 

Total 1 


. 70,260 
250,182 
.26,459 
.48,361 
245,332 
337,282 
.45,637 
.91,253 




114,7.56 


Cities and Villages 

of 

CONNECTICUT 


Toinin Leer 


. P"p. 



A 

Abington 4. . . . 300 

Adams 5.... 200 

Addison 2 300 

Allingtown 6. . . . 300 

Andover 3. . . . 384 

Ansonia 6. .15,153 

Ashford 4 700 

Avon 2... 1,077 

B 

Bakersville 1. . . . 600 

Ballouville 4 250 

Baltic 8 500 

Bantam 1. . . . 500 

Beacon Falls. . . .6. . . . 623 

Bean Hill 8 450 

Berlin 2... 3,738 

Bethany 6. . . . 517 

Bethel 5. . .3,793 

Bethlehem 1 576 

Black Hall 8 250 

Bloomfield 3... 1,313 

Boardman 1 . . . . 300 

Bolton 3 450 

Bottsford 5. . . . 700 

Bozrah Street... 8 399 

Bozrahville 8 300 

Branch ville ... .5 230 

Branford 6. . .6,047 

•Bridgeport ....5.103,054 
Bridgewater . . .1. . . . 600 

Bristol 2. .13,502 

Broad Brook 2... 1,300 

Brookfield 5 600 

Brookfield 

Center 5. . . . 400 

Brooklvn 4. . .3,358 

Buckland 3 400 

Burlington 2... 1,318 

Burnside 3. . .1,256 

C 

Canaan 1 ... 1,803 

Cannon Station. .5. . . . 203 

Canterbury 4 300 

Canton Center. ..2 200 

Centerbrook 7 300 

Center Groton. . .8. . . . 750 
Central Village. .4. . .1,021 
Chaplinville . . . .1. . . . 335 

Chaplin 4. . . . 539 

Cheshire 6... 1,389 

Cheshire Sta. . . .6. . . . 400 



m:;l\MM^)MM^0MB§0iii:M;^MS 




TOWNS or CONNECTICUT WITH 1910 POPUL.^TION. 



Loca. Pop. 



Chester 


.7 


..1,328 


Chesterfield . . . 


.8 


... 266 


Clarks Falls... 


.« 


... 300 


Clinton 


.7 


. . 1,384 


Clintonville ... 


.« 


... 200 


Cobalt 


.7 


... 321 


Colchester . . . . 


.8 


..1,990 




1 


. . . 684 


Colebrook 






River 


1 


. . . 684 


Collinsville . . . . 


■> 


..2,100 




3 


. . . 540 


Comstocks 






Bridge 


.8 


... 200 


Coscob 


.i> 


. . . 500 


Cranburv 


.5 


. . . 500 


Cromwell 


.7 


..3,031 


D 






*Danbury 


.5 


.23,502 


Danielson 


.4 


..5,335 


Darien 


.5 


. .3,946 


Davville 


.4 


... 400 


Deep River . . . . 


.7 


. .1,484 


Derby 


.6 


. .8,991 


Durham 


.7 


... 500 


Durliam Center. 


.7 


... 381 


E 






I^agleville 


.3 


... 300 


East Berlin 


. 3 


... 780 


East Canaan. . . 


.1 


. . . 500 


Eastford 


.6 


... 350 


Eastford 


.4 


. . . 513 


East Glasfburj 


.2 


... 350 


East Granbv. . . 


.2 


... 684 


East Haddam. . 


.7 


... 900 


East Hampton.. 


.7 


. . .1,400 


East Hartford. 


.3 


...8,138 


East Hartland. 


'> 


.,. . 297 


East Haven. . . . 


.6 


. .1,167 


East Killingly. . 


.4 


... 700 


East Lynne. . . . 


.8 


... 836 


East Norwalk. 


.5 


. .3,500 


Easton 


,5 


... 300 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



East Port 

Chester 5. 

East River 6. 

East Thompson. .4. 
East Windsor... 3. 
East Windsor 

Hill 2. 

Ea.st Wood.sLock.4. 

Ellington 3. 

Elliot 4. 

Elmwood 2 . 

Enfield 2. 

Essex 7. 



. 2,000 
. . 330 



. . 425 
. . 350 
.1,839 
. . 200 
. . 300 
.9,712 
.2,745 



F 



Fairfield 5. 

Falls Village 1. 

Farmington ... .2. 
Forestville 2. 



.6,134 
. . 600 
.3,478 
.3,207 



G 



Gaylordsville ...1 
Georgetown ... .5 
Gildersleeve ... .7 

Gilead 3 

Glasgo 8 

Glastonbury ... .3 

Glenbrook 5 

Glenville 5 

Goshen 1 

Granby 3 

Greenfield Hill. .5 

Greenwich 5 

Griswold 8 

Grosvenor Dale. .4 

Groton 8 

Guilford 6 

Gurleyville 3 

H 

Haddam 7. 

Hadlyme 8. 

Hallville 8. 

Hamburg 8. 



. . 400 
. . 500 
.1,456 
. . 350 
. . 800 
.4,796 
. . 330 
. . 800 
. . 530 
.571 
.1,000 
16,463 
. .4,333 
. . . 900 
.6,495 
.3,001 
„. . 237 



400 
200 
400 
265 



2' !(■»!. s- 



Loca. Pop. 



Hamden 6. . .5,850 

Hampton 4. . . . 479 

Hanover 8 400 

Hartford 

(capital) 2. .98,915 

Harwinton 1... 1,313 

Hawley ville 5. . . . 600 

Hazardville . . . .2. . . 1,200 
Hazardville Sta.. 2. . . . 5,34 

Hebron 3. . . . 416 

Higganum 7. . .1,000 

Highland Park. .2. . . . 250 

Highridge 5. . . . 535 

Highwood 6. . . . 250 

Hockanum 2. . . . 500 

Hopewell 3. . . . 500 

Hotchkissville . . 1 . . . . 400 
Huntington . . . .5. . . 6,545 



Ivoryton 7. 



Jewett City 8... 3,023 

K 

Kensington 2... 1,668 

Kent 1 400 

Klbbe 3 200 

Killingwortli . . .7. . . . 651 



Lakeville .. . . 
Lebanon . . . . 
I..edyard . . . . 
Liberty Hill. 
Lime Rock. . 
*Litchfie!d . . 

Long Hill 

Longridge . . . 



075 
221 
936 
300 
750 
300 
400 
430 



M 



Madison 6. . . . 918 

Manchester . . . . 2 . . 13,641 



Explanation: Index to Towns. Fir.?t Column, Names of Towns; Second Column. Number the Same as 
Number of the County Where Town is IjOcated; Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Location. 
Pop. means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

32 



Connecticut Cities and Villages With 1910 Population 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Jtanchester 

Green 

Mansfield ". 

Mansfield Center. 
Mansfield Depot. 
Marble Dale. . . . 

Marion 

Marlboro 

Jlechanicsville .. 

Mcriden 

Mianus 

Middlebury . . . . 

IJiddlefield 

^Middle Haddam. 
*Middletown . . . 

Milford 

Milldale 

Jlill Plain 

Millstone 

Jlilltown 

Monroe 

JTontowese 

Llontville 

Montville Sta. . . 

Moodus 

Jloosup 

51 orris 

Mount Carmel. . 
Mystic 



. . . 200 
. . . 350 
. . . 350 
. .. 220 
. . . 279 
. . . 257 
... 700 
.27,265 
. . . 500 
... 73G 
. . . (545 
... 550 
.11,851 
..3,683 
. . . 350 
. . . 400 
. . . 200 
. . . 500 
. . . 300 
. . . 550 
. .3,804 
. . . 667 
. .1,200 
. .2,000 
. . . 400 
. . . 650 
. .3,000 



N 

Naugatuck 6. 

Nepaug 1. 

New Britain. . . .2. 

New Canaan . . . .5. 

New Fairfield. . .5. 

New Hartford. . .1. 

*New Haven ...6. 

Xewington 3. 

Newington Jet.. 2. 

*New London... 8. 

*New Milford. . .1. 

New Preston....!. 

Newtown 5. 

Niantic 8. 

Nichols 5. 

Noank 8. 

Norfolk 1. 

Noroton 5. 

Noroton Heights. 5. 

North Ashford. .4. 

North Branford.C. 

North Canton. . .2. 

Northfield 1. 

Northford 6. 

North Franklin. 8. 

North Granby. . .2. 

North Grosvenor 
Dale 4. 

North Guilford. .6. 

North Haven .... 6 . 

North Stamford. 5. 

No. Stonington 8. 

Northville 1. 

North West- 
chester 8. 

North Wilton... 5. 

Niirth Windham. 4. 

North Woodbury. 1. 



.12,723 
. . . 445 
.43,916 
. .3,667 
. . . 584 
.2,241 
133,605 
. . . 694 
. . . 347 
. 19,659 
. .5,000 
. . . 475 
..3,012 
. .1,000 
. . . 300 
. .1,750 
. .1,614 
... 600 
. . . 500 
. . . 300 
. . . 363 
. . . 300 
... 600 
... 367 
. . . 546 
. . . 415 

. .2,900 
. . . 500 
. .2,164 
. . . 853 
. . . 500 
. . . 400 



. . 250 
. . 389 
. . 300 
. . 700 



7'f)irw,s 



Loca. Pop. 



Nr,. Woodstock. .4. 

Nnrwalk 5. 

*Norwich 8. 

Norwichtown ...8. 



O 

Oakdale 

Oakville 

Occuni 

Old Lyme 

Old Mystic 

Old Say brook.. 

Oneco 

Orange 

Ore Hill ^ 

Oronoque 

Oxford 



. . . 350 
. . 6,954 
.20,367 
. . 1,209 



. . . 335 
. . . 600 
. . . 300 
„ . 730 
, . . 400 
. . 1,431 
, . . 409 
,11,273 
. . 254 
, . . 657 
, . . 953 



Packerville ... .4. 

Palmerton 8. 

Pequabuck 1. 

Pine Meadow....!. 
Pineorchard ... .6. 

Plainfield 4. 

Plainville 3. 

Plantsville 2. 

Pleasant Valley. 1. 

Plyinouth 1. 

Pomfret 4. 

Pomfret Center. 4. 
Poquetanuck ...8. 

Poquonock 2. 

Poquonock 

Bridge 8. 

Portland 7. 

Preston 8. 

*Putnam 4. 



, . 200 
.1,010 
. . 350 
. . 518 
. . .500 
.6,719 
.2,822 
.1,500 
. . 300 
.5,021 
. . 500 
. . 531 
. . 500 
. . 900 

. . 350 
.3,586 
. 1,.507 
. 7,380 



Q 



Quaker Hill 8. 

Quinebaub 4. 



. 200 
, . 300 



R 

Rainbow 3. 

Redding 5. 

Redding Ridge.. 5. 
Reynolds Bridge.!. 

Ridgebury 5. 

Ridgefield 5. 

Riverbank 5. 

Riverside 5. 

Riverton 1 . 

Rockfall 7. 

Rockville 3. 

Rocky ville 3. 

RoundhiU 5. 

Rowayton 5. 

Roxbury 1 . 

Roxbury Falls..!. 
Roxbury Station.!. 

S 

Salem 8. 

Salisbury 1. 



. . 313 
. . 400 
. . 340 
. . 300 
. . 350 
.3,118 
. . 300 
. . 240 
. . 300 
. . 300 
.7,977 
. 1,026 
.1,000 
.1,116 
. . 400 
. . 300 
. . 400 



. . 468 
.3,523 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

Sandy Hook 5. . .1,176 

Sanford 5 340 

Saugatuck 5. . . . 947 

Scitico 3 534 

Scotland 4. . . . 471 

Seymour 6. . .4,786 

Sharon 1... 1,482 

Sharon Valley. . .1. . . . 300 

Shelton 5. . .4,572 

Sherman 5. . . . 6.58 

Silver Lane 3 500 

Silvermine 5. . . . 400 

Simsbury 2... 2,537 

Somers 3 500 

Somerville 3. . . . 900 

Sound Beach 5 800 

South Britain... 6 528 

Southbury 6 460 

South Cheshire.. 6 300 

South Coventry. 3 952 

Southford 6 350 

So. Glastonbury. 3 960 

Southington . . . .2. . .3,41 1 

South Lyme 8.... 200 

So. Manchester. .3. . .6,000 

South Meriden..6 700 

South Norwalk. .5. . .8,968 

Southport 5. . .1,350 

So. Wethersfield.3 3.50 

So. Willington. .3 250 

South Wilton... 5 207 

South Windham.4. . . . 400 

South Windsor. .2 650 

So. Woodstock. .4. . . . 350 

Springdale 5. . . . 535 

Square Pond 3 300 

Stafford 3 900 

Stafford Sprlngs.3. . .3,460 

Staffordville 3 450 

Stamford 5 . . 35,1,38 

Stanwich 5 503 

Stepney 5 350 

Stepney Depot . . 5 350 

Sterling 4. . . . 450 

Stonington 8... 9,154 

Stony Creek 6... 1,100 

Storrs 3 300 

Stratford 5... 5,713 

Suffleld 3... 3,84! 

T 

Taftville 8... 4,300 

Talcottville ....3 550 

Tariffville 3 570 

Terry ville 1... 2,500 

Terry ville Sta. . . 1. . . . 350 

Thomaston 1...3,300 

Thompson 4... 4,804 

Thompsonville . .2. . .4,000 

*Tolland 3 . . . 1,036 

Topstone 5. . . . 340 

Torrington 1.. 16,840 

Trumbull 5 887 

U 

Uncasville 8 667 

Union City 6... 3,500 

Unionvilie 2... 1,998 



Loca. Pup. 



V 

Vernon 3... 9,087 

Voluntown 8 847 

W 

Wallingford 6..!!, 1.55 

Wapping 3 789 

Warehouse 

Point 2... 1,250 

Warren 1 . . . . 433 

Warrenville . . . .4. . . . 200 

Washington !. . . . 500 

Washington 

Depot 1 457 

*Waterbury 6.. 73,141 

Waterford 8... 3,097 

Watertown !...3,100 

Waterville 6... 1,800 

Wauregan 4. . . . 400 

Weatogue 2.... 320 

Westbrook 7.... 884 

West Cheshire. . .6. ... 400 
Westchester . . 8. . . . 250 
Westchester Sta.8....250 

West Cornwall..! 350 

Westford 4 333 

West Goshen...! 315 

West Granby. . . .3. . . . 313 
AVest Hartford . . 3 . . . 2,186 

West Haven 6... 5,274 

Westminster ...4.... 200 

West Norwalk. .5 500 

Weston 5 790 

Westport 5... 4, 359 

Westport Sta... 5 947 

West Simsbury. .3 330 

West Stafford. . .3. . . . 337 

West SufReld 2 820 

West Thompson. .4. . . . 250 
West Torrington.!. . . . 453 
West 

Woodstock . . .4 350 

Wethersfield 2. . .3,148 

Whitneyville ...6.... 400 
*Willimantic ...4.. 11,230 

Willington 2 352 

Wilsonville 4. . . . 220 

Wilton 5 417 

Winchester 

Center !... 8,679 

Windham 4.. 12, 604 

Windsor 2... 4,178 

Windsor Locks. . 3. . .2,997 
Windsorville . . .2. . . . 250 

Winnipauk 5... 1,000 

*Winsted 1... 6,804 

Wolcott 6 .581 

Woodbridge ....6 852 

Woodbury 1 852 

AVoodstock 4. . . . 350 

Woodstock 

Valley 4 345 

Y 

Yalesville 6... 1,500 

Yantic 8 600 



CONNECTICUT 

Advantages Offered in this State for New Settlers 



It is not ahva.vs that the land-seeker is in search 
of land. If he has a family or children pent up in 
the city, his ambition is to get away from the con- 
gested metropolis and secure a home, either in the 
suburbs of i city or in a state where there is ample 
opportunity for abundant and regular employment. 
nnd where his family may have the advantage of 
giiod society and educational facilities. 

HOW TO GET A LIVING. 

The first consideration with the land-seeker, after 
providing the family with a comfortable home, is 
the means of obtaining revenue by which there can 
be support for the household. Even in new states, 
and upon government lands, the family is no sooner 
settled than the head of the houseliold, who has been 



trained possibly lo some trade, or special vocation, 
often goes in search of a position in the line of 
employment to which he is accustomed. 

The facilities for obtaining employment when he 
leaves his present place of abode is a subject that 
occupies the attention of every emigrant from one 
country to another, or when he leaves the city for 
life in the country. 

WORK FOR ALE THE F.VMILY. 

In fact, it is usually more important to know 
that the family, in going to a nevs^ locality, can have 
constant employment and sufficient revenue to sup- 
port the household than it is to immediately come 
into the possession of land. 

It is because of the necessity for immediate rev- 



33 



Connecticut Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



enue that causes the city resident to go no further 
away from the city than the suburbs. He has made 
the change from cramped, unhealthy quarters, in 
the metropolis, out to the land where the children 
can have clean play grounds, sunshine and pure 
air. And yet he retains his position in the city 
and his income continues. 

And so great numbers of land-seekers content 
themselves by going into the outer edge of the city, 
taking up what land they require for the home, 
while the head of the house, and perhaps several 
members of the family, continue employment in 
the metropolis. 

LEAVING THE CITY FOR THE COUNTRY. 

In breaking: away from the city and taking up 
abode in a new regime, the ever serious question is, 
.■what can the emigrant do after he gets to his 
destination. Great numbers of people, who go from 
cities in the East to new and cheap lands in the 
"West, are clearly determined to engage in agri- 
culture, and horticulture, buy their land with refer- 
ence to following that line of employment, and act 
accordingly. 

But all people are not predisposed to getting a 
living: from land. Noble as that vocation is, they 
are not adapted to that work and prefer mechanical, 
clerical, mercantile, professional or other employment. 

In breaking up a city home, therefore, and going 
into a new regime without previous definite engage- 
ment as to what shall be done after settlement in 
a new state, it is a matter of most serious import 
to consider what are the various oportunities for 
obtaining a livelihood in the new state. 

PRIVILEGES IN CONNECTICUT. 

This brings us to an examination of the advan- 
tages offered in Connecticut. This is a representative 
New England State, which has long been settled, 
the land in farms being valued on the average at 
.$2.5.75 per acre. The size of the average farm is 
107 acres and of these there are on the average 
improved 42 acres. 

3IANY MANUFACTURIES IN CONNECTICUT. 

Connecticut is one of the most densely populated 
states in the Union. The state is so crowded with 
manufacturies as to permit a dense population to 
find employment outside of agriculture. Hence the 
land-seeker can go into this state and feel that it 
will not be absolutely necessary to culitvate the soil 
in order to get income. Here are abundant oppor- 
tunities to find employment in great numbers of 
industries. 

Tliougli a small state, a late census shows that 
there are over 7,000 industrial establishments, the 
claim being that within the limits of the state there 
is manufactured everything needed in civilization. 

That this is a manufacturing center is shown in 
the fact that there are over sixty villages and cities 
in the state having a population of over 2,000 people 

The various industries are favored by the numer- 
ous streams and the intelligence and inventivenes of 
its workmen. It is also fortunate through having, 
in great abundance, the raw material right here 
upon the ground for much of that which is to be 
made into the manufactured product. 

THE DIFFERENT WOODS OF CONNECTICUT. 

Tlie forests supply pitch and white pine, red 
cedar, tamarack, aspen, beech, basswood, clierry, 
seven species of oak, two of ash, four of maple, four 
of birch, three of elm, hicVcory, pignut, black walnut, 
butternut, holly, hackberry, pepperridge, wild plum, 
sassafras, sycamore, tulip tree, poplar, dogwood, and 
willow. 



THE RAW MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING. 

The largest amount of feldspar used in the glaz- 
ing of chinaware, quarried in the United States, 
comes from Glastenbury and Middletown. Portland, 
on the Connecticut River, is noted for its brown stone 
for building purposes. Marble, limestone, Ilagging 
stone, tiling, slate, fire-clay, and other stone are 
unlimited in amount. Iron ore has been mined 
here over 125 years. 

EXPORTS OF CONNECTICUT. 

Of course, large quantities of raw material come 
in from other parts of the world, the result is a 
great output of rubber goods, hardware, clocks, fire- 
arms, paper, carriages, cotton goods, silk, and woolen 
fabrics, machinery, hosiery, furniture, sewing ma- 
chines, saddlery, pianos, tools, buttons and pins. 

In the long list of industries, in which young and 
old can engage, examination will reveal that there 
is no better region into which the land-seeker can 
go, with the expectation of finding employment for 
every member of the family of suitable age, than 
Connecticut. 

CONDENSED FACTS RELATING TO 
CONNECTICUT 

Altitude. Bear Mountain, at Salisbury, Litchfield 
Co., 2,354 feet. Talcott Mountain, in the Holyoke 
Range, 995 feet. 

Climate. The climate of the state, while change- 
able, is very healthful — the mortality being below 
the average of the other states. The short spring 
season opens directly into suminer about May, and 
cold weather begins in November. The winters are 
severe, but dryness of the air is the compensation. 
Average annual temperature, 4S'F. At New Haven, 
January average. 27; July 72. Extremes: highest, 
100; lowest, 14 below. Average annual precipitation, 
rain and melted snow, 50.3 inches. 

Dimensions: Length, north and south, 75 miles. 
Breadth, east and west, 90 miles. 

History. England granted charter to Plymouth 
company in 1006. The Dutch opened a trading post 
at Hartford, 1623. First general court at Hartford, 
1037. New Haven settled by Puritan colony, 1638. 
King Charles II in 1C02 granted charter giving free 
government. In 1687 a new governor appointed by 
the king demanded of the general assembly that the 
charter be given up. It was brought forth, laid 
upon the desk, when suddenly the lights were ex- 
tinguished, and unknown persons capturing the 
paper hid the document in an oak tree which be- 
came celebrated as the "Charter Oak." That charter 
continued as the Constitution of the province and 
state until the adoption of the present state con- 
stitution in 1818. 

Public Institutions, Locations of. State Prison, 
Wetherfleld, Hartford County; Reform School for 
Boys at Meriden, New Haven County; Industrial 
School for Girls at Middletown; a School for Im- 
beciles at Lakeville, Litchfield County; Asylums 
for the Insane at Hartford and Middletown; State 
Arsenal, Hartford; State Armory at New London; 
Soldiers' and .Sailors' Home at Naroton, Fairfield 
Coiinty; Normal School, New Bt<itain, Hartford 
County; State Agricultural School, Mansfield, Tol- 
land County. 

PRICES OF VARIOUS FARMS IN CONNECTICUT. 

That the reader may know the opportunities for 
buying real estate in Connecticut we clip from 
a real estate bulletin the following advertisements. 
Write to the Secretary of State and he will bring 
you in connection with land dealers. 



CONNECTICUT LANDS FOR SALE 

To Give Readers Idea of Value of Lands 



128 acres 



$3,000 



Located only two miles from the railroad sta- 
tion and smart village, where there is store, school, 
blacksmith shop, creamery, etc.; land suitably di- 
vided into pasture, wood and meadow land; soil 
of a dark loam, land mostly level, fields smooth and 
free from rocks; plenty of apples, pears, peaches, 
plums, grapes, berries, etc.; old-fashioned two- 
story house of eight rooms, painted; three fire- 
places; supplied by running water; very pleasantly 



located, well shaded, bordering twelve to fourteen 
rods on a large trout brook; two large barns, hen- 
nery, ice house, weed shed, milk cooler; three-quar- 
ters of a n:iile to a very beautiful river. A bargain 
that must be seen to be appreciated. Bridgewater, 
Conn. 

e acres $2,000 

This is a good paying country hotel that is grow- 
ing more popular each year. The house is 2-story 
and contains twenty rooms. Fine dance hall. Six 



34 



Connecticut Lands for Sale 



acres of rich land, where all garden truck and vege- 
tables can be raised. Located only 5 miles from 
the city of Willimantic. Two and a half miles from 
depot an^ a few steps to postotfice, stores, churches, 
etc. In a very pleasant location, shaded by elm 
and maple trees. There is a good stable 30x40; five 
horses are kept busy most of the time. Price, only 
$2,000; $1,200 down. Andover, Conn. 



103 acres 



$1,600 



Located two miles from depot, near neighbors, 
one mile to store and school; mail delivered. Forty 
acres in fields, forty in pasture and twenty-three in 
wood; milk sold at the door; two hundred fruit 
trees; five hundred barrels of apples in season. 
Nine-room house, painted and blinded; barn 40x60; 
tie-up for twenty head; cellar under barn; wood 
house and shop; good shade trees. Buildings in- 
sured for $1,400. Owner has other business and must 
dispose of this property. He will include horse, 
wagons, farming tools, hay, two cows, twenty hens 
and small tools and utensils. Must be seen to be 
appreciated. Price, only $1,600. Andover, Conn. 

35 acres $3,500 

Where can you find a prettier home, bordering on 
a beautiful river than this one cf thirty-five acres? 
Nice old-fashioned two-story house of twelve rooms, 
in good repair, three fireplaces, painted; beautiful 
shade trees, excellent view, among the best of neigh- 
bors, one mile from the depot, on the main road; 
mail delivered; dark loamy soil; plenty of apples, 
pears, peaches, quinces, grapes, etc. Running water 
to both the house and barn from a never-failing 
spring on the farm; good size barn and hennery. 
An ideal country home and a splendid farm for a 
little money. Bridgewater, Conn. 

150 acres $1,800 

This is the old-style Colonial house, with twelve 
large rooms that you have been looking for. Has 
piazza, open fire-places, is painted and blinded, and 
supplied with good water. Surrounded with maple 
shade; good view; near neighbors, store, schools 
and churches, and only three and a half miles to 
station; barn 36x48, with tie-up for twelve head; 
cutting thirteen tons of hay; spring-watered pas- 
ture for fifteen head; 300 cords of wood; timber and 
fruit for home use. This farm has a south slope, 
and while well adapted for general purposes, would 
make a fine place for chickens or turkeys. One-half 
cash; balance at 5 per cent interest. Danielson, 
Conn. 

200 acres $1,400 

Four hundred cords of wood, 50,000 feet of pine 
and oak timber, with a good market near. Fruit 
for home use. Spring-watered pasture for nine 
head; cutting ten tons of hay from level fields; good 
strong black soil. Only one-half mile from village, 
store and postoffice, with neighbors near, and but 
four miles to depot; eiglit-room house, painted and 



supplied with the very best of water; clapboarded 
barn, 40x50; tie-up for thirty head; cellar. Never- 
failing water in barn. These buildings alone are 
valued at $2,000. Large chicken house, wagon house 
and ice house; good shade; fine view, with best trout 
brook in town crossing farm. This is in a good neigh- 
borhood, and for the price is considered the best trade 
in this section. It is not often that at this price 
such buildings can be secured. Bridgewater, Conn. 



135 acres 



$3,100 



Fine old-fashioned one and one-half-story house 
of si.x rooms, with gable roof. Less than ten min- 
utes' walk from the prettiest village you ever saw, 
which has store, school, churches, etc. About three 
minutes' walk across lots back of the house is a 
large trout brook, which runs through the place 
for one-half mile; mail is delivered; butcher and 
grocer call at the door; one hundred and thirty-five 
acres of fields, wood and pasture land; plenty of 
timber and wood; two large barns, tie-up sixteen 
head of cattle, besides horse barn with three stalls; 
large tool sheds, chicken house and pig house. This 
is a very productive farm and an ideal home. It is 
worth double the price asked. Present owner is 
nearly one hundred years old and cannot work it, 
which is the only reason the price is so ridiculously 
low. Litchfield, Conn. 



50 acres 



$1,700 



Fifty-acre farm, plenty of wood, pasture and 
grass; twelve-room house, in good repair, situated 
in a picturesque nook two and one-half miles from 
one of the prettiest New England villages in the 
state; store, school, churches, etc. Mail delivered; 
plenty of maples about the house; apples, crab 
apples, grapes currants for home use; fine well of 
water at the door; cuts fifteen tons of hay; barn 
32x40, tie-up seven head of cattle. There is also a 
horse barn, wagon house, chicken house, pig pen, etc. 
Hen house will accommodate about two hundred 
fowls. Make a good chicken farm, as there is a 
fine local market for chickens, either dressed or 
alive. Ready to move right in and is dirt cheap, 
because death has removed the former owner and 
it has come into the hands of those who cannot 
use it. This is a leader and will soon be sold. Come 
and see it, Litchfield, Conn. 



19 acres 



$1,300 



One and one-quarter miles out of one of the most 
beautiful villages In the State of Connecticut, where 
there are stores, school, creamery, post-office, high 
school, two large summer hotels, churches, etc. Soil 
of the best; wood for home use; quite a quantity of 
fruit; beautiful shade trees; in a good neighborhood; 
nice old-fashioned one and one-half story house, 
with a nice well of water at the door, pleasantly 
located. There is a good-sized barn, hennery and 
hog house. Must be sold at once to settle an estate. 
$500 can remain on mortgage. Bridgewater, Conn. 



MANY S3I.4I.L FARBIS AKE OFFERED IN CONNECTICUT. 

At Prices Less than it Would Cost to Erect the Buildings. To be directed to agents of these 
properties, write to the Secretary of Statei at the Capital of the State. 



100 acres 



$3400 



40 acres in fields, 40 in pasture and 20 in wood. 
2 miles from depot; near neighbors; V^ mile to school; 
cuts 30 tons of hay; milk sold at door; pasture for 
15 head; 200 cords of wood; 50 apple and pear trees; 
100 bbls. of apples in season. Currants, cherries, 
blackberries, huckleberries, 7-room house, painted; 
purf- well water; barn 30x40; tie-up for 20 head; 
horse barn, cattle shed, wagon house, wood house, 
and 100 feet of hen houses. Nice maple shade. Mag- 
nificent view from house. Borders the water for V2 
mile. Owner, on account of old age, is anxious to 
dispose of this property, and as an inducement for a 
quick sale will include with the place 5 cows, 1 
horse, 100 fowls, hay, grain, corn, 5 plows, 3 wagons, 2 
sleds, 1 sleigh, chains, forks, 2 cultivators, 2 harrows, 
weeder, mowing machine, horse rake, grindstone, 
small tools, 10 cords of wood cut for stoves. It's one 
of our best bargains, and worth looking at. Price 
only $2,400. Andover, Conn. 

50 acres $1500 

20 acres in fields, 20 in pasture and 10 in wood. 20 
rods from school and neighbors; 3 miles from depot; 
mail delivered. Only 8 miles from city of Williman- 



tic. Cuts 20 tons of hay. Sweet hill pasture for 9 
head of cattle. 25 apple trees. 2-story house of 9 
rooms, with flre-places; barn 30x40; tie-up for 10 
head, supplied with running water; wood house and 
shop and wagon house. Fine maple shade. Good 
view from the house. This farm is in an extra good 
location, and borders the water for V2 mile. The 
present owner cannot take care of the place and must 
sacrifice for $1,500. It's one of our leaders for the 
year. Andover, Conn. 



1-3 acre 



$700 



A beautiful summer home. Located in a country 
village at an altitude of over 1,200 feet. Good house, 
well painted and blinded, and containing 9 rooms 
and 2 halls; church, store, postoffice. and school close 
at hand. 2 stages daily between village and station, 
thus making it very easy of access. Good barn with 
3 stables: plenty of pasture to be had near by for 
a cow; a fine apple orchard with the place. This is 
an ideal spot for a summer home as the village is 
situated on an elevated plateau with fine level drives 
in all directions. The laurels here are worth a jour- 
ney to see in the beautiful month of June. Best of 
all the price is only $700. Plainville, Conn. 



35 



DELAWARE 



STATE AND THE 3 COUNTIES OF DELAWARE 

With Their Boundaries 



CITIES AND VII X AGES OF DELAWARE. 



Loca. Pop. 



B 

■Beaver Valley...! 287 

Bellevue 1. . . . 250 

Bethel 3 370 

Blades 3 500 

Bowers 2. . . . 213 

Bridgeville 3 937 

C 

Camden 2. . . . 553 

Centerville 1 200 

Cheswold 2. . . . 223 

Christiana 1. . . . 400 

Clayton 2. . . . 7fi4 

Concord 3 300 

Cypress 3 500 

D 

Delaware City .. .1 .. .1,132 

Delmar 3 530 

'Dover (Capi- 
tal) 2... 3,270 

E 

Edgemoor 1 . . . . 497 

EUendale 3 216 

F 

Farmington . . . .2. . . . 255 

Farnhurst 1 . . . . 328 

Faulkland 1. . . . 244 

Felton 2. . . . 451 

Frankford 3 395 

Frederica 2 . . . . 659 

G 

♦Georgetown . . . 3 . . . 1,609 
Greenwood 3 363 

H 

Harrington 2... 1,500 

Henrv Clay 

Factory 1. . . . 851 

Hickman 2 300 

Hockessin 1 406 

Hollyoak 1. . . . 219 

K 

Kenton 2 209 



Loca. Pop. 



Laurel 

Lewes 

Lincoln 

Little Creek... 

M 

Magnolia 

Marshalltou . . 
Middletown . . 

Milford 

Millsboro 

:Milton 



.3 216 

.3... 2,158 

.3 347 

.2 235 



. 210 
. 424 

1,399 
2,603 
. 451 
1,038 



Newark . . 

Newcastle 
Newport . 



.1... 1,913 
.1. . .3,351 
. 1 722 



Ocean View. 
Odessa 



Port Penn 1. 



Rehoboth 
Risingsun 
Rockland 



.3. .. 
.1. . . 



302 
585 



337 
257 
392 



St. George 1. . . . 264 

Seaford 3. . .2.108 

Selbyville 3. . . . 343 

Smyrna 2... 1,843 

Stanton 1. . . . 291 



Taylors Bridge. .1 243 

Townsend 1 . . . . 494 



W 



Wilmington 
Winterthur 
AVoodland . 
Woodside . 
Wyoming . 



. .1. 

.3. 
, .2. 



87,411 
. . 206 
.. 201 
. . 300 
.. 517 



Yorklyn 1 328 



'si' ^-^ 




DEI..\AVARE COrNTIES. 



DELAWARE 

Delaware seems to be a small state, and in com- 
parison with the area of the others it is, but when 
it is placed by the side of Rhode Island it is seen to 
be almost twice the size of little Rody. To illustrate, 
each state is 35 miles wide, but when we come to 
measure length we find that Delaware is 110 miles 
long, while Rhode Island is only 50 miles. 

ORIGIN OF THIS LITTLE STATE. 

How this little state, with three counties, comes to 
nestle down between Delaware Bay and Maryland is 
understood when history gives the explanation. 

Henry Hudson entered and sailed up the bay in 
1600. On the following year, 1610, Lord De la Ware, 
an early colonial governor of Virginia, made a voyage 
up the bay. From his exploration the bay was named 
Delaware Bay and this became the name of the small 
tract of land on the west side of this body of water. 

At that period the Indians, who occupied the north- 
ern part of the land, were known as the Finquas, 
while those on the south were the Nanticokes. 



County Pop. 



1 Newcastle. 72.3.188 

2 Kent.. 33,731 



Loca. 


County Pop. 


3 

Total 


. Sussex. .46,413 


202,323 



ACTIVITIES OF THE SWEDES AND DUTCH. 

In 1631-2 the Dutch planted a small colony near 
Cape Henlopen, but the Indians drove them out three 
years later. In 163S a colony of Swedes and Fin- 
landers bought, land and built a fort on Christiana 
Creek, New Castle county, near present city of Wil- 
mington, named the country New Sweden, and a 
little later put up a fort on the island of Tinucum, 
a few miles south of Philadelphia. This was con- 
sidered by the Dutch of New Amsterdain an invasion 
of their territory and they set up Fort Casimer, near 
the site of the present New Castle, in New Castle 
county, only five iniles from the Swedish fort. A 
settlement on the Delaware River, made in 1041. by 
a colony from New Haven, Connecticut, was broken 



Explanation: Index to Towns. Firsl Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located; Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Naine Indicates County Seat. 

30 



Delaware Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



up by them, causing great financial disaster. The 
Swedes took Fort Casimer in H>~)-1, but the next year 
the Dutch seized the wliole country and sent to Eng- 
land all the colonists who refused allegiance to 
Holland. 

WHEN THE ENGLISH GOT CONTROL,. 

When New York camp under the English govern- 
ment, in HU>4, the Delaware settlements were claimed 
for the Duke of York, and also by Lord Baltimore tor 
Maryland, but William Penn, soon after he settled 
Pennsylvania, purchased the Duke's right, and 
effected a compromise with Baltimore so as to add 
the Delaware settlements to Pennsylvania, and for 
LHl years they were governed as a part of Pennsyl- 
vania, under the name of the "territories" or three 
counties on the Delaware, each county sending six 
representatives to the general assembly. 

In 1703 Delaware set up for herself, so far as to 
establish a separate legislature, but the rule of the 
I'ennsylvania governor was conceded on the ground of 
proprietary rights, until the period of the revolution, 
when the state became independent. 

VERY LITTLE TROUBLE A^ITH THE INDLINS. 

With the exception of some slight contests, firsi 
witli the Indians in lt!32, and subsequently, disagree- 
ments among the Swedes, Dutch and English, the 
settlers on this tract of land, comprising the three 
counties, have always been singularly free from war- 
fare with the Indians and others. 

While the men of Delaware enlisted with the Eng- 
lish in the French war, the little state of Delaware 
gave 3.7ti3 troops to Washington in the w-ar of the 
revolution, and 13,670 soldiers to aid in putting down 
the rebellion in 18G6. 

THE AVERAGE SIZE OF FARMS. 

The land seeker, in going into Delaware, will find 
the avei'age size of the farms to be about 113 acres, 
and farm land generally valued at about .$36 per acre. 

Sussex count.v has the reputation of raising the 
greatest number of strawberries of any county in the 
world. 

With an average temperature of 33 for January, 
July 73, with 03 the highest, with the thermometer 
never showing below zero, with an average rainfall 
of 33 inches, and a very fertile soil, these counties are 
giving a large annual output of corn, oats, peaches, 
apples, berries and small fruits raised for the Philadel- 
phia markets. Grapes, melons, corn and amber wheat 
with oats, sorghum and dairy products complete the 
list of Delaware's chief agricultural supplies. 

In Kent county great quantities of tomatoes are 
grown for canning. In this countj^ lie some 180.000 



acres of rich alluvial land. For a distance of ten miles 
fium the bay the soil is very fertile and the well- 
kept estates with their vine.yards and orchards pre- 
sent a fine picture of prosperous peace. 

GO OtT TO DELAWARE AND LOOK. 

It will be Well for people who seek country life 
and wish to engage in fruit raising to investigate the 
State of Delaware, in which they will find 55,000 a<'res 
devoted alone to peach growing. 

But it will not be fruit growing only that the land- 
seeker will have to occupy his attention after going 
into this state. The fisheries here employ over 2.000 
persons. There are more than 3,000 acres of oyster 
beds, the products from which give an annual yield of 
over 551,000,000.. 

Clays and Kaolins abound and are worked up at 
Wilmington into terracotta bricks and crockery. In 
this industry near 1,000 men are continually em- 
ployed. 

MATERIAL FOR ULUilNG ARTUICLiL TEETH. 

Near Wilmington is quarried the fine spar employed 
in the manufacture of artificial teeth. 

Tlie iron and steel works of Wilmington employ 
thousands of men, the output yielding many millions 
of dollars annually 

Other industries at Wilmington are the manufac- 
ture of cotton goods, pulps, paper and leather goods. 
The great Edge Moor Bridge Works are also near 
Wilmington on the Delaware River. At Dover, fruit 
canning is an important industry. 

There are no mountains in the state, but in the 
extreme north it is hilly, and from the Christiana 
River a low wooded ridge extends southward near 
the west boundary; elsewhere the surface is uni- 
formly level and generally sandy. 

CONDENSED FACTS RELATING TO DELAWARE. 

Altitude. This state has only a few elevations, 
some few hills in the northern part of the state in 
New Castle county, reaching to a height of 282 feet. 

Climate. Average temperature. January 33; July 
73; highest 93; lowest 1 above; rainfall 32.6. Average 
temperature throughout the year at Delaware City, 
New Castle county, is 54.69. 

Dimensions. Length of state 110 miles. Breadth 
3.5 miles. 

History. Delaware Bay and Delaware River ex- 
plored by Lord De la Ware in 1610. The bay had been 
entered the year before by Henry Hudson. First 
settlement made by Swedes near Cape Plenlopen. 
See general description of Delaware elsewhere in this 
chapter. 



FARMS IN SOUTHERN DELAW'ARE OFFERED FOR SALE. 

To give the reader information as to what small farms are offered for in Delaware, we clip these items 

from an advertising circular. 



35 acres $1,500 

Farm in a high state of cultivation, and a very 
attractive set of buildings, located only 3 miles from 
large village and railroad station; 1 mile from stores, 
school, etc.; land is all in smooth, level fields cutting 
2 tons of hay to the acre, with the exception of a 
large strawberry patch and an orchard of peach and 
pear trees. Several acres more should be set to 
sti'awberries and the balance of the farm devoted to 
raising vegetables. The house is 2-story, with 8 
rooms, built 3 years ago at a cost of .'i!l,100. The barn 
is also new; poultry house and carriage house. Price 
only $1,500. Bridgeville, Delaware. 

140 acres $2,500 

Located only 3 miles from one of the largest fruit 
shipping centres in the State. There are 90 acres in 
fields, and the balance in pasture and wood; estimated 
to be 2,500 cords, and a large amount of pine timber. 
There are 50 apple trees, and some pears, peaches and 
plums. 1 mile from stores; % mile from school; near 
neighbors; good 2-stoi'y house. 9 rooms, supplied with 
water by wells; barn 24x28; stable 20x24; also poultry 
hovises. carriage house and smoke house. The present 
occupant has made a specialty of raising melons and 
garden truck. The local markets are exceptionally 
good. Price only $2,500; Vz down. Bridgeville, 
Delaware. 

180 acres $2,000 

Half of this farm is in fields of light loam soil, 
and the remainder is in wood and timber. It is 
estimated that there are 150,000 feet of pine and 
150.000 feet of oak; 350 peach trees just coming in 
bearing; 50 large apple trees. The peach trees should 



yield 500 baskets a year the coming year, and the 
apple trees fully 200. 2-story houses, 6 rooms. 2 piaz- 
zas; barn 20x60; water supplied from driven well; 
large maple trees furnish shade, and the surroundings 
are very attractive. Owner has other business and 
inust sell. To any man who will go and examine this 
farm we will prove that he can ^ay for it in 2 years 
by growing small fruit and vegetables. 

130 acres $3,000 

The tillage land on this farm is cutting 2 tons of 
hay per acre. There is a nicely watered pasture for 
20 cows; 30 acres are in wood, of which there is 
estimated to be 1.000 cords; fine orchard; 1.000 peach, 
apple and pear trees, 10 years old; 2-story house, 6 
rooms; barns to accommodate stock and store corn, 
hay, etc., maple shade about buildings; in a good 
neighborhood; near school; mail delivered; 1% miles 
from village and depot. This whole farm should be 
set out to fruit. Only .1(3,000; Vi cash. Bridgeville. 
Delaware. 

86 acres $4,300 

Five acres of this farm are set to thrifty straw- 
berry plants; 2 acres in blackberries; 500 Kieffer 
pears, four years old, and 250 apple trees; also 
abundance of peaches. The fruit is already bringing 
in a good yearly income and within a few years should 
amount to .'«;2.000 or $3,000. Located within 1 mile 
from village; near neighbors; mail delivered; 2-story 
house. 8 rooms; supplied with water from driven 
well; barn 20x35; small house for help; poulrty house 
and smoke house; mapl^ trees shade the lawn and 
the land borders on stream. Price only $4,300; one- 
third cash, balance on mortgage. Bridgeville, Dela- 
wai-e. 



37 



DISTANCES 



Distances from 5 Principal Cities to Other Important Cities 



I'roni Baltimore, 

Md., to Miles. 

Albany, N. Y 337 

AJexandria, Va....4i) 

Atlanta, Ga 867 

Augusta, Ga ....6i)5 

Augusta, Me 558 

Bangor, Me 633 

Bloomington, 111.781 
Boston, Mass.... 395 
Buffalo, N. Y. . . .4:il 
Burlington. la. .1,060 

Cairo, 111 937 

Charleston, S. C. .586 

Chester, Pa 81 

Cheyenne, Wyo. 1,869 

Chicago, 111 853 

Cincinnati, O....560 

Cleveland, O 483 

Columbus, 513 

Cumberland, Md.l91 
Davenport, la.. 1,036 
Denver, Colo... 1,965 
Des Moines, la. 1,309 
Detroit, Mich. . . .568 
Duluth, Minn. .1,499 

Elmira, N. Y 355 

Erie, Pa 401 

Fargo, N. D. . . .1,598 
Ft. Wayne, Ind. ..705 
Frankfort, Ky...718 

Frederick, Md 6 

Green Bay, Wis. 1,095 
Harper's Ferry, 

Va 95 

Harrisburg, Pa. . . .84 
Hartford, Conn.. 398 
Huntsville, Ala.. .760 
Indianapolis, Ind. 700 
Iowa City, la.. .1,090 
Jackson, Mich. . .645 
Janesville. Wis... 944 
Kansas City, Mo.1,343 

Keokuk, la 1,103 

La Crosse, Wis. 1,133 
Leadville, Colo.. 3, 138 
Leavenworth, 

Kan 1,339 

Lincoln, Neb. ...1,405 
Los Angeles, 

Cal 3,781 

Louisville, Ky...697 
Lynchburg, Va. . .317 

Lyons, la 990 

Madison, Wis 990 

Mansfield. O 556 

jMilwaukee, Wis. .938 
Milledgeville, Ga.769 
Montgomery, 

.\la 998 

Montpelier, Vt. ..635 
Nashville, Tenn..829 
.New Orleans, 

La 1,316 

New York, N. Y. .188 
Niagara Falls, 

N. Y 431 

Ogden. Utah... 3,383 

Omaha, Neb 1,350 

Penn Yan. N. Y. .200 
Philadelphia, Pa. .96 
Pittsburgh, Pa... 340 
Portland, Ore.. 3,906 
Portland, Me.... 495 

Quebec, Can 759 

Quincy, lU 1,350 

Racine, Wis 915 

Richmond, Va...l70 
Rochester, N. Y..354 
Sacramento, 

Cal 3,067 

Pt. Paul. Minn. .1,363 
Salt Lake City, 

Utah 2,419 

San Francisco, 

Cal 3,206 

Savannah. Ga. ...690 
Sitka, Alaska. .4,739 
Springfield, Mass.336 
Tallahassee, 

Fla 1,060 

Toledo, 610 

Topeka, Kan. . .1,369 

Troy, N. Y 231 

Washington. D.C. .39 
Wheeling. W.Va. .398 
Wilmington, Del.. 69 
Winnipeg, Man. 1,698 
Winona, Minn. .1,159 
Yankton, S. D. .1,456 
Zanesville, 468 



l<'roin Boston, 
31a»s., to Miles. 

.41bany, N. Y 183 

^vmherst, Mass. . . .81 
Andover, Mass.... 33 
Annapolis, Md...451 

..ugusta. Me 177 

Baltimore, Md. . . 395 
Barnstable, Mass.. 73 

Bangor, Me 244 

Braintree, Mass. . . 11 

Buffalo, N. Y 478 

Brighton, Mass. ...4 
Burlington, la. . 1,335 

Cairo, 111 1,385 

Charleston, S.C.I, 109 
Chatham, Mass. .177 

Chicago, 111 1,030 

Cincinnati, O 991 

Cleveland, O 663 

Columbia, S.C. ...974 

Columbus, O 871 

Concord, N. H. . . .75 
Denver, Colo. ..2,033 
Des Moines, la. 1,377 

Detroit, Mich 736 

Dover, Del 399 

Dover. N. H 69 

Duluth, Minn. ..1,666 

Erie, Pa 566 

Fall River, Mass. .49 
Fargo, N. D. . . .1,765 
Fitchburg, Mass. .49 
Helena, Mont. ..3,025 
Indianapolis, 

Ind 1,059 

Jackson. Mich. . . .810 
Jackson, Miss.. 1,554 
Kinderhook, N. Y.184 
Lacrosse, Wis. .1,398 
Lansing, Mich. ...775 
Leadville, Col.. 3,305 
Lincoln, Neb. ..1,572 
Louisville, Ky. .1,119 

Lowell, Mass 26 

Marshfield, Mass. . 34 
Madison, Wis.. .1,158 
Mansfield, Mass... 24 
Mattapan, Mass. ... 7 
Memphis, Tenn. 1,476 
Milwaukee, Wis.1,009 
Minneapolis, 

Minn 1,438 

Mobile, Ala 1,606 

Montpelier, Vt 202 

Muscatine, la. ..1,038 
Nebraska City, 

Neb 1,516 

Nashville, Tenn. 1,251 
New Bedford, 

Mass 55 

Newburyport, 

Mass 35 

New Haven, 

Conn 160 

New Orleans, 

La 1,735 

Newport, R. I. . . .68 
New York, N. Y.207 
Niagara Falls, 

N. Y 506 

Ogden, Utah. . .2,547 

Omaha, Neb 1,517 

Pittsfield, Mass.. .150 
Plymouth, Mass. ..48 
Portland, Me. . . .107 
Portland, Ore. .4,073 
Providence, R. I.. 44 

Quincy, Mass 8 

Racine, Wis. .. .1,080 

Raleigh, N. C 775 

Richmond, Va. . .591 
Rochester, N. Y. .429 

Saco, Me 93 

St. Louis, Mo. .1,330 
St. Paul, Minn. 1,430 

Salem, Mass 15 

San Francisco, 

Cal 3,430 

Sarnia, Ont 819 

Savannah, Ga.. 1,112 
Springfield, 111. .1,370 
Springfield, Mass. 98 
Taunton. Mass. . . . 35 

Toledo, O 775 

Washington, D. C.433 
Wheeling, W. Va.774 
Wilmington, Del. 351 
"Winnipeg, Man. 1,865 
Worcester, Mass.. 44 
Yankton, S. D. .1,633 



From Chicago, 111., 

to Miles. 
Albany, N. Y. .. .837 
Albuquerque, 

N. M 1,391 

Jefferson City, 

Mo 489 

Annapolis, Md,..833 
Atchison, Kan... 556 

Atlanta, Ga 795 

Aurora, 111 38 

Austin, Tex 987 

Baltimore. Md..,853 
Bangor, Me. . . .1,263 
Boston, Mass. ..1,020 
Buffalo, N. Y. . . .543 
Burlington, Vt. .1,182 

Cairo, 111 365 

Charleston, S. C.1,103 
Cheyenne, Wyo. 1,017 
Cincinnati, 0....293 

Cleveland, O 357 

Columbia, S. C. . .837 

Columbus, O 314 

Concord, N. H. 1,083 
Denver, Col. . . .1,113 
Des Moines, la., 357 

Decatur, 111 173 

Detroit, Mich 280 

Dubuque, la 188 

Duluth, Minn 565 

Elgin, 111 36 

El Paso, Tex. ..1,630 

Fargo, S. D 745 

Ft. Worth, Tex. 1,023 

Galva, 111 140 

Galveston, Tex. 1,150 
Geneva Lake, Wis. 85 
Gettysburg, Pa.. ,771 
Green Bay, Wis. .242 

Hannibal, Mo 329 

Harrisburg, Pa. ..716 
Hartford, Conn. 1,011 
Helena, Mont.. .2,007 
Hot Springs, 

Ark 693 

Houston, Tex.. 1,099 
Indianapolis, Ind. 193 
Iowa City, Iowa. 337 
Jackson, Miss. . .708 
Jacksonville, 

Fla 1,348 

Janesville, Wis... 91 
Kansas City, Mo.489 
La Crosse. Wis. 380 
Lansing, Mich. . .345 
Leadville, Colo. 1,284 
Leavenworth, 

Kan. .., 589 

Madison, Wis 138 

Marquette, Mich. 390 
Milwaukee. Wis. .85 
Minneapolis, 

Minn 420 

Mobile, Ala 845 

Montreal, Can.. .844 
Nashville, Tenn. 483 
New Haven, 

Conn , . .915 

New Orleans, La. 915 
Nome, Alaska. .5,136 
New York, N. Y.913 
Niagara Falls, 

N. y 513 

Oil City, Pa 600 

Omaha, Neb 497 

Panama, C. A. 3,311 
Phoenix, Ariz. 1,971 
Philadelphia, Pa. 833 
Portland, Me.. 1,138 
Quebec, Can... 1,116 

Racine, Wis 63 

Richmond, Va. ..933 
Seattle, Wash. 2,336 
Skagway, 

Alaska 3,226 

Salt Lake City, 

Utah 1,566 

San Francisco, 

Cal 2,411 

St. Paul, Minn.. 410 
Tallahassee, 

Fla 1,339 

Toronto, Can.,.. 515 

Utica, N. Y 745 

Vicksburg, Miss. 753 
Washington, 

D. C 813 

Wheeling, 

W. Va 451 

Winnipeg, Man.. 845 
Yankton, S. D. .603 



38 



From Cincinnati, 
Ohio, to Miles. 

Akron, O 246 

Albany, N. Y.. . .737 

Alliance, O 270 

Altoona, Pa 438 

Annapolis, Md...548 

Athens, 159 

Baltimore, Md...560 
Bellefontaine, 0..116 
Bloomington, 111.307 
Bloomington, Ind. 163 
Boston, Mass. . . .961 
Buffalo, N. Y. . . .444 
Burlington, la. . .447 

Cairo, 111 399 

Charleston, S. C.918 

Circleville, O 104 

Chicago, 111 293 

Chillicothe, O. ...,99 

Cleveland, O 358 

Columbia, S. C. . .675 
Columbus, Ind.... 94 

Columbus, O 130 

Concord, N. H. .1,018 

Crestline, O 183 

Dayton, O 66 

Denver, Col .... 1,355 
Des Moines, la. ..639 
Detroit, Mich. , . .267 

Dover, Del 706 

Dunkirk, N. Y. . .401 

Elgin, 111 329 

Erie, Pa 353 

Evanston, 111 305 

Evansville, Ind.. 243 
Fargo, N. D. . .1,038 
Ft. Wayne, Ind.. 180 
Frankfort, Ky...ll8 

Fremont, O 175 

Gallon, O 177 

Hamilton, 20 

Harrisburg, Pa. .561 

Helena, Ark 574 

Indianapolis, Ind. 115 
Iowa City, la. . . .530 
Jackson, Miss. ,..676 
Jeffersonville, 

Ind 136 

Kankakee, 111 253 

Kenton, O 142 

Keokuk, Iowa... 540 
Lafayette, Ind. ..179 
Lansing, Mich.., 318 
I,ecompton, Kan. 800 
Little Rock, Ark.667 
Logansport, Ind. .177 
Long Branch, 

N. J 777 

Louisville, K:y....l37 
Madison, Wis.... 431 

Mansfield, O 184 

Memphis, Tenn.. 484 
Milledgeville, Ga.764 
Montgomery, Ala. 756 
Montpelier, Vt.,.937 
Muscatine, Iowa. .513 
Nashville, Tenn. .291 
New Albany, Ind. 110 

Newark, 1.53 

New Orleans, La.874 
New York, N. Y . 744 
Ogden, Utah... 1,822 

Omaha, Neb 790 

Peru, Ind 176 

Philadelphia, Pa.667 
Pittsburgh, Pa. ..313 

Portland, Me 981 

Portland, Ore. .2,099 
Raleigh, N. C. .1,250 
Richmond, Va . . .638 
Rock Island, 111. .374 
Salt I,ake City, 

Utah 1,810 

San Francisco, 

Cal 2,6.^5 

Sandusky, O 215 

Savannah, Ga. ...874 

Seymour, Ind 87 

Springfield, 111. . .338 

Springfield. O 84 

St. Louis, Mo. . . ,340 
St. Paul, Minn.. .785 
Terre Haute, Ind.187 

Toledo, O 203 

Urbana, O 100 

Vincennes, Ind.. .192 
Washington. D.C. .490 
Wheeling, W. Va.251 
Wilmington, Del. 660 
Wooster, O. . . , . .220 



From Denver, 
Col., to Miles. 
Abilene, Kan.,.. 476 
Albany, N. Y. .1,930 

Alton, 111 1,033 

Arapahoe, Col... 186 
Augusta, Me... 3, 303 
Baltimore, Md. 1,965 
Bierstadt, Col. . . . 78 
Boston, Mass.. 2,033 
Buffalo, N. Y. .1,655 
Burlington, Iowa. 900 
Burlington, Vt.2,295 

Cairo, 111 1,200 

Canon City, Col. 161 

Cameron, Col 48 

Cape May, 

N. J., 3,017 

Castle Rock, 

Col 33 

Cheyenne, Kan . . 106 

Chicago, 111 1,113 

Cincinnati, O. ,1,255 
Cleveland, O. . .1,469 
Colorado Springs, 

Col 91 

Concord, N. H.2,196 
Detroit, Mich.. 1,397 
Eagle Park, Col. 294 

Erie, Pa 1,565 

Fort Harker, 

Kan 420 

Fort Riley, Kan. 503 
Fort Wayne, 

Ind 1,261 

Greeley, Col 52 

Hamilton, Can. 1,585 
Harrisburg, Pa. 1,839 
Hartford, Conn. 3, 134 
Jackson, Mich. 1,331 
Kansas City, 

Mo , 638 

Lansing, Mich. 1,358 
Lawrence, Kan .. 600 
Leadville, Col... 278 
Long Branch, 

N. J 2,014 

Longmont, Col... 33 
Louisville, Ky. .1,302 
Madison, Wis.. 1,418 
Memphis, Tenn. 1,450 

Mitchell, Col 23 

Montgomery, 

Ala 1,89S 

Montreal, Ca» ',957 
New Haven, 

Conn <2,038 

New Orleans, 

La ,1,638 

New York, 

N. Y 1,980 

Niagara Falls, 

N. Y 1,626 

Ogden, Utah. . . .509 
Oil City, Pa... 1,713 

Omaha, Neb 569 

Ottawa, Can... 1,899 
Pensacola, Fla. 2, 085 
Philadelphia, 

Pa ,.1,936 

Pittsburg, Pa. .l,i>81 
Portland, Me. .2,241 

Pueblo, Col 135 

Quebec, Can... 2,229 
Raleigh, N. C. 2,317 
Red Cliff, Col.. 300 
Richmond, Va. 2,008 
Rochester, 

N. Y 1,663 

Rock Island, 111.930 
St. Louis, Mo.. 1,000 
Salt Lake City, 

Utah 6.55 

Sandusky, O... 1,531 
San Francisco, 

Cal 1,499 

Savannah, Ga.. 2,345 

Sidney, Col 58 

South Fork, 

(>q] 297 

Syracuse', ' N." Y.1,805 
Toledo, O. . . .1,356 
Topeka, Kan.... 571 
Toronto, Can..l,6«8 
Washington, 

D. C 1,926 

West Point, 

N, Y 2,024 

Wheeling, 

W. Va 1,590 

Wilmington, 

Del., 1,999 



Distances from 5 Prin cipal Cities to Other Important Cities 



From New Orleans, 

La., to Miles. 

Albany, N. r..l,<;44 

Alton, Ill------,-?;'5 

Appleton, Wis. 1,104 
Atchison, Kan.l,05o 
Atlanta, Ga...l,~~ji 
Augusta, Me... 2, 140 
Baltimore, Md.l,j5l^ 
Bangor, Me...l,S>'» 
Baton Rouge, 

La • -^5^ 

Boston, Mass.. l,1;iJ 
Bismarck, D. T.l,8;.i 
Buffalo, N. Y..l,4o4 
Burlington, la -1.1- 
BurUngton, V t . l.»"^ 

Cairo, HI 5;»" 

canton. Miss. . . .~0b 
Cape May, N. J -1.48^ 
Carondelet, Mo.. 7 19 
Centralia, Ill----2^^ 
Champaign 111.. 7» J 
Chevenne, Wyo.1,93^ 

Chicago, 111 91^ 

Cincinnati, O.. ..874 
Concord, N. H. 1,-99 
Davenport. la.. 1.069 

Denver, Col |'V^° 

Des Moines, ^a.l,~~l 
Detroit, Micfi.. 1,289 
Dover, N. H... 1,799 
Dubuque, la -l-OOS 
Duquoin, 111 • • -^^^ 
Evanston, II ■ . .•J~' 
Enterprise, iVj.!SS. 140 
Fargo, N. D. . .1,028 
Galveston, Tex.. 290 
Green Bay, Wis.1,111 
Grenada, Miss... 294 
Hannibal, Mo. . • -o'O 
Harrisburg. Pa.l,4i{5 
Hartford, Conn. 1,612 

Helena, Ark 270 

Houston, Tex. . . .301 
Indianapolis, Ind.862 
Jackson, Miss... 307 
Jackson, Tenn . . .443 
Jacksonville, 111.810 

Joliet, 111 878 

Kankakee. 111... 859 
La Crosse. Wis. 1.195 
Lansing, Mich. 1,192 
Lincoln, Neb. . .1,467 
Louisville, Ky. . -754 

Mattoon, 111 748 

Memphis, Tenn.. 376 
Menasha, Wis. 1,100 
Menominee, 

Mich 1,185 

Meridian, Miss.. 191 
Milwaukee, Wis. 998 

Mobile, Ala 140 

Montpelier, Vt. 2,282 
Nashville, Tenn. 348 
New Haven, 

Conn 1,575 

New York, N. Y. 1,501 
Ogden, Utah.,. 2,409 
Omaha, Neb. . .1,136 
Philadelphia, 

Pa 1,412 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 1,378 
Ponchatoula, La. .48 
Portland, Me. .1,842 
Portland, Ore. .3,264 
Providence, 

R. 1 1,689 

Racine, Wis 977 

Richmond, Va. 1,143 
Sacramento, 

Cal 2,625 

St. Louis, Mo. . .725 
.St. Paul, Minn. 1,352 
Salt Lake City, 

Utah 2,481 

San Francisco, 

Cal. , 2,425 

Springfield, 111.. 820 
Springfield. Mo.. 962 
Toronto, Can.. 1,430 
Vicksburg, Miss. 235 
Vinita, I. T... 1,086 
Washington, 

D. C 960 

Wilmington, 

Del 1,034 

Winnipeg, Man. 1,760 
Wyandotte, 

Kan 1,011 

Yankton, Dak. .1,851 



From >e\v York to 

Miles. 
Adrian, Mich.... 747 

Albany, N. Y 143 

Allegheny, Pa. . .432 

Alton, 111 1,053 

Ann .\rbor, Mich. 710 
Atchison, Kan. 1,360 

Atlanta, Ga 952 

Augusta, Ga 837 

Aurora, HI 938 

Akron, O 610 

Baltimore, Md...l88 

Bangor, Me 478 

Belfast, Me 424 

Bloomington, 111.984 
Boston, Mass.... 307 

Buffalo. N. Y 423 

Burlington, la. 1,106 
Burlington, Vt..304 
Charleston, S. C.817 

Chicago, 111 912 

Cincinnati, 0....744 
Cleveland, O. .,..580 
Columbia, S. C..749 
Columbus, O. . . .624 
Concord, N. H..298 
Covington, Ky. ..745 
Cumberland, Md.366 
Davenport, la. .1,082 

Dayton, O 694 

Denver, Colo. . .1,980 
Des Moines. Ia.1,256 
Detroit, Mich... 628 
Dover, N. H....297 
Dubuque, la... 1,087 
Elmira, N. Y...274 

Erie, Pa 486 

Evansville. Ind..993 
Ft. Wayne, Ind..751 

Galena, 111 1,070 

Galveston, Tex. 1,900 
Gettvsburg, Pa. .228 
Harrisburg, Pa.. 182 
Hartford, Conn.. 110 
Indianapolis, Ind.812 
Jackson, Miss.. 1,319 
Kalamazoo, Mich. 772 
Knoxville, Tenn. 740 
Lansing, Mich.. .725 
Lexington, Ky...844 
Little Rock, 

Ark 1,430 

Louisville, Ky...852 
Lowell, Mass.. ..256 
Lynchburg, Va. .400 

Macon. Ga 1,055 

Madison, Wis. ...998 
Memphis, Tenn. 1,159 
Meriden, Conn.. ..92 
Milledgeville, Ga.990 
Milwaukee, Wis. 902 

Mobile. Ala 1,332 

Montpelier, Vt. ..344 
Nashville, Tenn. 1,001 
New Albany, Ind.853 
New Haven, Conn. 76 
New Orleans, 

La 1,501 

Newport, R. I.. .162 
Ogden, Utah. ..2.441 
Omaha, Neb. ...1,396 
Paterson, N. J... 16 

Peoria, 111 995 

Petersburg. Va . .383 
Philadelphia, Pa. 88 
Pittsburgh, Pa.. 431 
Portland, Me.... 341 
Portland, Ore.. 3,965 
Providence. R. 1.188 
Quincv, III..., 1,162 
Kaleigh. N. C. ..537 
Richmond, Va. ..358 
Rock Island, 111.1,081 
St. Joseph. Mo. 1,337 
St. Louis, Mo. .1,084 
St. Paul, Minn. 1,390 
Salt Lake City, 

Utah 2,465 

San Francisco, 

Cal 3.310 

Savannah. Ga....877 
Springfield, 111.1,035 
Tallahassee, 

Fla 1,190 

Toledo, O 694 

Washington, 

D. C 230 

Wilmington, 

N C "60 

Zanesviile, O. . . .610 



Philadelphia, Pa., 

to Miles. 

Albany, N. Y., 231 

Alliance, O 436 

Alton, 111 989 

Annapolis, Md...l34 

Atlanta, Ga 930 

Augusta, Me.... 491 
Baltimore, Md....96 
Bellefontaine, O.608 
Bloomington, 111.949 
Boston, Mass.... 318 
Buffalo, N. Y...510 
Burlington, la. 1,030 
<;atawissa. Pa . . . 145 

Cairo, 111 1,053 

Carlisle, Pa 126 

Charleston, S. C.786 
Cheyenne, Wyo. 1,838 

Chicago, 111 823 

Cincinnati, 0....667 

Clayton, Del 65 

Cleveland, O. .. .505 
Columbia, S. C.,651 
Columbus. O. .. .548 
Concord, N. H. . .397 

Corry, Pa 410 

Crestline, O 544 

Davenport, la.. 1,000 

Dayton, O 61;) 

Decatur, 111 936 

Denver, Colo. .1,936 
Des Moines, Ia.1,180 
Detroit, Mich... 539 

Dover, Del 76 

Dover, N. H...,385 
Duluth, Minn.. 1,469 
Elmira, N. Y...283 
Evansville. Ind..911 
Fargo, N. D. ..1,568 

Forest, O 585 

Fort Wayne, Ind.675 

Galena, 111 995 

Gettysburg, Pa. .135 
Green Bay, Wis. 1,034 
Hartford, Conn. .198 
Helena,, Mont. .2,830 
Huntsville, Ala. 1,135 
Jackson, Miss. .1,461 

Joliet, 111 863 

Kansas City, 

Mo 1,277 

Lafayette, Ind..784 
Lansing, Mich... 728 
I^eavenworth, 

Kan 1,303 

Lebanon, Pa.,... 86 
Louisville, Ky...776 
Madison, Ky....764 
Madison, Wis. .1,004 

Mattoon, 111 864 

Memphis, Tenn.1,153 
Milwaukee, Wis. 908 
Mobile. Ala.... 1,500 
Montpelier, Vt. . .528 
Nashville, Tenn. 928 
Newark, N. J.... 79 
New Orleans, 

La 1,412 

Newport, R. I . . .350 
New York, N. Y. .88 
Niagara Falls, 

N Y 458 

Ogden. Utah... 2,352 
Oil City. Pa..., 444 

Piqua, 621 

Pittsburgh, Pa. .3,55 
Portland, Me. . . .398 
Portland, Ore.. 3,870 

Quincy, 111 1,057 

Kichmond, Ind. .667 
Richmond, Va...268 
Rock Island, 

Til 1,005 

Sacramento, 

Cal 3,992 

Salt Lake City, 

Utah 2,374 

Sandusky, O 566 

Pan Francisco, 

Cal 3.224 

Scranton, Pa. . . .161 
Springfield, 111. . .946 
Springfield, O. . .591 
St. Louis, Mo.. 1,008 
St. Paul. Minn. 1,137 
Terre Haute, Ind. 809 

Toledo, O 518 

Washington, 

D. C..., 138 

Wheeling, W. Va.451 
Xenia, O 603 



From St. Loiuh 
Mo., to Miles. 
Albany, N. Y.. 1,123 
Alton (Upper) . . . .23 
Annapolis, Md. .940 
Atchison, Kan.. 330 

Atlanta, Ga 536 

Atlantic City, 

N. J 1,067 

Baltimore, Md.,959 
Beardstown, 111.112 

Belleville, III 14 

Bloomington, 111.156 
Boonville, Mo.... 232 
Boston, Mass. .1,320 

Cairo, 111 146 

Carlinville, 111. . . .57 
Canton, Miss. .. .486 
Cape May, N. J.l,08!> 
Carondelet, Mo. . . .6 
Charleston, S. C.959 
Cheyenne, Wyo.1,022 

Chicago, 111 280 

Cincinnati, O. . .340 
Columbia, S. C.1,247 
Columl)us, Ky. . .166 
Concord, N. H. 1,392 
Corinth, Miss. . . .309 
Davenport, la. . .344 
Denver, Colo. ..1,000 
Detroit, Midi. . .564 

Dover, Del 1,040 

Dubuque, Iowa.. 468 
Du Quoin, 111. , . .71 

Elgin, 111 316 

Evanston, 111 . . . .292 
Fargo, D. T. ..1,145 
Grenada, Miss... 398 
Hannibal, Mo... 145 
Hermann, Mo.... 81 
Indianapolis, Ind. 262 
Jacksonville. 111.. 91 
Jackson, Miss. . .698 
Jackson, Tenn. . .252 
Jefferson Bar- 
racks, Mo 10 

Kansas City. Mo. 222 
Kenosha, Wis. . .381 
Kokomo, Ind..., 269 
Leadville, Col.. 1,132 
Lansing, Mich. . .504 
Lecompton, Kan. 347 
Lexington, Mo... 470 
Little Rock, Ark.590 
Louisville, Ky...275 
Madison, Wis. . . .418 
Memphis, Tenn.. 316 
Meridian, Miss. .503 
Mexico. Mo. , . . . .108 
Milwaukee. Wis. 365 
Mobile, Ala^ .. . .638 

Moline, 111 233 

Montgomery, 

Ala 895 

Montpelier, Vt. 1,557 
Nashville, Tenn.. 348 
New Orleans, 

La ,..725 

New York, ^„, 

N. Y 1,084 

Ogden. Utah... 1,482 

Omaha, Neb 496 

Oswego, Kan. . . .363 
Philadelphia, 

Pa 1,.088 

Pilot Knob, Mo. ..87 
Pittsburgh. Pa. ..6.52 
Portland, Me. ..1,492 

Racine, Wis 342 

Raleigh, N. C. 1,317 
Richmond, Va. 1,008 
Rock Island, 111.230 
St. Joseph, Mo.. 305 
St Paul, Minn. .690 
Salt Lake City, 

Utah 1,500 

San Francisco, 

Cal 2,030 

Savannah, Ga. .1,245 

Sedalia, Mo 189 

Springfield, HI. . ..9.5 
Springfield. Mo.. 200 

Sterling, 111 282 

Toledo, O. , 450 

Vinita, Ind. T..363 
Washington, 

D. C 951 

Weston, Mo 310 

Wheeling, W. Va.,590 
Wilmington, Del. 999 
Wyandotte, Kan 286 



From Washington, 
D. C, to Miles. 
Albany, N. Y...370 
Amherst, Mass.. 619 
Andover, Mass.. 739 
Annapolis, Md. . .40 
Alexandria, Va.,..7 

Atlanta, Ga 792 

Augusta, Me.... 633 

Aurora, 111 851 

Baltimore, Md...39 

Bangor, Me 708 

Bellaire, O 349 

Bladenburgh, Md..6 
Boston, Mass.... 432 
Burlington, Vt..534 

Cairo, 111 1,091 

Cambridge, 

Mass 433 

Cambridge, O. . .402 
Cape May, N. J., 260 
Charleston, S. C.455 
Cheyenne, Wyo. 1,830 

Chicago, 111 813 

Cincinnati, O 497 

Columbia, S. C. .500 
Columbus, O....350 
Concord, N. H..630 
Cumberland, Md.l52 
Davenport, Iowa.996 

Defiance, O 630 

Denver, Col.... 1,926 

Dover, Me 639 

Duluth. Minn.. 1.459 
Fort Wayne, Ind. 981 
Galesburg, 111... 977 
Germantown, Pa. 27 
Gordonsville, Pa. .96 

Grafton, Va 254 

Green Bay, Wis.1,055 
Hartford, Conn.. 340 
Helena, Mont. .2,820 
Indianapolis, 

Ind 639 

Kansas City, 

Mo 1,228 

Kenosha, Wis.,. 863 
Keokuk, la. . . .1,063 
Lawrence, Mass. 497 
Leavenworth, 

Kan 1,387 

Long Bridge, Va. .2 
Louisville, Ky. . .761 
Lowell. Mass. . . .458 
Lynchburg, Va..l78 

Manasses. Va 34 

Martinsburg, Va..74 
Memphis. Tenn. 1,138 

Mendota, 111 897 

Montreal, Can... 526 
Mt. Vernon. O. . .479 
Nashville. Tenn. 684 
Milwaukee, Wis.. 898 
Montgomery, Ala. 839 
Montpelier, Vt. ..636 

Navy Yard 2 

Newark, O 454 

New Orleans, 

La 960 

Newport, R. I. . .392 
New York, N. Y..230 
Ogden, Utah. . .1.342 
Omaha, Neb. . .1,310 
Parkersburg, Va.358 
Peoria, 111.. .... .924 

Philadelphia, Pa. 138 
Piedmont. W. Va.l80 
Pittsburgh, Pa. ..300 
Portland, Ore.. 3,866 
Providence, R. 1.418 

Quincy, 111 1,075 

Raleigh. N. C. ..286 
Richmond, Va....77 
Rock Island, 111.994 
Sacramento, 

Cal 3,073 

St. Louis, Mo. ...951 
St. Paul, Minn. 1,223 



Salt Lake City, 

Utah 2,379 

San Francisco, 

Cal 2.981 

Sioux City, la. 1.328 
Springfield, Mass.919 

TifRn, O 566 

West Point. N. Y.280 
Wheeling, W. Va.353 
Winnipeg, Man. 1,658 
Winona, Minn. .1,119 
Yankton, D. T.1,416 
Zanesviile, O 428 



-•^O 



FLORIDA 



STATE AND THE 47 COUNTIES OF FLORIDA 

With Their Boundaries 







Loraiion and Population 
of 
ri.ORIDA COUNTIES 

Lo- 

ca- COUNTIES Pop. 

tion 1910 

1 Escambia . . 36,549 

2.... Santa Rosa.. 14,897 

3 Walton. .16,460 

4 Holmes. .11,557 

5 Jackson. .29,821 

6 . . . Washington . . 16,403 

7 Calhoun. . 7,465 

8 Liberty.. 4,700 

9 Gadsden. .22,198 

10 Leon.. 19,427 

11 Wakulla.. 4,803 

12 Franklin. . 5,201 

13 Jefferson.. 17,210 

14 Madison.. 16,919 

15 Taylor.. 7,103 

16 Lafayette.. 6,710 

17 Suwanee.. 18,603 

18 Hamilton. .11,825 

19 Columbia. .17,689 

20 Baker. . 4,805 

21 Nassau. .10,525 

22 Duval. .75,163 



23 Bradford. .14,090 

24 Clay. . 6,116 

25 Alachua. .34,305 

26 Putnam. .13,096 

27 St. John.. 13,208 

Levy.. 10,361 

29 Marion. .26,941 

30 Citrus.. 6,731 

31 Hernando . . 4,997 

32 Pasco. . 7,503 

33 Sumter. . 6,696 

34 Lake.. 9,509 

35 Orange. .19,107 

36 Volusia. .16,510 

37 Hillsboro. .78,374 

38 Polk.. 24,148 

39 Osceola. . 5,507 

40 Brevard.. 4,117 

41 Manatee.. 9,550 

42 De Soto.. 14,200 

43 St. Lucie.. 4,075 

44 Lee. . 6,294 

45... .Palm Beach.. 5,577 

46 Monroe. .21,563 

47 Dade.. 11,933 

Total 752,615 



FLORIDA CITIES AND VILL.\GES ^A^TH 1910 POPULATIONS. 



Loca. Pop. 



Alachua 25. 

Alatia 37. 

Alton 16. 

Altoona 34. 

Alva 44. 

Anthony 29. 

*Apalachicola. .12. 

Apopka 35. 

•Arcadia 42. 

Arch Creek . . .47. 

Archer 25. 

Arg-yle 3. 



. . 610 
. . 451 
. . 309 
. . 220 
. . 295 
. . 422 
. 3,065 
. . 420 
. . 736 
. . 296 
. . 448 
. . 250 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Armstrong 

Arredonda 

Ashton . . . . 

Ashville 

Auburndale 

Aucllla 



Bagdad . . 
Baldwin . 
*Bartow . 
Bassenger 

Bell 

Bel more . 



,. .27. 



209 
390 
280 
250 
250 
590 



. . 580 
..611 
.2,662 
. . 358 
. . 213 
. . 265 



Tow II a 



Loca. Pop. 



Elackman 2. 

Black Point 47. 

Blichton 29. 

*Blountstown ...7. 
Bluffsprings ....1. 

*Bonifay 4. 

Bowling Green. 42. 

Boynton 4.5. 

*Bradentown ..41 
Branford 
•Bristol . 

•Bronson 28. . 

*Brooksville ..31.. 
Burbank 29. . 



.17. 
. .8. 



. . 250 
. . 250 
.1,031 
. . 546 
, . 780 
. . 922 
. . 422 
. . 280 
.1,888 
. . 620 
. . 796 
. . 799 
. . 979 
. . 250 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Bushnell 
Byrd . . , 



.33. 
.27. 



Callahan 21. 

Campbell 39. 

Campville 25. 

Capps 13. 

Carrabelle 12. 

Cedar Keys . . .28. 
Center Hill . . .33. 

Centurv 1. 

Ch'rl'tte H'rb'r.42. 
Chaseville 22. 



939 
269 



, . 390 
. 309 
, . 250 
. 360 
. 906 
. . 864 
. . 299 
.1,060 
, . 266 
. . 246 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the Coiinty Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



40 



Florida Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



hoca. Pop. 



Chattahoochee 9. 
Chester 21 . 



Chipley ... 

Christina 

Chumucltia 

Citra 

Citronelle . 
Clarksville 
Clearwater 
Clermont . , 
Cocoa 



Coco'nut Gr've.4 



Coleman . 
Columbia 
Como .... 
Concord 
Conway . . 
Cottondale 
Cow Creek 
*Crawfordville . 11 , 
Crescent City.. 26 

Crewsville 42 

Croom 31 

Crystal River. .30 



..6. 
.38. 

.30. 
..7. 
.37. 
.34. 

.40. 



D 



.32. 



♦Dade City 

Dallas 29. 

Dania 47. 

Day 16. 

Daytona 36. 

Daytona Beach. 36. 
*DeFuniak Spgs.3. 

•DeLand 36. 

Deleon Spgs...36. 

Dellwood 5. 

Dowling Park. .17. 
Drayton Island. 26. 

Drews 19. 

Dunedin 37. 

Dunnellon 29. 

Dutton 25. 



E 



Eau Gallle.. 

Eden 

Ellenton . . . 
Ellzey . .1. . . 
Enterprise . 

Esto 

Etna 

Eureka . . . . 
Eustis 



.40. 
.43. 
.41. 
.28. 
.36. 
. .4. 
.30. 
.29. 
.34. 



r 

*Fernandina 
Fessenden 

Festus 

Floral City. 
Fogartyville 
Fort Meade 
*Fort Myers 
Fort Ogden. 
*Fort Pierce 
Fort White. 
Francis .... 
Freeport . . . 
Fulton 



.21. 
.29. 
.13. 
.30. 
.41. 
.38. 
.44. 
.42. 
.43. 
.19. 
.26. 

i.s! 

.22. 



G 

♦Gainesville . 

Garniers 

Gary 

Georgetown . 
Goldsboro 
Graceville . . . , 
Grahamsville , 
Grand Ridge., 
♦Green Cove 

Springs . . . . 
Greenville . . . . 



.25. 
..2. 
.37. 
.26. 
.35. 
..5. 
.29. 
. .5. 

.24. 
.14. 



. . 580 
. . 280 
. 1,099 
. . 296 
. . 380 
. . 394 
. . 545 
. . 480 
.1,171 
. . 295 
. . 613 
. . 850 
. . 387 
. . 392 
. . 280 
.1,566 
. . 301 
, . 250 
. . 479 
. 250 
. . 677 
. . 411 
. . 396 
. . 663 



1,006 
. 289 
. 283 
. 250 
3,082 
. 331 
3,017 
2,812 
. 216 
. 209 
. 290 
. 260 
. 296 
. 256 
1,227 
. 380 



329 
235 
2,50 
3.50 
360 
340 
300 
526 
910 



3,483 
. 360 
. 306 
. 488 
. 250 
1,165 
2,463 
. 380 
1,333 
. 329 
. 250 
. 869 
. 280 



.6,183 
. . 200 
. . 335 
. . 299 
. . 286 
. . 734 
. . 380 
. . 396 

.1,319 
. . 751 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Greenwood 5. . .'. 469 

Gretna 9 201 

H 

Hague 25 280 

Hamburg 14. . . . 325 

Hampton 23 265 

Harney 37 286 

Hastings 27 399 

Havana 9 432 

Hawthorn 25 324 

Hernando 30 592 

Highland 24 399 

High Springs. .25. . .1,468 

Hilliard 21 280 

Holder 30 370 

Hollister 26. . . . 200 

Holly Hill 36 207 

Homeland 38. . . . 300 

Hosford 8. . . . 370 

Hudson 32 210 



Inglis 28 360 

Interlachen . . .26. . . . 263 

•Inverness 30 350 

Istachatta 31.... 225 



♦Jacksonville. 

♦Jasper 

Jennings . . . . 
Jonesville . . . 



♦Key West. . 
Kings Ferry. 
Kingston . . . 
* Kissimmee 
Komoko . . .. 



.22. 
.18. 
.18. 
.25. 



.46. 
. .21. 
.36. 
.39. 
.35. 



LaCrosse 25. 

Lake Butler 23. 

♦Lake City 19. 

Lake Como 26. 

Lake Helen 36. 

Lakeland 38. 

Lakewood 3. 

Lament 13. 

Largo 37. 



Laurelhill 
Lawtey . . . . 
Leesburg . . . 
I^emon City. 

Levon 

Levy ville 
Limestone . . 
Lisbon 



.3. 
.23. 
.34. 
.47. 
.29. 
.28. 
,..3. 
.34. 



Littleriver 47. 



♦Live Oak. 

Lloyd 

Longwood . 
Lukens 
Lumberton 
Luraville . . 



.17. 
.13. 
.35. 
.38. 
.33. 
.17. 



M 

McClenny 20. 

Mcintosh 29. 

. .20. 

.14.. 

,.41. 

,.22. 

..46. 
.44. 

. . .5. 



♦Macclenny 
♦Madison . . 
Manatee . . 
Mandarin . 
Marathon . 
Marco .... 
♦Marianna 

♦Mayo 16. 

Mayport 22. 

Melrose 25. 

Meredith 28. 



.57,099 
. .1,730 
. . . 480 
. . . 225 



.19,945 
. . . 249 
, . . 389 
,.2,157 
, . . 202 



, . . 350 
, . . 685 
. 5,033 
. . 200 
. . . 646 
. .3,719 
. . 360 
. . 485 
. . 291 
, . . 316 
, . . 492 
. . 991 
. . 860 
, . . 382 
. . . 490 
, . . 650 
..336 
. . . 306 
. 3,450 
. . 369 
. . . 300 
. . . 300 
, . . 389 
. . . 320 



. . 370 

. . 396 
. . . 388 
..1,560 
, . . 988 

.1,600 
. . . 350 

. . 350 
,.1,915 

. . 578 
, . . 441 
. . . 345 
. . . 496 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



♦Miami 47. 

Micanopy 35. 

Middlebury . . . .24. 

Millview 1 . 

Millville 6. 

♦Milton 2. 

Molino 1. 

Montbrook 28. 

♦Monticello 13. 

Morriston 28. 

Morse 38. 

Moseley 14. , 

Mossbluff 39., 

Mount Dora. .. .34. 
Mulberry 38. 

N 

Naranja 47. . 

Nashua 36. . 

New Augustine. 27. 
New Berlin. .. .22. , 

Newberry 25. 

New Smyrna. . .36. 

Newtown 28. 

Nichols 38. 

Nocatee 42 . 

Norma 4. 



.5,471 
. . 613 
. . 340 
. . 495 
.1,360 
. . 831 
. . 319 
. . 295 
.1,829 
. . 296 
. . 273 
. . 369 
. . 225 
. . 371 
1,418 



, . 560 
, . 200 
.1,284 
. . 235 
. . 816 
.1,121 
. . 309 
. . 509 
. . 250 
. . 806 



o 



Oakland . . 
O'Brien . . . 
♦Ocala . . . . 
Okahumpka 
Olustee . . . 
Orange 
Orange 
Orange 
Orient . 
♦Orlando 
Ormond 
Osteen . 
Oviedo . 
Oxford . 



City 
Park 



.35. 
.17. 
.29. 
.34. 
.20. 
. .8. 
.36. 
.24. 
.37. 
.35. 
.36. 
.36. 
.35. 
.33. 



. . 211 

. . 275 
.4,370 
. . 280 
. . 299 
. . 496 
. . 490 
. . 372 
. . 360 
.3,894 
. . 780 
. . 392 
. . 550 
. . 325 



Pablo Beach... 22 

♦Palatka 26, 

Palatka Hei'ts.26. 

Palm Beach... 45. 

Palmetto 41, 

Panama City.... 6. 

Panasoffkee. . . .33. 

Pan way 38. 

Pedro 29. 

♦Pensacola 1. 

♦Perry 15. 

Picolata 37. 

Pierce 38. 

Pierson 36. 

Pine Barren ... .1. 

Pinemount ....17. 

Pinetta 14. 

Plant City 37. 

Planter 46. 

Piatt 42. 

Point Washing- 
ton 6. 

Pomona 26, 

Ponce de Leon.. 4, 

Port Orange... 36. 

Port Tampa 

City 37, 

Punta Gorda...42 

Q 

♦Quincy 9... 3,204 



R 

Reddick 29. 

River Jet 9. 



. . . 249 
..3,779 
. . . 367 
. . . 460 
...773 

.' .' .' 296 
. . . 300 
. . . 250 
.22,982 
. .1,013 
. . . 200 
. . . 290 
. . . 250 
. . . 300 
. . . 285 
. . . 200 
..2.481 
. . . 300 
. . . 200 



Loca. Pop. 



Rochelle 25. 

Rosewood 28. 



Andrew 6. 

Augustine. ..27. 

Cloud 39. 

Joseph 32. 

Marks 11. 

Nicholas.. . .22. 
Petersburg, .37. 



..35. 

..41. 

..36. 
.. .43. 

. .37. 
...36. 
5. 



Sanford 
Sarasota 
Seabreeze 
Sebastian 
Seffner . . 
Seville . . 
Sneads . . 

Sorrento 34. 

So. Jacks'ville..23. 

Southport 6. 

Spring Garden. .36. 

Springhill 10. 

♦Starke 23. 

Stuart 45. 

Summerfield . ..29. 
♦Sumterville .. .33. 

Survey 

Suwanne . . . 



.44. 
.17. 



Tallahassee 10. 

♦Tampa 37. 

Tarpon Springs. 37. 
Tavernier 46. 



8. 

37. 

40. 

.6. 

.25. 



.. 300 
. . 300 
. . 200 
. . 200 

.1,343 
,.1,012 



Telogia 

Thonotosassa. 
♦Titusville . .. 
Tompkins . . . 

Trenton 

Trilby 32. 

Tyler 25. 

U 

Umatilla 34. 



Vicksburg 6. 

W 

Waldon 

Warrington . 
Watertown . . 
Wauchula . . . 
Waukeenah . 

Wausau 

Webster 

Welaka 

Wellborn . ... 
Westlake . .. . 
♦West Palm- 
beach 45. 

West Pompano.45. 
West Tampa... .37. 



.25. 
...1. 
.19. 
.42. 
.13. 
..6. 
.33. 
.26. 
.17. 
.18. 



498 
800 



Westville 
Wewahitchka 
White City. . . . 
White Springs. 

Whitfield 

Wildwood .... 
Williston 

Windsor 25. 

Winter Garden. 35. 
Winterhaven . .38. 
Winter Park... 35. 



.4. 
..7. 
.43. 
.18. 
.3. 
.33. 
.28. 



200 
300 



. . 675 
.5,494 
.1,800 
. . 300 
. . 200 
.4,127 
.4,127 
.3,570 
. . 840 
. . 308 
. . 230 
. . 299 
. . 206 
. . 506 
. . 210 
.1,147 
. . 200 
. . 250 
. . 200 
.1,135 
. . 500 
. . 225 
. . 290 
. . 260 
. . 209 



.5,018 
37,782 
2,212 
. 306 
. 393 
. 300 
. 868 
. 286 
. 304 
. 289 
. 386 



390 



. . 540 
.1,301 
. . 250 
.1,099 
. . 309 
. . 460 
. . 301 
. . 294 
. . 247 
.. 350 

.1,743 
. . 269 
.8,258 
. . 865 
. . 250 
. . 780 
.1,177 
. . 250 
. . 329 
. . 371 
. . 306 
. . 351 
. . 375 
. . 570 



Climatic Conditions East Shore, riorid.i, in Region of Orlando, New Smyrna and 
Other Florida East Shore Towns. 



"This portion of the country is high, the well and 
mineral waters are above the average. The near- 
ness of the Gulf Stream gives an equable climate so 
that a large part of the winter is balmy and 
pleasant as the Indian Summer of the North. In 
summer the sun is hot. but the heat is tempered 
by the fresh airs from the ocean. In the house or 
in the shade of a tree It is invariably cool. The 
government report shows a maximum temperature 
of 87 degrees and a minimum temperature of 70 



degrees, with strong, coo! breezes varying from east 
to southeast. There is at all times a freshness and 
vitality in the air that amply compensates for the 
direct heat of the sun. 

"In the winter the tourist or health-seeker flying 
from zero weather finds here perpetual spring and 
summer. He will leave the snow drifts and biting 
winds of Northern winter to find a land where doors 
and windows are thrown open, the roses blooming 
in January, and beautifully colored birds flying 



41 



Florida Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



about his lawn, tame as the robins in the Northern 
home in May. It is the out-of-door life, made 
possible by such a climate and so prevalent here, 
that renders existence under novel conditions so 
charming. You thank God and take courage, get 
out your fishing tackle, or just loaf around. The 
tree lover will find here a new and constant 
pleasure. Maple, hickories, red cedars and oaks will 
give him a home feeling, while the cabbage palin 
gives him unmistakable evidence of being in a 



winterless climate. The stately cabbage palm, 
(jueen of the forests, grows everywhere, and always 
draws the visitor's attention. The live oaks of this 
locality are famous. Many of those grand trees are 
quite equal to the world-known English oaks. 
Massive, as becomes a tree whose unit is a century, 
their palpably great age and majestic proportions 
are enhanced by their priestly drapery of Spanish 
moss." 



FLORIDA 

A LAND OF SUNSHINE AND TROPICAL, FRUITS. REST AND HEALTH RESORTS 



Although this is a region adapted to the growth of 
tropical and subtropical fruits, mucli of the state is 
yet heavily timbered. Though one of the first settle- 
ments in North America was made in Florida, the 
State is yet largely a wilderness. 

Only one eighth of the total land area is in farms 
and only one third of the latter is improved. 

The State is adapted to the growing of vegetables 
for the northern markets, while pine trees throughout 
the State yield liberally of turpentine and rosin. 

A new variety of orange which will endure low 
temperature has been lately introduced, the result of 
losses some time ago from freezing. 

The winter temperature of Florida is so generally 
warm as to attract great numbers of people from the 
North in the cold seasons. The favor with which the 
State and the climate are regarded being likely to 
continue in the future. 

The coast waters produce the finest fish, including 
the sheepshead, redfish. and mullet, besides green 
turtle and oysters, and the numerous lakes and rivers 
of the interior teem with fresh water species. 

In the soathem part of the State the summer tem- 
perature can only be known from the winter bv the 
greater abundance of rainfall. At Key West the 
difference in te:nperature is not more than 11 degrees. 

CONDENSED FACTS. 

Climate. — Jacksonville: Average, January. 55 de- 
grees above; July, 82. Extremes: Highest, 104 
lowest, 10 above; rainfall, 54.1 inches. Key West 
January, 70; July, 84. Extremes: Highest, 100 
lowest, 41 above; rainfall, 3S.5. Continuous summe 
heat of southern and south Florida tempered by con- 
stant sea breezes. Uniforjn winter temperature, and 
air filled with odor of pine especially beneficial to 
invalids. Has high reputation as winter health re- 
sort. 

Dimensions. — Extreme breadth, 400; extreme length, 
460 miles. Average width of the peninsula of Florida, 
90 miles; length of peninsula. 275 n^iles. 

Histor.v. — Mainland discovered bv Ponce de Leon, 
1513. Explored by De Soto. 1.539. Settled by 
Spaniards at St. Augustine, 1565. Pensacola settled 
by the French, 1696; given to Great Britain in ex- 
change for Cuba, 1763; retroceded to Spain. 1783; 
ceded to United States, 1819; territory organized, 
1822; admitted as a State, 1845; seceded, 1861; re- 
admitted, 1868. 

REST, HEALTH AND PLEASURE RESORTS. 

The rapid development of attractive pleasure 
grounds will be noted by people who go frequently 
to Florida. 

The general idea which has prevailed that the 
summer time is the only period for the vacation is 
rapidly giving way to the belief that there should 
be two rest seasons, that the summer season, which 
affo'-ds opportunity for recreation and recuperation, 
can very profitably be supplemented by a winter 
season of vacation, that period to be passed in some 
warm climate. 

Florida being so accessible to the people of the 
eastern and middle States is being visited more and 
more every winter. The consequence is the great 
number of pleasure places which have been estab- 
lished in this State in recent years. 

DELIGHTFUL CITIES ANTD POINTS TO VISIT. 

These include Jacksonville, which is the mecca for 
thousands of winter tourists. This city is 18 miles 
inland from the Atlantic ocean, has an abundance 
of good hotels, beautiful shell drives, fine parks, and 
an all-the-year cliiuate. 

St. Augustine, oldest city in the United States, 
located where came Ponce de Leon in 1512. Here 
was built a fort in 1565, and the town of St. Augustine 
came into existence, a city today distinguished for 
its luxuriously fiu-nished hotels and charming floral 
gardens. 



A short distance south of Jacksonville are the 
famous Magnolia Springs, a fine pleasure and health 
resort. 

Continuing along the St. Johns river, flfty-five miles 
south of Jacksonville, the tourist arrives at Palatka, 
a beautiful city that nestles amid great live oaks, 
stately palmettos, cypresses, bay trees, and a great 
wealth of flowering shrubs. 

Going one hundred miles south of Jacksonville the 
traveler reaches De Land, from which finely kept 
shell roads lead into the dense pine forests and to 
several attractive places in this vicinity. 

Stetson University is located here, affording educa- 
tional advantages for people who sojourn here for 
periods of several months. 

NOTED FISHING RESORTS. 

Onward, two hundred miles south of Jacksonville, 
we reach San ford, a prosperous town, celebrated for 
immense celery beds and its fishing and hunting 
grounds in that vicinity. 

Situated in the heart of the charming lake country 
is Orlando, a modern ad most attractive city, the 
population of which, seen in our list of Florida 
towns, is greatly increased in the winter time. This 
is a center for lake boating and fishing. The county 
loads hereabouts afford splendid drives for the 
speeding of motor oars. 

Tiie location of Orniond, seen on our map, is on a 
famous beach thirty miles long celebrated for its 
opportunity for fast automobiling. The American 
Automobile Association holds its annual meet and 
races here. 

The fine, smooth surface of New Smyrna beach 
stretches south for many miles and the bluffs are 
lined with beautiful summer and winter cottages. 

Southeast of Titusville is a body of salt water six 
miles wide where ideal sport is found in fishing, duck 
shootin.g, sailing and rowing. 

Tarpon Springs is one of the most picturesque and 
attrective towns on the West Coast; located one and 
a half miles from the Gulf of Mexico it is an ideal 
family and winter resort. Great numbers of annual 
visitors here own their own houses and pass the 
winter months in the enjoyment of fishing and 
boating 

Tampa Bay is a highly popular resort for people 
from the North, who coiue here every year. A daily 
steamer service is maintained between Tampa and 
St. Petersburg, where are finely arranged golf 
grounds. 

I'alni Beach Is one of the most notable social resort 
centers in the world. What nature has not done, 
money has for this delightful spot. Its strip of high 
land, its elongated island, its beautiful homes, its 
channing Lake Worth, its shady groves and avenues 
of palms, its tropical fruits and foliage, its State 
golfing grounds, and superb hotels all conspire to 
make this a Paradise of attraction. 

Sixty-eight miles south of Palm Beach is Miami. 
a rapid growing city, from which point the steamers 
leave for Nassau. 

Miami has the most perfect winter climate, it is 
claimed, in the United States. The summer heat is 
tempered by the Atlantic breezes and cold is so rare 
it is unknown. 

From Miami to Knight's Key dock the route is over 
100 miles of inarvelous railway, reaching from one 
coral island to another. At the terminous of this 
railway large, finely furnished steamers carry the 
traveler to Key West. 

Southward from the State extends a chain of small 
locky islands. These end in a cluster of rocks and 
sand banks caled the Tortugas, which name comes 
from the large number of turtles found in the 
neighboring waters. 

The most important of these small rocky islands 
lying to the southward of Florida, is Key West, an 
island 6 miles long and 2 broad, with a "large well- 
sheltered harbor. At Key West is an important naval 
station. 



42 



Florida Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



The land seeker in Florida will find a narrow 
fringe of larin land along the eastern shore of the 
State, the soil on which is favorable for the growth 
of tine apiiles. Citrous fruits and vegetables for the 

northern markets. 

TAVO VXD THREE CROPS A VEAR. 

The long period of sunshine here, summer and win- 
ter, and the nearly sixty inches of annual rainfall, 
permits the raising of two and three crops a year on 
the same land, while the railroads which parallel 
these lands, and steamers which run to the North 
Atlintic ports afford ample facilities for the trans- 
portation of all food products to the North at very 
cheap rates. 

Between the railroads and the interior, south of St. 
Augustine, the west coast is swampy and flat. The 
farming area is largely in the interior, being devoted 
to corn and cotton in the northern part, and to citrus 
fruits and vegetables fuither south. 

The land-seeker wishing to investgate the prospects 
for fruit and vegetable production in Eastern Florida 
should go to Jacksonville, there study the local mar- 
ket and get information from fruit dealers as to con- 
ditions. Thence go among the fruit and vegetable 
growers along the St. John's River. 

The outlook is bright for the future of Florida. 
The .State will steadily grow in popularity as a 
winter resort by people who can easily get there 
frona the .Atlantic and the 31iddle States. The local 
and tourist population will so increase as to give an 
excellent home market at good prices, the mild 
cliniate making it a desirable region in which to 
live. 

The average value of farm lands is less than $10.00 
an acre, about 35 per cent of which land is im- 
proved. There are consequently large areas unoccu- 
pied where land can be purchased at a low figure. 

ONE OF THE HEALTHIEST REGIONS. 

Statistics show Florida to be one of the healthiest 
of the United States, which accounts for so large 
a number of invalids from the North seeking the 
genial climate of the State. A fact not generally 
imderstood is that the summer climate is as delight- 
ful as the winter, the temperature of July and Novem- 
ber being about the same. 

The productions of Florida are of an essentially 
tropical character; cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar-cane, 
arrowroot, hemp, flax, coffee, and cocoanut flourish 
throughout all the State. The climate is also favor- 
able to the cultivation of the silkworm and for the 
cochineal insect. 

Since the destructive frosts of a few years ago a 
new variety of orange has been introduced which is 
sufficiently hardy to endure any cold weather here- 
after liable to occur here. 

There are now constantly being successfully grown 
oranges, lemons, bananas, limes, olives, grapes, and 
pineapples. All these grow abundantly and are of 
exquisite flavor. 

Indian corn, sweet potatoes, beans, peas, and such 
products of a more northern climate as Irish potatoes, 
barley, buckwheat, hops, etc., are also raised. 

Tlie cultivation and export of oranges and other 
fruits has grown to be a considerable source of 
wealth to the State, while the manufacture of cigars, 
especially at Key West, is an important industry. 

The principal forest trees are red. live and water 
oaks, mahogany, palmetto, magnolia, dogwood, and 
in the swamps pines, cedars and cypresses. 

DRY SE.\SONS RELIEVED BY DEWS. 

The driest seasons are relieved by heavy dews, and 
the sun that would bake the earth in other parts and 
wither vegetation, is so tempered by the pervading 
moisture in the sea breeze as to cover the surface 
with perennial verdure. 

Deer of various kinds abound and smaller game is 
found in all parts of the country. 

WHEN PLANT AND H.'VRVEST. 

Dates of planting and marketing of the different 
vegetable crops, as prepared by an authority on the 
subject: 

Vegetable Date of Planting Date of Harvesting 



Beans Jan. 

Beets Oct. 

Cabbage . . . Sept. 
Carrots .... Oct. 
Cauliflower . Sept. 

Celery Aug. 

Cucumbers . Jan. 
Egg Plant. . Dec. 
Lettuce .... Dec. 

Melons Jan. 

Okra March 



1.5-Feb. 1. . . . March 
1.5-Dec. 15. .. . Feb. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 



ir>-Dec. 

1-Dec. 

1-Oct. 
15-Oct. 
15-Feb. 

1-Jan. 

1-Jan. 
15- Feb. 

1-July 



, . . Jan. 

, . . Feb. 

, . . Jan. 

. . . .Ian. 

. . . April 

. . . April 
1. . . . April 
1 . . . . May 
1. . . . May 



25-May 1 
1-May 1 
1-May 1 
1-June 1 
1-March 1 

15-April 15 
1-May 1 

15-June 15 

15-June 15 
1-July 1 

15-Dec. 1 



Aegetable Date of Planting Date of Harvesting 

Onions Oct. 1-Dec. 1.... April 1-May 1 

Peas Oct. 1-Dec. 1 . . . . Dec. 1-March 1 

Peppers .... Jan. 1-Fcb. 1 . . . . .April 15-June 1 

Potatoes Jan. 1-Feb. 1.,.. April 1-May 1 

(Sweet) .. 

Potatoes May 15-Julv !.">.. ..Oct. 1-Jan. 1 

Squash Jan. l-Feb. 1 .... March 15-May 1 

Tomatoes ..Dec. 15-Jan. 15.... April 15-June 1 

I'ecan a Money-Maker. The pecan is one of the 
paying crops. Extra large fine-flavored nuts are 
grown in Florida and it will be many years before 
the maiket can be given a supply. The history of the 
industry in Florida shows returns from a pecan grove 
can be counted on at about the same age as the 
orange and the profits are as a rule rather greater. 

Pineapples. Pineapples yield from seven to ten 
crops without replanting. The first and principal 
cost is for tile land. The income from the second, 
thi'd, fourth, fifth and sixth crops is profit. One 
acre of pineapples containing 10,000 plants yielded 
300 crates, averaging 30 to the crate, or 9,000 apples. 
They netted over transportation and commission .^2.00 
per crate, or $(>00.00 per acre. From this same acre 
32,000 planting slips were secured, which sold at .$G.O0 
per 1,000, adding to the profit of this same acre 
.$192.00, or a total of $792.00. 

Persimmons. The Japanese persimmon is a coming 
fruit. Comes into bearing quickly and makes an 
enormous yield of fruit, and like the pecan sheds 
its leaves and rests in winter when all the garden 
crops are being grown and may be planted on lands 
used for trucking. 

Strawberries. Florida lands are equal and in re- 
spect to climate and soil superior for the growing 
of the strawberry to any State in the Union. One 
person last year, by using his family labor in picking, 
packing, etc., netted over one thousand dollars 
(.$1,000) an acre. This result was obtained without 
irrigation. One year with another, irrigation is a 
great advantage. 

CLIM.\TE. 

No climate in the United States makes labor so 
light to the tiller of the soil as that of Florida. There 
are no violent extremes of temperature, such as are 
characteristic of the Northern States, and, indeed, of 
some sections of the South. The climate is genial 
and equable throughout the entire year. 

Slan.v residents of the North are under the im- 
pression that the summers are very Irot in Florida 
because the State is located so far south. Nothing 
could be more erroneous. It is an undeniable fact 
that the temperature here never rises to so high a 
point as in the Northern States. This is simply 
because Florida is a narrow perwinsula, having the 
ocean on one side and the gulf on the other, with 
cool and constant breezes blowing clear across the 
State. 

There are many cases on record where growers of 
these crops have made as high as .$1,000 to $2,000 an 
acre, and it would be easy to cite many instances 
of .$200 an acre for cabbage, $225 or even more for 
cauliflower, $2.")0 for tomatoes, as high as $750 for 
lettuce, $800 for egg plant, $800 an acre for straw- 
berries and so on. The following are the average 
returns for certain crops for the year 1908-9: 

Product Per Acre Per .Acre 

Rice 30 bushels $ 4.-..00 

Oats 40 bushels 40.00 

Sweet Potatoes 90 bushels 47.20 

Velvet Beans 20 bushels 37.00 

Millet 2 tons 40.00 

Native Hay IV2 tons 30.00 

Field Pea Hay 2 tons 36.00 

Field Peas 15 bushels 22.50 

Irish Potatoes 127 bushels 137.00 

Cantaloupes 80 crates 320.00 

Watermelons 125.00 

Grape Fruit 240 boxes 480.00 

Beets 200 crates 400.00 

Cantaloupes 125 crates 150.00 

Peppers 100 crates 200.00 

Squash 100 crates 100.00 

Strawberries 2.000 quarts 280.00 

Pears 136 barrels 430.00 

Celery 500 crates 600.00 

LITTLE FARaiS WELL TILLED. 

While to the farmer of the West and the Middle 
West the idea of a farm of ten, twenty or forty acres 
appears ridiculous, yet here in Florida a farm as 
large as fortv acres is rare and the results obtained 
from ten and twenty-acre farms are so marvelous 
that the newcomers to Florida have to be shown. 



43 



GEORGIA 



STATE AND THE 146 COUNTIES OF GEORGIA 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 

of 

GEORGIA COUNTIES 



Lo- 

ca- COUNTIES 

tion 

1 Dade. 

2 Walker. 

3 Catoosa. 

4 Whitfield. 

5 Murray. 

6 Fannin. 

7 Gilmer. 

8 Union. 

9 Lumpkin. 

10 Towns. 

11 White. 

12 Rabun. 

13.... Habersham. 

14 Stephens. 

15 Chattooga. 

16 Floyd. 

17 Gordon. 

18 Pickens. 

19 Dawson. 

20 Hall. 

21 Banks. 

22 Franklin. 

23 Hart. 

24 Bartow. 

25 Cherokee. 

26 Milton. 

27 Forsyth. 

28 Polk. 

29 Paulding. 

30 Cobb. 

31 Fulton. 

32 De Kalb. 

33 Gwinnett. 

34 Jackson. 

35 Walton. 

36 Madison. 

37 Elbert. 

38 Oconee. 

39 Clarke. 

40.... Oglethorpe. 

41 Wilkes. 

42 Lincoln. 

43 Haralson. 

44 Carroll. 

45 Douglas. 

46 Campbell. 

47 Clayton. 

48 Henry. 

49 Rockdale. 

50 Newton 

61 Morgan 

52 Greene 

53 Taliaferro 

54 Warren 

55 McDufBe 

56. ; . . .. ipolumbia 

57 Heard 

58 Coweta 

59 Fayette 

60 Spalding 

61 Butts 

62 Jasper 



Pop. 
1910 



. 4.139 

.18,692 

. 7,184 

.15,934 

. 9,763 

.12,574 

. 9,237 

. 6,918 

. 5,444 

. 3,932 

. 5,110 

. 5,562 

.10,134 

. 9,938 

.13,608 

.36,736 

.15,861 

. 9,041 

. 4,686 

.25,730 

.11,244 

.17,894 

.16.216 

.25,388 

.16,661 

. 7,239 

.11,940 

.20,203 

.14,124 

.28,397 

177,733 

.27,881 

.28,824 

.30.169 

.25,393 

.16,851 

.24,125 

.11,104 

.23,273 

.18,680 

.23,441 

. 8,714 

..13,514 

. .30,875 

. . 8,953 

..10,874 

. .10,453 

. .19,927 

. . 8,916 

. .18,449 

..19,717 

..18,512 

. . 8,766 

..11,860 

..10,325 

. .12,338 

..11,189 

. .28,800 

. . 10,966 

. .19.741 

..13,624 

. . 16,552 






m T m 0i^(^€>iLj 




COUNTIES OF GEORGIA— Continued. 



Loca. County 

63 Putnam. 

64 Hancock. 

65 Glascock. 

66 Jefferson. 

67 Richmond. 

68 Burke. 

69 Troup. 

70.... Meriwether. 

71 Pike. 

72 Upson. 

73 Monroe. 

74 Jones. 

75.. Baldwin. 

76... Washington. 

77 Harris. 

78 Talbot. 

79 Taylor. 

80 Crawford. 



Pop. 



.13,876 
.19,189 
. 4,669 
.21,379 
.58,886 
.27.268 
.26,228 
.25,180 
.19,495 
.12,757 
.20,450 
.13,103 
.18,354 
.28,174 
.17,886 
.11,696 
.10,839 
. 8,310 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



81 Bibb. 

82 Twiggs. 

83 Wilkinson. 

84 Johnson. 

85 Emanuel. 

86 Jenkins. 

87 Screven. 

88 Muscogee. 

89. Chattahoochee. 

90 Marion. 

91 Schley. 

92 Macon. 

93 Houston. 

94 Pulaski. 

95 Laurens. 

96.. Montgomery. 

97 Toombs. 

98 Tattnall. 



.36,646 
.10,736 
.10,078 
.12,897 
.25,140 
.11,520 
.20,202 
.36,237 
. 5,586 
. 9,147 
. 5.213 
.15,016 
.23,609 
.22,833 
.35,501 
.19,638 
.11,306 
.18,569 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



r9 Bulloch. 

100 Bryan. 

101. .. . Effingham. 

102 Chatham. 

103 Stewart. 

104 Webster. 

105 Sumter. 

106 Dooly. 

107 Wilcox. 

108 Dodge. 

109 Telfair. 

110 Quitman. 

Ill Clay. 

112.... Randolph. 

113 Terrell. 

114 Lee. 

115 Crisp. 

116 Worth. 



.26,464 
. 6,702 
. 9,971 
.79,690 
.13,437 
. 6,151 
.29,092 
.20,554 
.13,486 
.20.127 
.13,288 
. 4,594 
. 8,896 
.18.841 
.22,003 
.11,679 
.16.423 
.19,147 



44 



Counties of Georgia — Continued 



Liicd. County Pop. 

117 Turner. .10,075 

118 Tift. .11,487 

119 Irwin. .19,461 

120 Ben Hill. .11,863 

121 Coffee. .21.953 

122 Jeff Davis.. 6,050 

123 Appling. .12,318 

124 Wayne. .13.069 



I, oca. 



County Pop. 



125 Liberty. .12,924 

126 Mcintosh.. 6.442 

127 Early. .18,122 

128 Calhoun. .11,384 

129 Dougherty. .16.035 

130 Baker. . 7,973 

131 Miller. . 7,986 

132 Mitchell. .22,114 



rjoai. 



County Pop. 



133 Colquitt. .19,789 

134 Berrien. .22,772 

135 Ware.. 22.957 

136 Pierce.. 10. 749 

137 Glynn. .15,720 

138 Decatur. .29.045 

139 Grady. .18,457 

140 Thomas. .29,071 



Loca. County Pop. 

141 Brooks. .23.832 

142 Lowndes. .24.436 

143 Echols. . 3,309 

144 Clinch. . 8,424 

145 Charlton. . 4,723 

146 Camden. . 7.690 

Total 2,609,121 



Georgia Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



To tens Loca. Pop. 

A 

•Abbeville .. .107. . .1,201 

Acree 129. . . . 200 

Ac worth 30... 1,043 

Adairsville . . . .24. . . . 751 

Adel 134... 1,902 

Adrian 85. . . . 816 

Alley 96 306 

Ainslee 94 . . . . 200 

Alamo 96. . . . 249 

Alapaha 134 533 

•Albany 129... 8,190 

Alexanderville 143 200 

Allapaha 134 429 

Alma 133 458 

*Alpharetta ...26... -356 
*Americus ... 105. . .8,063 

Amsterdam ...138 250 

Apalachee 51. . . . 481 

*Appling 56. . . . 200 

Arabi 115 433 

Aragon 28... 1.200 

Argyle 144 280 

Arlington 128... 1.308 

*Ashburn 117... 2, 214 

Atco 24... 1.000 

♦Athens 39.. 14,913 

Atkinson 124. .. . 200 

•Atlanta 31.15A,839 

Attapulgus . ..138 300 

Auburn 33 217 

•Augusta 67.. 41,040 

Austell 30. . . . 755 

Autreyville ...133 200 

Avera 66 228 

B 

Babb 48 600 

Babcock ... .131 ... . 402 
Baconton . . . .132 . . . . 291 

Baden 141 300 

•Bainbridge . .138. . .4,217 

Baldwin 13 280 

Ball Ground... 25 448 

Balloon 144 300 

Bannockburn 134 350 

Barnesville .. .71. . .3,068 

Barnett 54 381 

Barney 141. .. . 300 

Bartow 66. . . . 384 

Barwick 141 381 

Battlehill 31 223 

•Baxley 123 831 

Beach 135 358 

Belfast 100 300 

Bellville 98 400 

Bethlehem . . . .35. . . . 209 

Bibb City 88 463 

Bingen 138. . . . 2:)0 

Bishop 38. . . . 268 

•Blackshear .136... 1.235 
•Blairsville . . . .8. . . . 208 
•Blakely .... 127 ... 1.838 

•Blue Ridge . . .6 898 

Bluff ton Ill 325 

Bogart 38 257 

Boston 140. . .1,130 

Bostwick 51.. 333 

Bowdon 44. . . . 541 

Bowersville ...23.... 398 

Bowman 37 738 

Bremen 43. . . . 890 

Brewton 95. . . . 214 

Bridgeboro . .116. . . . 350 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

Brinson 138 707 

Bronwood . . . 113. . . . 465 

Brooklet 99 361 

Brooks 59 200 

Broxton 121. . .1,040 

•Brunswick . . 137 . . 10,182 
•Buchanan ...43.... 463 

Buckhead 51 384 

•Buena Vista. .90. .. 1.016 

Buford 33. . .1,688 

BuUockville . ..70 204 

Burtsboro 9 250 

•Butler 79 705 

Bvronville . . .106 300 

Byron 93 300 

C 

•Cairo 139... 1,505 

•Calhoun 17... 1.632 

Camak 54 241 

•Camilla ... .132 .. .1,827 
Campania . . . .56. . . . 300 

Canon 22 728 

•Canton 25...2.0«3 

Carlton 36 325 

•Carnesville . .22. . . . 322 
•CarroUton .. .44 ... 3,297 
•Cartersville . . 24 . . . 4,087 

Cassville 24 500 

Cave Spring... 16 805 

Cecil 134 354 

•Cedartown .. .28. . .3,551 

Center 34 208 

Chatsworth . . . .5. . . . 314 
Chattahoochee . 31 . . . 1.000 

Chauncey 108 350 

Chester 108 278 

Chickamauga . .2. . . . 313 

Chiplev 77. . . . 743 

•Clarkesville ..13.... 528 

Clarkston 32 . . . . 349 

Claxton 98... 1,008 

•Clayton 12. . . . 541 

•Cleveland . .. .11 200 

Clifton 100 1,000 

Clifton 32 2, .500 

Climax 138 338 

Clinton 74 850 

Clyo 101 200 

Cobbtown 98 254 

Cochran 94... 1,638 

Cohutta 4 283 

Colbert 36 255 

Coleman 112 .... 354 

Cole City 1 700 

Collegepark ... 31 .. .2.173 

Collins 98 327 

•Colquitt 131 600 

•Columbus ... .88. .20,554 

Comer 36 868 

Commerce . . . .34. . . . 238 

Concord 71. . . . 450 

•Conyers 49 . . .1,919 

Coolidge . 140 303 

•Cordele 115... 5,883 

Cornelia 13. . .1,114 

Council 144 250 

•Covington .. .50. . .2,697 

Crandall 5 220 

Crawford 40 870 

Craw^fordville. .53 668 

Creighton 25 300 

Culloden 73 365 

Culverton 64 283 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

•Cumming . . . .27. . . . 305 

•Cusseta 89. . . . 341 

•Cuthbert ... .112. . .3,213 
I> 

•Dahlonega ....9 829 

Daisy 98 200 

•Dallas 29... 1.25!)' 

•Dalton 4. . .5,334 

Danburg 41. . . . 272 

•Danielsville . .36. . . . 323 

Danville 82. . . . 299 

•Darien 126... 1,391 

Davisboro 76. . . . 598 

•Dawson .... 113. .. 3.827 

•Decatur 32... 2,463 

Demorest 13. . . . 760 

•Denton 122 300 

Desoto 105 228 

Devereaux ...64.... 250 

Dexter 95 5.50 

Diffee 138 400 

Dixie 141 242 

Dodge 2. . . . 700 

Doerun 133. . . . 630 

Donalisonville.l3». . . . 749 
Dorchester ..125.... 200 
•Dsuglas ... .121. . .3.550 
•Douglasville . .45. . .1.462 

•Dublin 95... 5,795 

Duluth 33 469 

Du Pont 144 342 

East Ellijay. .. .7 291 

•Eastman ... .108. . .2,355 
East Point ... .31. . .3.683 
E. Thomaston.73. . . . 385 
•Eatonton ... .63. . .3,036 
Edgewood ... .33 .. .3,500 

Edison 128. . . . 841 

Egan 31. . . . 200 

Egypt 101 400 

•Elberton ... .37 .. .6,483 

Elko 93 273 

Ellabell 100 250 

•Ellaville 91 673 

•Ellijay 7 659 

Elsie 135 300 

Emerson 34. . . . 316 

Empire 108. . . . 250 

Enigma 134 338 

Epworth 6. . . . 278 

Essie 12 200 

Eton 5 309 

Euharlee 24. . . . 200 

Evelyn 133 200 

Ewing 144. . . . 200" 

Experiment . .60. . . . 500 
F 

Faceville . . . .138 325 

•Fairburn ... .46. . .1.395 

Fair Mount. . .17 326 

Fargo 144. .. . 300 

Farmington . .38. . . . 200 

•Fayetteville .59 709 

Ficklin 41 211 

Fife 46 300 

Finleyson . . . . 94., . . 333 
•Fitzgerald .. 120. . .5,795 

Fleming 125 300 

Flovilla 61. . . . 495 

Flowery 30 373 

•Folkston . . .145. . . . 355 
•Forsyth 73. . .2,208 



Loca. Pop. 



•Fort Gaines. 111. 


.1,320 


Fort Screven. 102. 


. . 500 


Fort Valley 


..93. 


.2,697 


•Franklin 


. .57. 


. . 340 


Freehomes 


..25. 


.. 200 


Fruitland . 


.143. 


.. 200 


Fry 


. .6. 


. . 326 


Funston 


.133. 


.. 336 


G 






•Gainesville 


..20. 


.5,935 


Garfield . .. 


. .20. 


.. 319 


Gay 


. .70. 


.. 310 


Geneva .... 


. .78. 


.. 310 


•Georgetown 


.110. 


. . 213 


•Gibson 


. .65. 


. . 367 


Gillsville . . 


. .20. 


. . 216 


Girard .... 


..68. 


.. 229 


Glenmore . . 


.135. 


.. 300 


Glenville . . 


. .98. 


. . 640 


Glenwood 


. .96. 


. . 347. 


Godfrey . . . 


. .51. 


. . 337 


Gordon .... 


. .83. 


. . 702 


Grantville . 


..58. 


.1,132 


Graymont . 


..85. 


.. 417 


Grayson 


...33. 


.. 278 


•Greensboro 


. .52. 


.2,120 


•Greeneville 


. .70. 


. . 909 


•Griffin .... 


. . . 60 . 


.7,478 


Groveland 


.100. 


. . 350 


Grovetown 


..56. 


.. 558 


Guyton 


.101. 


.. 545 


H 




Habersham 


..13.. 


.. 200! 


Haddock 


..74. 


.. 312 


Hagan .... 


..98. 


. . 784 


Hahira 


.142. 


.. 650 


•Hamilton 


..77. 


.. 403 


Hammett . . 


..80. 


. . 250 


Hampton . . 


..48. 


.1,093 


Hapeville . . 


..31. 


.. 864 


Harlem .... 


..56. 


.. 736 


Harrison 


..76. 


. . 383 


Harriisonville 


.67. 


.1.882 


•Hartwell . 


. .23. 


.2,007 


Harvest . . . 


. .13. 


.. 200 


•Hawkinsville 94. 


. 3.420 


•Hazelhurst 


. 122 . 


.1,181 


Helena .... 


.109. 


. . 890 


Hephziba . . 


. .67. 


.. 656 


Herod 


.113. . 


.. 214 


•Hiawassee 


..10. 


. . 200 


Hickox .... 


124. 


. . 231 


Higgston 


..96. 


. . 207 


High Shoals 


. .38. 


. . 550 


Hillsboro 


.63. 


. . 209 


Hiram 


..39. 


. . 2.54 


Hiawasse . . 


. .10. 


. . 226 


Hogansville 


. .69. 


. 1,230 


Hollysprings 


..35. 


.. 251 


•Homer 


. .21. 


. . 228 


•Homerville 


.144. 


. . 437 


Hoschton . . 


..34. 


. . 429 


Huching 


. .40. . 


. . 200 


Hutchings 

I 

Iron City. . . 


40. 


. . 200 


J38.. 


.. 459 


Irwinton . . 


..o3.. 


. . 249 


Irwinville 


.119.. 


.. 300 


J 






•Jackson . . 


..61.. 


.1,863 


Jacksonville 


.109.. 


.. 450 



IDxplanation : Index to Towns. First Column. Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located; Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



Georgia Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Jakin 127 622 

*Jasper 18 332 

*Jefferson ... .34. .. 1,207 
* Jeffersonville 82.... 740 
Jenkinsburg- . .61. . . . 237 

* Jessup 124 . . . 1,415 

*Jonesboro ...47.... 970 
Junction City .78. ... 325 

K 

Kennesaw . . . .30 573 

Kestler 127 413 

Kildare 101 200 

Kingston 24. . . . 522 

Kingwood . . . 133 267 

Kirkwood .... 32 .. .1,226 

Kite 84 241 

*Knoxville . . .80 311 

Lacey 126 300 

*I>a Fayette. .. .2. . .1,590 
*I>agrange ... .69. . .5,587 

Lake Park ... 142 385 

Lambert . . . .125 300 

Lavonia 22. . .1,712 

*Lawrenceville 33... 1,518 
Lawtonville . .86. . . . 200 

Leary 138 430 

*Leesburg ...114.... 705 

Lela 138 531 

Leliaton 131 300 

Lenox 134 206 

Leslie 105 393 

Letford 100 250 

*Lexington . . .40. . . . 545 

Lilly 106 221 

Limerick . . . . 125 200 

*Lincolnton . .42. . . . 375 

Lindale 16. . .2,64.3 

Linton 64 . . . . 203 

Linwood 24 . . . . 533 

Lithia Springs .45. ... 337 

Litlionia 32... 1,428 

Locust Grove. .48. . . . 716 

Loganville 35 600 

Loneuak 70 ... . 247 

Longpond . . . .96. . . . 250 
*Louisville . . .66. . .1,0.39 
Ludowici . . . .125. . . . 541 

Lula 20 309 

Lumber City . 109. . .1,195 
♦Lumpkin ... 103. .. 1,190 

Luthersville . .70 349 

Lyerly 15 323 

♦Lyons 97 927 

Lytle 3 300 

M 
McCaysville ...6... 1,353 
*McDonough ..48.... 883 

Mclntosli ... .125 363 

*McRae 109.. .1,160 

Mableton 30. . . . 300 

* Macon 81. .40,665 

*Madison 51... 2, 413 

Malone 115 300 

Manassas 98. . . . 200 

Manchester . . .70. . . . 922 

Manor 135 300 

Mansfield . . . ..50. . . . 58» 
Mapleton .... 133 .... 390 
Marblehill . . . .18. . . . 400 
♦Marietta ... .30. . .5,949 

Marion 7. . . . 300 

Marsliallville .93... 1,083 

Martin 14. . . . 377 

Maxeys 40. . . . 334 

Maysville 21. . . . 805 

Meansville .... 71 ... . 333 

Meigs 140 697 

Meldrim 101. . . . 300 

Mento 15 376 

Metcalf 140 314 

Metier 99. . . . 408 

Midville 68 . . . . 603 



Towns Loca. 

Milan 109. 

*Milledgeville 75. . 

*Millen 86. . 

Millerville . . . .94. 
Millhaven ... .87. 

Milltown 134. 

Milner 71. , 

Milstead 49. . 

Mineralbluff ...6. 

Mitchell 65. 

Modoc 85. . 

Molena 71. 

♦Monroe 35. . 

Monte 85. 

Montezuma . . .93. 
♦Jlonticello . . .63. 

Moreland 58. , 

♦Morgan 128. 

Morrow 47 . . 

Morton 74. , 

Morven 14^1 . . 

♦Moultrie . . . .133. 
Mountain 

Scene 10. . 

Mount Airy. . . 13. . 
♦Mount Vernon 96., 
Mountville ...69.. 

N 
Nacoochee ... 11. . 
♦Nashville ...134., 

Naylor 142. , 

Nellieville . . ..106. . 

Nelson 18. , 

Newborn 50. . 

Newell 145. , 

New Holland. .20. , 

♦Newnan 58. , 

♦Newton . . . .130. . 

Nicholls 121., 

Nielly 109., 

Nile 141. . 

Ninety-Eight 

Mile Post... 121., 

Nona 63.. 

Norcross 33. . 

Norman Park. 133., 

Norwood 54. . 

Nye 53., 

O 

Oakfleld 116., 

Oakhurst 30. . 

Ochlochnee . .140. . 

♦Ocilla 119., 

Odum 124. . 

Offerman . . . .136. . 
♦Oglethorpe ..93.. 

Oliver 87.. 

Olympia .... .143. . 

Omaha 103. . 

Omega 118. . 

Oiiand 96. . 

Osierfleld ....119., 

Owens 146.. 

Oxford .50. , 

Ozell 141.. 

P 

Palmetto 46.. 

Parrott 113. . 

Patterson . . .136. . 

Pavo 140. . 

Pearson 131 . . 

Pelham 133. , 

Pembroke ...100.. 
Pendergrass ..34.. 

Penfield 53 . . 

Pepperton . . . .61 . . 

Perkins 86 . . 

♦Perrv 93 . . 

Pidcock 141 . , 

Pinebloom . . .131 . , 
Pinehurst ....106., 
Pineview . . . .107. . 
Pitts 107. 



Pop. 



. . 387 
.4,385 
.^,030 
. . 400 
. 1,000 
.1,347 
. . 400 
. . 900 
. . 338 
. . 312 
. . 300 
. . 398 
.3,039 
. . 300 
.1,630 
.1,508 
. . 313 
. . 303 
. . 255 
. . 250 
. . 383 
.3,349 

. . 250 
. . 356 
. . 605 
. . 336 

, . 300 
. . 990 
. . 538 
. . 503 
. . 550 
. . 475 
. . 200 
.2.000 
.5,548 
. . 360 
. . 730 
. . 300 
. . 300 

. . 300 
. 350 
. . 968 
. . 648 
. . 340 
. . 300 

. . 376 
. . 333 
. . 350 
.3,017 
. . 358 
. . 483 
. . 934 
. . 343 
. . 300 
. . 309 
. . 374 
. . 457 
. . 300 
. . 300 
. . 655 
. . 300 

. . 933 
. . 360 
. . 364 
. . 573 
. . 558 
. . 880 
. . 467 
. . 3.39 
. . 475 
. . 454 
. . 335 
. . 649 
. . 350 
. . 451 
. . 330 
. . 708 
. . 379 



Toivns Loca. Pop. 

Plains 105 400 

Pooler 102 337 

Porterdale . . . 50 . . . 1,000 

Potterville . ..79 300 

Poulan 116 653 

Powder Sp'gs. . 30. . . . 315 

♦Preston 104 359 

Pretoria 139 369 

Pulaski 99 307 

Q 

Quitman .... 141. . . 3,'915 

B 

Rays Mill 134 300 

Rebecca 117. . . . 353 

Rebel 94 300 

Register 99 300 

♦ Reidsville ... 98 454 

Remerton ...143 300 

Rentz 95 375 

Reynolds 79 531 

Rhine 108 321 

Richland ... .103 350 

Richwood . . .106 600 

Ridgeville . . . 126 300 

♦Ringold 3 398 

Rising Fawn. . .1. ... 225 

Ritch 124 301 

Roberta 80 337 

Rochelle 107 860 

Rock Mart. .. .38. . .1,034 

Rocky Ford. . 97 385 

Rogers 86 300 

♦Rome 16.. 12,099 

Rossville 2. . .1.059 

Roswell 30... 1,158 

Roy 7 300 

Rovston 22... 1,422 

Rutledge 51 696 

S 

Saint Clair. .. .68 200 

Saint George. 145 272 

♦Saint Marys. 146 691 

Saint Simons 

Mills 137 225 

Sale City. . . .132. . . . 402 
♦Sandersville .76... 3,641 

S urgent 58 300 

Sasser 113. . . . 441 

SaWlIa Bluff. 146 300 

♦ Savannah . . 102 . . 65,064 

Scott 84 212 

Scottdale 33.... 400 

Screven 124. . . . 276 

Senoia fi8. . .1,111 

Shady Dale «.2 341 

Sharon ;.3 346 

Shellman ... .112 785 

Shiloh 77 250 

Siloam 53 300 

Slate 23 500 

Smarrs 73 300 

Smithonia . . . .40. . . . 366 
Smithville . . .114. . . . 574 

Smyrna 30. . . . 599 

Snow 106 .300 

Social Circle. ..35. ..1,590 

Soperton 96 469 

Sparks 134 843 

♦Sparta 64. . .1,715 

Spread 66 370 

♦Springfield . .101 504 

♦Spring Place.. 5 343 

Starrsville 50 400 

♦Statesboro .. .99 .. .2,539 

Statham 34. . . . 621 

Stevens Pottery. 75 200 

Stilesboro . . . .24. . . . 200 

Stillmore 85 645 

Stockbridge ...48 200 

Stockton 144 300 

Stone Mountain. 33. . .1,063 
♦Summerville .15.... 657 
Summerville . . 67 . . . 4,361 



Loca. Pop. 



Summit .... 


.85.. 


. 566 


Sumner 


.116. . 


. 336 


Sunny Side. . 


.60.. 


. 200 


Surrency .... 


123.. 


. 259 


Suwanee .... 


.33.. 


. 250 


♦Swainsboro 


.85. . 


1,313 


Sycamore . . . 


117. . 


. 296 


♦Sylvania . . . 


..87.. 


1,400 


♦Sylvester 


.116. . 


1,447 


T 






♦Talbotton .. 


. .78.. 


1.081 


Tallapoosa . . 


.43.. 


3,117 


Tarrytown . . 


96.. 


. 336 


Tate 


.18.. 


. 500 


Temple 


.44.. 


. 711 


Tennille .... 


.76.. 


1,623 


Thebes 


.125. . 


. 300 


Thelma 


.144.. 


. 300 


♦Thoiiaston . 


..72.. 


1,645 


♦Thomasville 


.140.. 


6,737 


♦Thomson . . . 


. 55 . . 


3,151 


Thunderbolt 


.102. . 


. 593 


♦Tifton 


.118. . 


2,381 


Tignall 


.41.. 


. 320 


Tilton 


...4.. 


. 242 


♦Toccoa .... 


.14. . 


3,120 


Toomsboro .. 


.83.. 


. 404 


♦Trenton . . . 


. .1. . 


. 303 


Trion 


. . 15 . . 


1,721 


Tunnel Hill 


4.. 


. 295 


Turin 


..58. . 


. 263 


Tvbee 


102. . 


. 786 


Ty Ty 


.118.. 


. 276 


U 






Unadilla .... 


.106.. 


1,003 


Union City. . . 


.46. . 


. 534 


I'nion Point. 


. 52 . . 


1,363 


t'pton 


.121.. 


. 200 


Uvalda 


..96.. 


. 200 


V 






♦Valdosta . . . 


.142.. 


7,656 


Vidalia 


. .97. . 


1,776 


♦Vienna .... 


.106. . 


1,564 


Villa Rica... 


.44.. 


. 855 


Vinings 


..30.. 


. 250 


VV 






Waco 


.43. . 


. 336 


Wadley 


..66. . 


. 873 


Waleska .... 


..25.. 


. 243 


♦Warrenton . 


..54.. 


1,308 


Warwick 


.116. . 


. 266 


♦Washington 


. .41.. 


3,065 


Wassaw .... 


102 . . 


. .543 


♦Watkinsville 


.38. . 


. .483 


Waverly Hall 


.77.. 


. 300 


♦Waycross . . 


.135. .14.485 


♦Waynesboro 


.68.. 


2,724 


Waynesville . 


.134. . 


. 300 


Wajnmanville 


..73. . 


. 315 


West Point . . 


.69. . 


1,906 


Whigham 


139. . 


. 627 


White Hall.. 


.39.. 


. 230 


White Plains 


. 52 . . 


. 407 


Whitesburg . 


.44. . 


. 315 


Wjllacoochee. 


131... 


. 690 


Winder 


.34. . 


2,443 


Winokur 


145.. 


. 204 


Winterville 


..39. . 


. 465 


Woodbury . . . 


..70.. 


. .917 


Woodstock 


.35.. 


. 442 


Woodville .. 


.52.. 


. 350 


Wrav 


119. . 


. 400 


Wrens 


.66.. 


. 616 


♦Wrightsville 


.84.. 


1,389 


Y 






Tatesville . . 


.73.. 


. 366 


Young Harris. 10.. 


. 383 


Z 






Zaidee 


..96.. 


. 300 


♦Zebulon 


.71.. 


. 602 


Zirkle 


136.. 


. 300 



A FEW INDUSTRIAL FACTS ABOUT GEOBGIA. 



Rice. — Rice is an important product which can be 
easily produced in Georgia of very superior quality. 
The average yield is about 12 barrels per acre and 
in favorable seasons a second crop of ,8 to 10 barrels 
may be obtained. This product sells for about $3.50 
a barrel. 

Transportation. — The facilities for transporting any 
product of the state to the outside world include 
over 7.000 miles of steam railway and 2,500 miles of 
navigable rivers. 



Asbestos. — Nearly the entire domestic supply of 
asbestos, used in fireprooflng, electrical insulation, 
steam pipe and boiler covering, paints and building 
material, is mined in the Georgia mountains. 

Mioa. The Georgia mica belt is a continuation 
of, and promises to be equally as rich as the 
famous belt of North Carolina which produces today 
the best mica found in the world. 



46 



General Description of the State — Opportunities for New Settlers 



GEORGIA 



A Land of Subtropical Fruits, Cotton and Rice. 



In climate, forestry and lumber, agriculture and 
horticulture, Georgia has much which will interest 
the land seeker. Nearly all the productions of tem- 
perate and subtropical regions are cultivated here 
successfully. 

Cotton is the great staple and Georgia is one of 
the foremost of the cotton-producing States. Other 
staple crops are corn and rice. The State ranks third 
In rice-producing States and third in cotton. 

Of sweet potatoes the average annual yield is 
5,000,000 bushels. 

Diveristied farming: Is becoming more and more 
general, and market gardening a leading and profit- 
able pursuit. The extent of fruit and vegetable 
growing for the northern markets may be judged 
from the fact that there are at present in this State 
over 120,000 acres devoted entirely to the growing 
of watermelons. 

A lesson being learned is that when a climate and 
soil is found which is adapted to the production of 
a certain staple fruit or vegetable, for which there 
is growing and continuous demand the more culti- 
vators who engage in I'aising that article in the 
district where grown the better for each producer. 

Strawberries, peaches, oranges, cantaloupes, grapes, 
sugar beets and other production of the soil occupy 
the special attention of great numbers of agricul- 
turists and horticulturists, who find it to advantage 
to enter into combination with each other in the 
cultivation of the special product. This co-operation 
of many engaged in the same line of agricultural pro- 
duction results in a competition which secures ex- 
cellence, and causes a diffusion of information on the 
subject of cultivation, harvesting, shipping and mar- 
keting which is helpful to all farmers and fruit 
growers who thus combine together. 

From a careful reading of these different descrip- 
tions of States relating to soil and climate, vegetables 
and fruits adapted to particular localities the land 
seeker, especially fond of any special kind of farm 
or horticultural work, can very closely judge as to 
which State and to what region he had better go to 
satisfy his inclination. 

If lumber business is desired it may be remembered 
that this State is headquarter for "Georgia Pine," 
while the great forests are besides abundantly sup- 
plied with fine hardwoods, comprising oak, hickory 
and other woods in such large variety as to annually 
supply over 200.000.000 feet. In fact the extensive 
pine forests of this State are one of the chief sources 
of natural wealth, the byproducts of pine — resin and 
turpentine — yielding an annual revenue some years 
■>f .$4,000,000. The total annual lumber product in 
various years amounts to $18,000,000. 

In horticultural production Georgia has the ad- 
vantage of a climate which, in the interior of the 
.'^tate. permits the ripening of garden products one 
month earlier than in the northern fields. 

The soil of the northwestern part of the State is 
a rich calcareous deposit; in the north a gray sand 
and red clay: in the central cotton belt a yellow 
loam with stiff cl ly subsoil; in the pine barrens and 
southwest a light sand; in the lowlands it is of a 
sandy, gravelly character. 

HEALTHY REGIONS. 

The climate is very healthful, particularly the 
mountain and pine barren regions, where lung and 
catarrhal diseases are almost unknown. In the north- 
ern portion of the State the snows are light; the 
winters and summers free from extremes. In central 
Georgia the winters are mild, the summer days ex- 
cessively hot, but the nights cool. The coast and 
southwest Georgia have agreeable wnnters with little 
frost, but the summers are long and enervating and 
this section is subject to fevers and cholera. The 
average annual temperature is about 6,5; average 
rainfall 46 to 50 inches. The extreme limits of frost 
periods are from October 20 to April 20. 

The land seekers in Georgia will find a general 
a/o'aUening liere m manufacturing. Water power is 
abundant, widely distributed and continuous as the 
rivers and streams never freeze. Having these ad- 
vantages, and having no need to import the cotton, 
wool, iron and wood used, Georgia claims the ability 
to manufacture more cheaply than any other State. 
The manufactures include cotton goods, fiour and grist 
mill products, foundry and machine shop products, 
tar, turpentine, naval stores, and agricultural imple- 



ments. By the last census the capital employed in 
manufacturing was shown to be $13.">,211,.'')61 ; the em- 
ployes nuinbered 092,749, and the value of manufac- 
tured products, annually was $151,040,455. 

If interested in cotton manufacture the land seeker 
should go to Augusta, where the claim is made that 
in that city more unbleached cotton is made than 
in any city in the I'nited States, large quantities 
of these goods being exported to Africa and Cliina. 

Atlanta has numerous industrial enterprises. Rome 
and Macon are great trade centers and cotton mar- 
kets. Tallapoosa has glass works and furnaces. West 
Point cotton mills, and Valdosta naval stores. Large 
quantities of superior marble for ornainental and 
building purposes are quarried at Tate and other 
places and exported to all parts of the Union. 

While many negroes are in the agricultural dis- 
tricts the center of colored population has moved 
west and out of the State. In 1880 the center of 
negro population was in Walker County, Georgia. In 
1890 it had moved southwest 221/2 miles, but was yet 
in the same county. In 1900 it had moved across the 
state line and into DeKalb County, in Alabama, a 
southweste)-n movement of 11 miles. The total west- 
ward movement of the center from 1880 to 1900 was 
27 miles and its southern movement 14 miles, show- 
ing that the trend of negro population is South and 
West, although the number of negroes in the North- 
ern states has increased. 

CONDENSED FACTS KELATING TO GEORGIA. 

Altitude. — Mt. Enota, in the Blue Ridge Mountains, 
which rises to an elevation of 4,798 feet. The Blue 
Ridge enters the State in Towns County, in the north 
eastern part of the State. 

Climate. — Annual average, January: Atlanta, 43 
above; July, 78; extreme, 100 above, 8 below; rain- 
fall, 52.0 inches. Savannah, January, 51; July 82; ex- 
treme, 105 and S above; rainfall, 51.9. 

Dimensions. — Area of state: Extreme length 315 
miles; breath 250 miles. 

Public Institutions. — Location of: Asylum for in- 
sane and penitentiary, MilledgeviUe; School for deaf 
and dumb, Cave Spring, Floyd County; Asylum for 
blind, Macon; Reform school, Augusta; State Uni- 
versity, Athens: School for feeble-minded, Milledge- 
viUe; State Historical Society, Savannah; State Agri- 
cultural School, Dahlonega; Eye and ear infirmary, 
Atlanta: State normal training school, Atlanta; State 
fisheries, Atlanta; Orphan asylums, Decatur and Au- 
gusta. 

Voter. — Must be citizen who has paid all his taxes 
since 1877, been a resident of the State one year, of 
the county six months. Excluded if convicted of bri- 
bery, felony or larceny, unless pardoned; idiots and 
insane. 

NEW GREAT INDUSTRY OF GEORGIA. 

Cottonseed Oil. — It is only within the last few 
years that the cottonseed has been discovered to be 
almost as valuable as the cotton itself. For general 
cooking purposes cottonseed oil has no superior. A 
purely vegetable fat, it possesses peculiar dietic and 
hygienic properties. As a general food for cattle, 
horses, sheep and hogs, cottonseed meal and cotton- 
seed hulls are unequaled. They are both a builder 
and fattener and stock fed upon them are invariably 
strong and healthy. The product from the 140 
cotton mills of Georgia annually is worth over $14,- 
000,000 and the export brings to the state $4,500,000. 
Seventeen million dollars are now invested there in 
the manufacture of cottonseed meal. 

GEORGIA "PAPER SHELL" PECAN NUTS. 

Another Georgia industry of great promise is the 
cultivation of the pecan, the most valuable of all 
the commercial nuts. 

King of all the nut-bearing trees, the pecan 
attains to greatest degree of perfection in the cotton 
belt, and Professor John Craig of Cornell Univer- 
sity, one of the foremost authorities on horticultural 
subiects in the United States, first decided upon 
Georgia as the ideal locality for the production of 
this delicious nut on a commercial scale. 

The Georgia nut is termed the "paper shell" 
pecan, on account of the ease with which it is 
broken by the pressure of the thumb and forefinger. 
They attain immense size. 



47 



(DAHO 



STATE AND THE 27 COUNTIES OF IDAHO 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 

of 

IDAHO COUNTIES 



Lo- 
ca- 
tion 



COUNTIES 



Pop. 
1910 



1 Bonner. 

3 Kootenai. 

3 Shoshone. 

4 Latah. 

5. . . . Clearwater. 

6 Nez Perce. 

7 Lewis. 

8 Idaho. 

9 Adams. 

10 Lemhi. 

11... Washington. 

12 Boise. 

13 Custer. 

14 Fremont. 

15 Canyon. 

16 Ada. 

17 Elmore. 

18 Blaine. 

19 Bingham. 

20. . . . Bonneville. 

21 Owyhee. 

22.... Twin Falls. 

23 Lincoln. 

24 Cassia. 

25 Oneida. 

26 Bannock. 

27 Bear Lake. , 



13,588 
,22,747 
13,963 
18,818 

24,860 



12,384 

'4,786 
11,101 

5,250 

3,001 
21,603 
25,323 
29,088 

4,785 

8,387 
23,306 
25,323 

4,041 
13,543 
12,676 

7,197 
15,170 
19,242 

7,729 



Total 




325,594 


IDAHO. 


Towns 


Loca 


Pop. 



A 

•Albion 24 392 

Almo 24 401 

American Falls.25. . . . 953 

Ammon 20. . . . 214 

Archer 14 251 

Arco 18 322 

Ashton 14 503 

Athol 2 281 

Atlanta 17 302 

B 

Bancroft 26.... 203 

Basalt 19 201 

Basin 24 302 

Bellevue 18. . . . 702 

*Blackfoot 19... 2,202 

Bloomington . . .27 702 

♦Boise (capitaDie. .17,358 
Bonners Ferry . . 1 . . .1,071 

Bryan 19 301 

Buhl 22 639 

Burke 3. . . . 501 

Burley 24 501 

C 

Cabinet 1. . . . 251 

•Caldwell 15.. .3,543 

Cambridge 11.... 349 

Carey 18 701 

Carmen 10 201 

♦Chains 13 338 

Chesterfield . . .26. . . . 325 

Clawson 14.... 252 

Clifton 25 502 

♦Coeur d'Alene. .2. . .7,291 
Cottonwood ....8.... 555 

♦Council 9. . . . 312 

Culdesac 6.... 436 

Custer 13 201 

D 

De Lamar 21 701 

Dempsey 26 246 

Desmet 2. . . . 501 

Downey 26 301 

Driggs 14. . . . 2.53 

Dubois 14 502 




IDAHO CITIES AND VILLAGES WITH 1910 POPULATIONS 



Loca. Pop. 



Elba 24. 



Elk City 
Emmett 



.8. 
.15.. 



.25. 
.14. 
.17. 



Fairview 
Farnum .... 
Featherville 

Filer 22. , 

Franklin 25., 

G 

Garner 25. , 

Gem 3. , 

Genesee 4 . . 

Gentile Valley.. 26.. 



Georgetown 
Gibbonsville . 
Glenns Ferry. . 

Gooding 

'Grangeville . , 



27. 
.10. 
.17. 
.23. 
8. 



Granite 1. 



. . 301 
. . 201 
.2,351 

. . 401 
. . 201 
. . 102 
. . 214 
. . 534 

. . 502 
. . 375 
. . 742 
. . 201 
. . 412 
. . 503 
. . 802 
.1.444 
.1,5.S4 
, . 252 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Grant 14. 

Gray 20. 

H 

Haden 14. 

Hagerman . . . .23. 

Hahn 10. 

♦Hailey 18. 

Harrison 2. 

Heyburn 23. 

Hope 1. 

Horse Shoe 

Bend 12. 



201 
201 



. . 503 
. . 308 
. . 201 
.1,231 
. . 932 
. . 403 
. . 215 



♦Idaho City.. 
♦Idaho Falls. 

Ho 

Independence 

Inkom 

lona 

Irwin 



.12. 
.20. 

..7. 
.14. 
.26. 
. .20. 
.20. 



302 



. . 262 
.4,827 
. . 209 
. . 302 
. . 203 
. . 353 
. . 252 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Jerome 23. 

Juliaetta 4. 





K 




Kamiah , 




..7... 


Kellogg . 




..3... 


Kendrick 




..4... 


Ketchum 




.18. .. 


Kooskia . 




..8... 


Kootenai 




..1... 



Laclede . . 

Lago 

Lane 

♦Lewiston 
Lewisville 
Lincoln . . 
Lookout . . 
Lorenzo . . 
Lost River 
Lyman . . . 



. 324 
1,273 
. 543 
. 201 
. 301 
. 253 



. . 402 
. . 301 
. . 201 
.6,043 
. . 346 
. . 401 
. . 203 
. . 853 
. . 301 
. . 403 



48 



Idaho Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations — Continued 



Loca. Pop. 



M 

McCammon . . .26. 

Mackay 13. 

*Malad City. . . .25. 

Marion 24. 

Marysville 14. 

Meadows 9. 

Menan 14. 

Meridian 16. 

Middleton 15. 

Midvale 11. 

Milner 22. 

Minkcreek ... .25. 

Monroe 19. 

Montpelier ... .27 . 

♦Moscow 4. 

•Mount'n Home.n. 
Mullan 3. 



. . 321 
. . 638 
.1,303 
. . 551 
. . 298 
. . 251 
. . 299 
. . 619 
. . 450 
. . 201 
. . 201 
. . 201 
. . 351 
.1.924 
.3,670 
.1.411 
.1,667 



N 

Nampa 15. 

Naples 1. 

New Plymouth. 15. 
*Nez Perce 7. 



.4,205 
. . 251 
. . 274 



Loca. Pop. 



Niter . 
Novene 



..26. 

,.27. 



402 
462 



Oakley 24 

Oreana ... 
*Orofino . . 
Ovid 
Oxford . . . 



24.. 


. . 911 


21.. 


. . 302 


.5.. 


. . 389 


27. . 


. . 351 


26.. 


. . 502 



..27. 
.14. 
, .15. 
. .15. 
.. .6. 
. .26. 



* Paris 

Parker .... 
Parma .... 
Payette . . . 

Peck 

♦Pocatello . 
Post Falls. 

Potlatcli 4. 

Preston 25. 

Priest River 1. 

Princeton 4. 

R 

Rathdrum 2. 

Reno 14 . 



.1,038 
. . 432 
. . 338 
.1,948 
. . 236 
.9,112 
. . 658 
.1,500 
.2,110 
. . 248 
. . 201 



725 
202 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Rexburg . . . , 
Reynolds . . . , 

Rigby 

Robin 

Rocky Bar. . , 
Rossfork . . . . 

Rudy , 

Rupert 



. .14. 

'. !l4.' 
. .26. 
. .17. 
. .19. 
. .14. 
..23. 



S 
*Saint Anthony. 14. 
Saint Charles.. 27. 
Saint Maries. . . .2. 

♦Salmon 

Salubria 

Samaria 

*Sand Point. . . 

Shelley 19. 

♦Shoshone 23. 

♦Silver City 21. 

Soda Springs. . .26. 

Soldier 18. 

South Boise. . . .16. 
Spirit Lake 2. 



.10. 

.11. 

.25. 

.1. 



.1.893 
. . 201 
. . 555 
. . 251 
. . 201 
.1,402 
. . 203 
. . 297 



.1,228 
. . 602 
. . 869 
.1,434 
. . 302 
. . 366 
.2,993 
. . 537 
.1,155 
. . 403 
. . 501 
. . 266 
. . 885 
. . 907 



Toivna 



Loca. Pop. 



Squirrel 
Star . . . 
Stites .. 
Sugar . . 



. ..14. 
. . .16. 

8. 

...14. 



Teton 14. 

Thornton 14. 

Troy 4. 

•Twin Falls. . . .22. 



Vanwyck 12. 

Victor 14. 

VoUmer 7. 



201 
301 
301 
391 



. . 701 
. . 252 
. . 548 
.5,258 



279 
301 
332 



♦Wallace 
Wardner 
♦Weiser . 
Wendell . 



,..3. 
..3. 
..11. 

.23. 



Weston 25. 

Whitney 25. 

Winch--ster 7 . 



.3,001 
.1.369 
.2,603 
. . 482 
. . 398 
. . 202 
. . 403 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



Idaho is a part of the Rocky Mountain range, 
with its area so broken by vast mountains, the 
tops of which are so covered with perpetual snow, 
as to greatly limit that portion of the State which 
is susceptible to a high degree of agricultural use- 
fulness. 

A study of geology reveals the fact that these 
lofty mountains were once volcanos, and over the 
plains in the valleys, covering hundreds of square 
miles, the lava ran down from the mountain 
craters and made the foundation upon which, in 
the lapse of thousands of years, a fertile soil has 
been created where can be grown most abundant 
crops of wheat, various grains and fruits in gen- 
erous variety. 

Aided b.v irrigation and the intense sunshine, 
which prevails in the valleys, the soil is among 
the most productive in the world, vegetables and 
fruits of the finest flavor coming to perfection here 
two weeks earlier than in other parts of the 
country in similar latitude. 

GOOD 3IARKET TOWNS 

The numerous mining camps which abound among 
the mountains make an excellent and steady mar- 
ket for all the agricultural productions which can 
be raised here. 

If there is an excess the superior quality and 
flavor of the fruits make active demand for Idaho 
productions in Eastern markets. 

The supposition is the land seeker and owner of 
this book is searching for highly productive land 
at low prices in healthy climate, accessible to 
market. 

We therefore dwell particularly on the agri- 
cultural features of a region about which we write. 

While a stud.v of the topography of Idaho shows 
it to be in the Rocky Mountain regions, yet in- 
vestigation shows that it lies mostly to the West 
of the Rockies, vast stretches of country being lava 
plains, an arid region only requiring irrigation to 
make the soil exceedingly productive. 

The irrigation problem has occupied the atten- 
tion of the people of the State for years, has re- 
sulted in improving 38 per <'ent of the agricultural 
area, and has added ,$12,000,000 of annual agri- 
cultural wealth to the State. 

The home seeker who contemplates settlement 
in any State naturally enquires concerning the fu- 
ture of that State. As the agricultural wealth of 
Idaho largel.v hangs on irrigation, it is important 
to see what the government and private enterprise 
are intending to do in the reclaiming of desert 
land. 

See elsewliere Government irrigation in this book. 

Gold was discovered in the Clearwater River 
Valley. Oraflno Creek, in Nezperce county in 1860. 
In 1.S62 placers were discovered in Idaho Basin, 
which have yielded in 150 square miles more than 
$50,000,000. 

In 1900 Idaho ranked fourth in the silver pro- 
ducing states. In the Coeur d'Alene district, in 
Nezperce county, is produced one fourth of the 
entire lead product of the United States, and is the 
chief supply for the smelters of Colorado, Montana 
and Washington. There are valuable copper de- 
posits in the Seven Devils' district in Washing- 
ton and Idaho counties. Cinnabar has been dis- 
covered carrying a high per cent in quicksilver. 



The agricultural resources are great in all parts 
of the State. 

In climate of Idaho, between plains, valleys and 
mountains are found great contrasts. The tall 
mountains of the northern part so arrest tlie pass- 
ing clouds as to absorb the most of the moisture 
they contain, the remaining moisture falls largely 
in the form of snow. Hence the perpetual snow 
on the mountain tops and the deep snows in the 
valleys of the northern part of the State. 

The result of this great precipitation in the 
mountains and upper levels is lack of rainfall and 
moisture in the lower plains and valleys. The melt- 
ing snow of summer give an unfailing supply of 
water to all the mountain streams, the most of 
which run at so high a level as to permit their 
being turned into canals from which an abundance 
of water may be obtained to irrigate all the low lands. 

The long cloudless days, warm temperature and 
never failing water supply make ideal agricultural 
conditions in Idaho, which combined with rapidly 
opening market towns, in the mining regions, the 
immense yellow pine timber supply, the dry and 
remarkably healthful atmosphere, the great num- 
ber of rapid running streams, furnishing power as 
required — all these advantages must result in the 
rapid upbuilding of the State. 

The land seeker from the East soon after enter- 
ing the State can get very full information as to 
advantages and opportunities in this region for 
new settlers at Idaho Falls, in Bingham county, 
where there is an agricultural experiment station. 
There are thousands of acres here unsettled and 
open to filing under the desert and homestead acts. 

The price of land, under ditch, ranges from $10 
to $20 per acre, unimproved $5 to $10 per acre. 

The depth of snow in the winter is one of the 
principal reasons why stock raising cannot be a 
success in the extreme northern part of the State. 

The timber resources of Idaho are immense. The 
great timber belts are estimated to comprise 35,000 
square miles. 

Altitude: Average elevation, 4,700 feet. Lowest 
elevation, 647 feet at Lewiston, at junction of 
Clearwater River with Snake River in Nezperce 
county. Highest elevation, 12,078 feet. Hyndman 
Peak in Blaine county. 

Climate varies with the altitude; air dry and 
highly rarified. Winter extremely cold and heavy 
snowfalls in mountain districts; winters moderate 
on the plains; temperature mild and snowfall light 
in the valleys. Average annual precipitation over 
entire State 17.52 inches. In extreme northern part 
of the State 46.88 inches, in southern tier of coun- 
ties, 8.03 Inches. 

Average p^nnua! temperature at Boise, Ada 
county, 50.9 degrees above, the extremes being 
28 below the coldest, and 107 the warmest. Climate 
very healthy, perhaps no State in the Union show- 
ing so low a death rate. 

Dimensions: Extreme length of State 490 miles; 
extreme width, 305 miles; area, 84.800 square miles. 

History: Following down the Clearwater River 
the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed through the 
region, now in Nezperce county, in 1806. Father 
De Smet. a Jesuit missionary, established a mission 
near Coeur d' 41ene lake in Kootenai county in 
1842. Prospectors began coming into the State 
during the gold excitement of 1852. The territory 
of Idaho established In 1863. 



49 



ILLINOIS 



STATE AND THE 102 COUNTIES OF ILLINOIS 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Popu- 
lation. 
of 
ILLI>fOIS COUNTIES 

ca-' COUNTIES Pop 

tion 1>'1" 



30. 
31. 

32.. 
33. 
34. 



1 . .Jo Daviess 

2. Stephenson 

3. Winnebago 

4 Boone 

5. . McHenry 

6 Lake 

7 Carroll 

8. . Whiteside 
9 Ogle 

10 Lee 

11. . . . DeKalb 

12 Kane 

13 DuPage 

14 Cook 2 

15 Rock Island, 

16 Henry 

17 Bureau 

18. . . .La Salle 

19. ... Kendall 
20 . . Grundy 

21 Will 

22 Mercer 

23. Henderson 

24. . . . Warren 

25 Knox 

26 Stark 

27 Peoria 

28. . . . Putnam. 

29. . . Marshall. 
Woodford. 

Livingston . 

Kankakee. 

.. Iroquois. 
„.. . . Hancock. 
35 McDonough. 

36 Fulton . 

37 . . . Tazewell. 
38. . . . McLean. 

39 Ford. 

40 Adams. 

41. . . Schuyler. 

42 Brown. 

43 Cass. 

44 Mason . 

45. . . . Menard, 

46 Logan 

47 Dewitt, 

48 Piatt 

49. Champaign 

50. . Vermilion 

51 Pil^e 

52 Scott 

53. .. . Morgan 

54. .Sangamon 
55.. Christian 

56 Macon 

57. . . Moultrie. 

58 Douglas. 

59 Edgar. 

60. ... Calhoun. 

61 Greene. 

62 Jersey. 

63. . Macoupin. 
64 Montgomery. 

65 Shelby. 

66 Coles. 

67. Cumberland. 

68 Clark. 

69. . . Madison. 

. Bond. 
Fayette. 



70. 
71. 



72. .Efflngham 



73. 
74. 
75. 
76. 

77 



.. Jasper. 
Crawford. 
.St. Clair 
. Clinton. 
. Marion. 
78 Clay. 

79. .. Richland. 

80. . Lawrence. 

81. . . . Monroe. 
82. Washington. 

83. .. Jefferson. 

84. . . . Wayne. 

85. . . Edwards. 

86. . . Wabash. 

87. . Randolph. 



..22,6">7 

. .36,8 >1 

. .63,l">.i 

..15,181 

..32,509 

. .55,058 

..18,0n 

. .34.507 

. .27,864 

..27,750 

33,457 

91,863 

. SSAii 

,405,3 i? 

.70,104 

.41,7 }«5 

.48,'>75 

..90,l.i2 

. .10,777 

. .24 162 

. .84^74 

. . 19,73 i 

.. 9,734 

..23,31.i 

. .46,159 

..10 0<»8 

.100,355 

.. 7,701 

..16,679 

..20,500 

. .40 4(>5 

.40 753 

. 35,54 i 

.30 6i8 

.26,887 

.40 51'> 

.34 037 

.68 008 

.l-*,0')<. 

.64 588 

.14 853 

.10 V>7 

.17,^73 

.1"( n7 

.12 7'»6 

.30,310 

.18,006 

.16 7H(> 

.51 859 

.77,096 

.28 633 

,.10 067 

. .34 430 

.91,034 

..34,594 

..54,186 

..14,630 

. .19„591 

..27,336 

. 8,610 

.22,363 

.13.954 

.50,685 

.35,311 

.31,693 

.34,517 

.14,281 

.23,517 

.89,847 

.17,075 

.28,075 

.20,055 

.18,157 

.26,281 

119,870 

.22,832 

.35,094 

.18,661 

.15,970 

.22,661 

.13,.508 

.18,759 

.29,111 

.25,697 

.10,049 

.14.913 

.29,120 




Stars on Map Indicate Route of Proposed Ship Canal Across lUinois 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



88. . 

89. . 

90. . 

91. . 
92.. 
93. . 



Perry .22,088 

.. Franklin. .25,943 
. . Hamilton. .18,237 

White. .23,052 

, .. . Jackson. .35,143 
. Williamson. .45,098 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



94. 
95. 
96. 
97. 
98. 
99. 



50 



. . Saline. .30,204 
Gallatin. .14,628 

. . Union. .21,856 
Johnson. .14,331 

. . . Pope. .11,215 

. Hardin. . 7,015 



Loca. 

100. , 

101. 

103.. 



County Pop. 



Alexander. .22,741 
. . . Pulaski. .15.650 
.. . Massac. .14,200 

Total 5,638,591 



Illinois Cities and Villages with 1910Populatio^ 

■ —~:. ^ T.nrn Pun. Tinnis 



.85. 



Adair 

Adams . . • 

Addieville 

Addison . . 

Akin 

Albany . . ■ 

»Albion . 

Alden •>•>" "'2 IJ 

•Aledo i\''-Z< 

Alexander &;» ~. 

Alexis ., '^* Q 

Algonquin a% 4 

Alhambra «« ' 5 

Allendale »b o 

Allenville go ' ' ' 3 

Allerton »" % 

Alma '' a 

Alpha ...• \t'i,t 

AUamount •••-2...l^ 

Alton ;;. ; 

Altona S«' ■ ■ ■ ' 

Alto Pass »b ■ 

AWin 10 "i,' 

Amboy oa ■■ • 

Anchor , fS'- . 

Andalusia i-J ; 

Andovor 96'"3,' 

Anna . .■ 

Annapolis it" 

Annawan « ' ' " 

Antioch ^ 

Apple River..... l.--^ 

Areola »» ' 

Arenzville 4^ 

Argenta »» 

Arlington ... ■■>-'■ --i 
Arlington Hghtsl4. . .1 

1 Armington ^' 

Armstrong oV 

Arrowsmith •••^"•••i 

Arthur %%--^ 

Ashkum a-}"] 

Ashland ko" 

Ashley "^ 

Ashmore "'» 

Ashton rs ■■• 

Assumption •••:?g--- 

Astoria Ar " 

Athens *^--- 

Athensville bi. .. 

Atkinson i^- ■ ■ 

Atlanta Ji" ' 

Atwood t± " 

Auburn ^*- • ■ 

Augusta ^*- ■■ 

Aurora no" 

Ava or' ■ 

Avery ville ~<- • 

Aviston '"• • 

Avon **"• • 

B 
Baden Baden.. 70.. 
BaileyvlUe .....^.• 

Baldwin »'• • 

Banner gj' ' 

Barclay . ^*- • 

Barrington ... .14- • 

Barry SI. . 

Bartelso '^^ 

Bartlett 14- 

Bartonville . . . .~^. 

Batavia 1-- 

Batchtown ....b". 

Bath *f- 

Baylis ■^^• 

Beardstown ■ ■ jf^' 

Beason 4°- 

Beaverville . . . .^^■ 
Beckemeyer • • • J*?' 

Beecher ~1 • 

Beecher City. . . t~ 

Belgium »" 

Bell 4» 

Belle Rive 83 

♦Belleville v-J 

Bellewood 14 

Bellflower 38 

Bellmont 8fc 

*Belvidere 
Bement . . 

Benson -- 

Benld o^- 

Bensenville . . . .13. 



30 
.8!). 
.54. 
.30. 
.14. 

.69. . 

.57.. 

.78.. 

.23.. 

. 13 . . 

.80.. 

.80.. 
..75. 
..18. 
..50. 
..31. 
..35. 
.13. 

,38. 
.14. 
.56. 

,.52. 



Benson 

♦Benton .... 

Berlin 

Bernadotte 
Berwyn ... 
Bethalto . . 
Bethany . . 
Bible Grove 
Biggsville . 
Big Rock . . 

Billett 

Birds 

Birkner 

Bishop Hill . . 
Bismarck .... 
Blackstone . . • 
Blandinsville . 
Bloomingdale . 
*Bloomington 
Blue Island... 
Bluemound . . . 

Bluffs 

Bois 

Bolton 

Bondville . . . • 
Bone Gap . . . • 

Bonfield 

Boody 

Bourbon •..••• 
Bourbonnais . . 

Bowen 

Braceville .... 

Bradford 

Bradley 

Braidwood . . 

Breeds 

Breese 

Brereton . . . • 
Bridgeport . . 
Brighton .... 
Brimfield . . • 

Bristol 

Broadlands . . 
Broadwell . . • 

Brocton 

Brookfield . . . 
Brooklyn . . . 
Brookport . . 
Brookville . . 
Brout'hton . . 
Browning . . 
Browns . • . • 
Brownstown 

Brussels 

Bryant 

Buckingham . 

Buckley 

Buda 

Buffalo 

Bunker Hill. . ■ 

Bureau 

Burlington . . 
Burnham . . . 
Burnside .... 
Burnt Prairie 

Bush 

Bushnell . . . • 

Bushton 

Butler 

Byron 



.49 
.85.. 
. 32 . . 
.56.. 
.58. . 
.32. . 
.34.. 
.20. . 
.26. . 
. . 33 . . 
..21. . 
..36.. 
..76.. 
..36.. 
..80. 
..63. 
. .27. 
..19. 
..49. 
..46. 
..59. 
...14. 
...41. 
.102, 

9. 

...90 
...41 
. ..85 
...71 
...60 
...36 



. . 362 
.2,675 
. . 251 
.1,20: 
.5,841 
.. 447 
.. 859 
.. 201 
.. 403 
...251 
. . . 203 
. . . 382 
. . . 401 
. . . 389 
. . . 203 
. . . 250 
. . . 987 
. . . 463 
.25,769 
..8,043 
... 901 
.. 766 
.. 335 
.. 485 
. . 253 
.. 517 
. . 162 
.. 275 
. . 203 
.. 611 
. 606 
.. 971 
... 772 
..1,942 
..1,951 
... 202 
. .2,128 
... 603 
..2,703 
... 595 
... 576 
. . . 394 
... 481 
... 246 
... 558 
...2,186 
. . . 1,569 
. . . 1,493 
... 398 

473 

. 551 
. 419 
. 415 
. 283 
,. 237 
,. 272 
.. 495 
.. 887 
.. 475 
.1.046 
. . 534 
.. 287 
. . 328 
.. 301 
. . 351 
. . 565 
..2,619 
... 250 
... 233 
... 933 



..34. 

5. 

...68. 
. ..75. 
...26. 
...50. 



Carpentersville 12. 
carriers Mill... 94. 

»Carrollton «»» • 

Carterville .....'3. 
♦Carthage . 
Gary Station 

Casey 

Caseyville . . 
Castleton . . . 

Catlin ," • 00 

Cave in Rock.. 99. ■• 

Cedar Point ^"- • • 

Cedarville ;^-- 

Central ^I^V- • • -^S" • ' 
Central City. . • .77 . • • 

Centralia i« ' ' 

Cerro Gordo 48... 

Chadwick . • • • • i{ • • " 
Chambersburg -Sl--; 

Champaign 4j»- • 

Ghana . .■■ J^- ■ 

Chanderville ••*3.. 

Channahon ~l- • 

Chapin ^^- ■ 

♦Charleston •••^»•• 

Chatham »*• • 

Chatsworth ■••^^•• 

Chebanse 3^. . 

Chemung ••^- • 

Chenoa jo. ■ 

Cherry •••■■•• "o" ' 
Cherry Valley... 3.. 

♦Chester .. »'. 

Chesterfield •••^^• 

Chestnut • •*"• 

♦Chicago ....14.*> 
Chicago 

Heights... 14. 

Chillicothe fi- 

Chrisman ^■>- 

Christopher •••»^- 

Cicero J*- 

Cisco jj- 

Cisne . • ■ • "*• 

Cissna Park. ..-iA^ 
Clarence 



Loca. I'<JP- 



Dallas City. 
Dalton City.. 

Dalzell 

Dana 

Danforth . . . 
Danvers . . • • 
♦Danville . . 
Darmstadt . 
Darwin . ■ . ■ 
Davis 



.33. 
.17. 
.54. 
.63. 

.17. 

.13. 

.14. 

.34. 

.91 

.93 
..35 
..66 
..64 
...9 



Cabery 

Cable 

Cahokia 

♦Cairo 

Caledonia . . • • 

Calhoun 

Camargo .... 
♦ Cambridge . 
Cameron . .•• 

Campbell Hiu 

Camp Point. . 

Campus 

Canton 

Cantrall 

Capron . . ■ ■ . • 

Carbon curn. . 

Carbondale . . 

Carbon Hill. 
Cardiff 

♦ Carlinville 
Carlock . 
♦Carlyle . 
Carman 

♦ Carmi 



.39.. 

■.75'.'. 

100. 

. .4. 

.79. 
.58. 

..16. 

. .24. 

. .93. 

..40. 

..31. 

..36. 

..54. 

...4. 

..15 

..93 

...20 

...31 
.63 
.38 
.76 
23 
91 



. 821 
. . 363 
.. 301 
14,548 
. . 291 
. . 300 
. . 323 
..1,373 
...231 
. . 414 
■..1,148 
. . . 241 
.10,453 
.. 318 
.. 563 
.. 367 
..5,411 
... 830 
. .1,031 
...3,616 
. 402 
1,98 
261 
,833 



Clarke City. 
Clarksdale . 
Clay City... 

Clayton 

Clifford . . . • 

Clifton 

♦Clinton ... 
Cllntonville 

Clyde 

Coal City... 
Coatsburg . . 

Cobden 

Coffeen 

Colchester no... 

Coleta ■%■•• 

Colfax 38... 

Collinsville %n" ' 

Collison ifi' ■ ■ 

Colona *»••• 

Columbia 04 " 

Colusa «■ " 

Como in' ' ' 

Compton •••,•• -l";' ■ ' 
Congress Park.. 14.. 

Cooksville 1"' ' 

Cooperstown ..4-.. 

Cordova io- • 

Cornell ^^ • • 

Cortland ii-- 

Coulterville ■■■^l- 
Cowden ••••;--oo'" 
Crab Orchard.. 93.. 

Craig SS" 

Crainville ^J- • 

Creal Spnngs. -O^- • 
Crescent City.. 33.. 

Creston i-!- 

Crete *^- 

Cropsey 2^- 

Crossville »i. 

Crotty , !"• 

Crystal Lake....-^- 

Cuba ^7- 

Cullom 5a 

Cutler »»• 

Cypress "'• 

D 

Dahlgren 9®- 

Dakota "■ 



Downs 

Dubois •"SS" 

Dundas '■^■ 

Dundee ._ '~- 

Dunfermline ..3b. 

Dupo '' • 

Duquoin o^- 

Durand ■^• 

Dwight 3i. 

E 

Earlville If- 

Kast Alton. ....bJ. 
Eist Brooklyn .40. 
East Carondolet75. 
East Dubuque...!. 
East Dundee...!^. 
East Galesburg.25. 

East Lynn 5U. 

East Moline IJ. 

Easton . . %*■ 

East Peoria.. ..37. 
East St. I.0U1S..7O. 
East Wenona..l8. 
Wood River. 69. 



.1,288 
. . 403 
. . 949 
. . 254 
.. 410 
. . 593 
37,871 
. . 403 
. . 207 
. . . 353 
. . . 254 
. . . 630 
. . . 301 
.31,140 
. . . 333 
. . . 476 
..8,102 
.. 503 
..1,175 

330 

202 

/.'.i,339 

. 644 

■. . .2.348 

220 

... 913 

255 

. 494 

■...1,519 

203 

I ■ .7,216 

l' . .1,809 

; 702 

I ... 405 
i ... 346 
3.... 403 
.1,184 
.. 303 
. . 253 
.2.601 
. . 301 
. . 351 
.224 
. .3,002 
... 501 
... 433 
..5,454 
.. 527 
. .2.156 



Elkville . . 
Elliott . . . 
Ellisgrove 
Ellisville . 
Ellsworth 
Elmhurst 
Elmwood 
El Paso. . 
Elsah ... 
Elvaston 
Elwood 
Emden 



. .1.059 
.. 584 
.. 446 
.. . 213 
. .1.353 
. .1,405 
. . 753 
. . 301 
..2,665 
. 407 
. .1.494 
.58.-557 
.. 367 
. 401 
. . . 351 
. . . 202 
. 419 
■. . . 918 
. . .543 
... 211 
. . .5,014 
...3,898 
. . . 677 
.... fil3 
. . 201 
'.■..3,365 
... 241 
. .25.975 
... 703 
... 633 
. .. 418 
... 201 
... 732 
... 371 
. . 2.53 
;... 218 
.... 213 
...2.361 
. . .1,391 
...1.470 

257 

251 

211 

I 411 

927 



Illinois Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Toxons 



Loca. Pop. Towns 



Equality . 

Erie 

Esmond . . 
Essex .... 
•Eureka . 
Evanston 
Evansville 
Evergreen 
Ewing . . . 
Exeter . . . 



.95. . 



11. 

33 . 

30. 

14. 

87. 

Pk. .14. 

89 . 

52. 



Fairbury . 
Fairdale . 
♦Fairfield 
Fairland . 
Fairmount 
Fairview . 
Fairview Land- 
ing 98. 

Fair Weather. .40. 

Fancher 65. 

Farina 71. 

Farmer City. . .47. 
Farmersville 
Farmington . 
Fayetteville . 
Ferris ....:. 

Fiatt 

Fidelity 

Fieldon 

Fillmore .... 

Findlay 

Fisher 

Flthian 

Flanagan .... 
Flat Rock. . . . 

Flora 

Floraville .... 
Foosland .... 

Fordville 

Fordyce 

Forest City... 
Forest Park . . . 

Forrest 

Forreston .... 

Forsyth 

Fort Sheridan. 
Fountain Green34. 

Fox Lake 6. 

Frankfort 21. 

Franklin 53. 

Franklin Grove. 10. 
Franklin Park. 14. 

Frederick 41 . 

Freeburg 75. 

*Freeport 2. 

French Village. 75. 
Frlendgrove . . .86. 
Fullersburg . . .13. 
Fulton 8. 



.31. 
.11. 
.84. 
.58. 
.50. 
.36. 



.64. 
..36. 

.75. 
. .34. 
..36. 

.62. 

.62. 
..64. 
. .65. 
..49. 

.50. 

.31. 
. .74. 
..78. 
. .75. 
. .49. 
..93. 
, .92. 
..44. 
. .14. 
. .31. 
. ..9. 

.56. 

. .6. 



1,181 

. 803 

. 252 

. 342 

1,525 

24,978 

562 

424 

317 

201 



.2,505 
.. 201 
.2,479 
. . 251 
...847 
. . 482 

. . 201 
...201 
..215 

, . . 774 
.1,603 
. . 533 
.2,421 
, . . 228 
. . . 299 
...251 
...211 
,..227 
, . . 499 
...827 
. . 851 
. . 386 
. . 591 
..841 
..2,704 
. . 304 
, . . 301 
. . . 385 
. . 392 
, . . 306 
. .6,594 
. . . 967 
. . . 871 
. .. 201 
,..601 
. . . 253 
. . . 401 
...275 
. . . 696 
. . . 572 
. . . 683 
. . . 301 
. .1,397 
.17,567 
..1,001 
. . . 301 
. . . 500 
..2,174 



.57. 
..84. 

.16. 

.12. 
, .11. 

.50. 
76. 



Galatia 94. 

Gale 100. 

♦Galena 1. 

*Galesburg . . . .25. 

Galva 16. 

Garden Prairie.. 4. 

Gardner 20. 

Garrett 58. 

Gary 14. 

Gaskins City... 94. 

Gays 

Geff 

Genesee 

•Geneva .... 

Genoa 

Georgetown . 
Germantown 
German Valley.. 2. 

Gibson City 39. 

Gifford 49. 

Gilberts 12. 

Gillespie 63. 

Gilman 33. 

Gilson 25. 

Girard 63. 

Gladstone 23. 

Glasgow 52. 

Glenarin 54. 

Glen Carbon... 69. 
Glencoe . . . 
Glen Ellyn. 
Glenview . . 
Glenwood . 
*Golconda . 
Golden .... 
Goldengate 
Golf 



.14. 
.13. 
.14. 
.14. 
.98. 
.40. 
.84. 
.14. 



. . 745 
. . 202 
.4,835 
22,089 
, .2,498 
...201 
, . . 946 
. . 291 
. . 201 
. . 685 
, . . 323 
. . 286 
, .3,199 
. .2,451 
.1,257 
.2,307 
. .. 711 
. . . 231 
,.2,086 
. . . 501 
. . . 268 
. .2,241 
..1,305 
. . . 201 
..1,891 
, . . 385 
. . . 315 
, . . 201 
. .1,231 
..1,899 
. .1,763 
. . . 653 
. . . 581 
. .1,088 
. . . 579 
. .. 311 
. . . 501 



Loca. Pop. 



.21. . 
.35.. 
.97., 
.62.. 
101.. 
..9.. 
.18.. 



Goodenow . . . 
Good Hope. . . 
Goreville .... 

Grafton 

Grand Chain. 
Grand Detour 
Grand Ridge. 
Grand Tower 
Junction . . 
Grandview . . 
Granite City. 
Grant Park. . 
Grantsburg . . 
Granville .... 
Grape Creek 
Graymount . . 
Grayslake . . . 
Grayson ..... 
Grayville 
Greenfield . . . 
Greenup .... 
Green Valley. 
Greenview 
♦Greenville . . 

Gridley 

Griggsville . . 
Grossdale . . . 
Gross Point. . 
Groveland . . . 
Hallidayboro 
Hamburg . . . 
Hamilton . . . 
Hamletsburg 
Hammond . . 
Hampshire . . 
Hampton 
Hanna City. . 
Hanover .... 

♦Hardin 

♦Harrisburg . 
Harristown 
Hartsburg . 
Harvard . . 
Harvel .... 
Harvey . . . 
♦Havana . . 
Hawthorne 
Hazel Crest 
Hazel Dell. 
Hebron . . . 
♦Hennepin 
Henning . . 
Henry .... 
Herrick . . . 
Herron .... 
Herscher . . 

Hettick 63 

Hev worth 38 

Highland 69 

Highland Park. .6 

High wood 6 

Hillery 50 

♦Hillsboro ....64 

Hillsdale 15 

Hillside 14 

Hillview 61 

Hinckley 11 

Hindsboro . . . .58 

Hinsdale 13 

Hodgklns 14 

Hollowayville .17 

Homer 49 

Homewood ... .14 

Hoopeston 

Hopedale 

Hoyleton 82 

Hubbard Woodsl4 

Hudson 38 

Huey 76 

Hull 51 

Humboldt 66 

Hume 59 

Humrick 50 

Huntley 5 

Hurst 93 

Hutsonville . . .74 



lUiopolis 54. 

Ina 83. 

Indianola 50. 

Industry 35. 

Ingraham 78. 

Iowa Junction. 27. 

Ipava 36. 

Iroquois 33. 

Irving 64. 

Irvington 82. 

Irwin 32. 

Isabel 59. 



92., 
. ..59., 
. ..69., 
...33.. 
.. .97. 
.. .38. 

..50. 
...31. 

6. 

.. .94. 
. . .91. 
. . .61. 
. . .67. 
. ..37. 
...45. 
...70. 
...38. 
.. .51. 
. ..14. 
. . .14. 
...37. 

..92. 
.. .60. 
. . .34. 

. .98. 
...48. 
.. .13. 
. . .15. 
...37. 

1. 

.. .60. 
.. .94. 
. ..56. 
...46. 

5. 

. . .64. 
...14. 
...44. 
. . .14. 
14. 
...67. 

5. 

.. .28. 
...50. 
.. .29. 
. ..65. 

...93. 
32 



.50. 
.37. 



. . 201 
. . 361 
. . 551 
.1,116 
. . 451 
. . 302 
. . 403 

. . 873 
. . 205 
.9,903 
. . 692 
. . 302 
.1,391 
. . 610 
.1,201 
. . 603 
. . 201 
.1,941 
.1,161 
.1,224 
. . 401 
. . 931 
.3,178 
. . 752 
.1,262 
.2,301 
.1,008 
.. 303 
. . 252 
. . 335 
.1,627 
.. 215 
. . 492 
. . 697 
.. 348 
.. 453 
. . 653 
. . 654 
.5,309 
.. 203 
. . 351 
.3,008 
. . 396 
.7,227 
.3,525 
.2,001 
. . 401 
.. 201 
.. 644 
. . 451 
. . 364 
.1,687 
. . 618 
.6,861 
. . 461 
.. 306 
. . 681 
.2,675 
.4.209 
.1,219 
. . 351 
.3,424 
. . 250 
. . 328 
. . 309 
.. 651 
.. 498 
.2,451 
. . 481 
. . 251 
.1,086 
. . 713 
.4,698 
. . 585 
. . 451 
.. 301 
. . 375 
. . 205 
. . 541 
. . 355 
. . 572 
. . 201 
.. 773 
. . 345 
.. 722 



. . 849 
. . 484 
. . 365 
. . 581 
. . 201 
.1,301 
. . 652 
. . 285 
. . 678 
. . 223 
. . 202 
. . 225 



Loca. Pon. Town 



Itasca . 
luka . . . 
Ivesdale 



♦Jacksonville 
Janesville . . 
Jeffersonville 
♦Jerseyville 

Jessie 

Johnsburg . 
Johnsonville 
Johnson City 
♦ Joliet . . . 
♦ Jonesboro 
Joppa .... 

Joy 

Junction . 



. .13 333 

.77 361 

, .-49 429 



Loca. Pop. 



..53. 
..67. 
.84. 
..62. 
..59. 
. . .5. 
..84. 
. .93. 
..21. 
. .96. 
.102. 
. .23. 
..95. 



Kampsville ...60. 

Kangley 18. 

♦Kankakee ....33. 

Kansas 59. 

Karbers Ridge. 99. 
Karnak 101, 



Kasbeer 
Keenes .... 
Keensburg 
Keithsburg 

Kell 

Kempton . . , 
Kenilworth 
Kenney . . . 
Kewanee . . 
Keyesport . 
Kilbourne . 
Kinderhook 
Kingston 



,.17. 

.84. 

.86. 
..33. 
..77. 

.39. 

.14. 

.47. 
..16. 

.76. 

.44. 
,.51. 

.11. 



Kingston Mines.27. 



Kinmundy 
Kinsman 
Kirkland . 
Kirksville 
Kirk wood 
Knoxville 
Kolze .... 



.77. 
.30. 
..11. 

.57. 
. .34. 

.25. 
..14. 



.57. 
..6. 
..6. 
. .6. 
.14. 
.17. 
. .7. 
.86. 



La Clede 71. 

♦Lacon 29. 

Ladd 17. 

La Fayette. . . .26. 

La Grange 14. 

Lagrange Park. 14. 

La Harp 34. 

Lake Bluff 6. 

Lake City. . , 
Lake Forest, 
Lake Villa . , 
Lake Zurich. 
Lambert ... 
Lamoille ... 
Lanark .... 
Lancaster . . 

Lane 47. 

Lansing 14. 

La Place 48. 

La Rose 29. 

La Salle 18. 

I.,atham 46. 

♦Lawrenceville .80. 

Leaf River 9. 

Lebanon 75. 

Ledford 94. 

Lee 10. 

Lee Center 10. 

Leland 18. 

I^emont . 
Lena 

Lcnz .... 
Lenzburg 

Leonore 18. 

Lerna 66. 

Le Roy 38. 

♦Lewistown . . .36. 

Lexington 38. 

Liberty 40. 

Liberty ville ... .6. 

Lima 40. 

Limerick 17 , 



.14. 



. .75. 
75. 



Lincoln 
Lindenwood 
Litchfield . . 
Littleton . . . 
Little York. 
Livingston . 

Loami 

Lockport . . 
Loda 



.46. 
. .9. 
.64. 
.41. 
.24. 
.69. 
.54. 
.21. 
.33. 



.15,386 
. . . 301 
. . . 237 
..4,113 
. . . 366 
. . . 501 
...225 
. .3,248 
.34,671 
..1,169 
...733 
. . . 516 
. . . 301 



. . . 506 
. . . 381 
.13,986 
. . . 945 
. . . 301 
. . . 251 
...201 
. .. 221 
. . . 404 
..1,515 
. . . 251 
. . . 269 
. . . 881 
. . . 571 
. .9,307 
. . . 671 
. . . 434 
...371 
. . . 295 
. . . 492 
. . . 997 
...219 
. . . 685 
. . . 251 
. . . 925 
. .1,818 
. . . 501 



. . 201 
.1,495 
.1,911 
, . . 287 
, .5,282 
.1,131 
.1,348 
. . 736 
. . . 201 
.3,349 
. . . 342 
, . . 304 
. . . 221 
, . . 555 
..1,175 
. . . 201 
. . . 202 
. .1,061 
. . . 301 
, . . 415 
.11,537 
. . . 438 
, .3,235 
, . . 469 
. .1,907 
. . . 599 
, . . 303 
. . . 245 
. . . 545 
..2,283 
..1,168 
. . . 200 
, . . 463 
. . . 203 
. . . 391 
..1,702 
. .2,312 
...318 
. . . 499 
. .1,724 
. . . 797 
. . . 450 
.10,891 
. . . 301 
. .5,971 
. . . 301 
. . . 358 
. . 1,002 
. . . 531 
. .2,555 
. . . 603 



Lombard 
London Mills. 
Long Point . . 
Longview . . . 

Loraine 

Lostant .... 
♦Louisville . . 

Lovejoy 

Lovington . . . 

Ludlow 

Lyndon 

Lyons 

M 

McClure 100. 



..13. 
..36. 
. .31. 
. .49. 
. .40. 
. .18. 
..78. 
..75. 
. .57. 
..49. 
...8. 
..14. 



McConnell 
McHenry 

McLean 

♦McLeansboro 
Macedonia . . 
Mackinaw 
♦McComb . . . 

Macpn 

Madison .... 

Maeys 

Magnolia .... 
Mahomet .... 
Makanda .... 

Maiden 

Malta 

Manchester . 
Manhattan . . 

Manito 

Manlius 

Mansfield . . . 
Manteno .... 
Maple Park. . 

Maquon 

Marengo .... 
Marietta .... 

Marine 

♦Marion 

Marissa 

Mark 

Maroa 

Marquette . . 
Marseilles 
♦Marshall . . . 
Martinsville . 
Martinton 33. 



.2. 
. . .5. 
.38. 

.90. 
. .90. 
. .37. 
. .35. 
..56. 
..69. 
. .81. 

..28. 

..49. 

..92. 
. .17. 
..11. 
. .52. 
. .21. 

..44. 
..17. 
..48. 
. . 32 . 
. .12. 
..25. 
.. .5. 
. .36. 

.69. 
..93. 
. .75. 
..28. 
. .56. 
. .17. 
. .18. 
. .68. 
. .68. 



50. 
.69. 



Marysville 
Maryville 
Mascoutah . . . .75. 

Mason 72 . 

Mason City. . . .44. 

Matteson 14. 

Mattoon 66. 

Maunie 91. 

May wood 14. 

Mazon 20. 

Mechanicsburg 54. 



.23. 
..63. 
.14. 
.39. 
.40. 
.18. 
.53. 
.30. 



Media 
Medora 

Melrose Park. 
Melvin . . . 
Mendon . . 
Mendota . 
Meredosia 
Metamora 

Metcalf 59. 

♦Metropolis . .102. 
Middlegrove . . .36. 
Middletown . . .46. 
Midland City. ..47. 

Milan 15, 

Milford 33, 

Millcreek 96. 

Milledgeville ... 7. 
Millersburg 
Millington . . 
Mill Shoals. 
Millstadt . .. 
Milmine 
Milton 



, ,22, 
..19. 
. .91. 

. ..75. 
. .48. 
. .51. 



Mineral 17. 

Minier 37 

Minonk 30. 

Minooka 20. 

Mitchellsville . .94. 

Modesto 63. 

Mokena 31 . 

Moline 15. 

Momence 33 , 

Monee 21. 

♦Monmouth . . .24, 
Monroe Center. .9. 
Montgomery ..13. 
♦Monticello ...48. 

Montrose 73. 

Morgan Park.. 14. 



. 883 
, . 555 
. . 239 
. . 257 
. . 417 
, . 458 
. . 671 
.1,501 
.1,011 
. . 305 
. . 391 
.1,483 



. . 301 
. . 251 
.1,031 
. . 707 
.1,796 
.. 285 
. . 735 
..5,775 
. . 683 
,.5,046 
...284 
, . . 368 
, . . 561 
. . . 401 
, . . 255 
, . . 451 
, . . 481 
. . . 443 
. . . 696 
, . . 218 
, . . 681 
. .1,229 
. . . 389 
. . . 472 
..1,936 
, . . 328 
. . . 685 
..7,193 
..2,014 
. .1,125 
..1,161 
. . . 494 
,,3,291 
, ,2,569 
, ,1,501 
, , , 312 
. . . 742 
...729 
..2,181 
. . . 345 
..1,843 
. . . 461 
.11,456 
. . . 512 
. .8,033 
...471 
...417 
. . . 226 
. . . 444 
..4,801 
. . . 509 
...611 
. .3,806 
. . . 951 
. . . 694 
. . . 449 
. .4,655 
. . . 201 
. .. 751 
. . . 201 

!;i,3i6 

. .. 221 
. . . 631 
...417 
...333 
. . . 701 
..1,141 
...211 
. . . 331 
. . . 349 
601 
. . 3,070 
. . . 361 
. . . 201 
. . . 298 
. . . 359 
.24,199 
..2,201 
. . . 411 
..9,128 
. . . 251 
. . . 371 
. .1,981 
. . . 349 
. .3,694 



52 



Illinois Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Toivns 



Loca. Pop. 



.69. 
.20. 



.55. 
.37. 



Moro 

• Morris 

•Morrison . . . 
Morrisonvllle 

Morton 

Morton Grove. .14. 
Morton Park... 14. 
•Mound City.. 101. 

Mounds 101. 

Mount Auburn. 55. 
•Mount Carmel.86. 
•Mount Carroll. .7. 
Mount Erie.... 84. 
Mount Forest.. 14. 
Mt. Greenwood. 14. 
Mount Morris... 9. 
Mount Olive. . .63. 
Mount Pulaski. 46. 
•Mount Sterling42. 
Mount Vernon. 83. 
Mount Zion. . . .56. 
Moweaqua ....65. 

Mozier 60. 

Mulberry Grove70. 
Mulkeytown ..89. 

Muncie 50. 

Murdock 58. 

•Murphysboro .92. 
MurayviUe ....53. 

N 

Nameoki 69. 

Naperville ... .13. 

Naples 52. 

•Nashville ... .82. 
National City. .75. 
National Stock 



. . 201 
.4,563 
.3,412 
. 1,126 
.1,009 
. . 836 
.1,001 
.3.837 
.1,686 
. . 463 
.6,934 
.1,759 
. . 299 
. . 478 
.. 276 
.1,132 
.3,501 
.1,511 
.1,986 
.8,007 
. . 331 
.1,513 
.. 301 
..716 
.. 251 
. . 253 
. . 350 
..7,485 
. . . 451 



Towns 



Loca. Pup. 



Ohlman 64 

Okawville 83 

Old Marissa. . . . 75 

Olmsted 101 

•Olney 79 

OiTiaha 95 

Onarga 33 



Oneida . . . . 
•Oquawka 
Orangeville 
•Oregon . . 

Orion 

Orland ... 
Oswego . . . 
•Ottawa . . 
Owaneco . . 



5. 

3. 
.2. 
. .9. 
.16. 
.14. 
.19. 
.18. 
.55. 



. . 200 
. . 579 
. . 349 
. . 283 
.5,011 
. . 586 
.1,273 
. . 589 
. . 907 
. . 370 
.2,180 
.. 655 
.. 369 
. . 600 
.9,535 
.. 365 



.75., 

.34. 
.51. , 

.67. 

.17. 

.75. 

.76. 

.17. 

.54. . 
..22 



Yards 

Nauvoo 

Nebo 

Neoga 

Neponset 

New Athens. 

New Baden. . 

New Bedford 

New Berlin . . . 

New Boston . . 

New Burnside. .97. 

New Canton... 51. 

New Douglas. .69. 

New Grand 

Chain 101. 

Newhaven . . . .95. 

New Holland. ..46. 

New Lenox. . . .21. 

Newman 58. 

New Memphis. 76. 

Newmilford .... 3. 

New Minden. ..82. 

New Philadel- 
phia 35. 

New Salem. . . .51. 

•Newton 

New Windsor 

Niantic 

Niles 

Niles Center. 



.73. 
.22. 
.56. 
.14. 
..14. 



Nilwood 63. 

Noble 79. 

Nokomis 64. 

Nora 1. 

Normal 38. 

Norris 36. 

Norris City. . . .91. 
North Aurora . . 12 . 
North Chicago.. 6. 
N. Chillicothe. .27. 
North Crystal 

Lake 5. 

N. Henderson. .22. 

North Utica 18. 

Nunda 5. 



. . 200 
.3,449 
. . 457 
.3,135 
. . 253 

.1,200 
.1,020 
. . 530 
.1,074 
. . 543 
.1,131 
.1,373 
. . 350 
.. 690 
. . 718 
. . 369 
. . 473 
.. 499 

.. 490 
. . 514 
. . 387 
. . 300 
.1,264 
. . 243 
.. 200 
. . 245 

, . . 300 
, . . 260 
. .2,018 
. . . 473 
. . . 685 
. . . 569 
. . . 568 
. . . 401 
. . . 618 
. .1,873 
. . . 251 
..4,024 
. . . 560 
..1,055 
. . . 353 
..3,306 
...911 

. . . 689 
. . . 300 
. . . 976 
... 750 



Palatine . . . 
Palestine . . 
Palmer .... 
Palmyra . . . 
Palos Park. 

Pana 

Panama . . 
•Paris .... 
Parker .... 
Parkersburg 
Park Ridge 
Parrish . . . 
Patoka . . . 
Patterson . 
Pawnee . . . 
Pawpaw . . 
•Paxton . . . 
Payson . . . 

Pearl 

Pearl City. 
Pecatonica 
•Pekin .... 
Penfield ... 

•Peoria 27 

Peoria Heights. 27 



.14. 

..74. 
, .55i 
. .63. 
, .14. 
.55. 
..64. 
. .59. 
. .97. 
. .79. 
. .14. 
..89. 
..77. 
. .61. 
..54. 
..10. 
..39. 
..40. 
..51. 
. ..2. 
.. .3. 
. .37. 
.49. 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



.31. 
. .87. 
..51. 
..18. 
. .49. 
..45. 
. .43. 
..49. 
. .14. 



Peotone 

Percy 

Perry 

Peru 

Pesotum . . . 

•Petersburg 

Philadelphia 

Philo 

Phoenix .... 
•Pinckneyville 88. 

Piper City 39. 

Pistakee 16. 

Pittsburg 93. 

•Pittsfield ... .51. 

Pittwood 33. 

Plainfield 21. 

Plainville 40, 

Piano 19 

Pleasant Hill. .51 
Pleasant Mound70 
Pleasant Plains 54, 

Plumfield 89 

Plum River 1 

Plymouth 34 

Pocahontas ....70 

Polo 9 

•Pontiac 31 

Pontoosuc 34 

Poplar Grove. . .4 
Port Byron. . . .15 



Oakford . 
Oakglen . 
Oakland . 
Oaklawn . 
Oak Park. 
Oakwood 
Oblong . . . 
Oconee . . 

Odell 

Odin 

O'Fallon . 
Ogden . . . 
Oglesby . 
Ohio 



..45. 
. .14. 
..66. 
. .14. 
..14. 

..50. 
. .74. 
..65. 
..31. 

..77, 
..75 
. .49 
, .18 
..17. 



, . . 317 

. . . 200 
..1,159 
. . . 287 
.19,444 
. . . 423 
. .1,482 
. . . 293 
..1,435 
..1,400 
..2,018 
. . . 428 
. .3,500 
. . . 527 



Porterville 
Portland 
Portland 
Posen 

Potomac .... 
Pottstown . . . 
Prairie City.. 
Prairie du 

Rocher . . . 
Preemption 
•Princeton . . 
Princeville . . 
Prophetstown 

Pulaski 101. 

Putnam 28. 



..74. 
..89. 
. .18. 
. .14. 
..50. 
. .27. 
..35. 

.87. 
.22. 
.17. 

:7. 

.8. 



.1,144 

.1,399 
. . 404 
. . 873 
. . 300 
.6,055 
. . 908 
.7,664 
.. 250 
.. 238 
.2,009 
.. 250 
. . 676 
.. 300 
.1,399 
. . 709 
.2,913 
.. 467 
, . . 843 
, . . 485 
..1,023 
..9,897 
. . . 300 
.66,956 
. . . 582 
..1,207 
. .1,033 
. . . 649 
. .7,984 
...376 
..2,589 
. . . 550 
. . . 563 
. . . 679 
. .2,722 
. . . 663 
. . . 500 
. . . 327 
..3,095 
. . . 300 
. .1,019 
. . . 351 
..1,627 
...576 
... 200 
. . . 625 
... 200 
... 200 
... 829 
... 749 
. .1,828 
. .6,090 
... 285 
... 297 
... 643 
... 200 
..3,194 
, . .3,500 
... 343 

800 

300 

719 



Rardin 

Raritan 

Ravinla 

Ray 

Raymond . . . 

Red Bud 

Reddick .... 
RediTion .... 

Reeves 

Renault .... 

Reno 

Reynolds .... 
Richmond . . . 
Richview 
Ridge Farm. 
Ridgefield ... 
Ridge Prairie. .7i) 

Ridgeway 95 

Ringwood 5 

Rio 25 



.66., 

.23. 

. .6. 
..41. 

.64. 

.87. 

.33. 
. ..59. 
..93. 

.81. , 

.70. 
..15. 
. ..5. 
. .82. 
..50. 



5. 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Ripley 

Riverdale . . . 
River Forest. 
River Grove. 
Riverside . . . 
Riverton . 
Riverview . . 
Roanoke ... 

Roberts 

*Robinson . 
Rochelle . . . 
Rochester 

Rock 

Rockbridge 
Rockdale . . 
Rockefeller 
Rock Falls. 

•Rockford . 

•Rock Island.. 15.. 



. .42. 
. .11. 
. .14. 
..14. 
.14. 
...54. 
. .14. 
..30. 
..39. 
. .74. 
...9. 
. .54. 
. .98. 
..61. 
..21. 



..3, 



.51 

. .3. 
. .6. 
.27. 
.61. 
. .3. 
.73. 
.13, 
.55 
.34 
.99 
.50 
.89 



Rockport 
Rockton . 
Rollins . . 
Rome .... 
Roodhouse 
Roscoe . . . 
Rose Hill. 
Roselle . . 
Rosemond 
Roseville 
Rosiclare 
Rossville . 
Royalton . 

Rozetta 24 

•Rushville . . . .41 
Russellville . . .80 
Rutland 18 



Sadorus 49 

Sailor Springs. .78 
Saint Anne. . . .32 
Saint Charles. .12 

Saint David 36 

Saint Elmo.... 71 
Sainte Marie. . .73 
St. Francisville.80 
Saint Jacob. . . .69 

Saint John 88 

Saint Joseph. . .49 
Saint Libory...75 
Saint Peter. . . .71 

♦Salem 77 

Sandoval 77 



. . 511 
. . 250 
.4,131 

, . . 785 
..1,083 
. . . 59ir 
. . . 240, 



Q 



*Quincy 40.. 36,581 



R 

Radom 82. 

Raleigh 94. 

Ramsey 71. 

Rankin 50. 

Ransom 18. 

Rantoul 49. 

Rapatee 25. 



, . . 305' 
,..238 
, . . 769 
. . . 858 
, .. 370 
..1,384, 
, . . 20O 



Sandusky 
Sandwich ... 
San Jose ... 
Saunemin . . . 
Savanna .... 
Sawyersville 
Saybrook . . . 
Scales Mound 
Schram City. 
Scottland . . . 
Scottville . . . 

Sears 

Seaton 

Seatonvllle . . 

Secor 

Seneca 

Sesser »» 

Seymour 49 

Shabbona 11 

Shannon 7 

Shawneetown 95 



100. 
.11. 
.44. 
.31. 
..7. 
.63. 
.38. 
..1. 
.64. 
.59. 
.63 
.15. 
.22 
.17 
.30 
.18 



Sheffield 
•Shelbyville 
Sheldon . . . . 
Sheridan . . . 
Shermerville 



Sherrard 22 



. . 2.50 
. . 931 
. . 500 
. . 200 
. . 881 
.1,240 
. . 388 
. . 240 
. . 658 
. . 241 
.. 200 
.. 367 
. . 554 
.. 366 
. . 967 
. . 200 
.. 360 
.1,054 
. . 300 
. . 300 
.. 234 
.. 917 
.2,456 
, . . 418 
..1,702 
. 1,911 
. . . 313 
. .1,311 
. . . 466 
. .3,863 
..2,732 
...414 
. . . 288 
. . . 275 
. .1,101 
. . . 358 
. .2,657 
.45,401 
.24,3.35 
.. 204 
.. 841 
.. 200 
.. 233 
.2,171 
.. 500 
239 

! ! 400 

. . 300 
... 882 

. . 609 
..1,423 

. . 357 
... 200 
..2,442 
. . . 257 
... 754 



.. 336 
. . 388 
.1,065 
, .4,046 
. . . 915 
.1,227 
. . . 450 
..1,391 
. . . 534 
. .. 378 
. . . 681 
. . . 328 
. . . 313 
. .2,669 
. . . 563 
..1,500 
..2,577 
. . . 446 
...357 
..3,691 
. . . 445 
. . . 805 
. . . 388 
.. . 516 
. . . 400 
. . . 301 
.. . 236 
... 326 
..1,370 
... 358 
. .1,100 
. .1,393 
. . . 230 
... 594 
... 633 
. .1,863 
. .1,009 
. .3,590 
..1,453 
. . . 506 
... 440 
. . . 906 



Shetlerville ...99. 
Khiloh Valley.. 75. 

Shipman 63. 

Shobonier 71. 

Shumway 73. 

Sibley 39. 

Sidell 50. 

Sidney 49. 

Sigel 65. 

Silvis 15. 



.84. 
,.70. 
..36. 
..34. 
..75. 
. .11. 

.70. 



Sims . . - - . 

Smithboro 

Smithfield 

Smithshire 

Smithton 

Somonauk 

Sorento - 

South Beloit....3 
South Chicago 

Heights 14 

South Elgin 13 

South Heights. 15 
South Holland. 14 
S. Wilmington. 30 



Sparland 

Sparta 

Spaulding 
Spillertown 
Springerton 
Springfield 

(capitol) , 
Springforest _ 
Spring Garden. 83 
Spring Grove... 5 
Spring Valley. .17 



39. 
.87. 
.54. 
.93. 
.91 

.54. 
..14. 



Standard 
Stanford . . 
Staunton . . 
Steeleville . 
Steelton .. 
Steger .... 
Sterling ... 
Steward . . 
Stewardson 
Stillman Valley. 9 



.28. 

.38. 

.63. 

.87. 

.50. 
,.31, 
...8. 
..10, 

.65 



Stillwell 
Stockton .... 
Stonefort ... 
Stonington . . 

Stoy 

Strasburg . . . 

Strawn 

Streator .... 
Stronghurst . 

Sublette 

♦Sullivan .... 

Summerfield 
Summit 

Summum . . . 

Sumner 

Swansea .... 

♦Sycamore . . 
T 

Table Grove. 

Taf t 

Tallula 

Tamaroa .... 

Tamms 100 

Tampico 8 

Taylor Springs.64 

•Taylorville ...55 

Techny 14 

Tennessee 35 



34. 
. .1. 

.94. 
.55. 
.74. 
.65. 
.31. 
.18. 
.23. 
.10 
.57, 
.75 
.14 
.36 
,.80 



. . 200 
. . 395 
. . 392 
. . 306 
. . 291 
. . 385 
. . 741 
. . 481 
. . 308 
.1,163 
. . 399 
. . 309 
. . 389 
. . 250 
.. 380 
. . 591 
.1,018 
.. 600 

.. 552 
. . 580 
. . 350 
.1,065 
.2,043 
, . 461 
.3,081 

, . . 308 
. . 249 

, . . 418 

,51,678 

. . . 334 
. . . 227 
...203 
..7,035 
. . . 793 
. . . 525 
. .5,048 
. . . 708 
. . . 300 
. .2,161 
..7,467 
. . . 353 
. . . 720 
. . . 400 
. . . 250 
. .1,096 
. . . 500 
. .1,118 
. . . 488 
. . . 526 
. . . 277 
.14,253 
. . . 762 
... 287 
..2,621 
...337 
... 949 
. . . 200 
. .1,413 



. .11. ..3,962 



..36. 



..45. 
, .88. 



. . .14. 

. . .72. 

. . .90. 

. . .33. 

.54. 



Tessville 
Teutopolis 
Thackery 
Thawville 

Thaver 

Thebes 100. 

Thomas 17, 

Thomasboro . . .49 
Thompsonville 

Thomson 

Thornton .... 

Tice 

Ticona 

Tilden 87. 

Tilton 50. 

Timewell 42. 

Tinley Park. . .14. 

Tioga 34. 

Tiskilwa 17. 

Toledo 67. 



. .7. 
.14. 
.45. 
.18. 



Tolono 
Toluca 
Tonica . . . . 
Torino . . . . 
•Toulon . . . 
Towanda . 
Tower Hill. 



, . .49 
...29. 
, . .18. 
...21. 
. ..26. 
. . .38. 
. . .65. 



. . 544 
. . 400 
.. 742 
. . 910 
. . 410 
. . 849 
. . 380 
.5,446 
. . 335 
.. 274 
. . 359 
. . 592 
.. 200 
, . . 318 
.1,013 
, . . 717 
. . . 200 
. . . 321 
...573 
. . . 487 
. .1,030 
. . . 200 
...497 
. . . 774 
. . . 710 
. . . 219 
. . . 304 
. . . 300 
. . . 857 
. . . 900 
. . . 760 
..3,407 
. . . 483 
. . . 510 
. .1,208 
. . . 404 
..1,040 



53 



A Great State Rich in Manufacturing and Agriculture 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Tremont 37 . . . . 782 

Trenton 76... 1,694 

Trilla 66 360 

Troy 69. . .1,447 

Troy Grove 18 389 

* Tuscola 58... 3,453 

U 

Ullin 101 670 

Union 68 450 

Union 5 432 

Union Hill 32 350 

Unionville ... 102 300 

Upper Alton ..69... 3,918 

*Urbana 49... 8,345 

Utica 18... 1,500 

V 

Valley 51 800 

*Vandalia 71... 3,974 

Varna 29 403 

Venice 69... 3,718 

Vergennes . . . .92. . . . 343 

Vermilion 59 238 

Vermilion 

Grove 50. . . . 200 

Vermont 36... 1,118 

Vernon 77 333 

Verona 30 ... . 300 

Versailles 43 ... . 557 

Victoria 35 334 

♦Vienna 97... 1,134 

Villa Grove. .. .58. . .1,838 
Villa Ridge. . .101 500 



Loca. Pop. 



Viola . . . 
Virden . . 
* Virginia 



. .63. 
..43. 



W 



Waggoner ....64. 

Waldron 32. 

Walnut 17. 

Wann 69. 



Wapella . . . . 

Warren 

Warrensburg 
Warsaw . . . . 
Washburn 
Washington . 

Wasson 

Wataga 

'Waterloo . . 
Waterman . . 
Watertown . . 
*Watseka . . . 

Watson 

Wauconda . . 
*Waukegan . 
Waverly . . . . 

Wayne 

Wayne City . . 
Waynesville 

Wedron 

Weldon 

Wellington . . 
Wenona . . . . 
West Batavia 



..47. 
.. .1. 
..56. 
..34. 
..30. 
. .37. 
. .94. 
25 
!'.8l'. 
. .11. 
..15. 
..33. 
..72. 
...6. 
. . .6. 
. 53. 
. .13. 
..84. 
..47. 
. .18. 
..47. 
. .33. 
. .29. 
.12. 



. . 760 
. .4,001 
..1,501 

. . . 373 
, . . 261 
, . . 763 
. . . 535 
. . . 498 
. .1,331 
, . . 504 
..3,354 
. . . 777 
..1,531 
. . . 353 
, . . 444 
. .3,091 
. . . 398 
. . . 525 
..2,476 
. . . 332 
. . . 368 
.16,069 
. .1,538 
. . . 620 
. . . 800 
. . . 546 
. . . 203 
. . . 531 
.300 
. .1,442 
. .5,000 



Toivn.s 



Loca. Pop. 



West Brooklyn. 10. . 

West Chicago. .13. . 

West Dundee.. 12.. 

Western Spgs..l4.. 

Weslfield 68.. 

West Frank- 
fort 89 . , 

West Grossdale.l4. . 

West Ham- 
mond . . . 

West Liberty. 

Weston 

West Point.. 

West Salem. 

West Rpringfl'd.54. 

West Union. . . .68. , 

Westville . . 

West York. . 

Wetaug .... 

Wethersfield 

*Wheaton . . 

Wheeler . . . 

Wheeling . . 

Whiteash . . 

White Citv... 

White Hall. . . 

White Heath. 

Williamsfield . 

Williamson . . 

Williamsville . 

WiUisville ... 

Willow Hill. . . 

Wilmette ... 



.14. 
.73. 
.38. 
.34. 
.85. 



.50. 

.. .74. 

.101. 

..16. 

. .13. 

...73. 

. .14. 

. . .93. 

. . . 63 . 

.. .61. 

.48. 

. 25 . 

.69. 

.54. 

.88. 

.73. 

. .14. 



. . 366 
.3,378 
.1,383 
. . 905 
. . 927 

.2,111 
. . 300 

.4,948 
. . 314 

.'.393 
. . 735 
. . 905 
. . 451 
.2,607 
. . 300 
. . 318 
.1,593 
.3,423 
. . 255 
. . 261 
. . 353 
. . 421 
.2.850 
. . 201 
. . 483 
. .648 
. . 602 
.1,082 
. . 444 
.4,943 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Wilmington 
Wilmington 
* Winchester 
Windsor . . . 
Windsor . . . 
Winnebago . 
Winnetka . . 
Winslow . . . 
Winthrop 
Harbor . . 

Witt 

Woburn 

Woodhull .. 

Woodland 

Woodlawn . 

Woodson 

♦Woodstock 

Worden 

Worth 

Wrights . . . 
'W^'yanet . . . . 
Wyoming . . 



.61. 
.21. 
.52. 
.65. 
.23. 
..3. 
.14. 



..304 
. 1,450 
.1,639 
. . 987 
. . 660 
. . 415 
.3,158 
. . 436 



.64. 
.70. 
.16. 
.33. 
.83. 
.53. 
. .5. 
.69. 
.14. 
.61. 
.17. 
.36. 



Yates City 25. 

*yorkville ... .19. 



Zeigler 89. 

Zion City 6. 



. . 439 
.3,170 
. . 353 
. . 693 
. . 295 
. . 315 
. . 257 
.4,341 
.1,082 
. . 203 
. . 202 
. . 872 
.1,506 



. 586 
. 431 



. . 503 
.4,789 



ILLINOIS 



OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICILTURAL AND VARIED ENTERPRISES 

The Immense Natural Resources of the State 



In a study of comparisons between the different 
states, the land-seeker, for profitable investment, 
discovers he need not go beyond the boundaries 
of Illinois. 

HUNDREDS OF YEARS 

AKhoiigli much of the slate is undulating, ex- 
cepting Louisiana and Delaware, this is the most 
level of any state in the Union. Not only is 
it level but a large share of Its area is covered 
by prairie, where, for hundreds of years, vegeta- 
tion has sprung into existence, ripened, fallen 
back, decayed and returned to enrich the earth, 
making a soil of dark rich vegetable mold, in 
many places on the river bottoms, twenty-flve 
feet in thickness, a soil on which various crops 
can be grown successively for many years without 
losing its strength. 

CENTER or FARMS 

That the central location and fertility of this 
soil is fully understood is shown in the fact that 
so much agricultural development centers in this 
state. To illustrate: By a late United States 
Census the center of farms was near Fairfield, 
Wayne county. 111. Tho center of value of farm 
property was ten miles north of Jacksonville, 
Morgan county, and the center of corn production 
was thirty miles directly south of Jacksonville. 

By government agricultural report of 1906, the 
value of corn, which exceeded every other state, 
was .$1124,931,051. The next largest was Iowa, $119,- 
448,000. The third largest was Texas, $77,902,391. 

AVERAGE CORN CROP 

The average crop of corn in the United States 
is twenty-seven bushels to the acre, the average 
in the corn belt of Illinois is forty-five bushels to 
the acre. Dr. C. S. Hopkins, head of the depart- 
ment of agronomy at the University of Illinois, 
asserts that it is possible to increase this average 
not only to seventy-two, but to eighty bushels an 
acre. Many scientific farmers raise eighty bushels 
to the acre and even 110 bushels by increasing the 
nourishment in the soil which the corn plant re- 
quires for its development. 

IMMENSE COAL AREA 

Next to Penns.vlvania, Illinois is the largest pro- 
ducer of coal. Her coal area covers 45,000 square 
miles. The Illinois coal output in 1006 was 37,- 
183,374 tons. 

COMFORTABLE WEATHER 

Owing to absence of moimtains, the state is ex- 
posed to winds which in winter blow chielly from 



the north and northwest, making the climate severe. 
During the rest of the year, the winds come from 
the south and southwest. The summers are ex- 
ceedingly hot, south of Springfield, Sangamon 
county, but the prevailing breeze in warm weather 
cools the atmosphere to the point of comfort. 

At Cairo, the extreme southern part of the state, 
tlie avei'age temperature is HSVs degrees. 

FIELD FOR FRUITS 

The mild climate and abundant rainfall in the 
southern part of the state, combined with accessi- 
bility to several excellent markets, have caused this 
region to be selected by horticulturists as a natural 
field for the growing of strawberries, peaches, 
melons and other fruit which ripen considerably 
earlier than in northern regions of the state. 

MANUFACTURING CENTER 

Excepting New York and Pennsylvania, Illinois, 
young as is the state, excels all other states in 
manufacturing. There is a natural i-eason for this: 
First, the vvonderously fertile soil produces food 
most cheaply here. Second, the vast area here of 
coal-beds suppl.v cheap fuel for the production of 
power. Third, the many streams furnish means 
for the development of electric power while the 
4.000 luiles of navigable rivers outside of Lake 
Michigan permit of cheap transportation to the 
markets of the country. 

SHIP CANAL 

Added to this there is coming probably deep 
water navigation from Lake Michigan to the Gulf 
of Mexico, and all parts of the world by way of 
the Chicago drainage canal, the Illinois and Mis- 
sissippi Rivers and the Panama Canal. 

FUTURE L.\ND VALUES. 

Compared with other jiarts of the United States, 
the value of farm lands in Illinois, ranging in 
price from $30 to $150 per acre, may seem high, 
but the land-seeker will take several things into 
account. 

NATURAL OPPORTUNITIES 

Among them are ease of cultivating the soil, 
relief from expense of fertilizing, accessibility to 

inarkets by water navigation, and thousands of 
miles of railroad at present in Illinois, which bring 
nearly every farni in the state within ten miles of 
a railway line. 



54 



Illinois Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



INTEXSIVE lARiMlNG 

The density ol popiilaiiun here was, by late cen- 
sus, 100 persons to the square mile. There were 41JS 
inhabitants to the square mile in Massachusetts and 
."iOiS in Rhode Island. Certainly the advantages of- 
fered for the acquisition of a living are as great 
here as in any eastern state, and it is plainly evi- 
dent that this state will be as thickly settled. 
When that time comes, there will be three times 
more people here than now. Then large farms will 
be cut into small tracts, intensive farming will be 
general, as the forty-acre tract will yield as much 
profit as does the one hundred and sixty-acre farm 
today. 

With increased density of population, there will 
be increased demand for land, and corresponding 
advance in price. 

KEEP IP THE PRICE OF LAND 

If at times there is more foodstuff than is tempo- 



rarily required, there exists the certainty that the 
land will alwa.vs give a support and can be de- 
pended upon to furnish a living. The article man- 
ufactured is liable to depreciation in various ways. 
It inay be superseded by something better; it may 
get out of style; may be worn out; may be stolen 
or consumed by flre. 

Not so with land. Unless destroyed by some con- 
vulsion of Nature, it is steadily riglit there, .iust 
so much and no less, ready to produce and steadily 
yield wealth in the future. 

SAFE TO BUY LAND 

Thus, in any locality, or state, where soil is fertile, 
the climate favorable, the educational facilities and 
markets accessible, all of which abundantly favor 
Illinois, it is entirely safe and wise to invest at 
the going prices in suburban and farm land. 



Soil Products, 1906 



Value. 



Corn, *3Cc .$124,981,051 

Oats, '340 33,406,685 

Hay, per ton, $12.50. .. .32,315,925 

Wheat. *72c 26,589,771 

Potatoes. *02c 9,059,369 

Rve, *56c 612,364 

liarley, ■*42c 318,755 

Tobacco 61,705 

Buckwheat 53,965 

Live Stock, Jan. 1, 1907. Value. 

Horses, t$93 $171,990,000 

Common cattle 49,238,170 

Milch cows, t$35 40,6.52.500 

Pwine, t$7.62 37.377,522 

Mules, t.$112 16,008,630 

Sheep, t$5.20 4,041,293 



ANNUAL WEALTH OF ILLINOIS 

Manufactures, 1906. Value. 

Including custom 

work and repairs. $1,410, 342, 129 

Capital employed 975,844,799 

Wages paid 208,405,468 

Minerals, 1905. Value. 

Coal, t.$l.06 $40,577,592 

Pig iron (estimated) .. .37,040.000 

Clay products 12,361,786 

Zinc 5,499.508 

Stone 3,541,005 

Illuminating gas 1,912,868 

Portland cement 1,741,150 

Sand and gravel 547,167 

Gas coke 487,772 

Lime 421.589 

Flourspar 220.20(> 

Glass sand 146,605 

Clay 120,410 

PRICES AND VALUES. 



Minerals, 1905. Value. 

Petroleum 116,561 

Natural cement 116,549 

Coal tar 49,714 

Mineral waters 47,995 

Coke 27,681 

Ammonium sulphate 22,956 

Natural gas 7,223 

Other products, including 
slag, cement and sand 
lime brick 59,230 



Total, minerals 



.$105,065,567 



*Farm price per bushel in Illi- 
nois. 

tFarm price per head in Illi- 
nois. 

tPrice of coal per ton at the 
mines. 



The reader should understand that prices of agricultural and mineral products vary with different 
years. The prices of 1906-7 are the average. Causes may make prices more or less in later years. 



POULTRY, EGGS AND BUTTER 

In the foregoing detail of the various sources of 
wealth in Illinois we have made no mention of the 
millions of dollars of revenue that annually come 
from poultry, eggs, butter, cream and milk. No 
figures are here given of the vast .yield of garden 
vegetables, apples, melons and small fruits. No sta- 
tistics have been given here of the thousands of 
conservatories that send their cut flowers hundreds 
of miles in all directions. 

MUCH MORE TO BE SAID 

In short, our omissions of the products of this 
fertile state easily run up into the many millions. 



Agriculture: 42,000 square miles adapted to growth 
of .grains; ranks high in production of oats, winter 
wheat in South and Southwest part of the state; 
central portion of the state for corn and sugar 
beets. Land-seekers get full information as to soils 
of the state at the 6tate University, Urbana, 111. 

Area: Length, 385 miles; breadth, 218 miles. 

Altitude: Highest elevation in Jo Daviess countj', 
1,150 feet; average of the state, 350 feet above 
sea level. Length of Mississippi River on west 
side. 700 miles. Coast line of Lake Michigan, on 
east side of Illinois, 60 miles. 



CONDENSED FACTS RELATING TO ILLINOIS. 



History 1680. First white set- 
tlement made by Sieur de La 
Salle, who built a small fort at 
the foot of Lake Peoria. 

1809. Illinois Territory organ- 
ized, comprising land now in- 
cluded in Illinois, Wisconsin, and 
part of Michigan. 

?811. First schoolhouse in the 
state built at Shiloh, St. Clair 
County. 

1818. State admitted to the 
Union. First general assembly 
met at Kaskaskia.* Seat of gov- 
ernment removed to Vandalia. 

1820. Census showed 55,162 in- 
habitants in the state. 



1825. State law passed estab- 
lishing common public schools. 

1826. Stage route established 
between Springfield and Chicago. 
First steamboat on the Illinois 
River. 

1832. Blackhawk war and 
cholera epidemic. 

1837. Pro-slavery sentiment at 
Alton resulted in mob riot and 
death of Elijah P. Lovejoy. 

1844. Mormon riots and death 
of Joseph Smith. 

1851. Illinois Central Railroad 
incorporated under laws of the 
state. 

1858. Famous debate by Lin- 
coln and Douglas. 



Waterwa.vs. The Illinois River, 
length 350 miles, rises in Grundy 
County and empties into the Mis- 
sissippi River at Grafton, Jersey 
County, 20 miles above Alton, 
and 40 miles above St. Louis. 

DRAINAGE CANAL. 

The main channel of the Chi- 
cago drainage canal is 28.05 miles 
long and 22 feet deep. South- 
ward from its terminus, near Jo- 
liet, it is designed that the ship 
canal, connecting the Great Lakes 
and the Mississippi River, shall 
much of its length, follow the 
route of the Illinois River. (See 
route of this proposed canal on 
our map of Illinois.) 



'Kaskjisia is a small village in southwestern part of Randolph County. See County 87. 



55 



INDIANA 



STATE AND THE 92 COUNTIES OF INDIANA 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 

of 

INDIANA COUNTIES 



Lo- 

ca- COUNTIES Pop. 

tion 1910 

1 Lake. .82,864 

3 Porter. .20,540 

3 La Porte. .45,797 

4 St. Joseph. .84,312 

5 Starke. .10,507 

6 Marshall. .24,175 

7 Elkhart. .49,008 

8 La Grange. .15,148 

9 Steuben. .14,274 

10 Newton. .10,504 

11 Jasper. .13,044 

12 Pulaski. .13,312 

13 Fulton. .16,879 

14 Kosciusko. .27,936 

15 Noble. .24,009 

16 De Kalb. .25,0.54 

17 Whitley. .16,892 

18 Allen. .92.386 

19 Benton. .12,688 

20 White. .17,602 

21 Carroll. .17.970 

22 .. . Cass. .36,368 

23 Miami. .29.3,50 

24 Wabash. .26,926 

25 Huntington. .28,982 

26 Wells. .22,418 

27 Adams. .21,840 

28 Warren. .10,899 

29.... Tippecanoe. .40,063 

30 Clinton. .26,674 

31 Howard. .33,177 

32 Tipton. .17,4.59 

33 Grant. .51,426 

34 Blackford. .15,820 

35 Jay. .24.961 

36 Fountain. .20,439 

37... Montgomery.. 29,296 

38 Boone. .24,673 

39 Hamilton. .27,026 

40 Madison. .65,224 

41 Delaware. .51,414 

42 Randolph . . 29,013 

43 Vermilion. .18,863 

44 Parke. .22.214 

45 Putnam. .20,520 

46 Hendricks. .20,840 

47 Marion. 263, 661 

48 Hancock. .19,030 

49 Henry. .29,958 

50 Wayne. .43,757 

51 Vigo.. 87,930 

52 Clav.. 32,535 

53 Owen. .14,0.53 

54 Morgan. .21.182 

55 Johnson. .20,394 

56 Shelby. .26,802 

57 Rush.. 19, 349 

58 Favette. .14,415 

59 Union. . 6,260 

60 Sullivan. .32,439 

61 Greene. .36,873 

62 Monroe. .23,426 

63 Brown. . 7,975 

64.. Bartholomew. .24,813 

65 Decatur.. 17,893 

66 Franklin. .15,385 

67 Knox.. 39,183 

68 Daviess. .27,747 

69 Martin. .12,950 

70 Lawrence. .30,625 

71 Jackson. .24,727 

72 Jennings. .14,203 

73 Ripley.. 19,452 

74 Dearborn. .21,396 

75 Ohio. . 4,329 

76 Gibson. .30,137 

77 Pike.. 19,684 

78 Dubois. .19,843 

79 Orange. .17,192 

80 . . . Washington . . 17,445 

81 Scott.. 8,323 

82 Jefferson. .20,483 

83... Switzerland.. 9,914 

84 Posey. .21,670 

85... Vanderburg. .77,438 




1 ! 2 

..A 



I. ! 24 ' 25 I 

j L.-j 20 H- ^^ '^3 1 I 126 l2? 

2bJ 29 \ 30 



10 i i;^ 

J 
19 



K-^-rr_ 



/ 3' 38 ; 39 j ; V - 

51 S2_i i ._,..J_.,J.-.J.- j .6?.. 
53 i I ! I 65 > / 




Lorn. 


County Pop. 


Loca. 

89 

90 

91 


County Pop. 

Crawford.. 12,057 

Harrison.. 20,232 

... Floyd. .30.293 


Loca. 


County Pop. 


86 

87 

88 


. Warrick.. 21,911 
.. Spencer. .20,676 
Perry. .18,078 


92 

Total 


. Clark. .30,260 


2,700,876 




INDIANii 


L TOWNS 


WITU 1910 POPULATIONS 





Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Acton 
Adams . , 
Advance 
Akron . , 
Alamo . . 



.47. 
,.65. 
,.38. 

.13. 
...37. 



Alaska 53. 

Albany 41. 

♦Albion 15. 

Alert 65. 

Alexandria ....40. 
Alfordsville ...68. 



. . 400 
. . 400 
. . 416 
. . 806 
. . 209 
. . 200 
.1,289 
.1,213 
. . 250 
. 5,096 
. . 396 i 



Toicns 


Loca. 


Pop. 




. .16. . 


. 349 
. 359 


Ambia 


..19.. 


Amboy 


..23.. 


. 521 


Amo 


..46.. 


. 508 


.Amsterdam . 


..90.. 


. 280 


*Anderson .. 


..40.. 5 


22,476 


Andersonville 


.66.. 


. 325 


Andrews . . . . 


..25.. 


. 957 


*Angola . . . . 


. . .9. . 


2,613 


Annapolis . . . 


..44.. 


. 240 


Altoga 


. .78. . 


. 250 


Arcadia 


..39. . 


. 990 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



Areola . . 

Argos 

Arlington 

Arthur . . 

Ashboro 

Ashersville 

Ashley . 

Atherton 

Atlanta 

Attica . 

Atwood 

*Auburn 



.18 375 

..6. ..1,088 



400 

409 

206 

400 

639 

.. 300 

.. 876 

.3,335 

.14 350 

16.. .3,919 



.57. 

.77. 
.52. 
.52. 
..9. 
.51. 
.39. 
.36. 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns: Second 
Column, Number the Same as Number of the County Where Town is Located; 
Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Location. Pop. Means Popu- 
lation. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



56 



Cities and Villages of Indiana with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pol). 



Auburn Jet. 
Augusta . . . 
Aurora . • . . 
Austin . . . . 

Avilla 

Avoca .... 
Ayrshire . . 



, .16. 

..77. 
,.74. 
..81. 
. .15. 

. .70. 

..77. 



, . 269 
. . 250 
. 4,410 
. . 410 
. . 579 
. . 560 
. . 308 



Towns 



Lora. Pop. 



Bainbridge 45 

Batesville 73 

Battle Ground 29 

Bean Blossom. 63 

•Bedford 70 

Beach Grove. . .47 

Belleville . . . 

Bellmore .... 

Benton 

Berne 

Betheven ... 

Bicknell .... 

Bippus 

Birdseye .... 

•Bloomfield . 

Bloomingdale 

•Bloomington 

Blountsville . 

Blue Ridge., 
•Bluffton ... 

Boggstown . . 
♦Boonville . 

Borden 

Boswell ... 
Boundary . . 
Bourbon ... 
Bowling Green. 52 

Bradford 90 

♦Brazil 52 

Bremen 6 

Briant 35 

Bridgeport . . . .47 

Bridgeton 44 

Erimfield 15 

Bringhurst ... .21 

Bristol 7 

Broad Ripple. .47 



. .46. 
. .44. 
...7. 
..27. 
..33. 
..67. 
. .25. 
. .78. 
. .61. 

.44. 

.62. 
..49. 
..56. 
..26. 
..56. 
. .86. 
..92. 
..19. 
. .35. 
.6. 



Bronson 

Brook 

Brookfield . . 
Brooklyn . . . 
Brookston 
♦Brookville . 
Brownsburg . 
•Brownstown 
Brownsville . 
Bruce Lake. . 
Bruceville . . 
Buck Creek. . 

Buddha 

Bunker Hill 
Burket .... 
Burlington . 
Burnettsville 
Burney .... 
Burns City. 

Butler 16 

Butlerville 72 



.43. 
.10. 
.56. 
.54. 
.20. 
.66. 
.46. 
.71. 
.59. 
.13. 
.67. 
.29. 
.70. 
.23 
.14, 
.21, 
.20 
.65 
.69 



. . 449 
.2,151 
. . 443 
. . 227 
.8,716 
. . 568 
. . 308 
. . 390 
.. 208 
.1.316 
.2,289 
.2,794 
. . 350 
.. 439 
.2,069 
. . 528 
.8,838 
. . 260 
. . 227 
.4,987 
.. 209 
.3,934 
. . 425 
.. 814 
, . . 209 
.1,163 
, . . 336 
. . . 260 
. .9,340 
..2,008 
. . . 469 
, . . 406 
. . . 250 
. . . 360 
. . . 400 
. . . 535 
...770 
. . 309 
..1,067 
. . . 308 
. . . 573 
. . . 907 
..2,169 
. . . 876 
. . 1,492 
. . . 306 
. . . 350 
. . . 460 
. . . 250 
. . . 309 
. . . 668 
. . . 408 
. . . 890 
. . . 489 
. . . 205 
. . . 290 
..1,818 
... 309 



Chrisney .... 
Churubusco . 

Cicero 

Clarksburg . . 
Clarkshill ... 
Clarksville . . 
Clarksville . . 

Clay City 

Claypool ... 
Claysburg . . 
Clayton .... 
Clear Creek. 
Clearsprings 
Clermont . , 
Clifford ... 
Clinton ... 
Cloverdale 
Coal Bluff. 
Coal City.. 
Coalcreek . 
Coatesville 
Cochran . . 
Coesse .... 
Colburn 
Colfax 

Collett . . . 
Coloma ....... 

♦Columbia City 

♦Columbus . . . , 
♦Connersville . 

Converse 

I Cortland 

Corunna 

I Cory 

I ♦Corydon .... 

♦Covington 

Cowan 

Coxville 

Craigville .'. . . 

♦Crawfordsville 

Crisman 

Cromwell .... 

Crothersville . 

♦Crown Point. 

Culver 

Cumback .... 

Cumberland .. 

Cynthiana . . . 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Cadiz 

Cambridge City 

Camden , 

Cammack .... 
Campbellsburg 

Canaan 

Cannelburg . . 
♦Cannelton . . . 

Canton 

Carbon 

Cardonia 

Carlisle 

Carmel 

Carrollton . . . 
Cartersburg . . 
Carthage . . . . 

Catlin 

Cayuga 

Cedar Grove. . 
Cedar Lake . . . 
Cementville . . 

Center 

Centerpoint . . 
Centerton . . . . 
Centerville . . . 
Chalmers . . . . 
Charlestown 
Charlottesville 
Chesterfield . . 
Chesterton . . 

Chili , 

China 



49.. 

50., 

21.. 
.41 . 

80. 
.82. 
.68. 
.88. 
.80. 

.52. 
.52. 
.60. 

.39. 

.48. 

.46. 

.57. 

.44. 

.43. 

.66. 

. .1. 

.92. 

.31. 

.52. 

.54. 

.50. 

.20. 

.93. 
48. 

.40. 
. ..2. 
..23. 

.82. 



. . 209 
.2,237 
. . 557 
..220 
. . 666 
.. 226 
.. 306 
.2,130 
.. 290 
. . 493 
. . 580 
. . 850 
. . 626 
.. 409 
.. 360 
. . 873 
. . 280 
.. 911 
. . 389 
. . 402 
. . 520 
. . . 360 
. . . 414 
, . . 360 
.1,019 
. . . 513 
. . . 864 
. . . 450 
. . . 285 
. .1,409 
. . . 2.50 
. . . 250 



. . 524 
. . 870 
. . 990 
. . 450 
. . 463 
.2,743 
. . 208 
.1,213 
.. 408 
.. 380 
.. 497 
. . 220 
.. 210 
.. 205 
. . 210 
.6,229 
. . 634 
. . 680 
, . . 380 
, . . 250 
. . . 472 
, . . 960 
. . . 250 
. . . 302 
. . . 801 
. . . 200 
. . . 260 
..3,448 
. .8,813 
..7,738 
..1,164 
. . . 260 
...318 
. . . 380 
. .1,703 
..2,069 
. . . 200 
. . . 408 
. . . 209 
..9,371 
292 
'. ". ". 520 
..1,038 
..2,536 
... 810 
... 396 
... 360 
... 610 



Eugene 43. . . . 450 



Evansville 
Ewing 



,.85, 
..71, 



.69,647 
..3,500 



Fairfield . . . 
Fairland . . , 
Fairmont . 
Fair Oaks. , 
Fairview Park. 43. 



D 



Dale 

Daleville . . . 

Dana 

♦Danville .. 
Darlington 
Dayton . . . . 
Decatur . . . . 
Decker . . . . 
Delaware . . 

Delong 

♦Delphi .... 
Demotte . . . 
Denver . . . . 
Deputy . . . . 
Diamond 
Dickeyville 
Dillsboro . . , 

Dover , 

DoverhlU . 
Dublin .... 
Dugger — 
Dundee . . . 
Dundee . . . 
Dunkirk . . 
Dyer 



..87. 
..41. 
..43. 
..46. 
..37. 
..29. 
..27. 
..67. 
..73. 
..13. 
..21. 
..11. 
..23. 
..82. 
..44. 
..86. 
..74. 
..74. 
. .69. 
. .50. 
. .60. 
..34. 
..40. 
..35. 
...1. 



.. 583 
. . 624 
.. 748 
.1,640 
.. 780 
.. 690 
.4,471 
.. 806 
.. 320 
. . 306 
.2,161 
.. 250 
. . 990 
.. 360 
.1,070 
.. 250 
. . 425 
. . 380 
, . . 389 
, . . 704 
. .1,226 
. . . 220 
. . . 220 
..3,031 
. . . 560 



Eagletown . . . .39 

Earl Park 19 

East Chicago 1 

E. Connersville. 58 

East Gary 1 

E. Germantown.50 



.66. 
..56. 
.33. 
.11. 



Farmersburg 
Farmland . . 
Ferdinand . 
Fishersburg 
Flat Rock . 

Flora 

Florence . . . 
Florida 



Eaton 

Eckerty .... 
Economy 
Edgerton . . . 
Edinburg . . . 
Edwardsport 
Ehrmanndale 
Elberfeld . . . 
Elizabeth . . . 
Elizabcthtown 

Elkhart 

Ellettsville . . 

Elnora 68 

Elwood 40 

Eminence 54 

♦English 89 

Etna Green.... 14 



.60 
..43. 
..78. 
. .40. 
,.56. 
..21. 
..83. 

.40. 



Floyds Knobs. .91 



Folsomville 
Fontanet .... 

Forest 

Fort Branch. 
Fortville .... 
♦Fort Wayne. 
Fountain City 

♦Fowler .... 
Fowlet-ton . . . 
Francesville . 
Francisco . . . 

♦Frankfort . . 

♦Franklin . . . 

Frankton . . . 

Fredericksburg 37. 

Fredericksburg 80. 

Freedom 53. 

Freeland Park. 19. 

Freelandville . .67 

Freetown . . . 

Fremont .... 

French Lick. 



.90 
64 

...7 
.62 



... 309 

609 

, .19,098 

706 

484 

302 

. ..1,428 

. . 304 

350 

306 

. . .3,040 

670 

200 

438 

238 

350 

. .19,282 
788 

. . . 908 
. .11.028 

238 

649 

450 



. . 2.50 
. . 513 
.2,f>06 
. . 350 
. . 630 
.1,115 
. . 907 
.. 827 
. . 290 
. . 460 
.1,386 
.. 250 
. . 280 
.. 227 
. . 410 
. . 521 
.. 380 
1,183 
.1,174 
18. .63,933 

50 448 

.19... 1,491 

.33 293 

.12 729 

.76 407 

.30. . .8,634 
.55... 4,502 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



.86. 
.51. 
.30. 
.76. 
,.48. 



Hemlock 31 306 

Henryville !»2 408 

Hcrbst 33 2.50 

Hessville 1 480 

Ilibbard 6 290 

Highland 1 506 

Hillisburg 30 306 

Hillsboro 36 528 

Hillsdale 43.... 290 

Hoagland 18 396 

Hobart 1... 1,753 



Hobbioville 

Hobbs 

Holland .. 

Holton 

Hope 

Hortonville 



.40. 



.71. 

. .9. 
.79. 



G 



Galveston 
Garrett 



,.22. 
.16 



936 
369 
371 
. . 306 
. . 280 
. . 560 
. . 306 
. . 694 
.1,803 



658 
.4,149 



Gary 1.. 16,802 



Gas City. , 

Gaston 

Geneva .... 
Gentryville . , 
Georgetown , 
Germantown 
Gilman .... 
Glenwood . . , 
Goldsmith . , 
Goodland 



.33 
.41. 
.27. 
.87. 
.91. 
.50. 
.40. 
.57. 
.32. 
10 



.3,224 
. . 638 
.1,140 
. . 383 
..331 
, . . 305 
. . . 520 
, . . 236 
, . . 225 
.1,105 



*Goshen 7... 8,514 

Gosport 53 776 

Grand View ...87 735 

Grantsburg . ..89 200 

Grasscreek ....13 260 

Grasselli 1 280 

♦Greencastle . .45. . .3,790 



Greendale 
♦Greenfield . . 
Greentown . . 
Greenville . . . 
Greenwood . . 
Greensboro . . 
*Greensburg . 
Greens Fork. 

Griffin 

Griffith 

Guilford . . . , 

Guthrie 

Gwynnevllle , 



.74 697 

..48... 4,448 

.31... 1,166 

.91 227 

, .55. . .1,608 
,.49 250 

.65.. .5,420 



.50.. 

.84.. 

...1.. 

..74., 
..70., 
..56., 



H 

Hagerstown ...50. 

Hall 54. 

Hamilton 9. 

Hamlet 5. 

Hammond 1 ■ 

Hanna ;,3. 

Hanover . . . , 
Hardinsburg 

Harlan 

Harmony . . 
Harrodsburg 



.80. 
.18. 



.62. 



►Hartford City. 34. 



Hartsville 
Hartwell Jet. 

Hatfield 

Haubstadt . . 

Hayden 

Haysville . . . 
Hazleton . . . . 

Hebron 

Hecla 

Heltonville .. 



.64 
..77.. 
..87.. 
..76.. 
..72. . 
..78.. 
..76.. 
2 . . 

'.'.ii'.'. 

..70.. 



377 
. 275 
. 523 
. 2.50 
. 260 
.290 



. . . 936 
. . . 209 
. . . 880 
. . . 579 
.20,925 
. . . 408 
. . . 356 
. . . 254 
. . . 990 
. .1,020 
. . . 460 
. .6,187 
. . . 358 
...309 
. . . 209 
560 



.61. 

".78". 
.73. 
.64. 
.39. 



Howe 8. 



Howell 
Howesville . , 

Hudson 

Huntertown . 
Huntingburg 
♦Huntington 
Hymera . . . , 



.85. 
.52. 



.18. 
,.78. 



.20. 



298 
.. 290 
. . 380 

■.i,223 
. . 290 
, . . 820 
, .2,080 
. . . 360 
, . . 390 
. . . 490 
. .2,461 
.10,272 
..1,515 

. . . 560 



Idavllle 

Independence 

Station 28 500 

Indiana Harbor. 1. . .7,000 
Indianapolis 

(capital) 47.233,650 

Indian Springs. 69. . . . 250 



Ingalls 
Inwood 
Ireland 



Jackson Hill. 
Jamestown . . 
Jasonville . . . 

♦Jasper 

Jefferson . . . . 
Jeffersonville 

Jerome 

Jolietville . . . 
Jonesboro . . . 
Jonesville . . . 



.40. 
. .6. 

.78. 



.60.. 

.38. , 
,.61. , 
..78., 

.30.. 
..92. 
..31., 
..39. 
..33. 
..64. 



K 



Kempton 

Kendallville 
Kennard . . . 
♦Kentland . 
Kewanna . . 
Keystone 
Kimmell . . . 
Kingman . . 
Kingsbury . 
Kirklin . . . . 
Knightstown 
Knightsville 



.32.. 

.15.. 

.49. . 

.10. . 

.13.. 

.26. . 
. .15. . 
..36.. 
. . .3. . 
..30.. 
..49. , 

.52. 



322 
300 
375 



. . 360 
. . 690 
.3,395 
.2,196 
. . 306 
10,413 
. . 209 
. . 350 
.1,573 
. . 213 

.. 666 

.4,981 

. . 449 

.1,209 

. . 728 

, . . 242 

. . . 390 

. . . 535 

, . . 250 

.699 

.2,008 

.1,081 



♦Knox 5... 1,644 



.31.. 1' 



♦Kokomo 
Kouts . . 
Kramer . 
Kurtz . . 

Lacrosse 

Lacy .... 

Ladoga 37. 



.28.. 
.71.. 



..3., 
.69. 



..24. 

..13. 

..24. 
4. 

..25. 
,. .33. 



La Fayette 
La Fontaine 
♦Lagrange . 

Lagro 

Lake Bruce. 
Laketon . . . 
Lakeville . . 
Lancaster . . 
Landess 
Lanesville . 

Laotto 

Lapaz 

Lapel 

♦Laporte . . . 
Larwill .... 

Land 

Laurel 

Lawrence . , 
♦Lawrenceburg 74. 
Leavenworth ..89.. 

♦Lebanon 38.. 

Leitera Ford... 13.. 

Lena 44. . 

Leo 18.. 

Leopold 88.. 

Lester 61. . 

liCwis 51. . 



,010 

590 

, . 260 

.. 360 

.. 480 
.. 296 
.1,148 
20,081 
. . 683 
. 1,772 
. . 463 
. . 350 
. . 528 
.. 227 
. . 209 
. . 200 
90. . . . 290 
15 350 



.29. 
24. 



.6. 

.40. 
...3. 

.17. 
,.17. 

.66. 

.47. 



396 
260 
648 

831 
290 

690 I Lewisville 



.49. 



. 390 
.1,045 
10,525 
. . 490 
. . 350 
. . 503 
. . 496 
. 3,930 
. . 690 
.5,474 
. 308 
. 340 
, . 300 
,1,200 
, . 250 
,. 225 
.. 446 



57 



Ti^'Wns 



Cities and Villages of Indiana with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Lexington 81. 

♦Liberty 59. 

Liberty Center. 26. 
Liberty Mills. . .24. 

Ligonier 15. 

Lincoln 32. 

Linden 37. 

Linton 61' 



Littles 
Lizton .... 
Lockspring 
*Logansport 
London ... 
Loogootee . 
Losantville 

Lowell 

Lucerne 

Lynn 

Lynnville 



.77. 
.46. 
.73. 

22 
.'56.' 
.69. 
.43. 
. .1., 
.33., 
.43.. 

86. . 



Lyons 61. 



Lyonton 



M 



McCordsville 
Mackler . . . 
Macksville 

Macy 

*iMadison . . 
Mahalasville 

Maize 

Manchester 
Manilla .... 
Mansfield . . 
Manson .... 

Marco 

Marengo . . . 
Marietta . . . 
*Marion 

Markle 

Markleville . . . ,„ 
Marshall 44 



.60. 

.48. 
...77. 
. . .51. 
...33. 
. . . 83 . 

..54. , 
,..72. 

..74. 

. .57., 

..44.. 

. .30. . 

. .61. . 

. .89. . 

..56.. 

. . 33 . . 

..25.. 
40. . 



Marshfleld . . 
♦Martinsville 

Martz 

Matthews . . . 
Mauckport . . 
Maxwell . . . . 
Mays - . 
Mecca 



.28. 
.54. 
.52. 
.33. 
.90. 
.48. 
.57. 
44. 



Mechanicsburg' '49' 



Medaryville . . 
Medora . . 

Mellott 

Memphis .... 
Mentone .... 

Merom 

Iterrillville ' .' .' 
Metamora . . 

Metz .' 

Mexico 

Miami 

Michigan City! 
Michigantown 
Middlebury . . 
Middletons .. 
Middletown . . 

Midland 

Mier 

Milan 

Milford ... 
Miller .... 
Millersburg 
Millersville 
Millgrove . 
Millhousen 
Milltown . 
Millville ... ^^ 

Milroy ] .■57' 

Milton 50 



1 

.71. 

.36. 

.92. 

.14. 

.60. 

. .1. 

.66. 

..9. 

.33. 

.23. 

. .3. 
30. 
...7. 
. .31. 
. .49. 
..61. 
..33. . 
..73. 
..14. 
.. .1.. 
...7.. 
..47.. 

.34. . 
..65. . 
.89. . 

49.. 



... 325 
..1,338 
. . . 400 
. . 309 
.2,173 
. . 230 
. . 55C 
.5,9SJ6 
.. 350 
.. 334 
. . 350 
19,050 
. . 226 
.3,154 
. . 692 
.1,235 
. . 330 
. . 917 
.. 397 
. . 993 
. . . 390 

. . . 382 
. . . 406 
. .3,083 
. . 320 
. .6,934 

! ; 303 
. . 313 
. . 403 
. . 306 
. . 260 
. . 390 

■ • •'55 

i9,359 
.. 820 
. . 250 
. . 334 
. . 390 
.4,529 
. . 409 
. . 688 
. . 279 
. . 460 
. . 290 
.1,300 
. . 360 
. . 710 
. . 809 
. . 372 
. . 399 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. I Toivns 



Loca. Pop. 



Mori-istown . . .56. 
Mount Ayr . . .10. 
Mount Summit49. 
*Mount Vernon. 84. 
Mount Zion . . .36. 

Mulberry 30. 

*Muncie 41. 

Munster 1. 



.49. 
.35. 
.84. 
..18. 
73. 
.37. 



Mishawaka 
Mitchell ... 

Modoc 

Monon . . . . ] 
Monroe .... 
Monroe City. 
Monroeville 
Monrovia 



Montery . .'.'.'..1 



.4. 

.70. 
.43. 
.20. 

.37. 
.67. 
.18. 
.54. 



Montezuma 
Montgomery 
*Monticello , 
Montmorenci 
Montpelier .. 
Mooreland .. 
Moores Hill . 
Mooresville , 

Moral 

Moran 

Morgantown 
Morocco .... 
Morris 



.44. 
..68. 
. .30. 

..29. 
..34. 
..49. 
..74. 
. .54. 
..56. 
..30., 
. .54. 

..10. , 
..73.. 



...531 
... 296 
. . . 369 
. . . 360 
. . . 500 
. . . 300 
.19,027 
. . . 395 
. . . 690 
. . . 200 
.1,174 
. . . 560 
. . . 390 
. . . 554 
. . . 814 
. . . 638 
. . . 428 
. . . 380 
. . 350 
..311 
. . 586 
. . 308 
.. 709 
. . 601 
11,886 
.3,438 
. . 261 
.1,184 
. . 334 
.. 630 
. . 910 
. . 460 
. . 260 
.1,537 
. . 511 
.2,168 
. . 325 
.2,786 
. . 455 
. . 434 
.1,608 
. . 308 
. . 290 
. . 667 
. . 937 
. . 350 



N 

Napoleon 73. 

Napanee 7. 

* Nashville ....63. 

National Mili- 
tary Home. .33. 

Needham 55. 

*New Albany.. 91. 

New Alsace . . .74. 

New Augusta .47. 

Newberry 61. 

Newbern 64! 

Newberry 61. 

Newburg 86! 

New Carlisle . . .4. 

*Newcastle . 

New Coi-ydon 
New Harmonj' 

New Haven . 

New Marion, 

New Market . 

New Palestine. 48! 

New Paris 7. 

New Pekin . . . .80! 
New Point . . . .65. 

♦Newport 43. 

New Providence93! 
New Richmond. 37. 

New Ross 37. 

New Salem. . . .57. 

Newton 

New 

Washington 
New Waverly 

Nineveh 

♦Noblesvillc 

Normal 

Northgrove . . 
North Judson. 
NortJi Liberty ..-^ 
North Madison. 82! 
N. Manchaster.34 
North Salem. ..46. 
North Vernon.. 73. 
North Webster.l4. 

Norwood 47 

Notre Dame. . . .4! 

O.. 

Oakland City. 
Oaklandon . . . 
Oaktown .... 

Oakville 

Ober 

Odon 

Ogden 

Ohio Falls . . . 
Oldenburg . . . 

Ontario 

Onward 

Oolitic 

Ora 

Orange 

Orestes 

Orland 

Orleans 

Osceola 

Osgood 

Ossian 

Otis , 

Otisco 

Otterbein .... 

Otwell 

Owensburg . . , 
Owensville 
Oxford 



.36. 

.93. 

.32. 
.55. 
..39. 
. .33. 
23. 
..5. 
..4. 



.76. 
.47. 
.67. 
.41. 
. .5. 
.68. 
.49. 
,92. 
.66. 
.8. 



Packer ton ... .14. 

Palmyra 90. 

* Paoli 79. 

Paragon 54. 

Paris Crossing. 72. 



Parker 
Parr , 

Patoka . . , 
Patricsburg 
Patriot . . . 
Pendleton . 
Pennville . 
Perkinsville 
Perrysville 



..42 
. .11. 
..76. 
. .53. 
..83. 
. .40. 
, .35. 

.40. 

.43. 



.. 309 
. . 353 
.1,278 
. . 409 
. . 487 
. . 890 
. . 360 
. . 657 
. . 460 
. . 310 
.1,393 
. . 890 
. . 380 
. . 650 



..52. 

..23. 

..77. 

..48. 

..30. 
.14.. 

..73. 

, .28. , 
.21. , 
.46., 
.21. . 
.46. . 
.68. . 



I Perth 

♦Peru 

♦Petersburg , 
Philadelphia 
Pickard .... 
Pierceton . . . 
Pierceville .. 
Pine Village. 
Pillsburg . . . 
Pittsboro . . . 
Pittsburg . . . 
Plainfleld . . 
Plainville 
Pleasant Lake. .9. 
Pleasant Mills. 27. 
Pleasantville .77. 
Pleasantville ..60. 
♦Plymouth 
Point Isabel 
Poneto .... 
Porter .... 
Port Fulton 
♦Portland . . 
Poseyville . 
Prairieton . 
♦Princeton . 
Putnamville 



. .6. , 
..33. 
..26. 
. ..3. 
..92. 
..35. 
..f4. 
. .51. 
..76., 

.45.. 



Quincy 



Q 



R 



.53.. 



.19. 



Raub 

Ray 9. 

Raysville 49. 

Redkey 35. 

Reedville 48. 



.41 
. .11. 
...11. 
. .30. 
..87. 
. .50. 
..23. 
..43. 
..33. 
..51. 
..75. 
...4. 
...41. 
..45. 
..24. 
. .25. 
.. .1. 
. .13. 
. .21. 
..71. 
..87. 

44. 



Reelsville 
Reinington 
♦Rensselaer 
Res'nolds . . 
Richland 
♦Richmond 
Ridge View. 
Ridgeville 
Rigdon .... 

Riley 

♦Rising Sun. 
River Park 
Riverside 
Roachdale . 

Roann 

Roanoke . . . 

Roby 

♦Rochester . 
Rockfield . . 
Rockford . . 
♦Rockport . 
♦Rockville ....... 

Rolling Prairie. .3 

Rome City 15 

Roinney 39 

Rosedale 44 

Roselawn ....10 

Rossville 30 

Royal Center.. 23 

Royerton 41 

♦Rushville ....57 
Russellville . . .45 
Russiaville ...31 

S 

Saint Joe 16, 

Saint John 1. 

Saint Leon.... 74. 

Saint Marvs. . . .51. 

Saint I\Ieinrad.87. 

Saint Omer ...65. 

Saint Paul 

Saint Peters 

♦Salem 

Salem Center 

Saline City 

Sanborn . . 

Sanford . . 

Sandusky . 

San Pierre 

Saratoga .. 

Schererville 

Schnellville 

Scipio 

Scircleville 

Scotland . . 
♦Scottsburg 
Sedalia .... 
Seelyville . . 
Sellersburg 

Selma 

Selvin 

Servia 

Seymour . . . 



... 563 
.10,910 
. .2,170 
... 209 
... 306 
..817 
... 206 
, . . 353 
. . . 460 
... 408 
. . 420 
.1,303 
. . 560 
. . 606 
. . 250 
. . 390 

.3,838 
.. 290 
. . 308 
.. 524 
.1,060 
.5,130 
.. 780 
. . 360 
.6,448 
.. 204 

. . 360 

. . . 250 
. . . 360 
. . . 353 
..1,714 
. . . 490 
. . . 390 
. . . 983 
..2,393 
...377 
. . . 380 
.32,324 
. . 440 
, .1,302 
.. 203 
, . . 550 
.1,513 
.1,505 
.. 863 
.. 849 
.. 447 
.. 699 
. . 315 
.3,364 
. . 390 
. . 260 
.2,736 
.1,943 
. . 402 
. . 450 
. . 200 
.1,166 
. . 300 
.. 677 
. . 909 
. . 390 
.4,925 
. . 413 
. . 298 



, .65 

..66. 

..80. 
..9. 
...52. 
...67. 
...51. 
...65. 

5. 

....43. 

...1. 
.. .78. 
...73. 
. . .30. 
...61. 
.. .81. 
. ..30. 
. . . 51 . 
. . .92. 
.. .41. 
. . .86. 
.. .34. 
.. .71. 



... 391 
. . . 260 
...261 
. . . 209 
. . . 538 
. . . 388 
..1,225 
. . . 209 
..2,283 
. . . 200 
. . . 350 
. . . 445 
. . . 250 
. . . 390 
. . . 460 
. .. 410 
. . . 250 
. . . 330 
. . . 250 
, . . 250 
, . . 290 
.1, 

. . 460 
.1,188 
.. 618 
.. 350 
. . 306 
. . 369 
.6,305 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Sharpsville 

Shelburn 

♦Shelbyville 

Sheridan 

Shideler . . . 

Shipshewana . . 

Shirley 48. 

Shirley City . .18. 

Shoals .... 

Sidney 

Silver Grove 

Silver Lake 

Sims 

Smithville . 

Solsberry . . 

Somerset 

♦South Bend 

South Milford.. 8. 

South Peru . . . .30. 

Southport . . . .47 

South Whitley. 17! 

Spartanburg ..43. 

♦Spencer . . 
Spencerville 

Spiceland 

Springville 
Star City .. 
Staunton . . 
Stendal .... 
Stewartsville 
Stillesville . 
Stillwell ... 
Stinesville . 

Stockwell . 
Stonebluff .. 
Straughn . . 
Stroh 

Sullivan 



..32. 
..60. 
. .56. 

.39. 

.41. 

. .8 



...69. 
..14. 
. .91. 
. .14. 
..33. 
..62. 
..61. 
..24. 
.4. 



...53. 
. .16. 
..49. 
. .70. 
. .12. 
...52. 
..77. 
..84. 
..46. 
...3. 
..62. 



,.36 

..49. 

.. .8. 

.60. 



Sulphur Springs49! 



Summitville 
Sunman 
Swayzee . 
Sweetsers 
Switz City 
Sycamore 
Sylvania . 
Syracuse 



.40. 
..73. 
..33. 
..33. 

.61. 
..31. 
.44. 

.14. 



Tangier 44. 

Taswell 89. 



Taylorsville 
Teegarden 

Tefft 

Tell City 

Templeton . . 
Tennyson . . . 
♦Terra Haute 

Thayer 

Thorntown . . 
Tippecanoe . 

♦Tipton 

Tolleston ... 

Topeka 

Trafalgar .. 

Trenton 

Troy 



Tunnelton 
Turner . . . . 
Twelve Mile 
Tyner 



.64. 

...6. 

.11. 

.88. 

.19. 

.86. 

.51. 

.10. 
. ..38. 

6. 

...33. 

1. 

8. 

. . .55. 
, . .42. 
. . .88. 
..70. 
.. .52. 
. .23. 
...6. 



... 709 
. .2,055 
. .9,500 
..1,768 
. . . 209 
. . . 560 
. .1,519 
. . . 375 
..1,015 
. . . 406 
. . . 783 
. . . 493 
. . . 250 
. . . 406 
. . . 206 
. . . 306 
.53,684 
. . . 375 
. . . 866 
. . . 352 
..1,176 
. . . 360 
..2,150 
. . . 390 
. . . 622 
. . . 390 
. . . 450 
, . . 746 
. . 250 
. . 390 
. . 490 
. . 309 
.. 497 
. . 506 
.. 390 
.. 543 
. . 560 
.4,115 
.. 209 
.1,387 
. . 353 
. . 836 
.. 733 
. . 663 
. . 309 
. . 390 
.1,379 



. . . 390 
. . . 260 
. . . 590 
. . . 208 
. . . 206 
..3,369 
. . . 308 
. .. 371 
,58,157 
. . 200 
..1,508 
. . 480 
.4,075 
.1,069 
. . 503 
.. 490 
. . 360 
. . 510 
. . 235 
.. 390 
.. 260 
.. 260 



Uhee 

Union 

Union City . 
Union Mills 
Upland 

Upton 

Urbana . . . . 
Utica 

Vallonia . . . 
♦Valparaiso 
Vanburcn . . 
Veedersburg 
Velpen .... 
♦Vernon 
♦Versailles 
♦Vevay .... 
Vienna .... 
♦Vincennes . 



U 



.25. 

..77. 
..43. 
. ..3. 
..33. 
. .84. 
..34. 
..93. 

..71. 

!!33! 

.36. 

.77. 
.73. 
.73. 
.83. 
.81. 
.67. 




. . . 260 
...206 
..3,309 
. . . 560 
..1,080 
. . . 350 
. . . 308 
. . . 400 

. . . 550 
..6,987 
..1,189 
..1,757 
. . . 250 
. . . 453 
. . . 486 

.1,356 
, . . 206 

14,895 

.8,687 
.1,063 
. . 859 
.. 460 
.1,003 
.. 579 



58 



Cities and Villages of Indiana with 1910 Populations 



Wanatah .... 


...3. 


.. 860 


Warren 


..25. 


.1,189 


AVarrington . . 


. .4S. 


. . 300 


♦Warsaw . . . 


..14. 


.4,430 


♦Washington 


. .(!•< 


.7,854 


Waterloo . . . 


..16. 


.1,167 


Watei-man . . 


..44. 


. . 306 


Watson 


..93. 


.. 250 


Watson 


. .52. 


. . 309 


Waveland 


..37. 


.. 676 


Wawaka . . . 


..15. 


.. 409 


Wawpecong . 


..23. 


.. 210 


Wavnetown . 


..37. 


.. 734 


Webster . . . . 


..50. 


. . 300 


Wellsboro . . . 


.. .3. 


.. 200 


West Baden 


. .79. 


. . 746 



Totrii.', 



Loch. Pop. 



West College 

Corner 59. 

Westflekl 39. 

West Fork . . . .89. 
West Harrison. 74. 
West Lafayette. 29. 
West Lebanon. 28. 
West 

Middleton . . .31. 
West Newton.. 47., 
Westpoint 
Westport . . . 
West Terra 

Haute 
Westville . . 
Wheatneld . 



.29. 
.65. 



.51. 

. .3. 
.11. 



. . 433 
. . 700 
. . 309 
. . 281 
.3,867 
. . 642 

. . 200 
. . 360 
. . 309 
. . 675 

.3,083 
. . 503 
. . 357 



Tow II a 



p.p. 



Wheatland 

Wheeler 

Whiteland . . . 
Whitestown . . 

\\' h i t i n g 

Wilkinson 
Williams . . . . 
Williamsburg 
*Williamsport 
*Winamac . . . 
*Winchester 
Windfall .... 

Wingate 

Winona Lake. 

Winslow 

Wolcott 



55. 


. . 343 


38. 


. . 806 


.1. 


.6,-587 


48. 


. . 561) 


70. 


. . 350 


.50. 


. . 306 


38. 


.1,243 


13. 


.1,607 


42. 


.4,366 


33. 


. . 899 


37. 


. . 446 


14. 


.1,066 


77. 


. . 932 


20. 


.. 873 



'/'<■. ic;(o 



Poll. 



Wolcottville 
Wolllake . . . 
Woodburn 
Woodruff . . 
Worthington 



. .8. 
.15. 
.18. 
. .8. 
.61. 



Yeddo 

Yoder 

Yorktown 

Young America. 



Zanesville 
Zionsvillo 



.26. 
.38. 



. . 627 
. . 450 
. 862 
. . 833 
.1,733 



209 
260 

,1(10 
560 



306 
840 



INDIANA 

CENTER OF ^^^^^^ ^^^[^^^^^^^'^^^r.^ COI.O,Bi:S, IXO.; 

See Locations on Our 3Iap 



One of the very favorably located states in the 
United States is Indiana. In topography it is g:enll.>' 
undulating: over fully two-thirds of the state. The 
variation in elevation from Randolph county to 
Posey county, the extreme south-west part of the 
state, being only 900 feet in a distance of about 
200 miles. 

Indiana is essentially a prairie state, with a highly 
fertile soil produced, as in other prairie states, 
from the decay of vegetation upon its level surtace 
for many generations. 

GRE.\T DEPTH OF RICH SOIL, 

This strength of fertility is many feet in depth, 
the soil growing certain crops many years in suc- 
cession without the necessity for the use of any 
fertilizing material. 

THE KIVER VALLEYS. 

The principal river valleys of the state are e.xceed- 
in.gly fertile. The Wabash valley covers 12,000 
square miles, the White River valley comprises 9,000 
square miles, while the Maumee valley, in the north- 
eastern part of the state, includes an area of 2,000 
e(juare miles. 

Tlie State is abundantly watered with rivers and 
small streams. The Ohio borders the south of the 
State for a distance, wiih its windings, of over 140 
miles. Tlie VVabasli rises in Ohio, tlows through the 
State for a distance of more than 500 miles and 
empties into the Ohio. It has been navigated for 
a distance of 300 miles from its mouth. The Kan- 
kankee, one of the constituents of the Illinois, flowE 
a distance of 100 miles through the northwestern 
portion of the State. 

Tlie limestone region in the southern part of the 
State contains many caves; the W.vandotte Cave in 
Crawford County being almost as remarkable as the 
Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. 

Bituminous Coal, in three varieties, is found in 
the State in great abundance. The coal area covers 
over 6,000 square miles in the southwestern part 
of the State, extending from W^arren Countj', on the 
north, to the Ohio River, on the south, a distance of 
150 miles. The total depth of the measures is from 
(100 to 800 feet, the seams ranging from one to 
eleven feet in thickness. 

The celebrated "Indiana block" coal, used for 

'making pig iron, is found in the southern portion 

of the coal area. It is taken out of the mines 

in blocks weighing a ton or more. In Daviess 

County there is a seam of superior cannel coal. 

Tlie area occupied by building stone quarries is 
estimated to cover 200 square miles, ad.]oining the 
coal fields. The stone in the beautiful Indiana 
capitol building and other important edifices are 
from the quari'ies of this state. Among other 
minerals is lithographic stone, and sand suitable for 
the manufacture of plate glass. 

Salt springs exist in the eastern border of the 
coal formation. Petroleum is an important prod- 
uct of the State and natural gas is used here in 
heating, lighting and manufacturing, besides being 
very considerably exported into Illinois through 
pipes laid for that purpose. 

The absence of mountain ranges permits free ac- 
cess of wind from every point of the compass, with 
the consequence that the weather is often severe 
in the winter, yet destructive winds and very deep 
snows are rare. The average winter temperature 
is 31 degrees and in spring 51 degrees; summer. 
70 degrees; autumn, .55 degrees. For the year, 52 
degrees. The amount of rainfall is 43.32. 



The imrchase of land at present prices, by the 
land-seeker, must result in large profit, from the 
fact that, compared with other States, Indiana 
can support a population four times as great as 
there are at present within her boundaries. 

THE CAPITAL OF THE ST.\TE. 

Indianapolis is located on a nearly level site 722 
feet above tide water, in a region "of unsurpassed 
agricultural and mineral resources, on the edge of 
the natural gas belt, discovered in 1885. and but a 
few hours fi'om extensive forests, great area of 
coal fields, and rich veins of iron ore. Centrall.v 
located as this city is, in one of the great central 
States, it is natural that this should be a great 
railroad center, which is demonstrated by the 
incoming and outgoing of over 200 trains a day 
frorn the colossal Union Depot in the city. 

Nine parks adorn the city, nine iron bridges 
cross the river and many miles of electric roads 
are in and about the town. The city has over 
130 churches, over 40 school buildings and over 60 
paved streets. 

There are many reasons why Indiana is a rich 
State and destined to maintain a dense population. 
Among these is the fact that its central location 
makes it a natural higliwa.v with easy output for 
all its agricultural and manufactured productions. 

Its highly fertile soil produces in abundance 
wheat, corn, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, peas, 
beans, potatoes, grass, clover seed, fruit, flaxseed, 
flax, hemp, hay, tobacco, wool, hops, beef, bacon, 
pork in bulk, butter, cheese, milk, maple sugar, 
maple molasses, sorghum molasses, honey, wax, 
wine, cider and vinegar. 

It is an ideal region for corn, but any agriculturist 
who will pursue diversity of farming, of which the 
state is capable, is sure of a crop of some kind 
ever.v year. 

Indiana is fortunate in the possession of a large 
amount of natural resources. Besides rich soil, un- 
limited quantities of coal, building stone, oil and 
gas, about one-third of the State is covered with 
forests, chiefly hardwood, including white, black, 
red and burr oak, hickory, sugar and red maple, 
ash. beech, sycamore, elm, tulip, black walnut, 
tamarack, sumac, redbud, dogwood, persimmon and 
wild plum. 

NUMEROUS OPPORTUNITIES. 

In the great variet.v of opportunities in agricul- 
ture, horticulture, manufacture, coinmerce and mer- 
chandising, the land seeker who chooses Indiana as 
an abiding place may be considered fortunate. 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT F.^CTS. 

Altitude. Highest point is at Carlos, in Ran- 
dolph County, 1.023 feet above sea level. 

Climate. Temperature at Indianapolis extremes. 
Highest, 106 degrees; lowest. 25 degrees below. 
General temperature mentioned elsewhere. 

Dimensions. Extreme length. 265 miles; extreme 
width. ICO miles; area, 36,3."i0 square miles. 

Histor.v. Immigrants from Canada settled at 
Vincennes in 1702. Coryden and other places. In- 
diana was a territory in ISOO. Vincennes being 
the capital. The defeat of Tecumseh. Indian chief 
of the Shawnees, by General Harrison at Tippecanoe 
in Indian battle in 1811. originated the saying, when 
Harrison and Tyler were candidates for the presi- 
dency and vice-presidency: "Tippecanoe and Tyler, 
too." Tippecanoe is a small town of 304 people, in 
Marshall County. 



59 



IOWA 



STATE AND THE 99 COUNTIES OF IOWA 

With Their Boundaries 




^_6_I_7J 8 I 9 
12 ; 13 I 14 ' 15 I ^ I 16 ' 17 Tie ^ 19 



22 



26 



20 



^23 : 24 I 25 L^lj 27 I 28 ' 29 \J_^_^_ . 
31 132 ' 33 I 34 135 ^ OR 1 37 I 38 1 ^^ ' ^0 



^1^3 ' 44 I 45 46 . 47 ' 48 49 I 50 I 51 i 52 

«■" ^~ ■^■-r -i-^-r'--|^-i-— -1- 

^ 55 L 56 I 57 L 58 I 59 I 60 I 61 , ^2 , 63 | 
o^lm ,, 67 , 68 I 69 ! 70 71 72 '73 74 ' 75 



;n 



1 78 j^ ' 80 I 81 I 82J 83 I 84 I 85 I 86 

90 '. 91 ', 92 { 93 ^ 94 j 95 j^e"} 97 , 98 



LOCATION AND POP! T-ATION OF IOWA COUNTIES 



Location and Population 

of 

IOWA COUNTIES 



Lo- 






ca- 


COUNTIES 


Pop. 


tion 




1910 


1. .. 


I.,von . 


.14,624 


2. .. 


Oscola. 


. 8,956 


3. .. 


. . Dickinson. 


. 8,137 


4. . . 


. . . . Emmet. 


. 9,816 


5. .. 


. . . . Kossuih. 


.21,971 


6. . . 


. Winnebaifo . 


.11,914 


7. .. 


Worth. 


. 9,950 


8. .. 


... Mitchell. 


.13.435 


9. .. 


.... Howard . 


.12,920 


10. .. 


Winnesheik . 


.21,729 


11. . . 


. . Allmakee. 


.17,328 


12. .. 


Sioux. 


.25,248 


13. .. 


. . . . O'Brien. 


.17,262 


14. . . 


Clay. 


.12,766 


15 . . . 


. . Palo Alto. 


.13,845 


16. .. 


. . . Hancock. 


.12,731 


17. . . 


.Cerro Gordo. 


.25,011 



Locn. 



County Pop. Loca. 



18 Floyd. 

19.... Chickasaw. 

20 Fayette. 

21 Clayton. 

22 Plymouth. 

23 Cherokee, 

24. .. Bueno Vista. 

25. . . Pocahontas, 

26 Humboldt 

27 Wright 

28 Franklin, 

29 Butler 

30 Bremer 

31 Woodbury, 

32 Ida, 

33 Sac, 

34 Calhoun 

35 Webster. 

36 Hamilton, 

37 Hardin, 

38 Grundy 

39. .. . Blackhawk, 

40 Buchanan, 

41 Delaware, 

42 Dubuque 

43 Monona 

44 Crawford 

45 Carroll 



.17,119 
.15,375 
.27.919 
.25.576 
.23.129 
.16,741 
.15,981 
.14,808 
.12,182 
.17,951 
.14,780 
.17,119 
.15,843 
.67,616 
.11,296 
.16,555 
.17,090 
.34,629 
.19,242 
.20,921 
.13,574 
.44,865 
.19.748 
.17.888 
.57.450 
.16,633 
.20,041 
.20.117 



Count}/ Pop. 



46 Greene 

47 Boone 

48 Story 

49 Marshall 

50 Tama 

51 Benton 

52 Linn 

53 Jones 

54 Jackson 

55 Harrison 

56 Shelby 

57 Audubon 

58 Guthrie 

59 Dallas 

60 Polk 

61 Jasper 

62 . . . . Poweshiek 

63 Iowa 

64 Johnson 

65 Cedar 

66 Clinton 

67 Pottawattomie 

68 Cass 

69 Adair 

70 Madison 

71 Warren 

72 Marion 

73 Mahaska 



. .16.023 
. .27.626 
. .24.083 
. .30.279 
. .22,156 
. .23.156 
. .60.720 
. .19.050 
. .21.258 
. .23.162 
. .16,552 
. .12,671 
. .17,374 
. .23,628 
.110.438 
. .27.034 
. .19.589 
. .18,409 
. .25,914 
. .17,765 
. .45,394 
. .55,832 
. .19,057 
. .14,420 
. .15,621 
. .18,194 
. .22,995 
. .29,860 



iMca. County Pop. 

74 Keokuk. .21,160 

75... Washington. ,19,925 

76 Muscatine. .25,505 

77 Scott. .60,000 

78 Mills. .15,811 

79... Montgomery. .16,604 

80 Adams. .10,998 

81 Union. .16,616 

82 Clarke. .10.736 

83 Lucas. .13.462 

84 Monroe. .25.429 

85 Wapello. .37.743 

86 Jefferson. .15,956 

87 Henry. .18,640 

88 Louisa. .12.855 

89.... Des Moines. .36,145 

90 Fremont. .15,623 

91 Page.. 24,002 

92 Taylor. .13.845 

93 Ringgold. .12,904 

94 Decatur. .16.347 

95 Wayne. .16.184 

96.... Appanoose. .28,701 

97 Davis. .13.315 

98 ... . Van Buren . . 15.020 
99 Lee.. 36.702 

Total 2,224.771 



Iowa Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loci. Pop. 



Abingdon 86. . . . 209 

Ackley 37... 1,244 



Adair 
*Adel 
Afton 



Loca. Pop. 



. . 69 906 

. . .59. . .1.289 
. ..81. ..1.014 



Loca. Pop. 



Agency 85. . . . 322 

Ainsworth 75. . . . 408 

Akron 22... 1,130 



Loca. Pop. 



Albert Citv. . . .24. . . . 261 

*.\lbia 84. . .4.969 

Albion 49. . . . 457 



60 



Iowa Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



TOWHH 



Loca. Pop. 



.53. , 
.37. 

.28. . 



Alburnett 
Allien .... 
Alexander 

*Algona 5. 

Alleiton 95. 

*Allison 29. 

Alta 24. 

Alta Vista 19. 

Alton 12. 

Altoona 60. 

Alvard 1. 

Amana 63. 

Ames 48. 

•Anamosa 53. 

Andrew 54. 

Angus 47 . 

Anita 68. 



Ankeny . . 
Anthon . , 
Aplington 
Arcadia . 
Ai'cher . . , 
Arlington 
Armstrong 
Arnold 



. .60. 
. .31. 
. .29. 
, . .45. 
. .13. 
..20. 
....4. 
.26 



Arnold's Park.. .3. 



Arthur 
.Ashton . . . 
Aspinwall 
Atalissa . . 
Atkins . . , 
•Atlantic 
Auburn . , 
•Audubon 
Aureiia . . 
Aurora . . . 
Avery . . . 
Av.ica . . . . 
Ayrshire . 



.32. 

2. 

.. .44. 
.. .76. 
. . .51. 
, . ..68. 
... 33 . 
. . .57. 
. . .33. 
... 40 . 
. ..84. 
. . .67. 
...15. 



. . 250 
.. 699 
. . 262 
.2,908 
.. 862 
. . 495 
. . 959 
. . 356 
.1,046 
. . 438 
. . 283 
. . 621 
.4.223 
.2.983 
. . 307 
. . 248 
.1,118 
. . 445 
. . 635 
. . 448 
. . 390 
. . 351 
. . 678 
. . 586 
. . 251 
.. 273 
. . 215 
. . 518 
. . 200 
. . 220 
. . 209 
.4,560 
. . 399 
.1,938 
. . 625 
.. 287 
. . 560 
.1,-520 
. . 337 



Badger 


.35. 


. . . 213 


Bagley 


.58. 


. . . 448 


Bdiley 


. 8. 


. . . 226 


Baldwin 


.54. 


. . . 229 


Bancroft 


. 5. 


. . . 830 


Barnes City. . . 


.73. 


. . . 307 


Batavia 


.86. 


. . . 560 


Battle Creek. . 


. 32 . 


. . . 527 


Baxter 


.61. 


. . . 537 


Bayard 


.58. 


. . . 539 


Beacon 


.73. 


. . . 633 


Beacon Jet. . . . 


.73. 


. . . 953 


Beaman 


.38. 


. . . 330 


•Bedford 


.93. 


. .1,883 


Belle Plaine. . . 


.51. 


..3,131 


Bellevue 


.54 


. .1,776 


Belmond 


.27. 


.1,224 


Bennett 


.65. 


. . . 243 


Bertram 


. 52 . 


. . . 861 


Bettendorf . . . 


.77. 


. . . 909 


Bevington 


.70. 


. . . 220 


Birmingham . 


.98 


. . . 572 


Blairsburg . . . 


.36, 


. . . 241 


Blairstown . . . 


.51 


. . . 532 


Blal^esburg . . . 


.85 


. . . 344 


Blanchard . . . . 


.91 . 


. . . 408 


Blencoe 


.43. 


. . . 283 


Blockton .... 


.92. 


. . . 648 


•Bloomfield 


.97. 


. .2,038 


Blue Grass. . . . 


.77. 


. . . 223 


Bode 


.26, 


. . . 419 


Bolton 


.72. 


. . . 200 


Bonaparte . . . . 


.98 


. . . 597 


Bondurant . . . 


.60, 


. . . 287 


*Boone 


.47. 


.10.347 


Boyden 


.12. 


. . . 364 


Braddyville .. 


.91. 


. . . 283 


Brandon 


.40 


. . . 200 


Brazil 


.96, 


. . . 645 


Breda 


.45. 


. . . 374 


Bridgewater . . 


.69. 


. . . 365 


Brighton 


,75 


. .. 776 


Bristow 


.29 


.. . 291 


Britt 


.16. 


. .1,303 


Brooklyn 


.62 


..1,333 


Buffalo 


.77. 


. . . 456 


Buffalo Center 


. «. 


. . . 753 


•Burlington . . 


.89 


.24.324 


Burroak 


.10 


. . . 731 


Burt 


. 5 


. . . 495 


Bussey 


.72 


. . . 669 


Buxton 


.84. 


. .5,060 



Calamus 
Callender 



.66. 
.35. 



.. 270 
. . 331 



Towns 



Lova. Pop. 



Calmar 

Calumet 

Camanche . . . 
Cambridge . . . 

Cantril 

Carbon 

Carlisle 

•Carroll 

Carson 

Cascade 

Casey 

Castalia 

Castana 

Cedar 

Cedar Falls. . . 
Cedar Rapids. 
Center Point. . 
•Centerville . . 
Central City. . 

■Chapin 

•Cliariton .... 
•Cliarles City. 
Charleston . . . 
Charlotte .... 
Charter Oak. . 

Chelsea 

•Cherokee .... 

Chester 

Chester Center 

Churdan 

Cincinnati 

Clare 

Clarence 

•Clarinda .... 

•Clarion 

Clarkdale .... 
Clarksville . . . 

Clay 

Clearfield .... 
Clear Lake . . 

demons 

Clermont 

•Clinton 

Coalfield 

Coalville 

Coggon 

Coin 

Colesburg .... 

Colfax 

College Sprgs. 

Collins 

Colo 

Columbia .... 
Columbus 
Columbus 
Conesville .... 

Conrad 

Conway 

Coon Rapids. . 

•Corning 

Correctionville 
Corwith .:.... 
•Corydon .... 

Cotter 

•Council Bluffs 
Crawfordsville 
Crescent . . 
•Cresco . . . 
•Creston . . 
Cricket . . . 
Cromwell 
Cumberland 
Cumming . 
Gushing . . . 

D 

Dahlonega •. . . .85 

•Dakotah 26 

Dallas 72 

Dallas Center. .59 

Danburv 31 

Danville 89 

Darbyville 96 

•Davenport ... .77 
Davis City. . 
Dawson .... 
Decatur .... 
•Decorah . . . 
Dedham . . . 
Deep River. 
Defiance . . . 
Delaware . . 

Delhi 

Delmar .... 

Deloit 

Delta 



City 
Jet. 



94. 

.59. 
. .94. 
..10. 

.45. 

.63. 

. 56 . 

.41. 

.41. 

.66. 

.44. 
,.74. 



. . . 849 
, . . 243 
. . . 639 
, . . 696 
. . . 445 
. . 246 
. . 593 
. . 3,546 
. . . 640 
. .1,268 
. . 639 
. . .330 
. . . 364 
. .1,164 
. .5,013 
.32,811 
. . . 803 
. .6,936 
. . . 558 
. . . 250 
..3,794 
..5,893 
. . . 935 
. . . 356 
. . . 734 
. . . 507 
. .4.884 
. . . 366 
. . . 300 
. . . 667 
. .1,355 
. . . 299 
. . . 662 
. 3.832 
. .2,065 
. . . 200 
. . . 957 
. . . 639 
. . . 625 
. .2,014 
...213 
. . . 510 
.35,577 
. . 406 
. . . 3.50 
, . . 471 
. . . .591 
...371 
. .3. .534 
. . . 636 
. . . 531 
. . . 463 
. . . 380 
. . . 375 
. .1.185 
. . . 347 
. . . 549 
. . . 383 
. .1.084 
. .1.703 
. . . 893 
. . . 455 
. .1,669 
. . . 300 
.39,293 
. . . 322 
. . . 375 
. .2,658 
..6,931 
. . . 250 
. . . 208 
. . . 552 
. . . 208 
. . . 254 



. . . 466 
. . . 391 
. . . 300 
. . . 769 
. . . 5.58 
. . . 263 
. . . 200 
.43,028 
. . . 489 
. . . 375 
. . . 311 
. .3.-593 
. . . 355 
. . . 467 
...411 
. . . 219 
. . . 375 
, . . 548 
. . . 208 
. . . 728 



•Demson . . . 
Denmark . . . 

Denver 

Derby 

Des Moines. 

De Soto 

Dewitt 

Dexter 

Diagonal . . . 
Dickens Lak 

Dike 

Dixon 

Donnellson . 

Doon 

Douds Leand 
Douglass . . . 
Dow City. . . 

Dows 

Drakesville . 
•Dubuque . . 
Dumont . . . . 
Duncombe . . 
Dundee . . . . 
Dunkerton . 

Dunlap 

Dunreath . . 
Durant . . . . 
Dyersville 
Dysart 



E 



Eagle Cent< 
Eagle Grove 
Earlham 
Earling 
Earlville 

Early 

East Peru . 
Eddyville 

Eden 

Edenville 

Edgewood 

Elberon 

Eldon 

•Eldora 
Eldridge 

Elgin 

•Elkader . . . 
Elk Horn . 
Elkport ... 

Elliott 

Ellston 
Ellsworth 

Elma 

Emerson 
•Emmetsburi 
Enterprise 
Epworth 

Essex 

•Estherville 
Evans . . . . 
Eveland . . . 
Everlist 
Everly . . . . 

Exira 

Exline . . . . 



Loca. Pop. 



. .3,1.S3 
. . . 480 
. . . 234 
. . . 33(i 
.80,368 
. . . 35(i 
. . 1,634 
. . . 767 
. . . 509 



. 93 . 
.14. 
.38. 
.77. 
.99. 
. 1. 
.98. 
.30. 
.44. 

'97; 
.43. 
.39. 
.35. 
.41. 
.39. 
.55. 
.72. 
.65. 
.42. 
.50. 



r. .39. 
..27. 
. .70. 
. .56. 
..41. 
..33. 
. .70. 
. .85. 
. .20. 
. .49. 
. .21. 
. .50. 
. .85. 
..37. 
..77. 
..20. 
. .21. 
. .56. 
. .21. 
. .79. 
. .93. 
. .36. 
. . .9. 
. .78. 
15. 
. .60. 
. .42. 
. .91. 
. . .4. 
. .73. 
. .73. 
. . 73 . 
..14. 
. .57. 
..96. 



Fairbank . . 
Fairfax 
•Fairfield 
Fairviow 
Farley .... 
Farmersburg 
Farmington 
Farnhamville 
Farragut . . 
Fayette 
Fenton .... 
Fertile .... 
Flagler .... 

Floris 

Floyd 

Fonda .... 
Fontanelle . 
•Forest City 
Fort Atkinson 
•Fort Dodge . 
•Fort Madison 99 

Foster 84 

Fraker 84 



..40. 
. .53. 
..86. 
..53. 
. . 43 . 

.31. 
..98. 
34. 
. .90. 
. .30. 
. ..5. 
.. .7. 
. .73. 
..97. 
. .18. 
. .35. 
..69. 

. .6. 
10. 

.35. 



Frankville 

Eraser 

Fraser Jet. 

Fredricksburg 

Fredonia 



10. 

.47. 
.47. 
19. 
.88. 



, . . 229 
. . 408 
. . . 337 
. . . 581 
. .1,060 
. . . 300 
. . . 463 
. . . 892 
. . . 249 
.38,494 
. . . 550 
. . . 418 

• • • .-9" 

'. '. i,155 
. . . 250 
. . . 720 
. .1,511 
. . . 906 

. . . 693 
..3,387 
. . . 749 
. . . 333 
. . . 552 
. . . 500 
. . . 371 
. .1,085 
. . . 214 
. . . 448 
. . . 555 
, . . 336 
..2,024 
. .1,995 
. . . 217 
. . . 564 
. .1,181 
. . . 347 
. . . 210 
. . . 528 
. . . 205 
. . . 406 
. . . 807 
. . . 478 
..2,325 
. . . 350 
. . . 520 
. . . 776 
..3,404 
. . . 609 
, . . 260 
. . . 590 
. . . 393 
. . . 787 
. . . 660 

. . 618 
. . 225 
.4,970 

. . . 290 
. . 676 

, . . 259 

, .1,165 
. . 332 

, . . 431 
.1,112 
. . 211 
. . 207 
. . 409 
. . 309 
. . 332 
. . 978 
. . 789 
.1.691 
. . 289 
15.543 
. 8.900 
. . 276 
. . 400 
. . 200 
.1,360 
. . 537 
. . 558 
. . 2.50 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Fi-emont 73. 

French Creek 11. 

Fruitland 76. 

G 
Galesburg ... .61 . 

Gait 27. 

Galva 33. 

Garden Grove 94. 



Garnavillo 
•Garner 
Garrison 
Garwin . . . 
George 
Georgetown 
Germania 
Gilbert Station 48 
Gilbertsville ..39 

Oilman 49 

Gilmore City. .25 

Givin 73 

Gladbrook ... ..50 
•Glenwood ...78 
Glidden ... 
Goldfield . . 
Goodell . . . 
Gowrie .... 
Graettinger 
Grand Jet. 
Grandmound 
Grand River 
Grandview 
Granger 

Grant 

Granville . 
Gravity . . 
Greeley 
Greene 
•Greenfield 
Grimes . . . 
GrinneJl 
•Grundv Cc 
Guthrie Ce 
Guttenberg 

H 

Halbur 45.. 



1. 
. . .16. 
. . .51. 
. . .50. 

1. 

. .84. 
. .5. 



.45. 

.27. 

.16. 

.35. 

.15. 

.46. 

.66. 

.94. 
. . .88. 

59. 

79. 

12 . 

92. 

41. 

29. 

... 69 . 

60. 

63 . 

■fr 38. 

fr 58. 

...21. 



Hale 

Hamburg 

Hamilton 

•Hampton 

Hancock 

Harcourt 

♦Harlan . 

Harper 



.53. 
. .90. 

.72. 
. .28. 

.67. 
. .35. 

.56. 

.74. 



Harpers Ferry 11. 



Harris 

Hartley 

Harvey . . 

Hastings 

Havelock 

Hawarden 

Hawkeye 

Hazleton 



.2. 
.13. 
.72. 
.78. 
.25. 
.12. 
.20. 
.40. 



Hedrick 74. 



Henderson 

Hesper 

Highlandville 
Hilisboro . . . 

Hinton 

Hiteman 
Hocking .... 
Holstein .... 
Homestead 
Hopkinton . . 

Hornick 31 

Hospers 12 



Hubbard 
Hudson 

Hull 

Humboldt 
Humeston 
Huron . . . 
Hurtsville 



.37. 
. .39. 
. .13. 
. .36. 
. .95. 
. .89. 

.54. 



Huxley 48., 



Hynes 



.84. 



•Idagrove ... .33 

Imogene 90 

•Independence 40 
•Indianola . . .71 

Inwood 1 

Innia 18 

•Iowa City ...64 

lowafalls 37 

Ireton 13 

Irwin 56 



. . 501 
. . 646 
. . 789 

. . 280 
. . 250 
, . . 357 
.. 611 
. . 342 
. .1,028 
, . . 438 
. . 425 
. . . 606 
. . . 606 
. . . 436 
. . 3.50 
. . . 380 
. . . 430 
. . . 689 
. . . 400 
. . . 869 
. .4,052 
. . . 850 
. . . 618 
, . . 240 
. . . 829 
. . . 556 
. .1.012 
. . . 438 
. . . 333 
. . . 374 
. . . 225 
. . . 250 
. . . 406 
. . . 475 
. . . 383 
. .1.150 
. .1.379 
. . . 733 
.5.036 
. .1.354 
..1.337 
..1,873 

, . . 309 
. . . 924 
..1.817 
. . . 391 
. .3,617 
. . . 350 
. . . 347 
. .3.570 
. . . 333 
. . . 297 
, . . 239 
. .1,106 
. . . 346 
. . . 393 
. . . 241 
. .2,107 
...510 
. . . 444 
. . . 978 
. . . 240 
. . 200 
. . 808 
. . . 325 
. . . 329 
. .2.000 
..1,400 
. . . 936 
. . . 300 
. . . 797 
. . . 245 
. . . 581 
. . . 568 
. . . 372 
. . . 658 
. .1.809 
. .1.006 
. . 908 
. . . 260 
, . . 336 
. . . 500 

.1.874 
. . . 341 
. .3.517 
. .3.283 
. . 595 
. . 298 
,10.091 
.3,797 
. . f31 
. . 278 



TC-vpIanation : Index to Towns. First Column. N^mes of T)wns: Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in F - -- - ,. . .__ 



IS i^oeaieu. iiiii'i v_v/njiiiii. j. .,74^^,... i.v^i. 

Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



61 



Tow nil 



Jamaica . . 
Jamestown 
Janesville 
*Jefferson 
Jerome . . . 

Jesup 

Jewell 

Joice 

Jolley . . . . 



Iowa Cities and Villages w ith 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



...58. 
. . . '57 . 
. . .30. 
. . .46. 

. .9«. 

. .40. 

. .36. 

...7. 

..34. 



. . . £79 
. . 208 
. . 269 
.2,477 
. . S75 
. . 697 
. . 911 
. . 289 
.. 250 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Kale 

Kalona 

Kamrar 

Kanawha . . . . 
Kellerton . . . . 

Kelley 

Kellogg- 

Kensett 

Kenwood Park 

* Keokuk 

*Keosauqua . . 

Keota 

Keswick 

Keystone .... 
Klmballton 

Kingsley , 

Kirkville .... 

Kiron 

Klemme 

Knierim 

*Knoxville . . . . 
Kossuth 

Lacona 

Laddsdale . . 

Ladora 

Lake Citv. '. '. 
Lake Mills . 
Lake View. . 

Lamoni 

Lamont 

Lamotte 

Lancaster 
Lanesboro . . . 

Lansing 

Laporte City. 
Larchwood 

Latimer 

Laurens 

Lawler '. 

Le Claire ...'.' 

Ledyard 

Le Grand . . . 

Lehigh 

I^eighton 

*Le Mars . . . 
Lenox 



.35. 

.75. 

.36. 

.16. 

.93. 

.48. 

61. 

.7. 

52. 

99. 

..98. 

..74. 

..74. 

.51. 

.57. 

.22. 

. .85. 

.44. 

.16. 

.34. 

.72. 

.89. 

.71.. 

.97.. 
.63.. 
.34. . 
. .6. . 
.33. . 
.94. . 
.40. . 
.54. . 
.74. . 
.45. . 
.11.. 
.39. . 
. .1. . 
.28. . 
.25. . 
.19. . 
.77. . 
. .5. . 
.49.. 
.35. . 
73. . 



. . . 350 
. . . 466 
. . . 262 
. . . 398 
. . . 503 
. . . 231 
. . . 610 
. . . 360 
. . . 376 
.14,008 
. . 1,009 
. . 988 
.. 321 
.. 412 
.. 271 
.. 977 
. . 299 
. . 207 
. . 306 
. . 220 
.3,190 
.. 250 



.78 
.41 
.44 
. 7 
.45 
.34 
.43 
.54 
.24 
.18. 
.23 
.63 
.5 



74. 



Leon 

Lester 

Letts 

Lewis 

Liberty 

I>ibertyville . '. 

Lime Spring . 

Linden 

Lineville . . . . 

Linnburg . . . . 

Linn Grove. . .' 

Lisbon 

Liscomb 

Little Rock. . . 
Little Sioux. . 
Livermore . . . 
Lockman .... 

* Logan 

Lohrville .... 
Lone Tree. . . .' , 
Long Grove. . . , 

Lorimor 

Lost Nation .' . 

Lovilia 

Lowden 

Low Moor. . . ' * 

Lucas 

Luverne ...... 

Lynnville . .0' .' 

Lyons . 

Lytton ....... 



.88. 
.68. 
.82. 
.86. 
. .9. 
.59. 
.95. 
.35. 
.24. 
..52. 
.49. 
. .1. 
..55. 
.26. 
.84. 
. 55 . 
34. 
64. 
77. 
81. 
66. 
84. 
65.. 
66. . 
83. . 
5. . 



McCallsburg 
McGregor 
Mclntire . . . 
Macedonia . 
Madrid .... 
Magnolia .. 
Malcolm 
Mallard 



M 



.61. 
.66. 
.33. 

.48. 
.21. 
..4. 
.67. 
.47. 
.55. 
.62. 
.15. 



...517 
. . . 2i>0 
. . . 260 
. .2.043 
.1,214 
. . . 514 
. .1,541 
. . . 571 
. . . 288 
. . . 262 
. . . 268 
. . 1 ,.542 
. .1.233 
. . . 434 
. . . 378 
. .. 817 
. . . 601 
. . . 690 
, . . 222 
. . . 338 
. . . 938 
. . 200 
.4.157 
.1,274 
.1.991 
. . 244 
. . 433 
. . 603 
. . 825 
.1.017 
. . 498 
. . 315 
. . 600 
. . 309 
. . 590 
. . 846 
. . 354 
. . 471 
. . 390 
. . 578 
. . 390 
.1,453 
. . 674 
. . 782 
. 235 
. . 645 
. 533 
, 553 
. 584 
. 253 
. 666 
. 501 
. 370 
5,799 
. 209 



Malvern 
*Manchester 

Manilla 

Manly 

Manning . . . 
Manson . . . . 
Mapleton . . 
*Maquoeta . 
Marathon . . 
Marble Rock 
Marcus .... 
Marengo . . . 

* Marion „„ 

Marne 68 

Marshalltown .49 

Martinsburg 

Marysville . . 

*Mason City 

Masonville . . 

Massena .... 

Maurice .... 

Maxwell .... 

Maynard ... 

Mechanicsville 

Mediapolis 

Melbourne 

Menlo 

Meriden 

Merrill 

Meyer . . . 

Miles 

Milford . . , 
Millersburg 

Milo 

Milton .... 
Minburn . . 
Minden 

Minerva 

IMingo .'ei 

Missouri Val'y 55 

Mitchell 8 

Mitchellville . .60 
Modale .... 
Moingona . , 
Mondamin . 
Monmouth . 
Monona .... 
Monroe .... 
* Montezuma 
Monticello . 
Montour . . . 
Jfontpelier . 
Monti'ose 
Moorhead . . 

Moran 

Morning Sun 

Moscow 

Moulton 9fi 

Mount .Auburn .51 

Mount Ayr 9,3 

Mt. Pleasant 87 
Mount Sterling 98 
Mount Vernon 53 



. .17 
. .41 

..68 
. .12 
. .48 
. .20 
65 

.89. 
. .49. 
. .58. 

.23. 



8 

54. 

3. 

...63. 

71. 

98 . 



.67. 
..49. 



55. 

47. 

.55. 

54. 

21. 

...61. 
. .68. 

...53. 

... 50 . 

. . .76. 

... 99 . 

...43. 

... 59 . 

... 88 . 
.76. 



Moville . . . 
Murra.v . . . 
*Muscatine 
Mystic . . . . 



.31. 

.82. 
.76. 
.96. 



.1,154 

..2,758 
. . 875 
.. 346 
.1,434 
.1,236 
.1,100 
.3,570 
. . 532 
. . 480 
. . 896 
.1,786 
.4,400 
. . 266 
13,374 
. . 285 
... 319 
.11,230 
. . . 382 
... 490 
. . . 290 
... 754 
... 382 
... 817 
. . . 858 
. . . 423 
... 382 
. . . 246 
. . . 526 
. . . 387 
. . . SM 
. . . 575 
. . . 258 
. . . 519 
. . . 913 
. . . 388 
. . . 423 
. . . 744 
. . . 246 
. .3,187 
. . . 231 
. . . 869 
. . 387 
. . 250 
. . 420 
.221 
. . 793 
. . 800 
.1,172 
.2,043 
. . 383 
. . 576 
. . 708 
. . 366 
. . 682 
. . 897 
. . 275 
. 1,233 
. . 268 
.1,646 
.3,874 
233 
!i,.532 



Toicm 



Loca. Pop. 



Okoboji 

Olin .., 

Ollie .. 

*Onaway 

Onslow 

* O ra n ge 

Orient . , 

Osage 

*Osceola 

*Oskaloosa 

Ossian 

Otho 

Otiev 

Oto 

Ottercreek 
*Ottumwa 
O.xford 
Oxford Jet 



3. 

53. 

74. 

43. 

53 . 

City 12. 
69. 



.73. 
.10. 
.35. 



. .31. 
. .54. 
..85. 

.64. 

.53. 



Pacific Jet. ...78. 
Pack wood 86. 



Palo 
Panama . 
Panora . . 
Parkersbur 
Parnell . . 
Paton . . . . 
Paullina . 

Pella 

Perry 



.5; 
. ..56. 
. . .58 
...29. 
. . .63. 
. . .46. 
. . .13. 
. . .72. 

.59 



Persia 5.5. 



.14. 
.31. 
.47. 
.55. 
.30. 
7. 



Peterson 
Pierson .... 
Pilot Mound 
Pisgah .... 
Plainfield . . 

Plainview 

Pleasant Grove 89 
Plcasanton ... .94 
Pleasn't Valley 77 
Pleasantville ..72 
Plymouth . . ..17 
*Pocohantas . .2,5 

Tolk 60 

Pomeroy 34 

Pope.ioy 28 

Portsmouth ...56 
Postville .... 
Prairie City 
Prescott .... 
Preston .... 
*Primghar . . 
Princeton 
Promise Cit\ 
Pulaski ". 



.11. 
..61. 
. .80. 
..54. 
. .13. 
. .77. 

95. 

.97. 



N 



19. 
..67. 
. .48. 
. .11 . 
. .24. 

51. 



.87. 
.92. 
37. 
.73. 
.61. 



. . 309 
.1,3,59 
. . 487 
. . .S57 
.1,191 

'. '. 377 
. . 331 



Nashua . . 
Neoia 
*Nevada . 
New Albin 
Newell .... 

Nowhall „ 

*New Hampton 19 
New Hartford 39 
New London. 
New Market. 
New Pr'vid'ce 
New Sharon 
* Newton ... 
New Virginia. 71 

Nichols 76 

Nilesville 18 

Nodaway 80 

Nora Sjjrings. .18 
North English 63 
No. McGregor 21 
*Northwood ... .7 

Norwalk 71, 

Norway 51 

Numa 96! 

O 

Oakland .... 
Oakville .... 
Ocheyedan . . 

Odebolt 

Oelwein .... 
Ogden 



.67. 



.33. 
.30. 

.47. 



. . . .552 

... 796 

.16,178 

.3,663 

.1,102 
. . 936 
.3,138 
. . . 588 
... 738 
. . . 335 
.3,275 
. . . 482 
..1,144 
... 673 
... 246 
..1,122 
.4,616 
... 396 
. . . 369 
. . . 866 
. . . 323 
. . . 985 
. . . 848 
. . . 588 
. .1,264 
...315 
. . . 479 
. . . 659 

.1,105 
. . 389 
. . 595 
.1,283 
. 6.038 
.1,398 



. . . 504 
. . . 659 
. . . 289 
. .2,026 
. . . 214 
..1,374 
. . . 373 
..2,445 
..2,416 
. .9,456 
. . . 749 
. . . 904 
. . . 309 
. . . 208 
. . . 680 
.22,013 
. . 614 
. . 823 



. . . 501 
. . . 264 
. . . 208 
. . . 233 
. . 1,080 
. . . 938 
. . . 369 
. . . 358 
. . . 796 
. .3,031 
. .4,630 
. . . 358 
. . . 480 
. . . 416 
. . . 347 
. . 212 
. . . 288 
. . . 208 
. . 848 
. . 200 
. . 767 
. . 691 
. . 358 
. . 987 
. . 310 
. . 815 
. . 200 
.. 347 
.. 952 
. . 764 
. . 426 
. . 642 
.. 733 
. . 37.') 
. . 274 
.. 382 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Rutland 
Ryan . . 



41. 



Sabula 54 

*Sac City 33. 

Saint Ansgar ..8. 
Saint Charles 70. 

Salem 87 

Salix 31. 

Sanborn 13. 

Sandspring . . .41 
Sargents Bluff 31. 

Schaller 33. 

Schleswig 44. 

Scotch Grove . .53. 

Scranton 46. 

Searsboro 63. 

Seigel 30. 

Selma 98 

Sergeant Bluff 31. 

Sewal 95. 

Seymour 95. 

Shambaugh . . .91. 

Shannon City 

Sharon Center 

Sheffield 

Shelbv 

Sheldahl 



81. 

64. 

. .28. 

.56. 

.60. 



Sheldon 13'. 



Q 



Quarry 49. 

Quasqueton . . .46! 
Quimby 23. 

R 

Radcliffe 37 

Randall 36. 

Randolph 90. 

Rathbun 
Readlyn . 
Reasnor 
Redding . 
Redfleld . 
*Red Oak 
Reinbeck 
Remsen 
Renwick . 
Rhodes . . 
Riceville . 
Richland 



, .96. 

. .30. 

. .61. 

..93. 

. .59. 

. .79. 

. .38. 

. . 22 . 

. .26. 

..49. 

.. .8. 

74. 

Rickardsville . .42. 
Ridgeway ... .10. 

Ringsted 4. 

Rippey 46. 

Riverside 75. 

Riverton 90. 

Rochester 65 

Rockford 18. 

*Rock Rapids . .1. 
Rock Vallev ..12 

Rockwell 17 

Rockwell Citv 34 



Shellrock ... 

Shellsburg . . 

Shenandoah . 

*Sibley 

*Sidney .... 

*Sigourney 

Silver City . 

Silverlake 

Sioux Center 

*Sioux City 

Sioux Rapids 

Slater .... 

Sloan 

Smithland . . 

Solon 

South Amana 

South English 

*Spencer 

Spillville . . . 

*Spirit Lake 

Springbrook . 

Springdale . . . 

Springville . . . 

Stacyville 

Stanhope .... 

Stanley 

Stanton 

Stanwood .... 
State Center .„ 
Steamb't Rock 37 

Sterling 54 

Stockport 98 

Stone City 53 

*Storm Lake 24 
Story Citv .. 
Stratford ... 
Strawberry Pt 

Struble 

Stuart 

Sully 

Summitville . 

Sumner 

Sutherland . . . 
Swaledale .... 
Swan .... 
Swea City 
.Sweetlanci 



29. 
.51. 
. 91. 
2 
'.{><)'. 
.74. 
.78. 
..7. 

12. 
.31. 

24. 

.48. 
.31. 
.31. 
.64. 

63. 

74. 
.14. 

10. 
. .3. 
.54. 
.31. 
.52. 
. .8. 
.36. 
.40. 
.79. 



49. 



.48. 

.36. 
21. 

.23. 
. .58. 
. .61. 
..99. 
. .30. 

.13. 
..17. 
. .72. 

. .5. 

.76. 



Roland 
Rolfe ... 
Rose Hill 
Rowan 
Rowlev . 
Rnval . . 
Rudd ... 
Runnells 
Russell 
Ruthven 



.48. 

35. 

73. 

27. 

40. 

14. 

18. 

60. 

83. 

15. 



Tabor . . . 
Tama 
Templeton 
Terril . . . 
Thompson 

Thor 

Thornburg 
Thornton 
Thurman . 
Tingiev ... 
*Tipton .. 
Titonl.-a . . 
*Toledo ... 
Tracv . . . . 
Traer . . . . 
Trenton .. 
Tripoli ... 
Truro .... 

T^nderwood 
I'nion . . . . 



. .90. 
. .50. 
. .45. 
. ..3. 
.. .6. 
..26. 
..74. 

.17. 

.90. 

.93. 

.65. 



. . .5. 
. .50. 
..72. 
..50. 
. 87. 
. .30. 
.70. 

■ 67. 
■37. 



. . 212 
,. 511 

... 918 
. .2,201 
... 747 
. . . 399 
... 501 
... 390 
. .1,174 
... 200 
. . . 416 
... 646 
. . . 455 
... 705 
. . . 845 
. . 226 
. . 200 
. . 200 
.. 525 
... 208 
.2,390 
. . 245 
. . 292 
.1,076 
. . 824 
.. 586 
. . 202 
.2,941 
. . 741 
... 527 
. .4,976 
. .1,330 
. .1,019 
. .2,032 
. . . 438 
. . . 638 
. .1,064 
.47,824 
... 868 
. . . 473 
. . . 547 
... 334 
. . . 450 
. . . 348 
. . . 338 
. .3,005 
. . . 320 
..1,163 
. . . 217 
. . . 208 
. . . 588 
. . . 407 
. . . 281 
. . . 280 
. . . 653 
. . 511 
. . . 898 
. . . 378 
, . . 300 
. . 265 
. . 606 
.2,438 
.1.387 
. . .554 
.1,053 
. . 337 
.1,836 
. . 382 
. . 280 
.1,404 
. . 664 
. . 2.S5 
292 
. .' 402 
.1,134 



. . 909 
.3,290 
. . 378 
.. 353 
. . .506 
. . 371 
. . 333 
. . 371 
. . 336 
. . 380 
.2,048 
. . 278 
. 1,635 
. . 208 
.1,373 
.1,134 
. . 7.55 
. . 310 

. . 271 

. 540 



62 



Iowa Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Unionville 




.96. 


.. 306 


University 


Pk. 


7a. 


. . 5(»0 


Urbana 




.51. 


.. 323 


Ute 


V 


.43. 


. . 490 


Vail 




.44. 


. . 631 


Valley Jet. 




.«0. 


.3,513 


Van Horn 




.51 . 


. . 44 1 


Van Metei 




.5!). 


. . 386 


Van Wert 




.94. 


. . 461 


Vernon . . 




.9K. 


. . 275 






.63. 
.79. 


. . 640 


Villisca . . 




.2,039 


Vincent . . 




.35. 


. . 215 


*Vinton 




.51. 


.3,336 


Viola 




.Hi. 


. . 225 


Vol go 


W 


.ai. . 


. . 416 


Wadena . 




.ao.. 


. . 253 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Walcott . . . 

Walker 

Wall Lake . 

Walnut 

*Wapello 

♦Washington 

Washta 

♦Waterloo . 

AVaubeek 

Waucoma 

Waukee 

*AVaukon 

*Waverly . . 

Wayland 

*Webster 

Weldon , 

Wellman 75. 

Wellsburg 38. 

T\'escott 99. 

West 63. 



City 



.77. 

.52. 

. 33 . 

.67. 

.88. 

.95. 

.23. . 

.39. 

.52. , 

.20.. 

.59. 

.11. , 

.30.. 

.87.. 

36. . 

94. . 



. . 416 
. . 517 
. . 561 
. . 950 
.1,326 
.4,380 
. . 410 
J6,693 

'. '. 433 
. . 340 
.2,075 
. 3,205 
. . 550 
.5,208 
. . 308 
. . 724 
. . 288 
. . 457 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



West Bend . . 
West Branch 
W. Burlington 
West Chester 
West. College 
Westgate . . . . 
West Grove . 
West Liberty 
West Point . 
Westside . . . . 
*West Union 
What Cheer 
Wheatland 
White City 



.15. 
65.. 
89. 

7i5.. 



.20., 

.97.. 

76. , 

.99. . 

.44. , 

. .20.. 

. .74. . 

..66.. 

73. . 



White Sulphur 77. , 



A\'hiting 

Whittemore 

Whitten 

M'illiams 

Williamsburg 



.43.. 

, . . .5 . , 
..37.. 

.36. . 

.63. 



. . 679 
. . 643 
. 1,206 
222 
; '. 200 
. . 232 
. . 857 
. 1,666 
. . 570 
. . 367 
.1,652 
.1,720 
. . 539 
. . 506 
. . 2.50 
. . 576 
. . 518 
. . 219 
. . 457 
.1,060 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Wilton Jet. 
Winfleld 
*Winterset . , 
Winthrop 

Wiota 

Woodbine . . . 

Woodburn 

Woodland 

Woodward . . 

Woolstock 

Worthington 

Wyoming . . . 



..76. 

..87.. 

.70.. 

.40. . 
, . 68 . . 

.55. . 
..82.. 

.94.. 

.59.. 
,.27., 

.42.. 

.53.. 



Yale 

York town 



Zcaring 



...58. 
...91. 



.1,157 
. . 934 
.2,818 
. . 529 
. . 239 
. 1,.538 
. . 420 
. . 886 
. . 712 
. . 264 
. . 314 
. . 721 



. 273 
. 228 



IOWA 



A State Which Transports an Agriciiltiiral Exhibit All Over tlie St.ite Alon.g: With Professors to 

Teach Scientific Farming. 



As an agrricultural stat3 Iowa stands ac the very 
head. This is almost purely a prairie state; the 
richness of its soil permitting the growth of most 
abundant <'rops. It is also equally distinguished for 
development in live stock interests. 

20,000 SQUARE MILES OF COAL BEDS. 

But it is not alone in live stock and the produc- 
tion of grain in which Iowa excels. The bitu- 
minous coal fields of Illinois extends Into Iowa, 
covering an area of 20,000 square miles; the veins 
of coal varying in thickness from 2% feet to 500 
feet. The lead mine tract is in a belt occupied by 
Galena iimestor.e, which , touches the Mississippi 
at Dubuque, and lies along the Turkey river valley 
in a northwest direction. 

The southern part of the state is well wooded 
along the rivers. In the northern portion trees are 
comparatively scarce, though groves of i)ine and 
cedar are found in some places. Of fruit trees 
the apple, pear and cherry grow in perfection. The 
wild plum, grape and gooseberry are indigenous. 

The climate here is well adapted to agricultural 
operations. Ow-ing to there being nothing to ob- 
struct the winds there are cold in winter, but the 
winds of summer temper the heat. The average 
annual temperature is 48, spring 47 V2, summer 
TOVa, autumn 45, winter 23y2; annual rainfall 44.27 
inches. 

While it is always wise to carefully investigate 
conditions of land before purchase, the land seeker 
can scarcely go amiss in buying land in Iowa. The 
soil is generally good, sometiines warm and_ sandy 
in river bottoms, though there is but little inferior 
land. The rich, dark vegetable mold in the valleys 
of the Des Moines, Iowa and Red Cedar is from 1 
to 3 feet thick, is free from pebbles, and is ver.v 
easy to cultivate. The lowlands are generally 
inarshy. 

It is difficult to tell what cannot be grown here. 
The soil is adapted to the growth of every agricul- 
tural production which can be grown in this lati- 
tude. For the cultivation of the grains it is un- 
surpassed, potatoes grow in great perfection, and 
the soil and climate are favorable for flax and 
tobacco. Corn is largely grown in the southern 
part and in the valley regions. Wheat is adapted 
to the Cedar river district. 

The blue grass country is in the southwestern 
part of the state. Here are found superior breed- 
ing farms for horses and other fine stock. From 
this region is exported large quantities of dairy 
products and fruit. The beautiful undulating 
meadows, the cleai streams and pleasant hamlets, 
which abound in thi3 region, emphasize the full 
pleasures of farm life. 

A SUPERIOR AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL. 

Another fact adding immensely to the prosperity 
of farmers in this state is the Iowa Agricultural 
College, located at Ames, in Story county. In ac- 
cord with an act of Congress this school was 
organized In 1869 by an endowment of 204, 300 
acres. 

Every department of this school is very complete 
and tuition free to residents of Iowa. Among 
other interesting features in its museums, are col- 
lections of botany, geology, entomology and natural 
history. Its courses of stud.v, which are strictly 
practical, enable the graduate, in civil, electrical 
and mining engineering, to survey the routes for 



railways across the state, to instal electrical plants 
beside the rivers, and to test the mineral possi- 
bilities and conditions in Iowa. From the school 
of veterinar.v science the students go forth to 
properly care for tl-e live stock in the state. From 
the dairy department the pupils go out to make 
success in the production of butter and cheese, for 
which the state is already famous. 

WHAT SCIENTIFIC FARMING HAS DONE. 

In the department of agriculture, it is claimed, 
that one of the professors, through the fitting up 
of a seed testing appliance, termed "Germination 
Box," has added $15,000,000 annually to the wealth 
of Iowa in the increased production of corn. This 
box is filled with moistened sawdust, and before 
planting time kernels are selected from such ears 
of corn as it is desired to reproduce in the fields. 
If the seed thus chosen readil.v germinates the fact 
is evident that this is a good and reliable seed 
corn, that every kernel will bring forth a stalk 
of corn, and every stalk will bear large ears. 
Thus there is no uncertainty among the young 
farmers of Iowa as to the quality of seed which 
they plant, and, weather conditions being right, 
there is absolute assurance as to production of 
crop. 

The professors of the Agricultural College in 
Iowa do not stop with simply giving instruction to 
those who seek their school. They know that 
thousands of the old style farmers look with sus- 
picion upon "book farming," and unless this preju- 
dice is overcome the state will constantly be a loser 
In consequence of this ignorance. 

Realizing that these old farmers will not come 
to the school, a commodious car is fitted up to 
illust-ate Iowa possibilities in agriculture, and this 
car tours the slate — an agricultural exposition on 
wheels. It is accompanied by lecturers who 
demonstrate and explain, the result being that the 
farmers of Iowa are getting the science of agricul- 
ture down to the finest possible point. It is no 
wonder that farming in this state, with its know- 
ledge of fertilization, the constituents of soil, the 
secrets of germination, and the processes of cultiva- 
tion, should be greatly superior, in pleasure and 
profit, to the farming of a past generation. 

CONDENSED I3IPORT.\NT FACTS. 

Altitude. The elevations run from 1,604 feet, at 
Spirit Lake, in Dickinson county, to 300 feet in the 
Mississippi river bluffs. 

"" Climate. Temperature average annual Des 
Moines, January 17; July 75. Extreme heat, 100; 
extreme cold 30 below. Average annual rainfall 
33.1 inches. 

History. Was originally a part of the Louisiana 
purchase" in 1803, and was then inhabited by the 
Sac and Fox Indians. The first white settlement 
was made in 1788 by Julien Dubuque, a French- 
man from Canada, who obtained a grant of a large 
tract of land including the city now bearing his 
name, and the rich mineral lands surrounding it. 
He built a fort, carried on the mining of lead, and 
traded with the Indians until his death in 1810. 
Wisconsin territory in 1836. In 1838 the territory 
of Iowa was organized and seat of government 
fixed at Burlington. In 1839 the capitol was re- 
moved to Iowa City. 



63 



IRRIGATION 



Location of U. S. Government Irrigation Projects. 




PRINCIPAL TREIGATION PEOJECTS 

IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. 

IF THE LAND SEEKER HAS NO MONEY. 



The question may arise as to what a man can 
do at any of these projects without money. The 
answer is plain. Go to worli for somebody who 
has money and wants help. 

Very full details are published in the Govern- 
ment relating to opportunities for new comers 
and settlers on any one of the projects we here 
describe, the location of which is shown on our 
map. Write for the bulletins. 

Meaning of Irrigation Terms. Acre feet of 
water, means water sufficient to cover the land 
one foot in depth. Second feet, means flow of 
one cubic foot of water per second. Duty of 
water, means depth of water sufficient to supplv 
the land one year. Units of land, means size of 
plats of land to be sold. 

There is immediate and steady demand for 



skilled and unskilled labor at all the irrigated 
projects. To illustrate: From the bulletin relat- 
ing to the Wyoming-Shoshone project we clip 
the following: 

There is a steady demand for skilled labor at 
from $3.00 to $5.00 a day and for unskilled labor 
at from $2.00 to $3.00 a day. The wages paid are 
as follows: 

Carpenters $3.00 to $4.00 

Masons 5.00 

Bricklayers 5.00 

Blacksmiths 4.00 

Painters 3.00 

Farm hands, by the day (with board) 2.00 

Farm hands, by the month (with board) ... .40.00 

Teamsters 2.50 to 3.00 

Common labor 2.25 to 2.50 



64 



How and Where Shall I Get a Farm? 



WHAT WILL IT COST TO HAVE 
CONDITIONS ON WHICH I CAN BUY AND BE ABSOLUTELY 

SURE OF SUCCESS 



WITH weather so uncertain and climatic conditions so unreliable, where can 
I locate, have no fear of drouth, plant, cultivate, and get full reward for 
my money? 

With the many millions of dollars being expended by the Government in 
irrigating arid, barren, waste land it is a pleasure to give the accompanying 
map, showing the principal irrigated regions in the Western United States, while 
we reproduce from Government literature much important information which 
land-seekers want to know. 

The argument in behalf of settlement on irrigated land is well told in a 
bulletin issued by the Government on 

The Benefits of Irrigated Land 



How many times as the season advances does 
the farmer in Illinois or Missouri or middle 
western states go to town to be greeted with 
the question by the tradespeople: "Well, Jones, 
how's crops?" And how many times does the 
reply come: "Fine, if we can only have rain!" 
Irrigation means that Jones has rain when his 
crop needs it without damage to his neighbor 
Smith whose crop does not need it. It being the 
case that in any large section of country where 
diversified farming is carried on there are dif- 
ferent crops which for their periect maturing 
require water in different quantities and at dif- 
ferent stages, a heavy rainfall at any time, while 
benefiting some crops must of necessity damage 
others, with the result that the country at large 
never reaches its highest possibility of produc- 
tion. It is only in an irrigated country that the 
crop which requires much water can get It at 
the times and in the quantities which may be 
needed without damage to the crop in the next 
field which needs less. 

No Longer Playing Game of Chance. 

This fact means much to the farmer. It places 
within his hands all the elements necessary to 
successful cultivation of the soil. He is no longer 
playing a game of chance with nature in which 
the dice are Isaded, but a working partner with 
her to the end that the earth may yield its full- 
ness. With the ability to select his land and 
his seed, regulate water with perfect adaptation 
to the requirement of his crops, with equable ap- 
portionment of labor, equipment and cultivation, 
and an intelligent rotation of crops, the chance 
of failure to the farmer on irrigated lands is re- 
duced to its lowest degree. It is here alone that 



the farmer has an equal chance with men in 
other trades and professions, here alone may he 
invest his money and his time with the full 
assurance that he will have a fair fchow to reap 
adequate returns from the same, and that like 
the merchant or the mechanic, his success is 
largely dependent on himself. 

Only Wants a Fair Chance. 

That, given an equal chance, the farmer is no 
whit behind those of any other trade or pro- 
fession,' and that farming ranks among the most 
lucrative forms of investment and activity, is 
amply evidenced by a review of conditions in 
those sections where irrigated lands have reached 
a high state of development and where sufficient 
time has elapsed for a practical solution of its 
problems. 

Great Advance in Nation's Progress. 

Great movements in each century mark the 
progress of humanity, and irrigation is one of the 
epoch-making events of the twentieth century. 
A nation's real wealth is in its land, in those 
things which come out and off of the land. All 
other values are fluctuating, uncertain and con- 
tingent. Irrigation is the Midas touch which in 
a few years has transformed an uninhabitable 
desert into a blooming garden and made its sands 
yield greater riches than the sands of the gold- 
bearing placers of California or the Klondike, for 
the latter in time are exhausted, but the irri- 
gated desert yields its harvest perennially. Irri- 
gation has made millionaires of men who a few 
years ago were "land poor;" it has added ma- 
terially to the wealth of the nation, and has 
made homes for thousands. 



65 



Liberal Treatment of New Settlers by the Government. 



With the increase in population and the in- 
creasing demand for the supplies of life, no 
greater boon can befall us as a people than an 
increase in the available area of our farming 
lands, and it is through irrigation that the larg- 
est increase of this kind may be expected. 

Abolish Landed Aristocracy. 

One of the dominating traits of the American 
people is their home-making instinct. It "was 
this rather than the lure of gold or the love of 
adventure which induced our forefatliers to take 
then- lives in their hands and brave starvation 
and death in a thousand horrible forms in order 
to make homes for themselves on the newly dis- 
covered continent. In the Old World the land, 
that basis of wealth and insignia of caste, was 
in the hands of a few. The value attached to 
it is demonstrated by the laws of entailment by 
which it is insured for all time to come into the 
possession of a few favored houses, thus consti- 
tuting the landed aristocracy and perpetuating 
it forever. For the man who was not to his 
inheritance born, the ownership of land was prac- 
tically an impossibility; but here was a great 
new and unoccupied continent offering an op- 
portunity whereby they might acquire a coveted 
bit of the earth's surface. The cost of failure was 
death, but they deemed it worth the risk. 

Our country is still being overrun today with 
the peasantry of Europe and the lure which 
brings them is the same as it was four hundred 
years ago. Here is a chance to make money 
and money will buy land. He know.s no prestige 
nor rank which is not identified with ownership 
of the soil, consequently the thing most desired 
is land. 



One of Our Greatest Dangers. 

One of the greatest menaces to our country is 
the discontent and unrest bred among these for- 
eigners herded in the congested quarters of great 
cities. The sure remedy is land. Give the man 
a chance to earn a home, to identify himself with 
the soil, to actually appropriate to himself a 
small portion of this country where he must 
live, and you liave done more to make him a 
peaceful, law-abiding, patriotic citizen than all 
the preaching and legislating which can possibly 
be brought to bear. 

Acquirement of Homes Easy. 

From the very inception of our nation this 
home making instinct of humanity has been taken 
into account. It was recognized by the legis- 
lators in rewarding the services of her soldiers 
by liberal grants of land. From that day to this 
it has been the policy of our government to make 
the acquirement of homes easy. It has been 
recognized in the enactment of all those statutes 
making easy the acquirement of public domain. 
Areas greater in extent than many of tlie original 
states liave been donated for the purpose of 
making habitable the unutilized lands of the 
people. At one time the property of the nation 
embraced 1,800,000,000 acres; today it has been 
reduced to less than 500,000,000 acres. Out of 
this public domain twenty vigorous common- 
wealths have arisen and an agricultural empire 
come into being tliat is today the marvel of the 
world. 

It is with a view to still further enlargement 
of this agricultural empire that the United States 
Reclamation Service was called into being, and 
for the promotion of this purpose all of its regu- 
lations have been established. 



EXPLANATION OF RECLAMATION ACT. 



On June 17, 1902, the Reclamation Act was 
made a law by the signature of President Roose- 
velt. The substance of this act is that all 
moneys received from the sale and disposal of 
public lands in Arizona. California, Colorado. 
Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New 
Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South 
Dakota. Utah, Washington and Wyoming, begin- 
ning with the fiscal year ended June 30. 1901, in- 
cliifling the surplus of fees and commissions in 
excess of allowances to registers and receivers, 
and excepting 5 per cent of these amounts which 
is set aside for educational and other purposes, 
be set aside and appropriated as a special fund 
in the treasury to be known as the "reclamation 



fund," to be used in the examination and survey 
for, and the construction and maintenance of, 
irrigation works for the storage, diversion and 
development of waters for the reclamation of 
arid and semi-arid lands in the said states and 
territories. 

The public lands so reclaiined are subject to 
homestead entry, and there is absolutely no 
charge for the land itself; but tlie settler must 
pay to the United States, in not more than ten 
annual installments — without interest — his pro- 
portion, according to the number of acres he 
owns, of the amount expended by the United 
States in reclaiming his land. 



LIBERALITY OF THE GOVERNMENT. 



To make it an inducement for settlers to seek 
reclaimed land the government supplies the land, 
constructs the irrigation works, divides the land 
into small farm units comprising 10, 20, 40, SO 
and 160 acres, makes no charge for the land 
and gives the irrigation improvements to the 
settler for just what they have cost, payments 
for the improvements to be made in ten years, 
including ten annual payments without interest. 

The great advance in the work of reclaiming 



waste land is shown in our map of over 30 great 
irrigation projects, the lands thus reclaimed in- 
cluding hundreds of thousands of acres, every 
one of which will be. or is already, occupied by 
intelligent agriculturists. 

Detailed information as to areas open to set- 
tlers may be obtained by addressing the Statis- 
tician of the Reclamation Service, Washington, 
D. C., or the Information Bureau, Recla nation 
Service, 802 Federal Building, Chicago, 111. 



66 



Where Government Land Offices Are Located. 



GOVERNMENT IRRIGATION PROJECTS. HOMESTEAD 
ENTRY FOR PUBLIC LAND. 

May Be Made at Any One of the Following Land Offices: 

state. Project Land Office. 

Arizona Salt River Phoenix. 

Arizona Yuma Plioenix. 

California Yuma Los Angeles. 

California Orland Saci amento. 

California Klamath Redding and Susanville. 

Colorado Uncompahgre Montrose. 

Idaho Minidoka Hailey. 

Idaho Boise Boise. 

Kansas Garden City Dodge City. 

Montana Huntley Billings. 

Montana L. Y'ellowstone Miles Citv. 

Montana St. Mary Great Falls. 

Montana Sun River Great Falls. 

Xebraska North Platte Alliance. 

Nevada Truckee -Carson Carson City. 

New Mexico Carlsbad Roswell. 

New Mexico Hondo Roswell. 

New Mexico Leasburg Las Cruces. 

New Mexico Rio Grande Las Cruces. 

North Dakota Buford-Trenton Williston. 

North Dakota L. Yellowstone Williston. 

North Dakota Williston Williston. 

Oregon Klamath Lake View. 

Oregon Umatilla La Grande. 

South Dakota Belle Fourche Rapid City. 

Utah Strawberry Valley Salt Lake City. 

Washington Okanogan .Waterville. 

Washington Sunnyside North Yakima. 

Washington Tieton North Y^akima. 

Wyoming North Platte Cheyenne. 

Wyoming Shoshone Lander. 

Publication approved July 28, 1910. FRANK PIERCE, Acting Secretary. 



ARIZONA SALT RIVER PROJECT. 

Reservoir Area, 25 Square Miles. Irrigates 190,000 Acres. 



This project involves the construction of a 
storage dam at Roosevelt, Arizona, a reservoir 
with an area of 25.5 square miles, and a capacity 
of 1,284,000 acre-feet, or enough water to cover 
1,284,000 acres one foot in depth. The Roosevelt 
dam is of rubble masonry 280 feet high, 235 feet 
long on the bottom and 1,080 feet long on top. 
Its purpose is to regulate the flow of Salt River. 
When needed for irrigation the water is allowed 
to flow down the river from the dam for forty 
miles, where it is diverted by means of the 
Granite Reef dam into two canals, one on each 
side of the river. These canals carry water to 
about 190,000 acres of land in the vicinity of 
Phoenix and Mesa. The diversion dam is a 
rubble concrete weir 38 feet high and 1,100 feet 
long. The irrigation system includes about 469 
miles of canal. 

Sends Electric Power Ninety Miles. 
A power canal 18^/^ miles long, having a capac- 
ity of 200 second-feet, has been constructed and 
used to develop 4,400 horsepower which is utilized 
by all the accessory plants incidental to the work 
of construction. On this line are tunnels aggre- 
gating a total length of 9,780 feet. A power- 
house and a transformer house have been con- 
structed immediately below the dam and the 
power developed is transmitted electrically about 
90 miles down the valley, where it will be used 
partly to pump water from underground sources 
to extend the irrigable area to about 50,000 acres 



of high lands in the Gila Indian Reservation and 
in Salt River Vallej% and for drainage purposes. 
A large amount will be available for other pur- 
poses. A cement mill erected and operated by 
the Government furnished the cement used in 
the construction work, the dam alone requiring 
about 280,000 barrels. 

Evaporation of Water Four Feet a Year. 

The lands under this project surround Phoenix, 
the capital of the state, and are situated in 
Maricopa County, in Townships 7 North to 2 S., 
Ranges 2 W. to 14 E. The general elevation is 
1,000 to 1,300 feet above sea level; temperature, 
maximum, 120 degrees: minimum, 20 degrees; 
mean, 70 degrees; rainfall, 3 to 10 inches. The 
watershed area is 6,260 square miles, with an 
additional 6,000 square miles on Verde River. The 
average annual rainfall on watershed is from 10 
to 20 inches, and the estimated annual run-off 
of watershed is 800,000 acre-feet at Roosevelt 
dam and 500,000 acre-feet from the Verde. The 
duty of water is four acre-feet per annum. That 
is, four feet depth of water is required on this 
land each year. 

A Wide Variety of Crops. 

The valley is traversed by the Santa Pe and 
Southern Pacific Railroads, which connect it with 
the towns of the State, the Pacific coast cities 
and the eastern fruit markets. The soil is an 



67 



Description of Irrigated Lands in Arizona and California. 



alluvial deposit of great fertility and adapted 
to the cultivation of a wide variety of crops, in- 
cluding those of the temperate and semi-tropical 
zones. The public lands in the project have all 
been filed on, but there are many large holdings 
of private lands vk^hich must be subdivided and 
sold to actual settlers, as no water right can be 
sold for more than 160 acres under the Reclama- 
tion Act. 

Roosevelt Dam. 

The Roosevelt dam is now completed, and the 
remainder of the project will probably be com- 
pleted by the end of the year 1912. Water is now 
being furnished to about 131,000 acres of land 
and this area will likely be increased by several 
thousand acres during the coming season. Dur- 
ing the current year the beet sugar industry has 
been proven a success in this valley, netting the 
growers handsome returns even under adverse 
conditions. Forage and grain crops, fruits and 
vegetables of all kinds produce well and com- 
mand high prices in the local markets. Electric 



power is now furnished to the valley from the 
Roosevelt power plant. 

Items of Historical Interest. 

The most interesting historical fact concerning 
this valley is that it shows prehistoric settlement 
—not only by the cliff dwellings which are found 
in the mountain fastnesses, but in the many signs 
of prehistoric dwelling and irrigation in the 
valley. Casa Grande, the ruins of a "great 
house," is one of the most interesting of all 
ruins to the ethnologist. It is not known how 
old is this house of four stories. The wall sur- 
rounding it is 400 feet long, a rectangle, and 
inside of it were many rooms. The Franciscan 
friars who accompanied Coronado on his explor- 
ing expedition through this country in 1540 re- 
ported these ruins as existing then. The once 
irrigated fields of the mysterious people who 
lived here spread away for miles and many defi- 
nite evidences of a complete prehistoric irrigating 
system have been discovered, some of the present 
canals following exactly the prehistoric grades. 



ARIZONA-CALIFORNIA YUMA PROJECT. 
A First-Class Land for Oranges and Semi-Tropical Fruits — Clear Skies. 



This project involves the diversion of the wa- 
ters of Colorado River by means of Laguna dam, 
a structure of the India- weir type, about 10 
miles north of Yuma, Ariz., into two canals, one 
on each side of the river. This dam was com- 
pleted in March, 1909. It is about 19 feet high, 
4,780 feet long, and 260 feet wide up and down 
stream. By a unique arrangement at the head- 
gates of the canals the waters of this muddy 
stream are drawn off comparatively clear. The 
distribution system consists of 157 miles of canals. 
A complete system of levees with a length of 73% 
miles has been constructed to protect the bottom 
lands from overflow, and a pumping system will 
be utilized to remove the surplus waters from 
the low lying areas. 

Indian Reservation. 

On the Indian Reservation 173 farm units were 
opened to entry on March 1, 1910, and many of 
the entrymen are already clearing and leveling 
their farms. The cost of the water right is $55, 
payable in not more than ten annual installments, 
with an annual charge of $1 for operation and 
maintenance. There is also a charge of $10 for 
the price of the Indian lands, payable in not more 
than ten annual installments. 
Frostless Lane. 

The bottom lands comprise 17,000 acres in the 
Yuma Indian Reservation in California, 20,000 



acres in the Gila River Valley, in Arizona, and 
53,000 acres in Colorado ^iver Valley, in Arizona. 
When the system is extended to include the 
mesa, or table lands, south of Yuma and east of 
the bottom lands in Arizona, about 40,000 acres 
of practically frostless land will be available for 
the cultivation of oranges, lemons, grapefruit, 
limes, olives, vegetables, etc. 

These lands are not subject to entry. The cost 
of water right has not been fixed but will be an- 
nounced before the lands are opened. 

The soil is rich alluvial deposit and produces 
enormous crops when water is applied. Alfalfa, 
grains, vegetables, sugar beets, nuts, melons, 
fruits, cotton, cane, corn, etc., are grown. 

Railpoad Facilities. 

The Southern Pacific Railroad, which crosses 
the project at Yuma, furnishes transportation 
facilities to Arizona towns, and the Pacific coast 
and eastern markets. The watershed area is 
200,000 square miles, and the estimated annual 
run-off is 11,000,000 acre-feet. The lands lie at 
an elevation of 100 to 300 feet above sea level, 
and the temperature ranges from 22 to 118 de- 
grees above zero. The nights are cool and on 
account of the dryness of the atmosphere the 
sensible temperature is much lower than the 
thermometer indicates. 



CALIFORNIA ORLAND PROJECT. 

A Land for the Almond, English Walnut, Citrus and Deciduous Fruits. 



This project contemplates the reclamation of 
14,000 acres of land lying about 90 miles north of 
Sacramento in Glenn and Tehama counties. The 



towns within the territory to be irrigated are 
Orland, Greenwood and Malton, on the Southern 
Pacific Railroad. The lands, which are prac- 



68 



Description of Irrigated Lands in Colorado for Sale. 



tically all in private ownership, are exceedingly- 
fertile, and for many years have been cultivated 
and utilized for wheat growing. Tho soil is a 
gravelly loam, and with irrigation and the pre- 
vailing climatic conditions it has been demon- 
strated that the land is excellent for the pro- 
duction of alfalfa, nuts, including the almond and 
English walnut, and both citrus and deciduous 
fruits. The general elevation is from 175 to 380 
feet above sea level; the temperature, maximum, 
120 degrees; minimum, 26 degrees; average an- 
nual rainfall on the irrigable lands, 17 inches. 
The duty of water is 3 to SYs acre-feet per 
annum. The watershed area is 790 square miles. 
The average annual rainfall on the watershed 
Is 25 inches, and the estimated annual run-off on 
watershed 541,000 acre-feet. 

The engineering features of the project consist 
of a storage reservoir controlled by the East 



Park dam, on Stony Creek, at a point about 40 
miles above Orland, and a diversion dam sit- 
uated at Miller Buttes for diverting water into 
two canals, one on each side of the creek, cover- 
ing lands in the vicinity of Orland. The storage 
dam is of concrete masonry, gravity section, 139 
feet high from bed rock, 40 feet long on the 
bottom and 250 feet long on top. The diversion 
dam is of sheet piling capped with concrete, 900 
feet long. The canal system includes 25 miles 
of main canal and SO miles of laterals. The 
farmers are pledged to dispose of their holdings 
in excess of 160 acres to bona fide settlers under 
the terms of the Reclamation Act. 

In the spring of 1911 the greater part or the 
whole of this project will be opened. No water 
has been supplied during 1910 other than a small 
quantity of flood water. 



COLORADO GRAND VALLEY PROJECT. 

The Apple and Peach Orchards and Cantaloupes Worth $1,000 per Acre. 



This project is planned to irrigate about 53,000 
acres of land in Mesa County, Colorado. The 
work involves the construction of a diversion dam 
in Grand River, about 60 miles of main canal, 
and a series of short tunnels on the first few 
miles of canal having an aggregate length of 
about 20,000 feet. It is probable that consider- 
able power will be developed at drops in the 
canal, and used to pump water to elevations 
above the main canal. 

15 Below to 100 Above. 

The average elevation of the irrigable area is 
4,700 feet above sea level; the temperature ranges 
from 15 degrees below to 100 degrees above zero, 
and the rainfall on the irrigable area is from 
6 to 11 inches annually. The watershed area is 
8,550 square miles. 

About 70 per cent of the land is in private 
ownership or has been entered under the home- 



stead law, and the remainder will be thrown open 
to entry upon completion of the works. The soil 
is red mesa sand, black bottom sandy loam, and 
adobe. The duty of water is one second foot of 
water at the farm per 100 acres of land. The 
apple and peacli orchards of the Grand Valley 
bottom lands are almost world famous, the crops 
frequently selling for more than a thousand dol- 
lars per acre per annum. Strawberries and can- 
taloupes are usually grown between the rows 
while the orchards are growing, also potatoes 
and other vegetables. Alfalfa and sugar beets 
are grown in other sections of the project. The 
Denver & Rio Grande and Colorado Midland 
Railroads connect the project with the markets 
of the Mississippi Valley and the Atlantic and 
Pacific coasts. There are railroad stations at 
Palisade, Clifton, Grand Junction, Fruita, Loma, 
and Mack. 



COLORADO UNCOMPAHGRE VALLEY PROJECT. 

330 Miles of Canals, Irrigating 140,000 Acres — 15,000 Open to Entry. 



This project provides for the diversion of 
waters of Gunnison River by means of a tunnel 
30,583 feet in length, cross section 10^^ by 11 1^ 
feet, cement lined, with a capacity of 1,300 
second feet. The tunnel passes through a range 
of mountains and carries the water to Uncom- 
pahgre Valley, where it will be used to supple- 
ment the local supply and extend the irrigable 
area to about 140,000 acres of land. Work on the 
tunnel was commenced in 1904 and it is now 
ready to carry water. There are 330 miles of 
canals in the distributing system. 

20 Below, 98 Above. 

The lands to be irrigated lie in Montrose and 
Delta counties. Township 15 S., Ranges 94 to 96 
W., 6th P. M., and Townships 48 to 51 North, 



Ranges 7 to 12 W. N. M. M. The general eleva- 
tion is 5,000 to 6,400 feet above sea level and 
the temperature ranges from 20 degrees below 
to 98 degrees above zero. The watershed area is 
3,850 square miles, and the estimated run-off 
of watershed is 1,500,000 acre-feet. The rainfall 
on the irrigable area is from 6 to 12 inches, and 
the rainfall on the watershed ranges from 7 to 
20 inches. 

The lands for which water is now available are 
all in private ownership, but upon the completion 
of the works about 15,000 acres will be opened 
to entry. The farm unit varies from 40 to SO 
acres, and the duty of water is 4 acre-feet per 
annum at the farm. About 60,000 acres are 
suitable for raising first-class apples and peaches. 
Orchard lands produce as high as $500 per acre 



69 



Irrigated Lands and Conditions of Sale in Idaho. 



net in the -valley. The bottom lands, comprising 
from 80,000 to 90,000 acres, are adapted to the 
growing- of alfalfa and sugar beets. Farmers 
make as high as $S0 per acre net from the latter 
crop, and from $100 to $200 per acre from pota- 



toes. The Denver and Rio Grande Railroad 
traverses the tract, -with stations at Montrose, 
Olathe and Delta. The principal markets are 
Denver and the local mining camps, although 
the apples are shipped also to eastern markets. 



IDAHO MINIDOKA PROJECT. 

507 Miles of Canals — Supplies Electric Power to Adjoining Towns. 



The irrigable area under the Minidoka project 
consists of about 81,000 acres under the gravity 
system and 50,000 acres under the pumping sys- 
tem (127,650 acres -were public, 20,886 State, and 
3,147 acres private land). The lands lie on both 
sides of Snake River, in Lincoln and Cassia 
counties. 

Electrical Power Developed. 

The engineering -work includes a diversion, 
power and storage dam on Snake River, at a 
point about 6 miles south of Minidoka, Idaho; 
and two canal systems, one on each side of the 
river, heading at the diversion dam and cover- 
ing lands in the vicinity of Acequia, Rupert, 
Heyburn, and Burley. Power is developed at the 
diversion dam for generating electrical energy 
for pumping water to lands on the south side of 
the river too high to be reached by a gravity 
system. The diversion and power dam, three 
units of the power plant, and the distributing 
canals for the gravity system are finished, and 
the power and pumping plants and canals for 
the pumping system are about completed. The 
diversion dam has a height of 86 feet and a 
length of 650 feet and is of the earth and rock 
type. The distribution systems include 507 miles 
of canals. The power and transmission lines 
will have a length of from 13 to 20 miles. Con- 
tracts have been awarded to supply power to 
the towns on the project. 

Thousand Acres to Apples. 

The soil is sandy loam and volcanic ash, free 
from alkali, and exceedingly fertile. The sandy 
soil is particularly adapted to the raising of 
alfalfa, potatoes, beet and other root crops, as 
well as melons, strawberries, etc. It is also es- 
pecially adapted to the cultivation of sugar beets. 
The ashy formation is better adapted to grain. 



orchards, etc. Noting the success of farmers on 
the nearest cultivated land the settlers under 
the Minidoka project planted more than a thou- 
sand acres to apples in 1908. It is believed that 
all fruits of a hardy variety will produce abun- 
dantly in this section. 

Ample Water; Delightful Climate. 

The general elevation is 4,200 feet above sea 
level, and the climate delightful. There is an 
ample water supply. The watershed area is 
17,900 square miles, and the estimated annual 
run-ol¥ is 8,000,000 acre-feet. The average an- 
nual rainfall on the irrigable area is 14 inches. 

Low Cost Water Right. 

The cost of water right is $30 per acre, pay- 
able in ten annual installments, and the operation 
and maintenance charge for 1910 was 75 cents 
per acre for the gravity system. The building, 
operation and maintenance charges for the high 
areas to which water must be pumped have not 
been fixed. 

Good Openings for Business. 
The farm unit is 40 acres within a radius of 
IVj miles from the center of each of the Govern- 
ment townsites, and 80 acres on other lands. 
There are some State lands which will be sold 
by the State Land Board at Boise, Idaho, to 
whom inquiries should be addressed. Lots in 
the Government towns may be purchased at 
reasonable prices upon application to the Regis- 
ter of the Land Ofhce at Hailey, Idaho. There 
are good openings in these towns for professional 
men, merchants, manufacturers and laborers. 
The irrigable lands have all been filed on, but 
farms may be purchased at reasonable prices 
from present settlers. 



IDAHO BOISE PROJECT. 

Reclaims 243,000 Acres ^- Eight Tons of Alfalfa in Three Cuttings. 



The south side unit of original Payette-Boise 
Project, now known as the Boise Project, when 
fully developed, will reclaim approximately 243,- 
000 acres and will supplement the supply for 
about 79,000 acres of land in the fertile valleys 
of the Boise and Snake Rivers, in southwestern 
Idaho, which are tributary to the Oregon Short 
Line, the Boise, Nampa, and Owyhee, and the 
Idalio Northern Railroads. The lands are located 
in Ada and Canyon counties, Townships 1 to 4 
North, Ranges 1 to 5 West and 1 to 2 South, 
B. M. The general elevation is 2,500 feet above 



sea level, and the temperature ranges from 2S 
degrees below to 107 degrees above zero. The 
thermometer rarely reaches zero, however, and 
freedom froi-n wind marks the winter months. 
The summers are long, sunshiny, and warm, and 
with irrigation promote the most rapid vegetable 
growth. The average rainfall is 12.7 inches. The 
soil is of volcanic origin, free from rocks, easily 
worked and rich in the necessary mineral con- 
stituents. With rotation of crops and the addi- 
tion of vegetable mold, it becomes richer and 
very productive. 



70 



Irrigated Lands in Kansas and Montana. 



Subdividing Tlieir Holdings. 

Practically all of the lands under this project 
have been filed upon, but some of the settlers 
are subdividing their holdings and offering re- 
linquishments at prices varying witli location 
and improvements. The farm unit has been 
fixed at 80 acres. 

Farms in a good state of cultivation produce 
three to eight tons of alfalfa per acre in three 
cuttings, two to five tons of clover, 50 bushels of 
■wheat and 75 bushels of oats. After the last 
cutting the meadows furnish pasturage. Both 
clover and alfalfa seed yield splendid crops. Ap- 
ples, prunes, and small fruits produce well and 
are shipped in quantities to eastern markets. 
Idaho fruits command high prices. Creameries 
are in operation in nearly every town. Sugar 



beet culture is also profitable. Two trolley lines 
have been extended from the principal towns to 
cover portions of the valley. 

Watershed 2,610 Square Miles. 
The engineering works involved the construc- 
tion of storage reservoirs on the headwaters of 
the Boise River. A diversion dam has been com- 
pleted on Boise River, eight miles above Boise, 
diverting water into an inlet and distributing 
caaal irrigating lands under it and supplying 
Deer Flat reservoir in the vicinity of Nampa, 
which has a capacity of 186,000 acre-feet. The 
watershed area of the Boise River is 2,610 square 
miles; the average annual rainfall on watershed 
is 25 inches and the estimated annual run-off of 
watershed is 1,800,000 acre-feet. The average 
rainfall on the irrigable area is 12.7 inches. 



KANSAS GARDEN CITY PROJECT. 

This Plant Consists of Twenty-three Pumping Stations, Electrically Driven. 



This project consists of a pumping system for 
the recovery of underground waters which are 
delivered into a conduit leading to an old dis- 
tributing canal known as "The Farmer's Ditch." 
The plant consists of twenty-three pumping sta- 
tions, each driven electrically from a central 
power station. There are 10,677 acres of irri- 
gable land in the project, lying in the vicinity of 
Garden City, on the north side of Arkansas 
River, Townships 23 to 24 S., Ranges 32 to 31 
W., Sixth Principal Meridian, Finney County. 

The lands are all in private ownership, but 
there are some excess holdings for sale. The 
soil is a rich, pi'airie loam capable of the highest 



cultivation and well adapted to the raising of 
grain, sugar beets, cantaloupes, alfalfa, and 
other crops of the plains region. The average 
elevation of the area under this project is 2,925 
feet above sea level, and the temperature range:; 
from 20 degrees below to 105 degrees above zero. 
The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway fur- 
nishes transportation for the products to the 
local markets and to Chicago and Kansas City. 
The water right charge is $37.50 per acre of 
irrigable land, and the farmers are also required 
to pay an annual maintenance and operation fee 
which at present amounts to $2.75 per acre. 



MONTANA BLACKFEET PROJECT. 

Five Proposed Canal Systems Reclaim 132,000 Acres. 



This project, which is being built for the In- 
dian Service, involves the immediate reclamation 
of 50,000 acres of land in the Blackfeet Indian 
Reservation, Teton County, Montana, and the 
ultimate reclamation of 132,000 acres total under 
five proposed canal systems. The first construc- 
tion involves the diversion of water from the left 
bank of Two Medicine River immediately below 
the confluence of Little Badger Creek, and its 
conduction to lands in the east-central portion 
of the Reservation. The lands lie at an eleva- 
tion of approximately 3,850 feet and range in 
temperature from 40 degrees below zero to 100 
degrees F. The soil is rich sandy loam, produc- 
ing abundantly with sufficient moisture, the 
average rainfall being about 16 inches, but vary- 
ing materially. Some hay and grain and excel- 
lent pasturage are produced without irrigation. 



The land can be irrigated with little leveling or 
preparatory work, and excellent crops of grain, 
alfalfa, potatoes and other vegetables can be pro- 
duced. The lands to be irrigated by the first 
system now being constructed lie east of the 
town of Cut Bank and adjacent to the Great 
Northern Railway which furnishes transportation 
facilities. Other stations on the Great Northern 
Railway from which the lands can be reached are 
Opal, Seville, Bombay, Blackfeet and Browning. 
The main canal and a portion of the distribu- 
tion system of the Two Medicine Unit will 
probably be completed in time for irrigation 
season 1911. No entry can be made until formal 
notice has been given by the Secretary of the 
Interior, at which time the cost per acre for 
water right, the size of farm unit and method of 
filing will be made public. 



71 



Opportunities Offered on Irrigated Land in Montana. 



MONTANA HUNTLEY PROJECT. 

Towns Close Together — Two Transcontinental Railroads ^ All Towns Near 

Railroads. 



This project contains about 30,000 acres of 
irrigable land located along the Yellowstone 
River, in Yellowstone County. As the lands are 
a part of the ceded strip of the Crow Indian 
Reservation settlers are required to pay $4.00 per 
acre to the Indians — one dollar at the time of 
entry and seventy-five cents annually for four 
years, beginning with the second year. In addi- 
tion to this the Government charges the settler 
the cost of building the irrigation works, which 
is $30.00 per acre, payable $3.00 per acre per 
annum for ten years. The payments may be 
made in fewer installments if desired. A further 
annual charge of 60 cents per acre for operation 
and maintenance is made. The first payment of 
$4.60 becomes due when the land is filed upon. 

Delightful Climate. 

The general elevation of this part of Montana 
is 3,000 feet above sea level, its climate is de- 
lightful and the soil varying from light sandy 
loam to heavy clay produces abundant crops when 
properly watei'ed. The principal products are 
alfalfa, forage, cereals, sugar beets, vegetables, 
apples and small fruits. The farm units vary 
from 40 to 160 acres, depending upon location, 
and average 40 acres of irrigable land. The 
irrigated land in this section is worth from $75.00 
to $200.00 per acre according to the state of 
cultivation and the crops grown. 

Two transcontinental lines of railroad — the 
Northern Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington 
and Quincy — traverse the tract its entire length, 
and eight towns have been laid out on these 



lines at intervals of five miles, so that no farm 
is more than three miles from a shipping point, 
and the average distance of all farms from a 
railroad station is only 1% miles. There is a fine 
free range country adjoining the project, and 
the live stock industry affords a permanent home 
market for alfalfa. The railroads furnish excel- 
lent transportation facilities to Chicago, St. Paul 
and Minneapolis, Omaha, Denver and nearby 
cities. 

Unusually Good Opportunities. 

Schools and churches have been established 
and the towns offer unusually fine opportunities 
for professional and business men, manufactur- 
ers, laborers, etc. The town lots have been ap- 
praised, and may be purchased at the land office 
at Billings, Montana. 

Water to Each Farm. 

The engineering works consist of a system of 
canals having a length of 26S miles, which de- 
liver water to each farm. The headworks, cul- 
verts and other structures are of reinforced con- 
crete and the three tunnels with an aggregate 
length of 2,653 feet are lined with cement. The 
pumping plant near Ballantine is a novel feature, 
as the drop of water from the main canal is 
made to lift a portion of the water to a higher 
level to supply the High Line canal. Vertical 
turbines and centrifugal pumps are mounted on 
the same shaft and the operation is nearly auto- 
matic. More than 200 farms under this project 
are still subject to entry. 



MONTANA MILK RIVER PROJECT. 

Reclaims 248,000 Acres — Many Towns and Railway Stations in Milk River Valley. 



This project contemplates the ultimate reclama- 
tion of about 248,000 acres of land in the Milk 
River Valley between Chinook and Glasgow in 
Chouteau and Valley counties, Montana. About 
50 per cent of this area is public land. The 
average elevation is 2,200 feet above sea level 
and the temperature varies from 45 degrees 
below zero to 100 degrees F. The soil is sandy 
loam and clay, well adapted to the raising of hay, 
grain, vegetables, alfalfa, sugar beets and other 
products of the north temperate zone. The 
Dodson dam has been completed and from the 
reservoir water will be diverted into the canals 
on each side of the river. The Dodson South 
canal has now been completed and about 10,000 
acres of land was irrigated during the season 
of 1910. This canal covers lands extending from 
Dodson to Nelson Lake Reservoir, from whence 
it is expected to construct another canal to cover 



lands between that point and Glasgow. There 
are many towns and railway stations in the Milk 
River Valley, all being upon the Great Northern 
Railway, which traverses its entire length. 

375 Miles Main Canal. 
In addition to the regulation of the discharge 
of Milk River, the water supply will be supple- 
mented from St. Mary Lakes. The discharge 
of St. Mary basin will be stored and conducted 
by a canal 25 miles to the head waters of Milk 
River. The engineering features involve storage 
and several diversion dams, 375 miles of main 
canal and an extensive lateral system. It is ex- 
pected that following the completion of the Dod- 
son South Canal and the supplying of water to 
the lands thereunder successive units will be 
developed in order that additional areas may be 
irrigated as rapidly as possible. 



72 



Inducements for Settlers in Montana. 



MONTANA SUN RIVER PROJECT. 

Reclaims 276,000 Acres — Grazing Land Included With Farm Units. 



The lands under this project are located in 
Teton, Lewis and Clark, Cliouteau and Cascade 
counties, about 25 miles from Great Falls. Sun 
River Valley is about 70 miles long- and from one 
to five miles wide. The ultimate development of 
the project involves the reclamation of 276,000 
acres of land. A compact body of 16,000 acres, 
known as the Fort Shaw Unit, has been opened 
to entry and is being rapidly settled. 

No Brush to Be Cleared. 

The soils are sandy loam, clay, adobe, and 
alluvium. There is no sage or other brush to 
be cleared. The principal crops are alfalfa, hay, 
grain, vegetables and sugar beets. The general 
elevation is 3,700 feet above sea level and the 
temperature ranges from 40 below to 100 degrees 
above zero. Fine grazing lands surround the 
project. The farin units vary from 40 to 160 acres 
of land. Wherever practicable, a tract of graz- 
ing land is included in the farm unit. 

The watershed area consists of 850 square 
miles on Sun River and 290 square miles on Deep 



Creek, and the estimated annual run-off is about 
700,000 acre-feet. The average annual rainfall on 
the irrigable area is 12 inches. 

Homestead Farms Obtained. 

Farms under this project are obtainable under 
the homestead law, subject to tlie charges of 
actual cost of water upon the land. This charge 
has been fixed at $3,000 per acre of irrigable land 
in not more than ten annual Installments. At 
present the operation and maintenance charge Is 
50 cents per acre per annum, and the sum of 
$3.50 per acre is due and payable at the time of 
making entry. 

Villages Close Together. 
An interesting feature in connection with this 
project is the establishment of villages every six 
miles. In connection with the Fort Shaw Unit 
already opened the villages of Fort Shaw and 
Simms have been establislied and town lots may 
be purchased at the local land office at Great 
Falls. 



MONTANA - NORTH DAKOTA LOWER YELLOWSTONE 

PROJECT. 

Several Thriving Villages on This Project — Abundance of Lignite Fuel in the 

Vicinity. 



The project provides for the diversion of water 
from the Yellowstone River at a point 18 miles 
northeast of Glendive, Montana, and will ulti- 
mately irrigate 65,000 acres of land, for 47,000 
acres of which the works have been completed 
and the water is now available. Two-thirds of 
the lands to be irrigated are in Montana, the bal- 
ance in North Dakota. The lands are traversed 
by the line of the Missouri River Railway, grad- 
ing for which has been completed and trains will 
be operated over same in the fall of 1910. The 
lands are also tributary to the Great Northern 
Railway on the north and the Northern Pacific 
Railway on the south. 

Soils Easily Cultivated. 

The general elevation is 1,900 feet above sea 
level, and the temperature ranges from 30 de- 
grees below to 100 above zero. The soil is a 
deep, sandy loam, easy to cultivate and very 
fertile. Alfalfa, the great forage crop of the 
West, is especially adapted to the soil and cli- 
mate. Small grains are raised with success and 
it is believed that sugar beets will be a profitable 
crop. The crop yields for 1909 were abundant. 
There are several thriving villages on the proj- 
ect. Minneapolis, St. Paul and local towns fur- 



nish markets for the produce. The average 
rainfall is 16 inches. Surrounding the project is 
one of the largest and best grazing areas in the 
United States, providing a fine range for vast 
numbers of cattle and sheep. An abundance of 
lignite for fuel is found throughout this section. 
The principal engineering features consist of a 
diversion dam 12 feet high and 700 feet long, 146 
miles of canals and the development of 290 horse- 
power. 

Lands $3 Per Acre. 

The building charge has been fixed at $42.50 per 
acre of irrigable land, payable in not more than 
ten annual installments, each not less than $4.25 
per acre. The annual charge for maintenance 
and operation is $1.00 per acre. The lands have 
practically all been filed on but as the farm unit 
has been fixed at 80 acres many of the settlers 
will be obliged to relinquish a portion of their 
holdings. In addition to these relinquishments 
the irrigable railroad lands are on the market 
and may be purchased at $3.00 per acre. Private 
lands may also be purchased at prices varying 
from $15.00 to $25.00 per acre and considering 
quality of land, location and productiveness, are 
very low priced. 



73 



Opportunities Offered on Irrigated Land — Nevada, Nebraska, Wyoming. 



NEBRASKA-WYOMING NORTH PLATTE PROJECT. 

150 Miles of Canals — Capacity of Reservoir, 1,025 Feet — Watershed, 12,000 

Square Miles. 



This project is located about 100 miles north of 
Cheyenne, Wyoming, and extends along the North 
Platte River. About 80,000 acres of land prac- 
tically all of which has been filed upon will be 
supplied with water in 1910. The land is tribu- 
tary to the Chicago and Northwestern, Burling- 
ton and Missouri River, and Union Pacific Rail- 
roads. The average elevation is 4,100 feet above 
sea level, and the temperature ranges from 25 
degrees below to 100 degrees above zero. The 
average annual rainfall on the irrigable area is 
about 15 inches. 

Soil Very Fertile. 

The soil is a fertile, sandy loam, quite free 
from alkali, and requiring ^Vz acre-feet of water 
per acre per annum. Alfalfa is the principal 
crop, but cereals, sugar beets and potatoes are 
successfully grown. Excellent range country 
borders the irrigable lands in Wyoming. 

The farm unit has been fixed at 80 acres, and 
the building charge is $45 per acre. There will 
be an annual charge for operation and mainte- 
nance after the second year. All accrued in- 
stallments must be paid at the time of entry. 
The watershed area is 12,000 square miles, and 



the estimated annual run -off of watershed at 
Pathfinder dam is 1,500,000 acre-feet. 

Canal 150 Miles Long. 

The principal engineering features consist of a 
storage dam forming what is known as The 
Pathfinder Reservoir on the North Platte River, 
about 50 miles southwest of Caspar, Wyoming, a 
div-ersion dam 150 miles down the river at 
Whalen, Wyoming, and the interstate canal 150 
miles long. The Pathfinder dam is a concrete 
rubble masonry arch 218 feet high and 432 feet 
long on top. It is completed and the reservoir 
has a capacity of 1,025,000 acre-feet. The diver- 
sion dam at Whalen is a reinforced concrete weir 
25 feet high and 300 feet long. A diversion dam 
is also planned to be constructed at Guernsey, 
Wyoming, for diverting water into a canal to 
cover lands in Goshen Hole, in eastern Wyoming 
and western Nebraska, which are now with- 
drawn from entry. 

The lands in Wyoming must be filed on at the 
land office at Cheyenne, Wyoming, and those in 
Nebraska at the land office at Alliance, Ne- 
braska. 



NEVADA TRUCKEE-CARSON PROJECT. 

Canals, 600 Miles — Irrigates 260,000 Acres — Contains Several Storage Reser- 
voirs — Homesteads Open to Entry. 



This project is located in western Nevada, in 
Churchill, Lyon and Storey counties. Townships 
17 to 20 North, Ranges 17 to 31 East, M. D. M. 
The first unit of the project was opened in 1907 
and lands are now subject to homestead entry. 
In addition to the land office filing fee each set- 
tler is required to pay $3 per acre annually for 
ten j'ears, without interest on deferred pay- 
ments. An annual maintenance fee of 60 cents 
per acre is charged in addition. The first pay- 
ment of $3.60 per acre must be paid at the time 
of filing on the land. The farm unit is SO acres. 

Three Feet Depth Water Required. 

The climate in this valley is healthful and mild. 
The elevation above sea level is about 4,000 feet, 
and the temperature ranges from zero to 112 
degrees F. It is so dry, however, that the ex- 
tremes, which seldom occur, are not injurious. 
The average rainfall on the irrigable area is 4 
inches per annum. The soil is sandy loam, clay 
loam, and volcanic ash, requiring 3 acre-feet of 
water per annum for each acre. The valley will 
produce every variety of crop grown in the north 
temperate zone. Alfalfa, wheat, barley, and oats 
grow luxuriantly, and corn is also a profitable 



crop. Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, cherries, 
potatoes and garden vegetables do well and find 
a ready market in the nearby mining towns. The 
Southern Pacific and Nevada and California Rail- 
roads traverse the tract and furnish transporta- 
tion to the markets of the country. 

The watershed area is 3,450 square miles, the 
annual rainfall on the watershed, 25 inches, and 
the estimated run-off, 1,000,000 acre-feet. 

Homesteads Open for Entry. 

A dam has been built on Truckee River, near 
Wadsworth, to turn the flow of the stream into 
a canal 31 miles long, which carries the waters 
to Carson River. Here a diversion dam turns 
the waters as needed into two main canals. The 
first unit of this project, which is now complete, 
involves more than 600 iniles of canals and lat- 
erals, 50,000 feet of dikes and the dams on 
Truckee and Carson Rivers. The project in its 
entirety will irrigate about 260,000 acres of land 
and will involve the construction of several stor- 
age reservoirs and the development of power. A 
limited number of homesteads are at present 
open to entry. 



74 



Irrigated Lands in New Mexico and Texas. 



NEW MEXICO CARLSBAD PROJECT. 

Principal Crops, Peaches, Pears, Apples, Cherries, Small Fruits, Alfalfa, Cotton 

and Garden Truck. 



The principal works under the Carlsbad project 
include the reconstruction of canals and storage 
reservoirs on Pecos River, in Eddy County, which 
were built to irrigate about 20,000 acres of land. 
These lands are all in private ownership, but 
several thousand acres are included in excess 
holdings and may be purchased. The price of 
these lands varies from $20 to $60 per acre. The 
cost of water right is $31 per acre, payable in 
ten annual installments, and the annual mainte- 
nances and operation fee is $1.35 per acre. 

The general elevation is 3,100 feet above sea 
level, and the temperature ranges from zero to 
110 degrees above. The soil is a light, .sandy 



alluvium, and very fertile. The principal crops 
in the valley are peaches, pears, apples, cherries, 
small fruits, alfalfa, cotton, sweet potatoes, 
celery and garden truck. Fodder, corn, cane and 
milo maize produce good crops. Stock raising is 
very profitable, owing to the extensive range 
lands on the east and west. The Santa Fe Rail- 
way furnishes transportation facilities to nearby 
markets and to Denver and Chicago. 

The watershed area is 22,000 square miles, the 
average annual rainfall on watershed area is 16 
inches, and the estimated annual run-off, 150,000 
acre-feet. The average annual rainfall on the 
irrigable area is 15 inches. 



NEW MEXICO HONDO PROJECT. 

Fertile Alluvium Soil Growing Alfalfa, Corn, Fruits and Vegetables in Abundance. 



The Hondo project provides for the diversion 
and storage of the flood waters from Hondo 
River, a tributary of the Pecos, to irrigate 10,000 
acres of land in Chaves County, near Roswell. 
The lands are all in private ownership, but ex- 
cess holdings may be purchased at reasonable 
prices. The general elevation is 3,750 feet above 
sea level, and the temperature ranges from to 
100 degrees above zero. The soil is a fertile 



alluvium and requires 2i^ acre-feet of water per 
acre per annum. Alfalfa, corn, fruits and vege- 
tables produce abundantly when properly wa- 
tered. The Santa Fe Railway furnishes trans- 
portation facilities. 

The watershed area is 1,037 square miles, the 
average annual rainfall on watershed is 17 inches, 
and the estimated annual run-off is 40,000 acre- 
feet. 



NEW MEXICO -TEXAS RIO GRANDE PROJECT. 

Reservoir 190 Feet Deep at Lower End — Dam 265 Feet High, 45 Miles Long, 
With Storage Capacity of 2,538,000 Acre-Feet. 



This project contemplates the reclamation of 
1S5,000 acres of land, 110,000 of which are in New 
Mexico, 45.000 in Texas, and 25,000 in Mexico, 
which are provided for by the Treaty proclaimed 
January 16, 1907. 

Connects With Old Canal. 

The Leasburg dam for the first unit of the Rio 
Grande project is completed, diverting water for 
25,000 acres in Mesilla Valley. It is of concrete, 
600 feet long, with sluice and head gates. From 
the diversion dam six miles of canal were con- 
structed to connect with the old Las Cruces 
Canal. 

Reservoir 45 Miles Long. 

The Engle dam, which is planned to be con- 
structed across the Rio Grande, opposite Engle, 
will be rubble concrete gravity type, 265 feet 
high, 1,480 feet long on top, and will create a 
re.servoir 190 feet deep at its lower end and 45 
miles long with a storage capacity of 2,538,000 



acre-feet. Work is being prosecuted rapidly. 
The valley has good railroad facilties and con- 
tains many thriving towns, of which El Paso, 
Texas, is the metropolis. 

Requires 21/2 Feet Water. 

The general elevation is 3,700 feet above sea 
level and the temperature ranges from zero to 
100 degrees above. The average annual rainfall 
on the irrigable area is 9.5 inches. The soil is a 
fertile alluvium, requiring 2i^ acre-feet of water 
per acre per annum. It produces abundant crops 
when sufficient water is applied, the principal 
products being alfalfa, corn, fruit, vegetables and 
melons. 

Watershed 37,000 Square Miles. 

The watershed area is 37,000 square miles; the 
average annual rainfall on watershed is un-; 
known, but the estimated annual run-off is 800,- 
000 acre-feet. 



75 



Opportunities Given on Irrigated Lands in North Dakota. 



NORTH DAKOTA PUMPING PROJECTS. 

Pumps Run by Power Obtained From Lignite Coal — Pumps on Floating Barges. 



The Government has two pumping projects In 
western North Dakota which raise water from 
the Missouri River to irrigate bench lands whicli 
cannot be reached by feasible gravity systems. 

Wiliiston Project— The initial unit of this proj- 
ect includes about 8,000 acres of bench and 
valley lands surrounding Wiliiston, but the sys- 
tem may be enlarged to cover 12,000 acres. The 
general elevation is 1,875 feet above sea level, 
and the temperature ranges from 45 degrees be- 
low to 107 degrees above zero. The soil of the 
bottom lands is a heavy clay, but the bench lands 
are a rich, sandy loam, requiring 2 acre-feet of 
water per acre per annum. The principal crops 
grown are wheat, flax and oats. The supply of 
oats is always far short of the demand. 

For Winter Feed. 

Alfalfa is profitable grown for winter feed, and 
sugar beets are likely to become an important 
crop. Small fruits do well and dairy farms and 
market gardens are needed. The State experi- 
ment farm, near Wiliiston, is of assistance in 
demonstrating the value and methods of irriga- 
tion to the farmers. 

Government Townsite. 

The main line of the Great Northern Railroad 
passes through Wiliiston, which is the distribut- 
ing point for a large area north and south of it. 
Land has been reserved for a Government town- 
site about eight miles north of Wiliiston. A 
daily rural delivery is maintained over the proj- 
ect. 

The building charge on this project has been 
fixed at $38.00 per acre of irrigable land, payable 
in not more than ten annual installments, each 
not less than $3.80 per acre. An additional an- 
nual charge of 70 cents per acre is also required 
for operation and maintenance, and 50 cents per 
acre-foot of water actually pumped and deliv- 
ered for irrigation in any one year. The first 
installment of $4.50 per acre is due and payable 
at the time of filing water right application. 



Power From Lignite Coal. 

The engineering features are unique. On ac- 
count of the low fall of the river gravity canals 
were not feasible, and pumping was resorted to 
with power generated with lignite coal, vast de- 
posits of which are found in this vicinity, on 
Government land. The power plant is located 
near one of the coal outcrops, the fuel being 
mined and delivered by gravity to the boilers. 
The power is converted to electricity and trans- 
mitted to the various pumping stations, some of 
which are 28 miles distant. On account of the un- 
stable character of the river banks the pumps 
have been placed on floating barges connected to 
the shore by flexible pipes. The water is pumped 
to settling basins from which canals carry it 
over the lands. 

Power Distributed 28 Miles. 

Buford -Trenton Project — This project em- 
braces about 12,500 acres of bench and bottom 
lands bordering the north bank of the Missouri 
River for about twenty miles east of the Mon- 
tana-North Dakota State line, and lying along 
the Great Northern Railroad. Power for the 
pumps on this project is developed at the main 
power station at Wiliiston, and is transmitted 
electrically over a transmission line 28 miles 
long. 

Required to Sell. 

The climate and crop conditions are practically 
the same as those at Wiliiston. Practically all 
the land is in private ownership, but farmers 
owning more than 160 acres are required to sell 
their excess holdings, and farms can be bought 
at from $15.00 to $25.00 per acre. 

Grazing Land Included. 

The farm unit for public lands is from 40 to 
80 acres of irrigable land, depending upon loca- 
tion, and wherever practicable a tract of grazing 
land has been included in the farm unit bringing 
the total up to 120 or 160 acres. The building, 
operation and maintenance charge and charge for 
water actually pumped are the same as under 
the Wiliiston project. 



OREGON UMATILLA PROJECT. 

Climatic Conditions Favorable for Early Ripening and Marketing of Small Fruits 

— Bees Very Profitable. 



The Umatilla project is located 190 miles east of i 15,000 acres principally in private ownership. 



Portland, Oregon, in Umatilla County, and con- 
tains about 25,000 acres of irrigable land border- 
ing upon Columbia River immediately east of 
Umatilla River. Water is now available for 



Some excellent homeiiteads, however, yet remain 
open to entry. Lands may be purchased from 
settlers having holdings in excess of 160 acres. 
In the spring of 1911 the fourth unit of about 



76 



Oregon and California Irrigated Lands. 



5,000 acres with a large number of good home- 
steads was opened to entry. The farm unit on 
public lands is limited to 10 or 20 acres. 

Building Charges. 

The total building charge is $60 per acre, and 
the annual operation and maintenance at present 
is $1.30 per acre. The building charge may be 
paid in not more than ten annual payments, each 
not less than $6 per acre. With all new entries, 
or water right applications, payment must be 
made of all accumulated charges. 

Very Fine Honey Produced. 

The land to be irrigated all lies below an ele- 
vation of 600 feet above sea level. Climatic con- 
ditions are extremely favorable for the early 
ripening and marketing of small fruits, for which 
the soil is especially suited, as well as for the 
raising of all kinds of deciduous fruits. Alfalfa 
is profitably grown, but the land is too valuable 
for pasture crops. Plogs and poultry raising pay 
well, and bee colonies are very profitable, the 
honey being exceptionally fine. Not only is the 
land fertile in a high degree, and the climate 
such as will permit of the raising of high-priced 
crops, but the transportition facilities are of 
the best. In addition to the Oregon Railroad and 
Navigation Company's line, which skirts the 
western end of the project, and the Spokane 



branch, running tlirough the northern portion, 
there will be available the Columbia River, which, 
as soon as the Celilo Locks, now under con- 
struction, are completed, will afford open naviga- 
tion to Portland and Astoria. The Northern Pa- 
cific has built a line of railroad from Pasco to 
Portland, on the north bank of the Columbia. 

Watershed 1,610 Square Miles. 
The watershed area is 1,610 square miles, the 
average rainfall on watershed 20 inches, and the 
estimated annual run-off 530,000 acre-feet. The 
average annual rainfall on the irrigable area is 
9 inches. 

Distributing Canals 133 Miles. 
The engineering works include a storage reser- 
voir having a capacity of 50,000 acre-feet, which 
is supplied with water by an inlet canal from 
the Umatilla River. There are 133 miles of dis- 
tributing canals. A by-pass canal has been con- 
structed through which water may be turned 
from the inlet canal directly into the distributing 
system without passing through the reservoir. 

Opportunities for Business. 

There are good opportunities for merchants, 
mechanics and professional men in the towns of 
Hermiston, Umatilla and Echo, which are grow- 
ing rapidly. 



OREGON-CALIFORNIA KLAMATH PROJECT. 

To Be Reclaimed, 127,000 Acres, Improving Lake and Swamp Bottoms. 



The Klamath project conte-nplates the reclama- 
tion of 127,000 acres of land situated in Klamath 
County, Oregon, and Modoc and Siskiyou coun- 
ties, California. The plans involve, in addition to 
the irrigation of the valley lands, the reclamation 
by drainage and future irrigation of a portion of 
the Lower Klamath and Tule Lakes, lands which 
are now either swamp or lake bottoms. Prac- 
tically all the uplands, which include the greater 
part of the project, are held in private owner- 
ship, much being in large holdings which, under 
the terms of the Reclamation Act, must be sub- 
divided into tracts of not to exceed 160 acres, 
as this is the maximum area for which water can 
be furnished to individual owners. The public 
lands under the project, which include a large 
portion of the lake and swamp areas, are at 
present withdrawn from entry. When these arc 
restored to entry homesteaders may file appli- 
cations for available lands. 

Potatoes an Important Crop. 

The general elevation of the irrigable area is 
4,100 feet above sea level, and the temperature 
ranges from 5 degrees below zero to 100 degrees 
above. The soil is exceedingly fertile, being de- 
composed basalt with rich deposits on the lake 
bottoms. The duty of water is l.S acre-feet per 
acre per annum. The principal crops grown are 
alfalfa, wheat, oats, barley, rye, vegetables, and 
some deciduous fruits. Potatoes are an impor- 



tant crop, the yield and quality being excellent. 
The climate is especially adapted to dairying 
and stock raising and forage crops grow to per- 
fection. 

The principal town is Klamath Falls, located 
on Link River, and having about 2,500 inhab- 
itants. Other towns in the valley are Merrill, 
situated near Tule Lake, Bonanza, on Lost River, 
within the so-called Upper Project, and several 
villages. The California and Northeastern Rail- 
way, a branch of the Southern Pacific road, is 
now built through the project, and affords trans- 
portation for the farm products to Portland, San 
Francisco and other coast markets. 

Watershed 3,700 Square Miles. 

The entire watershed area is 3,700 square miles, 
and the estimated run-off, 1,700,000 acre-feet. 
The annual average rainfall on the watershed area 
is 20 inches, but the rainfall on the irrigable 
area is only 15 inches. 

Maintenance 75 Cents Per Acre. 

The building charge for the first unit of this 
project has been fixed at $30 per acre of irrigable 
land, and the operation and maintenance charge 
at present is 75 cents per acre each year. Ail 
installments for building and operation and main- 
tenance, each $3.75 per acre, then due, must be 
paid at the time of making water right appli- 
cation. 



77 



Opportunities in South Dakota and Utah Irrigated Land. 



SOUTH DAKOTA BELLE FOURCHE PROJECT. 

Reclamation of 102,000 Acres Contemplated — Little North of the Black Hills. 



When completed this project will reclaim about 
102,000 acres of land lying north and northeast 
of the Black Hills, in Butte and Meade counties, 
South Dakota. Only part of this land has been 
filed on. Water is now available for about 47,- 
000 acres. There is a large amount of land in 
private ownership which, on account of the limit 
of the individual water supply to 160 acres, is 
offered for sale at from $20 to $30 per acre, de- 
pending upon improvements and location. The 
farm unit on public lands is 80 acres, except with- 
in two miles of townsites, where it is 40 acres. 
Settlers are required to pay a building charge of 
$30 per acre, and an annual charge of 40 cents to 
60 cents per acre for operation and maintenance. 

Excellent Market in Black Hills. 

The average elevation is 2,800 feet above sea 
level. The climate is delightful, with little snow 
in winter, the temperature ranging from 20 de- 
grees below to 95 degrees above zero. As in 
other parts of the arid region, the sensible tem- 
perature does not vary so much, owing to the 
dryness of the atmosphere. The soil is about 
equally divided between clay loam and sandy 
loam, exceedingly fertile and free from excessive 
alkali. Fruits, such as apples, cherries, plums, 
and small fruits, do well, especially on the higher 
portions of the project near the bluffs, and po- 
tatoes can be raised on the south side of the 
river, where the soil is more sandy. The main 
crop, however, is alfalfa and native hay, which 



is in great demand for winter feed, the great 
nunaber of cattle and sheep summer pastured on 
the open range surrounding the project creating 
a constant demand for alfalfa. All the fruits 
and vegetables that can be raised on the project 
can be sold at the mining camps in the Black 
Hills. The Chicago & Northwestern Railroad 
passes through the town of Belle Fourche, which 
is one of the largest live stock shipping points 
in the United States. This road has also built 
a line through the center of the project on which 
the new towns of Fruitdale, Nisland, and Newell 
are rapidly coming to the front. 

Reservoir Makes Largest Lake in the State. 

The engineering work on this project involves 
the construction of one of the largest earth em- 
bankments in the country, which is being built 
in a depression between two hills, and is now 
nearly finished. It will be 115 feet high, 20 feet 
wide on top, and more than a mile long. The 
reservoir thus created will be filled with water 
by an inlet canal from the Belle Fourche River 
and will be the largest lake in the State. 

The resei-voir is being used for the storage of 
sufficient water for 50,000 acres during the season 
of 1910. 

The watershed area is 4,300 square miles, the 
a\'erage annual rainfall on watershed 20 to 30 
inches, and the estimated annual run-off 400,000 
acre-feet. 



UTAH STRAWBERRY VALLEY PROJECT. 

Water Carried Through Mountains by Tunnel Four Miles Long. 



This project provides for the irrigation of about 
60,000 acres of land in Utah and Wasatch coun- 
ties, on the eastern shore of Utah Lake. The 
water supply will be obtained from a storage 
reservoir which is being built in Strawberry 
Valley, about 30 miles east of the irrigable area. 
By means of a tunnel four miles long the stored 
waters will be carried through the mountains 
and emptied into Spanish Fork, from which a 
canal IS to 20 miles long will convey them to 
the irrigable area. Power created from the high 
line canal is now transmitted electrically to the 
tunnel for drilling and later will be utilized to 
pump water to lands above the gravity system, 
and for drainage of low-lying lands. 

The lands have an elevation of about 4,600 feet 
and the temperature ranges from 10 degrees 
below to 95 degrees above zero. The soil is a 



sandy loam and gravel, with a deep black soil in 
the bottom lands, and is exceedingly fertile. 
Alfalfa, hay, cereals, sugar beets, fruits and 
vegetables are grown. Settlers are getting ready 
to plant orchards as soon as water is available. 
The lands are all in private ownership and ex- 
isting canals are being enlarged to form part 
of the Government system. It is possible to pur- 
chase lands at reasonable prices from present 
owners. 

Artesian Water. 

The watershed area is 200 square miles, the 
annual rainfall on watershed 45 inches, and the 
estimated annual run-off 125,000 acre-feet. This 
valley has one of the finest domestic water sup- 
plies in the West, artesian water being found 
at no great depth. 



78 



Fruit Raising on the Irrigated Lands of Washington. 



WASHINGTON OKANOGAN PROJECT. 

In Twenty Years of History Never a Failure of Fruit Crop From Frost. 



This project is designed to supply water to 
10,000 acres of land in Okanogan County, Wash- 
ington. The soil is volcanic ash, sand and 
gravel, and is very fertile. Grain, hay, fruit, 
nuts and vegetables are grown, but the principal 
crop is apples. The elevation of the land is about 
1,000 feet above sea level. 

Never a Failure of Fruits. 

The temperature ranges from 10 degrees below 
to 105 degrees above zero. In the history of 
twenty years of fruit growing in the valley frost 
has never injured the crops, and there has never 
been a failure with apples, peaches, plums, prunes, 
apricots, pears, cherries, nectarines, grapes or 
any variety of small berries grown there. 

Excess Lands for Sale. 

On account of the possibilities of high develop- 
ment in this section the farm unit has been fixed 
at 40 acres. The building charge is $65 per 



acre of irrigable land, and the operation and 
maintenance charge at present amounts to $1.50 
per acre per annum. The lands are all entered, 
but excess holdings may be purchased at from 
$150 to $300 per acre. 

Dam 60 Feet High, 1,000 Feet Long. 
One of the interesting engineering features is 
a storage dam 60 feet high and 1,000 feet long, 
which has been built by the hydraulic All process. 
A railroad cpnnecting with the Great Northern at 
Oroville is being built down the valley of the 
Okanogan to the Columbia River. This will 
give the project excellent transportation facilities. 

Watershed 150 Square Miles. 
The watershed area is 150 square miles, the 
average annual rainfall on watershed 17 inches 
and the estimated annual run-off 30,000 acre-feet. 
The annual rainfall on the irrigable area is 8 
inches. 



WASHINGTON YAKIMA PROJECT. 

To Store Water for 460,000 Acres — Lands Valued at $300 to $1,000 per Acre for 

Fruit Raising. 



On the eastern side of the Cascade Mountains, 
in Washington, is a succession of valleys in the 
drainage of the Yakima River. It is estimated 
that with storage the water supply is sufficient 
for about 460,000 acres of land. Storage is being- 
provided by erecting dams at the outlets of sev- 
eral mountain lakes, the capacity of which when 
ultimately developed, will total 930,000 acre-feet. 
The development of a comprehensive system of 
irrigation in Yakima "Valley will be accomplished 
by the successive construction of several units 
of a general project, the work being gradually 
extended to embrace the entire irrigable area. 

Lands Worth From $300 to $1,000 Per Acre. 

Teton Unit — The lands under this unit are in 
Yakima County, near the city of North Yakima. 
The engineering features are difficult and ex- 
pensive. For 12 miles the main canal is ex- 
cavated along the steep sides of the Teton Can- 
yon, and in five places the canyon walls are 
tunneled, the total length of the tunnels being 
more than two miles. The lands to be irrigated 
are rolling, and the distribution system will also 
be expensive. In order to replace in the Naches 
River the water needed to supply prior appro- 
priations, it was necessary for the Government 
to construct storage works at Bumping Lake, 
Wash., on the headwaters of that stream. The 
lands, embracing somewhat over 35,000 acres, are 
nearly all in private ownership, and the land- 
owners are confident that the results will justify 
the expenditures, as the lands in the vicinity. 



not more favorably situated for fruit raising, 
range in value from $300 to $1,000 per acre. The 
elevation is from 1,300 to 2,100 feet above sea 
level and the temperature ranges from 21 below 
zero to 102 degrees above. The soil is a volcanic 
ash, exceedingly fertile, and although a great 
variety of crops could be grown the lands are 
so valuable that it is probable the principal crops 
will be fruit and hops. The lands are tributary 
to the Northern Pacific Railway which has North 
Yakima for its nearest station to the unit. Flood 
water is being delivered on a rental basis to about 
2,000 acres and additional areas will be irrigated 
in 1911. The cost of water right has not yet 
been determined. 

Sunnyside Unit — The first unit of this system 
is now available for 11,590 acres of land in addi- 
tion to the 40,000 acres under the old canal. The 
cost of water right is $52 per acre, payable in 
not more than ten annual installments, and the 
operation and maintenance charge at present is 
95 cents per acre of irrigable land. Work on the 
system consists of the enlargement and extension 
of the existing Sunnyside Canal, which was pur- 
chased by the Government. The extension of 
this system will cover more than 50,000 acres 
of new land. The project lies in Yakima and 
Benton counties, and embraces the towns of 
Parker, Zillah, Outlook, Sunnyside, Granger, 
Grandview, Belma, Mabton and Prosser. The 
average elevation is 700 feet above sea level and 
the temperature ranges from 21 below zero to 
110 degrees above. 



79 



Attractions of Wyoming on the Irrigated Lands. 



Three Feet of Water. 

The soU Is deep volcanic ash and gravel, and 
requires three acre-feet of water per acre per 
annum. The farm unit is 40 and 80 acres of 
Irrigable land. Forage, hops, vegetables and 
fruits are grown. The orchards of Yakima Valley 
are famous for their yields of fine fruits. 

Notice Given of Opening. 

Wapato Unit — The irrigable lands under this 
unit are in the Yakima Indian Reservation. Tliere 
are about 116,000 acres susceptible of irrigation, 
15,000 acres of which are now receiving water 
during high water periods through canal systems 
constructed by the Indians. The soil and trans 
portation facilities are excellent. For the recla- 
mation of these lands, the plans provide for the 
enlargement of the old and new reservation 
canals which were built with tribal funds, the 
building of other canals and laterals, and the 
storage of over 200,000 acre-feet of water in 



Yakima lakes. Due notice of a formal opening 
will be made by the Secretary of the Interior 
through the public press. 

In Market Later. 
Kittitas Unit — This unit contemplates the irri- 
gation of land in the vicinity of Ellensburg. A 
canal 90 miles long will bring water from the 
Yakima River just above Easton. The growing- 
season is somewhat shorter here than in the 
lower valleys, but the lands are well adapted 
to diversified farming. This is the dairying sec- 
tion of eastern Washington and the soil and cli- 
mate are favorable for the growing of cer:;als, 
timothy, vegetables and winter apples. Construc- 
tion work has not begun on this unit. 

West Bank Columbia River. 
Benton Unit — The lands under this project lie 
on the west bank of the Columbia River, from 
Kennewick to Priest Rapids. Work has not yet 
commenced on this unit. 



WYOMING SHOSHONE PROJECT. 

Has Highest Dam in the World — Elevation From Bed Rock, 328.4 Feet. 



The project involves the construction of an 
impounding dam at the head of the canyon of 
the Shoshone River in northern Wyoming and 
the diversion of the waters for the irrigation of 
about 155,000 acres of land. This dam, the high- 
est in the world, was completed in the winter of 
1909-1910. Fifteen thousand acres were opened 
to entry in 1908 and a similar area was opened 
May 22, 1909, and so rapidly have these lands 
been taken up that work is now being pushed 
on the third unit of a similar area. 

Climate Very Delightful. 

The elevation is about 4,500 feet above sea 
level, and the temperature ranges from 20 be- 
low to 95 degrees above zero. The climate is 
dry and delightful and the soil of light, sandy 
and clay loams, produces abundantly when water 
is applied. Alfalfa, hay, wheat, oats, barley 
and vegetables can be grown; also potatoes, 
sugar beets and fruits. Large numbers of cattle 
and sheep are pastured on the surrounding 
ranges during the greater part of the year, but 
require feeding in the winter months, so that 
there is always a good home market for hay. 
Hog and poultry raising are also very profitable. 
Annual IVIaintenance $1 Per Acre. 

The farm unit varies from 40 to SO acres of 
irrigable land. The building charge is $46.00 
per acre of irrigable land, payable in ten annual 
Installments. The annual maintenance and op- 
eration charge at present is $1.00 per acre, one- 
tenth of the building charge and one year's main- 
tenance charge, or $5.60 per acre, are due at 
the time of filing. All new entries must be ac- 
companied by payment of the charges for op- 
eration and maintenance which have accumulated 
since 1909. 

The tract is traversed by the Chicago, Bur- 



lington and Quincy Railroad, and has good trans- 
portation facilities to the big markets of the 
Mississippi Valley, Denver, and the Pacific Coast. 

Watershed 1,380 Square Miles. 

The watershed area is 1,380 square miles, the 
average annual rainfall On watershed 15 inches, 
and the estimated annual run-off is 1,000,000 
acre-feet. The rainfall on the irrigable area is 
from 6 to 10 inches. 

Highest Dam Known. 

Considerable interest attaches to the engineer- 
ing work on this project, as the Shoshone dam 
is the highest structure of its kind in the world. 
It is 328.4 feet high from bed rock to top of 
parapet walls, 108 feet thick on the bottom and 
only 200 feet long on top. The reservoir created 
by it has an area of 6,600 acres and a capacity 
of 456,000 acre-feet. The diversion dam, which 
turns the waters of the river through a tunnel 
3 1-3 miles long into the main canal, is a rein- 
forced concrete masonry structure 18 feet high 
and 400 feet long. 

Several Flourishing Towns. 

Four flourishing towns, Cody, Garland, Powell 
and Ralston, are located on the project. They 
contain schools, churches, banks, newspapers, 
manufacturing establishments, hotels, stores, etc., 
and offer opportunities for professional and busi- 
ness men and artisans. 

Timber and Coal. 

The surrounding mountains are covered with 
spruce and fir and supply the farmers with timber 
and the stockmen with summer range. Coal 
mines located in the vicinity supply cheap fuel 
for domestic and manufacturing purposes. Well 
water of good quality is found at depths varying 
from 30 to 50 feet. 



Conditions Unaer Which Settler Can Get IrrigatedLanA 



REGULATIONS RELATING TO METHODS BY WHICH 
^^°"^ HOMESTEAD MAY BE OBTAINED ON 

RECLAIMED LAND. 



Homestead Entries. 



1 Q In what way can public land be taken 

""f ^T^hl o''nlfwa"'in whlc'h land can be taken 
is under the" terms' of the homestead aw. which 

-§4^ SI [|-^^'^ura^hLeSf ^der the 
Reda^atiorict'and ^obtain title when I am 

-?^"f ot, ^Sofob\S1f a ^.o74^stead unless you 

''^0^/fe.e^i-nori^l ^ = So^ea^ 
if J°ven but you cannot live elsewhere and claim 
a hoinestead.^ necessary for me to live on the 
^-f ri.' ^^c?uVrd^"on^,^inu^u°s?e^idence is re- 

r^^&nruvft^rf^^^/^iS 

'^1"V"ls U s^ufflc?<^it to erect an ordinary claim 
^^T^Io""t'l.e°"ctai^°°sh".'i^ty"^^f"ominal resi- 
.etce^.°^icf U have sufhced -der some con- 
ditions will not .l^e -u™c'e^\o"u sleep and take 
l^"u'r n^ealf hS itSy' rnd'?hr"cultiv^tion of a 
jour ^'^'t'^^' ,„!™ -nviii be required. „ „ 

"%!■ Q. "^Can ^1 en ter 160 acres and then sell off 

P""!' °You"can obtain title only to a certain piece 
ofAanI'wS°may be from 10 to 160 acres^ and 
you .can no.t convey any m^e to tnis o^^^^^ ^^ 
fouV^entfy.^' ZdLr^ certain' conditions you may 

msmmME 

^^''■^Q. Must I live on the land if water is not 
available? ^^^^ homestead entry 

ot lack of ™«triri li a .jrlsSmpt Sii that the 
'purpose, "th^Jhan^tor^jn^^j^ctual^lr unit on 

Secretary of .the Inferior wUi gwe public ncti^^^^ 

l^.%i""d^-in^ r^Son ?r^cerr%at during 
which water is to be furnished. ^ 

10 Q. What assurance is there tnai Li.e 
■which I enter will be irrigated.' ^ 

A You can have no assurance that tne idmi 
win be ^riilated until public n°tic% has been 

luard that water .will be ,suPP|i^^' ^" os^ your 
reasonable probability that >ou may lose > 
homestead right. o-ii/pn' 

11. Q. How will the notice he given 
A. Through the puohc press. When 



* the "a?m Silt, will the entryman he permil- 
"1 'Vr^twVfeirth'e" ?a?„?"inu 'r 'eltahllahed. 

?4"^^^in hP sent 10 the various entrymen in- 

SHHt-Si'fhli/K^lSl'tHhfiln?^ 

m™ the optlin ol selecting such part ol the 
a™ a, the"; may prefer and amenams the.r 
oritiMPC! accordingly; or in case they fail to mawe 
lu^hselectfon the United States will make it for 
fhem Ind ca^ncel the remainder of the entry. 

13 Q. Where the entryman is in default as 
fr, thP navment cf any annual installment, will 
Ms reliiKhment relieve the land of the charge 

""^a'^^No^' The annual charge is not a rental ob- 
i-„.;,-,.'n nnrt a succeeding entryman takes the 
fnd burdened with whatever charges may have 
been duirlevied against it and not paid or dis- 

^^Y^'q "VL^^ifth^f e'ff-t of a relinquishment 

- r Irca^Sc^^^iSn-^of-al. ^^^ ^f ^by 

?»JrrofaSl°c^lafm^r\he ^^^^^^^ 

thp lanfl is re-entered the water right that is 

due or afterwards apportioned against the tract. 
it^ O What are farm unit plats.' 
A ^arni unit plats are township plats ap- 
proved bv the Secretary of the Interior, showing 
?hriubd!vision^ of lanZ under reclamation proa- 
onfs and the number of acres ot irrigaoie i^i'i" 
contained in each farm unit or separate trat 
nf nrivatp land They wi 1 be on file at the local 
raVd'officei'and aT tlfe ofRces of the Redamatmn 
Service, after the issuance of the pubuc nonce 
^T^'t "^Ji^m^uch^te^wllf be furnished for 

*^A *^Such amount as may be available from the 
works controlled by the United States not to 
exceed the amount necessary for. the .Propfir "• 

4 of the act. 



Desert- Land Entries. 

17 Q May a desert -land entryman or his 

18 Q Wm the time for making final proof 
°\^^^t-^h^%n'^rv bec'o^me^s^Slct to the pro- 
vi^ons of thi Reclamation Act as to residence, 
payments, etc. 

About Units. 

.-n^?b?^IS i"ndtw%t?"acJ^ls- Sr^e^S 

:Eercrtedn^nV.Sus^Tct^^ibft%f^m,^^^ 
eivl the Reclamation map herewith and repro- 
duce much of the literature employed by the 
government in describing each one. 



KANSAS 



STATE AND THE 105 COUNTIES OF KANSAS 

With Their Boundaries 




10 fll 'J^i 



^^^^^^ 
.^^t^ 



W ! 15 ' 16 I ,7 1 18 I 19 1?0_!- --]22 123^2^. J_25J 42 ^ ^^ 



27 



T 
I 

■( r — 1 -j- 



■41T- 



'431 



rjr 



28 I 29 ,30 31 I 32 ^-l^Y ',37 V""" S*V 

■ ^--^--^34 136 L,39 ^-^59l6o_i_61 

a-:-L;::.;j:Li::iur:_j^^iie^4|55 |56 157'" ' ^ ' "*^ 



47 ]48 l49 IsO i 51 ' 52 j ', 53^^"^ „ \ _ ^. __;58 



$€OTT 




^40_^^1-J^45l46 
' y !59l60i61 

, i58 r ~Y T " 
r^v-l!'i--i?.ljPj76^ 

' '' ' 72 ; 73 [9lL984_9_9 

--n95''li°°!l°^>i 
92 I 93 1 94 ["96 ""1031104,105 



LOCATION AND POPULATION OF KANSAS COUNTIES 



Location and Population 

of 

KANSAS COUNTIES 

Lo- 

ca- COUNTIES Pop. 

tion 1910 



1 Cheyenne. 

2 Rawlins. 

3 Decatur. 

4 Norton . 

5 Phillips. 

6 Smith. 

7 Jewell. 

8 Republic. 

9... Washington. 

10 Marshall. 

11 Nemaha. 

13 Brown. 

13 Doniphan. 

14 Sherman . 

15 Thomas. 

16 Sheridan. 

17 Graham. 

18 Rooks. 

19 Osborne. 

20 Mitchell. 



. 4,248 
. 6,380 
. 8,976 
.11,614 
.14,150 
. 15,365 
.18,148 
.17,447 
.30,229 
.23,880 
.19,072 
.21,314 
.14,423 
. 4,549 
. 5,455 
. 5,654 
. 8,700 
.11,282 
.12,827 
.14,08C 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



21 Cloud 

22 Clay 

23 Riley 

24. Pottawatomie 

25 Jackson 

26 Atchison 

37 Wallace 

28 Logan 

29 Gove 

30 Trego 

31 Ellis 

32 Russell 

33 Lincoln 

34 Ellsworth 

35 Ottawa 

36 Saline 

37 Dickinson 

38 Geary 

39 Morris 

40 Wabunsee 

41 Shawnee 

42 Jefferson 

43.. Leavenworth 
44. . . . Wyandotte 

45 Douglas 

46 Johnson 

47 Greelev 

48 Wichita 

49 Scntt 



. .18.388 
. .15,351 
..15,783 
. .17,522 
..16,861 
. .28,107 
. . 2,759 
. . 4,240 
. . 6,044 
. . 5,398 
..12,170 
. .10,800 
. .10,142 
..10,444 
. .11.811 
. .30,338 
. .34.361 
. .13,681 
..13,397 
. .13,721 
. .61,874 
. .15,826 
. .41,307 
.100,068 
. .31.724 
. .18,288 
. . 1,335 
. .16.060 
. . 3,047 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



50 Lane. 

51 Ness. 

53 Rush. 

53 Barton. 

54 Rice. 

55.... McPherson. 

56 Marion . 

57 Chase. 

58 Lyon . 

59 Osage. 

60 Franklin. 

61 Miami. 

63 Hamilton. 

63 Kearney. 

64 Finney. 

65 Gray. 

66.... Hodgeman. 

67 Pawnee. 

68 Edwards. 

69 Stafford. 

70 Reno. 

71 Harvey. 

73 Butler. 

73.... Greenwood. 

74 Coffey. 

75 Anderson. 

76 Linn. 

77 Stanton. 

78 Grant. 



. 3,603 
. 5,883 
. 7,826 
.17,846 
.15,106 
.21,531 
.33,415 
. 7,527 
.24,937 
.19,903 
.30,884 
.30,030 
. 3,360 
. 3,206 
. 6,908 
. 3.121 
. 2,930 
. 8,859 
. 7,033 
.12,510 
,37,853 
19.300 
33,059 
16,060 
.15,205 
.13,829 
.14,735 
. 1.034 
. 1,087 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



79 Haskell. 

80 Ford. 

81 Kiowa. 

82 Pratt. 

K3 Kingman. 

84 Sedgwick. 

85. , Morton . 

86 Stevens. 

87 Seward. 

88 Meade. 

89 Clark. 

90...,. Comanche. 

91 Barber. 

92 Harper. 

93 Summer. 

94 Crowley. 

95 Elk. 

96... Chautauqua. 
97. ...,. Woodson. 

98 Allen. 

99 Bourbon . 

100 Wilson. 

101 Neosho. 

102 Crawford. 

103.. Montgomery. 

104 Labette. 

105.,... Cherokee. 



993 
.11,393 
. 6,174 
.11,156 
.13,386 
. 73,095 
. .1,333 
..3,453 
..4,091 
..5,055 
..4.093 
. .3,381 
. .9,916 
.14,784 
.30,654 
.31,790 
.10,138 
.11,430 
. .9.450 
.27,640 
.24,007 
.19,810 
.33,754 
.51,178 
.49,474 
.31.423 
.38,163 



Total 1,690,949 



Kansas Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



♦Abilene 37... 4,118 

Admire 58. . . . 205 



Loca. Pop. 



Agra 5 347 

Alden 54 255 

Allen 58 286 



Loca. Pop. 



Allendale 98 260 

*Alma 40... 1,010 

Almena 4. . . . 702 



Loca. Pop. 



Altamont . . . .104. . . . 606 

Alta Vista. . . .40 499 

Alton 19 414 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located; Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



82 



Kansas Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Altoona 100. 

Andale 84. 

♦Anthony 92. 

Arcadia 103. 

Argonia 93. 

Arkansas City. 94. 



Arlington 
Arma . . . . 
Arrington 
♦Ashland 
Assaria . . 
•Atchison 
Atlanta . . 
Attica ... 
*Atwood . 
Augusta . 
Aurora .. . 
Axtell . . . 



JO. 
.102. 
..26. 
. .89. 
..36. 
..26. 
..94. 
..93. 
. . .3. 
'.'72.' 

.21. 

.10. 



Badger 105. 

Baldwin 45. 

Barnard 33. 

Barnes 9. 

Bartlett 104. 

Basehor 43. 

Bassett 98. 

Baxter Spgs..l05. 

Beattie 10. 

Belle Plaine...93. 
♦Belleville 
•Beloit . . 
Belpre . . . 

Benedict 100. 

Bennington . . .35. 



,..8. 
. .20. 



Benton 

Bern . . . 

Beverly 

Bison 

Blaine 

Blue Mound. 
Blue Rapids. 
Bluff City... 
Bonner Springs.44. 

Brewster 15. 

Bronson 99. 

Brookville 36. 

Eucklin 80. 

Buffalo 100. 

Buffville 100. 



. . . 72 . 
...11. 
...33. 
. . . 52 . 

.24. 

.76. 

.10. 

.92 



Buhler 
Bunkerhill , 
Burden . . . . 
Burlingame 
♦Burlington 

Burns 

Burr Oak , 
Burrton . . . . 
Bushton . . , 



.70. 
, .33. 
..94. 
..59. 
..74. 
..56. 
.. .7. 
, .71. 
..54. 



Caldwell 

Cambridge . . . 

Caney 

Canton ....... 

Carbondale . . 

Carlisle 

Carona 

Castleton . . . . 
Cawker City.. 
Cedar Vale. . . 
Centerville . .. 
Centralia . . . . 

Chanute 

Chapman . . . . 

Chase 

Chautauqua 

Cheney 

Cherokee 

Cherryvale . . . 

Chetopa 

Chicopee 

♦Cimarron . . . 
Circleville . . . 

Claflin 

♦Clay Center. . 
Clear Water. . 

Clifton 

Clinton 

Clyde 

Coats 

Coffeyville . . . 

♦Colby 

♦Coldwater . . 

f^olony 

♦Columbus . . . 

Cnlwich 

♦Concordia . .. 
Conway .Sprgs. 
Corning 



.93. 
.94. 
103. 
.55. 
.59. 
.98. 
105. 
.70. 
.20. 
.96. 
.76. 
.11. 
101. 
.37. 
.54. 
.96. 
.84. 
102. 
103. 
104. 
102. 
.65. 
.25. 
.53. 

22 
'.Si'. 
. .9. 
.45. 
.31. 
.82. 
103. 

15. 



.90. 
.75. 
105. 
84. 
.21. 
.93. 
.11. 



. .1,462 
. . . 237 
.2,660 
. . 694 
. . 466 
. 7,508 
. . . 450 
. . 327 
.. 309 
. . 910 
. . 246 
16,429 
.. 330 
.. 737 
.. 910 
.1,335 
.. 450 
.. 748 



. . 306 
. 1,386 

. . , 425 
. . 650 

, . . 249 
. . 280 

. . . 415 

..1,598 
. . 750 
. . 849 
.2,224 
.3,082 
. . 485 
..215 
. . 386 
. . 240 
.. 306 
.. 335 
.. 350 
.. 245 
.. 596 
.1,756 
.. 307 
.1,462 
.. 590 
.. 595 
.. 280 
.1,000 
.. 807 
.. 309 
. . 350 
.. 243 
.. 424 
.1,422 
.2,180 
.. 489 
.1,133 
.. 689 
.. 232 



. .2,205 
. . . 235 
..3,597 
.. 684 
. . . 461 
. . . 250 
. . . 460 
. . . 290 
. . . 870 
.. 948 
.. 200 
. . 665 
.9.273 
. . 781 
. . 163 
.. 348 
. . 734 
.1,452 
. 4,304 
.1,548 
.1,469 
. . 587 
. . 265 
.. 559 
.3,438 
. . 569 
.. 614 
. . 250 
.1,057 
. . 269 
13,687 
.1,130 
. . 684 
. . 530 
.3,064 
. . 3.58 
.4.415 
.1,292 
.. 411 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



♦Cottonwood 

Falls 

♦Council 

Grove 

Courtland 
Coyville .... 
Crestline .... 
Croweburg . . 

Cuba 

Culver 

Cunningham 
Curranville . . , 

D 

Dearing 103. 

Delphos 35. 

Denison 25. 

Denton 13. 

Derby 84. 

De Soto 46. 

Detroit 37. 

Devon 99. 

Dexter 94. 

♦Dighton 50. 

♦Dodge City... 80. 

Dorrance 32 

Douglass 
Downs . 
Dresden 

Dunkirk 102. 

Dunlap 39. 

Durham 56. 

Dwight 39. 

Earleton 101. 

Easton 43. 

Edgerton 46. 

Edna 104. 

Edwardsville ..44. 
Effingham ....26. 

*Eldorado 72. 

Elgin 96. 

Elk City 103. 



.57 899 



..39. 
. .8. 
100. 
105. 
102. 
..8. 
.35. 
.83. 
102. 



,.73. 

.19. 

.3. 



.95. 
..53. 
. .31. 
..34. 
. .57. 
. .84. 
..98. 
. .13. 
. .34. 
..58. 
.102. 
..89. 

.37. 



Elk Falls. 
EUinwood 

Ellis 

♦Ellsworth 
Elmdale . 
El Paso. .. 
Elsmore . . 
Elwood . . 
Emmet . . . 
♦Emporia 
Englevale 
Englewood 
Enterprise 

♦Erie 101. 

Esbon 7. 

Esk ridge 40. 

Eudora 45. 

♦Eureka 73. 

Everest 12. 

Ezbon 7. 

F 

Fairview 12. 

Fall River 73. 

Florence 56. 

Fontana 61. 

Ford 80. 

Formosa 7. 

Fort Dodge. . . .80. 
Ft. Leavenw'th43. 

Fort Riley 38. 

♦Fort Scott.... 99. 

Fowler 88. 

Frankfort 10. 

Franklin 102. 

♦Fredonia . . . .100. 
Frontenac ....102. 

Fuller 102. 

Fulton 99. 

G 

Galena 105. 

Galva 55. 

♦Garden City.. 64. 
Garden Plain. .84. 

Gardner 46. 

Garfield 67. 

Garland 99. 

♦Garnett 75. 

Gas 98. 

Gaylord 6. 

Gem 15. 

Geneseo .54. 

Geuda Springs. 94. 

♦Oirard 102. 

Glade 5. 

Glasco 21 . 

Glen Elder 20. , 



. .2,545 
. . . 506 
. . . 227 
. . . 287 
. . . 860 
...776 
. . . 336 
. . . 395 
... 773 

. . . 250 
. . . 767 
. . . 290 
. . . 337 
. . . 350 
. . . 331 
. .. 310 
. . . 390 
. . . 512 
. . . 370 
..3,214 
, . . 281 
, . . 657 

.1,427 
. . . 309 

. . 490 
...333 
, . . 368 

. . 298 

. . 225 
.. 310 
.. 443 
. . 489 

, . . 250 
. . 674 

..3,129 
.. 400 
. . 659 
. . 371 
. . 976 
1,404 
.2,041 
.. 253 
. . .235 
.. 216 
.. 686 
.. 309 
.9,058 
.. 376 
.. 518 
.. 706 
.1,309 
.. 341 
.. 797 
.. 640 
.2,333 
436 
.. 347 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



.. 386 
.. 383 
.1,168 
.. 346 
.. 305 
.. 453 
.. 360 
.3,509 
.3.508 
10.463 
.. 473 
.1,426 
. . 508 
.3.040 
.3,396 
.. 609 
. . 416 

.6,096 
. . 322 
.3,171 
.. 296 
. . 514 
.. 333 
. . 345 
.2,334 
.1,281 
.. 308 
. . 2!>0 
. . 566 
. . 2!J4 
.3,446 

■ • ^^^ 

'. '. 565 



Goddard .... 

GofE 

♦Goodland . . 

Gorham 

Grainfield ... 
Grantville . . 
♦Great Bend. 

Greeley 

Green 

Greenleaf . . . 
♦Greensburg . 

Grenola 

Gridley 

Grinnell .... 

Gross 

Gypsum 

H 

Haddam . . . . , 
Hallowell . . . 
Halstead .... 
Hamilton . . . . 

Hamlin 

Hanover .... 

Harper , 

Hartford 

Harveyville . 

Havana 

Haven 

Havensville . . 

Haviland 

♦Hays 

Hazelton 

Hayne 

Herington . . . 
Herkimer ... 

Herndon 

Hewins 

♦Hiawatha ... 

Highland 

♦Hill City 

Hillsboro . . . . 

Hillsdale 

Hog Back. . . . 
Hoisington . . . 

Holliday 

♦Holton 

Holyrood . . . . 

Home 

Hope , 

Horton 

♦Howard 

♦Hoxie 

Hoyt 

Hudson 

Humboldt 
Hunnewell . . . 

Huron 

♦Hutchinson . 



..84. 
. .11. 
..14. 
...S3. 
. .29. 
..42. 
..53. 
..75. 
. .22 

'.". .3'. 

..81. 
..95. 
..74. 
. .39. 
.102. 
..36. 

..9. 
105. 
.71. 
.73. 
.13. 
9. 



93. 

.58. 

.40. 

103. 

.70. 

.24. 

.81. 

.31. 

.91. 

.87. 

.37. 

.10. 

. .2. 

.96. 

.12. 

.13. 

.17. 

.56. 

.61. 

.31. 

.53. 

.46. 

.25. 

.34. 

.10. 

.37. 

.12. 

.95. 

.16. 

.25. 

.69. 

.98. 

.93. 

.26. 

.70. 



Idana 23. 

♦ Independence 103 . 
Industry 37. 



.55. 

.98. 
.. .7. 

.13. 
. .10. 
. .91. 

.82. 

..21. 
..43. 

. .3. 

.66. 

. ..7. 
♦Junction City. 38. 

K 

♦Kansas City. .44. 

Kelly 11. 

Kensington ... .6. 

Kincaid 75. 

♦Kingman . . . .83. 

♦Kingsley 68. 

Kiowa 91 . 

Kirwin 5. 



Inman 

♦lola 

Ionia 

Iowa Point. 

Irvingf 

Isabel 

luka 



.Tamestown 
Jarbalo . . . 
Jennings . . 
♦Jetmore 
Jewell 



. . . 423 
..1,993 
. . . 200 
. . . 309 
. . . 200 
..4,632 
. . . 493 
. . . 389 
. . . 854 
..1,199 
. . . 532 
. . . 209 
. . . 200 
. . . 309 
. . . 623 

. . . 408 
. . . 250 
. . 1,004 
. . . 325 
. . . 208 
..1,039 
..1,638 
. . . 589 
. .. 331 
. . . 227 
. . . 528 
. . . 412 
. . . 568 
..1,961 
...315 
..1,436 
..3,273 
. . . 200 
. .. 273 
. . . 225 
. .3,974 
. .. 783 
. . . 983 
..1,134 
. . . 260 
. . . 306 
. .1,975 
. . . 280 
..3,842 
. . . 361 
. . . 200 
. . . 567 
..3,600 
..1,163 
. . . 533 
. . . 350 
. . . 353 
..3,548 
. . . 208 
. . . 360 
.16,364 

. . . 308 
. 10,480 
. . . 280 
. . . 484 
..9,032 
. . . 280 
. . . 309 
. . . 409 
. . . 322 
. . . 228 

. . . 462 
. . . 200 
. . 2.59 
. . 317 
. . . 839 
.5,598 



,82.331 
, . . 260 
. . 497 
. . 426 
.2,570 
, .1,.547 
. l,i>20 
.. 607 



Ijabette . . . . 
♦La Crosse. 
TjSl Cygne. . . 
I.,a Harpe. . . 
♦Lakin . . . . 
Lancaster 

Lane 

L,T ngdon . . . 
T,ansing 
♦Larned . . . 



.104. 
..52. 
..76. 

,98. 
.63. 
. .26. 
. .60. 
. .70. 
. .43. 
. .67. 



. . 350 
. . 806 
. . 957 
.2,760 
. . 237 
. . 220 
272 
.' .' 200 
. . 890 
.2,911 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Latham .... 
♦Lawrence . . 
♦Leavenworth 
Lebanon .... 

Lebo 

Lecompton . . . 

Lehigh 

Lenexa , 

Lenora 

Leon 

Leona , 

Leonardvllle , 

♦Leoti 

Le Roy 

Lewis 

♦Liberal 

Liberty , 

♦Lincoln ..... 
Lindsborg . . . 

liinn , 

Linwood 

Little River. 

Logan 

Long Island. . 

I..ongton 

I^ost Springs. , 
Louisburg 
I..ouisville .... 

Lowell 

Lucas 

Luray 

♦Lyndon 

♦Lyons 

M 

McCracken ....52. 
McCune 103. 



.73. 
.45. 
.43. 
..6. 
.74. 
.45. 
.56. 
.46. 
. .4. 
.72. 
.13. 
.23. 
.48. 
.74. 
.68. 
.87. 
103. 
.33. 
..55. 
. .9. 
.43. 
.54. 



.56. 
.61. 
.34. 
105. 
.33. 
.33. 
.59. 
.54. 



McFarland 
♦McPherson 
Macksville 
Madison . . 
Mahaska . 
Maize . . . . 
Manchester 
♦Manhattan 
♦Mankato . 
Maplehill . 
IMapleton . 
♦Marion 
Marquette 
♦Marysville 
Matfield . . 
Mayetta . . 
Mayfleld . . 
Meade 



.40. 
.55. 
.69. 
.73. 
. .9. 
.84. 
.37. 
.23. 
..7. 
.40. 
.99. 
.56. 
.55. 
.10. 
.57. 
.25. 
.93. 
88. 



♦Medic'e Lodge 91 

Melrose i 105. 

Melvern 59. 

Meriden 42. 

Midway 102. 

Milan 93. 

Mildred 98. 

Milford 38. 

Miltonvale . . . .21. 

Jlineral 105. 

♦Minneapolis ..35. 
Mineola 89. 



.!)5. 
, . !)8 . 
..22. 

.17. 

.13. 

. .9. 

.76. 

.55. 



Moline 

Moran 

Morganville . 
MOrland .... 

Morrill 

Morrowville 
♦Mound City. 
Moundridge . 
Mound Valley. 104. 
Mount Hope... 84. 

Mulberry 103. 

Mullinville ....81. 

Mulvane 93. 

Munden 8. 

Muscotah 26. 

N 

Narka 8. 

Nashville 83. 

National Mili- 
tary Home. .43. , 

Natoma 19. , 

Neodesha ....100.. 
Neosho Falls. ..97. , 
Neosho Rapids. 58.. 

♦Ness City 51. . 

Netawaka . . . .25. . 
New Albany. . .100. . 
New Cambria. .36. . 

♦Newton 71 . . 

Nickerson 70. . 

Niotaze 96.. 

Norcatur 3. . 

♦Norton 4. . 



. . . 364 
.12,374 
.19,362 
. . . 731 
, . . 560 
. . . 386 
. . . 385 
. . . 333 
. . . 454 
. . . 494 
. . . 250 
. . . 376 
. . 500 
, . . 861 
, . . 557 
. 1,800 
, . . 385 
, .1,508 
. .1,939 
, . . 490 
, . . 323 
. . . 661 
, . . 714 
. . 291 
. 1 ,300 
. . 276 
, . . 603 
. . 247 
. . 206 
, . . 573 
. . 341 
. . 763 
.2,071 

. . 371 

.. 730 
. . 388 
.3,546 
. . 626 
. . 721 
. . 246 
. . 360 
.. 350 
.5,722 
.1,155 
. . 277 
. . 330 
.1,841 
. . 715 
.3,260 
. . 335 
.. 337 
.. 300 
. . 664 
.1,229 
. . 200 
. . 505 
. . 467 
. . 509 
. . 350 
. . 390 
. . 209 
. . 829 
.1,170 
.1,895 
. . . 348 
. . 860 
. . 559 
.. 285 
.. 237 
. . 398 
. . 206 
. . 698 
.. 626 
. . 956 
. . 519 
.. 997 
. . 289 
. 1,084 
.. 275 
.. 491 

. . 278 
.. 360 



.2„508 
. . 407 
.3,872 
. . 571 
. . 356 
. . 712 
. . 250 
. . 213 
, . 280 
7,862 
.1,195 
. . 317 
. 482 
1,787 



83 



Kansas Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Nortonville 
Norwich . . 



..42. 
.83. 



O 

Oakland 41. 

Oakley 28. 

Oak Valley. .. .95. 

*Oberlin 3. 

Ogden 23. 

Oketo 10. 

*01athc 46. 

Olsburg 24. 

Onaga 24. 

Oneida 4 11 . 

Opolis 102. 

Osage City 59. 

Osawatomle ...61. 

*Osborne 19. 

*Oskaloosa . . . .42. 

* Oswego 104. 

Otego 7. 

♦Ottawa 60. 

Overbrook . . . .59. 
Overland Park. 46. 

Oxford 93. 

Ozawkie 42. 



. . 638 
.. 392 

. 1,465 
. . 681 
. . 202 
.1,157 
.. 230 
.. 253 
.3,272 
. . 220 
. . 759 
. . 211 
. . 350 
.2,432 
, .4,046 
.1,566 
. . . 851 
. .2,317 
. . . 290 
. .7,650 
...571 
. . . 309 
. . . 624 
. . . 283 



Ton'ns 



Loca. Pop. 



Palco 


.18. 


.. 279 




. .9 


. . 390 


•Paola 


.61. 


.3,207 


Parker 


.76. 


. . . 398 


Parsons 


104. 


12,463 


Partridge . . . 


.70. 


. . 246 


Pawnee Rock 


.53. 


. . . 458 


Paxico 


.40. 


. . . 238 


Peabody .... 


. .56. 


..1,416 


Peoria 


.60. 


. . . 225 


Perry 


..42. 


. . . 406 


Perth 


..93. 


. . . 280 


Peru 


. .96. 


. . . 575 


Peterton .... 


. .59. 


. . . 260 


Pfeifer 


.31. 


. . . 402 


*Phillipsburg 


. ..5. 


. .1,302 


Piedmont . . . 


..73. 


. . . 208 


Piqua 


..97. 


. . . 290 


Pittsburg . . . 


.102. 


. 14,755 


Plains 


. .88. 


. . . 3,50 


Plainville ... 


..18. 


..1,090 


Pleasanton 


. .76. 


..1,373 


Pomona .... 


. .60. 


. . . 523 


Portis 


. .19. 


. . . 304 


Potwin 


..72. 


... 249 


Powhattan. . 


..12. 


.. . 216 


*Pratt 


. .»l. 


..3,302 



Prescott 76. . 

Preston 82 . . 

Pretty Prairie. 70.. 

Princeton 60. . 

Protection . . . .90. . 



Q 



Quenemo . . . . 

Quincy 

Quindaro ... 
Quinter 

R 

Radley 

Ramona 

Randall .... 
Randolph . . . 

Ransom 

Ransomville . 

Rantoul 

Reading .... 
Redfield .... 

Reece 

Republic .... 

Reserve 

Rexford 

Richland 
Richmond . . . 

Riley 

Robinson 
Rosedale . . . . 
Roseland . . . . 
Rossville . . . . 
Rushcenter . . 
*Russell . . . . 



.59., 

.73. 

..44., 

.29., 

.103. 
..56. 
. ..7. 
. .23. 
..51. 
.60. 
..60. 
. .58. 
. .99. 
..73. 
. . .8. 
. .12. 
..15. 
. .41. 
..60. 
..23. 
. . 13 . 
..44. 
.105. 
. .41. 
..52. 
..33. 



S 

Sabetha 

Saint Francis. 
Saint John. . . 
Saint Marys. . 
Saint Paul. . . . 
Saint Peter. . . 

*Salina 

*Santa Fe. . . . 
Savonburg . . . 

Sawyer 

Scammon . . . , 

Scandia 

Schoenchen . . 

*Scott 

Scottsville . . , 
Scranton .... 

*Sedan 

Sedge , 



.11. 
. .1. 
.69. 
.34. 
101. 
.17. 
.36. 
.79. 
.98. 
.82. 
105. 
..8. 
.31. 
.49. 
.20. 
.59. 
.96. 
.71. 



, . 255 

, . 278 
. . 327 
. . 350 
, . 390 



. 556 
. 380 
, . 306 
, . 450 

, . 508 
. 256 

• ^~5 
, . 455 
, . 304 
. . 290 
. . 283 
. . 289 
. . 233 
. . 380 
. . 450 
. . 390 
. . 360 
. . 3.50 
. . 350 
. . 343 
. . 493 
.5,960 
. . 396 
. . 672 
. . 300 
.1,693 

.1,857 
. . 492 
.1,785 
.1,397 
. . 937 
.. 250 
.9,688 
. . 280 
. . 357 
. . 250 
.2,333 
.. 579 
. . 496 
. . 819 
. . 248 
.. 770 
.3,211 
. . 626 



Towns 


Loca. 


Pop. 


Selden 


.16.. 


. . 297 


*Seneca 


.11.. 


.1,806 


Severance . . . 


.13. . 


.. 383 


Severy 


.73.. 


. . 608 


Sharon 


.91. . 


. . 356 


*Sharon Spgs. 


..37. 


.. 440 


Shawnee .... 


.46.. 


. . 450 


sidd 


.85.. 
.41.. 


. . 250 


Silver Lake . 


.. 360 


Simpson .... 


.20. 


.. 211 


Skidmore . . . 


105. 


.. 480 


»Smith Center 


..6.. 


.1,450 


Soldier 


.35. 


.. 338 


Soldiers Home. 43. 


.4,381 


Solomon .... 


.37. 


.. 949 


South Haven. 


.93. 


.. 483 


South 






Hutchinson 


.70. 


.. 387 


Spearville . . . 


.80. 


.. 575 


Spivey ...... 


.83. 


.. 352 


Spring Hill.. 


.46. 


. . 605 


Stafford .... 


..69. 


.1,927 


Stanley 


..46. 


.. 300 


Sterling .... 


..54. 


.3,133 


Stilwell 


..46. 


. . 360 


Stippville . . . 


105. 


. . 350 


* Stock ton . . . 


..18. 


..1,317 


Stone City. . . 


.105. 


. . 508 


Strong 


..57. 


. . 763 


Summerfield 


. .10. 


. . . 554 


Sylvan Grove 


..33. 


. . . 464 


Svlvia 


. .70. 


. . . 634 


'Syracuse 


..63. 


..1,136 



Loca. Pop. 



Tablemound 

Talmo 

Tampa . . . . 
Tescott . . . . 
Thayer . . . . 

Tipton 

Tonganoxie 
Topeka 

(capital) 
Toronto 

*Troy 

Turner . . . . , 

Turon 

Tyro 



.103. 
.. .8. 
..56. 
..35. 
.101. 
..30. 
..43. 

..41. 
..97. 
. .13. 
. .44. 
. .70. 
.103. 



Udall 94. 

TTniontown ... .99. 
Utica 51. 



..1,260 
. . . 388 
. . . 356 
...431 
. . . 543 
. . . 210 
. .1,018 

.43,684 
. . . 627 
. . . 94') 
. . . 360 
...572 
. . . 603 



.. 330 
. . 256 
. . 306 



Valley Center. .84. . 
Valley Falls... 43.. 

Vermilion 10. . 

Victoria 31 . . 

Vliets 10. . 

W 

Wabaunsee ....40.. 
*Wakeeney ...30.. 

Wakefield 22. . 

Waldo 32.. 

Waldron 93 . . 

Walnut 103. . 

Walton 71. . 

Wamego 24. . 

♦Washington ...9. , 

Waterville 10. . 

Wathena 13. , 

Waverly 74. , 

Webber 7. . 

Webster 18. , 

Weir 105. 

Welda 75. 

♦Wellington ...93., 

Wellsville 60. , 

West Mineral. 105. 

♦Westmoreland. 24. 

Westphalia 75. 

West Plains. . . .88. 

Wetmore 11 . 

Wheaton 34. 

White City 39. 

White Cloud... 13. 

White Water.. 73. 

Whiting 25. 

♦Wichita 84. 

Willard 41. 

Williamsburg .60. 

Wilsey 39. 

Wilson 34. 

Winchester ...42. 

♦Winfield 94. 

Woodbine 37. 

Woodruff 5. 

Woodston . . . .18. 



Tale 103. 

♦Yates Center. 97. 
Yocemento ....31. 



, . 381 
1,129 
, . 366 
.1,-500 
, . 209 



. . 260 
. . 883 
. . 514 
. . 209 
. . 263 
. . 639 
. . 357 
.1,714 
.1,547 
. . 704 
. . 777 
. . 751 
. . 309 
. . 208 
.2.289 
. . 250 
.7,034 
. . 646 
.1,853 
. . 484 
. . 560 
. . 333 
. . 483 
. . 225 
.. 506 
.1,119 
. . 518 
. . 426 
52,4,50 
. . 206 
. . 399 
. . 460 
, . . 981 
. . 456 
.6,700 
, . . 250 
. . . 260 
. . . 299 



, . . 809 
.2,024 
. . 320 



KANSAS 

Torn by Political Foment in Its Early History — Later Devastated by Drouth and Grasshoppers — rinall.v 
Triumphs Over All Difficulties and Becomes a Most Prosperous State 



The geographical center of the United States. — 
A state visited by a great number of catastrophes 
of which the people have been victims. 

Kansas is the center of the United States. The 
exact geographical center, exclusive of Alaska, lies 
near Manhattan, in Riley county, Kansas, about 100 
miles west of Kansas City. 

The width of the state is 400 miles from east 
to west, and In length 210 miles from north to 
south. Its area covers 82,080 square miles, being 
larger than New England; twice as large as Ken- 
tucky, Ohio, or Indiana, and larger than New York 
and Indiana combined. 

Kansas has been more frequently mentioned in 
recent history than any other western state. 
Everything about Kansas was remarkable. Here 
was the great American Desert, here were the 
vast buffalo herds, here lived the drouth stricken 
people of other years, here was grasshopper head- 
quarters, here was tlie contest between the free 
state settlers and the pro-slavery denizens who 
came in from Missouri determined to make Kansas 
a slave state. 

Here Lawrence, Topeka, Ossawatomie, and other 
towns, were settled by people from New England, 
sent out by the Massachusetts emigrant aid society 
to make the state politically anti-slavery. Here 
John Brown, of Harper's Ferry notoriety, began his 
anti-slavery crusades, resulting in murder and ex- 
citement in 1855, here Quantrell and a band of pro- 



slavery guerillas burned Lawrence and killed 185 
persons in 1863. 

DROUTH, GRASSHOPPERS AND HARD TI3IES. 

Here drouth, grasshoppers and hard times com- 
pelled great numbers of the people to mortgage 
their properties to eastern capitalists. For the 
purpose of investigating the cause of the evil con- 
ditions that had fallen upon Kansas, here gathered 
the people in every district into their school houses, 
and these men and women discussed free silver, 
gold standard, monopoly, trusts and the tariff. Hera 
they talked and talked and acquired such practice 
and fluency in oral discussions as to enable great 
nuinbers of men and women to go forth from Kan- 
sas highly accomplished public speakers. 

Here again the rains fell, the wheat and corn- 
fields responded in over bountiful supply, the gran- 
aries and barns were filled to overflowing, the 
mortgages were paid, the farmers opened bank 
accounts, the school house gatherings are no longer 
held, while the Kansas orators, with the tillers 
of the soil, aided by favoring climatic conditions, 
have settled down to the making of money from 
their exceedingly fertile soil. 

Great as Kansas is in area, in intellectuality of 
people, in stirring events of the past, in wealth of 
agriculture and natural resources, it seems strange 
not to speak of Kansas in any other way than in 
the superlative degree. 



84 



Kansas Described 



In Speech of Hon. J. J. Ini;all8, Formerly United States Senator From Kansas. In "A Kansas Souvenir." 
Fublislied by the Kansas Immigration and Information Association, We Find tbe Following: 



Kansas is the navel of the nation. 

Diagonals drawn from Duluth to Galveston; from 
Washington to San Francisco; from Tallahasse to 
Olympia; froin Sacramento to Augusta, intersect at 
it^ center. 

Kansas is the nucleus of our political system, 
around which its forces assemble; to which its ener- 
gies converge; and from which its energies radiate 
to the remotest circumference. 

Kansas is the focus of freedom, where the rays 
of heat and light concentrated into a flaine that 
melted the manacles of the slave, and cauterized 
the l;ieresies of state sovereignty and disunion. 

Kansas is the core and kernel of the country, 
containing the germs of its growth, and the quick- 
ening ideas essential to its perpetuity. 

It seems incredible that there was a time when 
Kansas did not exist; when its name was not writ- 
ten on the map of the United States; when the 
Kansas cyclone, the Kansas grassliopper, the Kansas 
booin, and the Kansas Utopia were unknown. 

I was a student in the junior class at Williams 
College, when President Pierce, forgotten but for 
that signature, approved the act establishing the 
Territory of Kansas, May 30, ISo-i. I recall the in- 
conceivable agitation that preceded, accompanied, 
and followed the event. It was an epoch. Destiny 
closed one volume of our annals, and opening an- 
other, traced with shadowy finger upon its pages a 
million epitaphs, ending with "Appomattox." 

Kansas was the prologue to a tragedy whose epi- 
logue has not yet been pronounced; the prelude to 
a fugue of battles whose reverberations have not 
yet died away. 

Floating one summer night upon a moonlit sea, 
I heard far over the still waters a high, clear voice 
singing: 

■To the West! To the West! To the land of the free. 
Where the mighty Missouri rolls down to tlie sea; 
Where a man is a man if he's willing to toil. 
And the humblest may gather the fruits of the soil." 

A few days later, my studies being completed, I 
joined the uninterrupted and resistless column of 
volunteers that marched to the land of the free. 
St. Louis was a squalid border town, the outpost 
of civilization. 

The railroad ended at Jefferson City. Trans-con- 
tinental trains, with sleepers and dining cars, anni- 
hilating space and time, were the vague dream of 
a future century. 

Overtaking at Hermann a fragile steamer that 
had left her levee the day before, we embarked 
upon a monotonous voyage of four days along the 
treacherous and tortuous channel that crawled be- 
-ween forests of Cottonwood and barren bars of 
tawny sand, to the frontier of the American Desert. 

It was the mission of the pioneer with his plough 
to abolish the frontier, and to subjugate the desert. 
One has become a boundary, and the other an oasis. 
But with so much acquisition, something has been 
lost for which there is no compensation or equiva- 
lent. He is unfortunate who has never felt the 
fascination of the frontier; the temptation of un- 
known and mysterious solitudes; the exultation of 
helping to built a State; of forming its institutions 
and giving direction to its career. 

Kansas, in ts rudimentary stage, extended west- 
ward six hundred and fifty-eight miles to the crest 
of the Rocky Mountains, the eastern boundary oi 
Utah. By subsequent amputation and curtailment, 
it was shorn to its present narrow limits of fifty-two 
million acres; three thousand square miles in excess 
of the entire area of New England. Denver, Mani- 
tou, Pueblo, Pike's Peak, and Cripple Creek are 
among the treasures which the State-makers of 
1S59, like the base Indian, threw unconsciously 
away, though richer than all his tribe. 

Thirty years ago, along the eastern margin of the 
grassy quadrangle which geographers called Kansas, 
the rude forefathers of Atchison, Leavenworth, 
Wyandotte, Lawrence and Topeka slept in the inter- 
vals of their strife with the petty tyrants of their 
fields, and beyond their western horizon, the rest 
was silence, solitude, and the wilderness, to the Rio 



Grande; to the Yellowstone; to the Sierra Nevada; 
like the lonely steppes of Turkestan and Tartary; 
inhabited by wandering tribes, whose occupation was 
war; whose pastime was the chase; pastured for 
untold centuries by roaming herds that followed the 
seasons in their recurring migrations from the arctic 
circle to the Gulf. 

It has been sometimes obscurely intimated that 
the typical Kansan lacks in reserve, and occasion- 
ally exhibits a tendency to exaggeration in dwelling 
upon the development of the State, and the benefits 
and burdens of its citizenship. 

Censorious scoffers, actuated by envy, jealousy, 
malignity and other evil passions, have hinted that 
he unduly vaunteth himself; that he brags and be- 
comes vainglorious; that he is given to bounce, tall 
talk, and magniloquence. 

There have not been wanting those who affirm that 
he magnifies his calamities as well as his blessings, 
and desires nothing so much as to have the name of 
Kansas, in any capacity, always in the ears and 
mouths of men. 

Such accusations are well calculated to make the 
judicious grieve. They result from a misconception 
of the man and his environment. 

The normal condition of the genuine Kansan is 
that of shy and sensitive diffidence. He suffers from 
excess of modesty. He blushes too easily. There is 
nothing he dislikes so much as to hear himself talk. 
He hides his light under a bushel. He keeps as near 
the tail end of the procession as possible. He never 
advertises. He bloweth not his own horn, and is in- 
different to the band wagon. 

He is oppressed by the vast responsibility of being 
an inhabitant of a commonwealth so immeasurably 
superior, in all the elements of present glory, in all 
the prophecies of future renown, to its inferior com- 
panions. 

To be a denizen of a State that surpasses all other 
communities, as Niagara excels all other cataracts, 
as the sun transcends all other luminaries, imposes 
obligations that render levity impossible. 

The every-day events of Kansas would be marvels 
elsewhere; our platitudes would be panegyrics; the 
trite and commonplace are unknown. It is impossi- 
ble to over-estimate the value of citizenship in a 
State that sent more soldiers into the Union armies 
than it had voters when Sumter fell; that exceeded 
all quotas without draft or bounty; that had the 
highest rate of mortality upon the field of battle. 
That a State so begotten and nurtured should be as 
indomitable in peace as it was invincible in war, was 
inevitable. Its gestation was heroic. It represented 
ideas and principles; conscience, patriotism, duty; 
the "unconquerable mind and freedom's holy flame." 

No other State encountered such formidable obsta- 
cles of nature and fortune. Our disasters and catas- 
trophes have been monumental. Swarms of locusts 
eclipsing the sun in their flight, whose incredible 
voracity left the forests, and the orchards, and the 
fields of June as naked as December; drouths chang- 
ing the sky to brass and the earth to iron; siroccos 
that in a day devastated provinces and reduced 
thousands from comfort to penury — these and the 
other destructive agencies of the atmosphere have 
been met by a courage that no danger could daunt, 
and by a constancy unshaken by adversity. 

The statistics of the census tables are more elo- 
quent than the tropes and phrases of the rhetorician. 
The story of Kansas needs no reinforcement from the 
imagination. Its arithmetic is more dazzling and 
bewildering than poetry, and the historian is com- 
pelled to be economical of truth and parsimonious in 
his recital of facts, in order not to impose too great 
a strain upon the capacity of human credulity. 

Notwithstanding the mishaps of husbandry and the 
fatalities of nature, it is a moderate and conservative 
statement that no community ever increased so rap- 
idly in population, wealth and civilization, nor 
gained so great an aggregate in so brief a time, as 
the State of Kansas. There is no other State where 
the rewards of industry have been so ample, and the 
conditions of prosperity so abundant, so stable and 
so secure as here. 



History. Believed to have been visited by Span- 
iards under Vasquez de Coronado in 1541. Partly 
explored by Frenchmen from Louisiana in 1819-20. 
After an -■xciting contest between advocates of 
pro-slavery and free state, a constitutional conven- 
tion was held at Wyandotte, Kansas, in 1859. and a 
constitution adopted prohibiting slavery. In 1861 
Kansas was admitted to the Union. During the 
civil war 20,151 men went into the service in de- 
fense of the Union. In various parts of the State 
Indian massacres occurred between 1864 and 1870 
and locusts devoured the crops in 1874. 



CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
KANSAS. 

Altitude. Highest at Conorado, Sherman county, 
3,906 feet. The decline from this to the eastern 
edge of the state is about 3,000 feet, causing the 
many rivers to flow rapidly. 

Climate. Leavenworth, Leavenworth county, ave- 
rage annual temperature January 24 above; July 
78. Extremes: 107, 29 below. Average annual 
rainfall, 38.4 inches; at Dodge, Ford county, 19.8 
inches. 

Dimensions. See general description of Kansas. 



85 



KENTUCKY 



STATE AND THE 119 COUNTIES OF KENTUCKY 

With Their Boundaries 




LOCATION AND POPULATION OF KENTUCKY COUNTIES 



Location and Population 

of 
KENTUCKY COUNTIES 



Lo- 






ca- 


COUNTIES 


Pop. 


tion 




1910 


1. ... 


. . . Trimble. 


. 6,512 


o 


.... Carroll . 


. 8,110 


3. ... 


. . . Gallatin. 


. 4,691 


4. .. 


Boone. 


. 9,420 


5.. . 


.. . . Kenton. 


.70.355 


6. ... 


.. Campbell. 


.99,369 


7. .. 


.. . Oldham. 


. 7,248 


8... 


.... Henry. 


.17,716 


9... 


Owen. 


.14,248 


10... 


Grant. 


.10,581 


11.. . 


. Pendleton. 


.11,985 


12. .. 


.. Bracken. 


.10,308 


13. ... 


. . Jefferson. 


262,920 


14. .. 


.... Shelby. 


.18,011 


15.. . 


. . Franklin. 


.21,135 


16. .. 


Scott. 


.16,956 


17... . 


. . Harrison. 


.16.173 


18. ... 


. Robertson. 


. 4,121 


19. .. 


Mason. 


.18.611 


20... 


.... Meade. 


. 7,783 


21. . . 


... Hardin. 


.22,696 


no 


.... Bullitt. 


. 9,487 


23. .. 


.... Nelson. 


.16,830 


24. . . 


. . . Spencer. 


. 7,567 


23. .. 


. . Anderson. 


.10,146 



Loca. 


County 


Pop. 


26. . . 


. . ..■U'ondford. 




37 


. Jessamine. 


.12,613 


28. . . 


.... Fayette. 


.47,715 


29. .. 


Clark. 


.17,987 


30... 


. . . Bourbon. 


.17,463 


31. . 


Nicholas 


.10601 


32. . 


Montgomery. 


.12,868 


33... 


Bath. 


.13,988 


34... 


. . . Fleming. 


. 16,066 


35. .. 


Lewis. 


.16,887 


36. .. 


.. . . Greenup. 


.18.475 


37. .. 


Rowan . 


. 9,438 


38. .. 


Carter. 


.21,966 


39. .. 


Boyd. 


.23,414 


40.. 


. Henderson. 


.29.352 


41... 


.... Daviess. 


.41.030 


42 . . . 


. . . Hancock. 


. 8,513 


43. .. 


Beckinridge. 


.21,034 


44. .. 


Union. 


.19,886 


45 . . . 


. . . Webster. 


.20,974 


46. .. 


.... McLean. 


.13,341 


47. .. 


Ohio. 


.27,643 


48. .. 


. . . . Grayson. 


.19,958 


49. .. 


Larue. 


.10,701 


50. .. 


Washington. 


.13,940 


51. .. 


Marion. 


.16.330 


52 . . . 




.14.063 


53. .. 


Boyle. 


.14,668 


54. .. 


. . . . Garrard. 


.11.894 


55 . . . 


. . . Madison . 


.26,951 


56. . . 


Estill. 


.12.273 


57 . . . 


Powell. 


. 6.368 



L'lcn. 



Count!/ Pop. 



BH Menifee. 

59 Morgan. 

60 Elliot. 

61 Lawrence. 

63 Johnson. 

63 Martin. 

64. . . . Livingston. 

65. . . . Crittenden. 

66 Lyon . 

67 Caldwell. 

68 Hopkins. 

69... Muhlenburg. 

70 Butler. 

71 Edmonson. 

73 Hart. 

73 Green. 

74 Taylor. 

75 Casey. 

76 Lincoln. 

77. . . Rock Castle. 

78 Jackson. 

79 Lee. 

80 Owsley. 

81 Wolfe. 

82 Breathitt. 

83 Magoffin. 

84 Knott. 

85 Floyd. 

86 Pike. 

87 Ballard. 

88. . . . McCracken. 
89 Carlisle. 



. 6.153 
.16,259 
. 9,814 
.20,067 
. 7,483 
. 7.391 
.10,637 
.13.396 
. 9,433 
.14,063 
.34,391 
.28,598 
. 15,805 
.10,469 
.18,173 
.11,871 
.11,961 
.15,479 
.17,897 
.14,473 
.10,734 
. 9,531 
. 7,979 
. 9.864 
.17,540 
.13,654 
.10,791 
.18.623 
.31,679 
.12.690 
.35,064 
. 9.040 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



90 Hickman. 

91 Fulton. 

93 Graves. 

93 Marshall. 

94 Calloway. 

95 Trigg. 

96 Christian. 

97 Todd. 

98 Logan. 

99 Warren . 

100 Simpson. 

101 Allen. 

103 Barren. 

103; Metcalf. 

104 Monroe. 

105.. Cumberland. 

106 Adair, 

107 Russell. 

108 Clinton. 

109 Wayne. 

110 Pulaski. 

Ill Laurel, 

112 Clay, 

113 Leslie, 

114 Perry, 

115 Letcher, 

116 Whitlev. 

117 Knox. 

118 Bell. 

119 Harlan, 



.11,750 
.14,114 
.33,539 
.15,771 
.19,867 
.14,539 
.38,845 
.16.488 
.24,977 
.30,579 
.11,460 
.14,882 
.25.293 
.10.453 
.13.663 
. 9.846 
.16.503 
.10,861 
. 8,153 
.17,518 
.35,986 
.19,872 
.17,789 
. 8,976 
.11,255 

.31.982 
.33.116 
.28.447 
.10.566 



Total 



Kentucky Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Adairville 98 683 

♦Albany 108 579 

Alexandria 6. . . . 353 

Allensville 97 436 

Almo 94. . . . 225 

Alms House 13 209 

Alpine 110 360 

Alvaton 99 209 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Amos 101. 

Anchorage . . . .13. 

Arlington 89. 

Asbury .55. 



Ashburyburg 
Ashland . . . . 
/i-thertonville 

Auburn 

Augusta . . . . 



68. 
.39. 

49. 
.98. 
.12. 



. . . 420 
, . . 384 
. . 550 
. . 290 
. . . 750 
. .8.688 
. . . 306 
. . . 631 
..1.787 



Loca. Pop. 



B 

Bailey Mine 
Bandana 
*Barbourville 
*Bardstown . 
*Bardwell 

Barlow 

Barnsley 
Barrenfork 



..39. 
. .87. 
117. 

'.'.89] 
..87. 
. .68. 
.110. 



, . . 309 
. . . 337 
.1.633 
.3.126 
..1.087 
. . . 532 
, . . 37;» 
. . . 560 



Tou'its 



Loca. Pop. 



Baskett . . . 

*Beattyville 

Beaver Dam 

♦Bedford 

Beech Grov 

Bellevue 

*Benton 

Berea 

Berkeley 



. .40. , 

. .79. . 

..47. . 
1. . 

. .46.. 

6. , 

. . . 93 . 
. . .55. 
...89., 



. . 270 
.1.364 
. . 763 
. . 269 
. . 208 
.6,683 
. . 824 
.1.510 
. . 309 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



86 



Kentucky Ciiies and Villages with 1910 Populations 



TulCIlt: 



Loca. Pop. 



.111. 
..17. 

..69. 
..48. 
..20. 
..64. 
..93. 
45. 



Bcrnstadt . . 

Berry 

Bevler .... 

Big Clifty .. 

Big Spring 

Birdsville . . 

Birmingham 

Blackford . 

Blanche 118. 

Blandville 87. 

Bloomfleld 33. 

Bloomington . .83. 

Bonanza 85. 

Bonham 111. 

Bonnieville . . .73. 

•Booneville . . .80. 

Bosworth 118. 

Botland 23. 

♦Bowl'g Green. 99. 

Bradfordsville 51. 

Bradshaw ... .78. 

*Brandenberg 20. 
Bremen 69. 

Brent 6- 

Brighton 
Brodhead . . 
Bromley . . . 
Bromley . . . 
*Brooksvi]le 
♦Brownsville 

Bruce , 

Buffalo 

Bulah 

Burgin ..... 
'Burkesville 
Burnside . .. 
Butler 



.38. 

.77. 
.5. 



...9. 
. .13. 
..71. 
. 35. 
..49. 
..90. 
..52. 
.105. 
.110. 
..11. 



. . . 406 
. . . 339 
...208 
. . . 260 
. . . 309 
. . . 260 
. . . 349 
. . . 449 
. . . 300 

.' .' .' 333 
. . . 390 
. . . 260 
. . . 280 
. . . 257 
...236 
. . . 408 
. . . 290 
. .9,173 
, . . 330 
. . 396 
. . 483 
. . 254 
. . 380 
. . 350 
.. 477 
.. 819 
.. 819 
. . 492 
.. 313 
. . 209 
.. 298 
.. 260 
. . 679 
. . 817 
.1,117 
.. 436 



Loca. Pop. 



Curdsville . . . .41. 
*Cynthiana . . .17. 

D 

Daley 113. 

*Danville 53. 

Da wsonsprings . 68 . 



*Cadiz 95. 

Cairnes 118. 

•Calhoun 46. 

California 6. 

Campbellsburg 8. 
*Campbellsv'le 74. 
Camp Nelson 



'Campton , 
Canada 
Caney . . . . , 
Caneyville , 
Cannel City 
Carbondale 
♦Carlisle . . 
Carrollton . 
Carrsville . , 

Carter 

Caseyville 
•Catlettsburg 
Cave City . 

Cayce 

Centertown 
Centerville . 
Central City 
Cerulean 



.81. 
...86. 
. . .59. 
...48. 
. .59. 
...68. 
...31. 

.'.'.'64.' 
...38. 
. . .44. 

. . 39 . 

.102. 
...91. 
. ..47. 

. .30. 

..69. 
.95. 



.68. 
.36. 
.26. 
.36. 
.48. 
.45. 
.57. 
9S 



Chester 111. 

Chesley .... 
Chinnville . 
Cicero . . . 

Clahill 

Clarkson 

Clay 

Clay City . 
Clay Switch ...,, 

Clearfield 37 

Clermont 33 

•Clinton .90 

Cloverport ... .43 

Coalport 117 

Coalton 39 

Cold Spring ...6 
Colesburg 31 

College Hill' ..55 

Colly 115 

Colson 115 

♦Columbia . . .106 

Columbus 90 

Concord 35 

Conway .'77 

CooUdge . . . .ilO 

Corbin .116 

Corinth 10 

Cornishville ..52 

Corydon 40 

♦Covington 5! 

Crab Orchard.. 76 
Crescent Mine 111. 
Crescent Sprgs 5 
Crofton ..... 96; 
Cunningham ..89. 



.1,005 

. . 209 

. . 742 

.. 248 

. . 269 

.1,206 

. . 660 

. . 326 

.. 320 

. . 480 

. . 430 

.. 296 

. . 200 

..1,283 

..1,906 

... 298 

. . . 259 

. . . 230 

..3,520 

. . . 645 

. . . 250 

. . . 299 

. . . 290 

. .2,i545 

.' .' .' 360 
. . . 220 
. . . 209 
. . . 250 
. . . 290 
. . . 376 
..1,098 
. . . .581 
. . . 360 
. . . 209 
. . . 280 
..1,497 
. . 1,403 
. . . 275 
. . . 480 
. . . 660 
. . . 220 
. . . 260 
. . 260 
. . 320 
.1,022 
. . 970 
.. 213 
.. 336 
. . 350 
. 2,.589 
.. 252 
. . 360 
. . 912 
53,300 
. . 467 
. . 250 
.. 350 
.. 403 
. . 250 



Dayton . . 
Dekoven . 
Denton . . 
De.xter 
Dishnian . 
♦Dixon 
Drakesboro 
Dry Ridge 
Dundee 
Dundee 
Durbin 

E 

Earlington 
E. Bernstadt 
East Point .. 

Echols 

♦Eddyville ... 

Eden 

Edenton 

♦Edmonton . 
♦Elizabethto'n 
Elkhorn City 

♦Elkton 

Ellisburg . . . , 
Elsmere . . . . . 

Elvira 

Eminence .. . , 

Empire 

Epworth . . . , 
Erianger . . . . 
Ewing 



. . .6. 
...44. 
. . .38. 
. . . 94 . 
. .116. 
...45. 
. . . 69 . 
.. .10. 
...47. 
. . .57. 
...39. 

.68. 
111. 
. .63. 
..47. 
.66. 
.63. 
.55. 
103. 
21. 
.86. 
.97. 
.75. 
. .5. 
112. 
. .8. 
.96. 
.35. 
. .5. 
.34.. 



. . . 235 
. . 3,603 

. . . 360 
..5,420 
..1,350 
..6,979 
. . . 690 
...433 
. . . 260 
. . . 220 
. . 741 
.1,126 
. . 360 
. . 200 
. . 402 
.. 360 

.3,931 
. .698 
.. 250 
. . 250 
.1,442 
.. 412 
.. 381 
. . 350 
.1,970 
. . 360 
.1,338 
.. 335 
.. 960 
. . 320 
.1,274 
. . 220 
. . 209 
. . 700 
. . 390 



Fairfield 23. 

Falcon .83 

Falls of Rough 48. 



♦Falmouth 
Fancy Farm 
Farmers 
Firebrick . . . 
Fiskburg . . . 

Fitch 

Flat Lick . . 
♦Flemingsburi 
Florence 



11. 

92. 
.37. 
.35. 
. .5. 
.38. 
117. 

34. 
4. 



Flossie iioO 

Folsomdale . . 93 

Ford \Z9 

Ford.sville 47 

Fortbranch ,.114 
Fort Thomas ..6 
Frankfort 

(Capitol) 
♦Franklin 
Fredonia 
Fulton .. 
Furguson 



..15. 
.100. 
..67. 
,..91. 
.110. 



G 

Garnettsville , 
Garrison .... 
♦Georgetown . 
Germantown . 

Ghent 

Gilbertsville . 
♦Glasgow .... 
Glasgow Jet. 

Glencoe 

Glensboro .... 
Glen Dean . . . .,„ 

Gourd 115 

Grahn 3g 

Grahamton . . .30 
Grand Rivers 64 

Gratz 9 

Gray '.'..ii^ 

♦Grayson 38 

♦Greensburg . .73 

♦Greenup 36 

♦Greenville . . .69 
Greenwood ...110 
Grit Ill 



.20. 
.35. 
.16. 
.12. 
..2. 
.93. 
102. 
102. 
. .3. 
.35. 
.43. 



Guthrie 



H 



Hagerhill ... 
Haldeman . . 

Halsey 

Ham by Sta. 
Hanson .... 

Hardin 

♦Hardinsburg 
♦Harlan 119 



.97. 

.63. 
.37. 
116. 
.68. 
.68. 
.93. 
43. 



. 293 
. 220 
. 250 
. .1,180 
...226 
...427 
. . . 260 
. . . 250 
. . . 380 
. . . 3i50 
..1,219 
. . . 250 
. . . 330 
. . . 350 
. . . 702 
. . . 649 
. . . 360 
. . . 590 

.10,465 
..3,063 
...431 
..2,575 
. . . 404 

. . 390 
.. 306 
.4,533 
.. 287 
.. 421 
. . 458 
.2,316 
.. 303 
.. 237 
.. 250 
. . 269 
. . 360 
. . 350 
. . 325 
.. 330 
.. 213 
.. 400 
.. 735 
. . 450 
. . 680 
.1.604 
. . 460 
. . 330 
.1,096 

. . 251 
. . 280 
. . 390 
. . 220 
. . 509 
. . 366 
. . 737 
. . 560 



Tuujis 



Loca. Pop. 



'Harrodsburg .,53. 
'Hartford . . . .47. 
'Hawesville . . .43. 
♦Hazard 114. 



Hazel 

Hazel Green 

Hebbardsville 

Hellier 

♦Henderson . 
Henshaw . . . . 
♦Hickman 
High Bridge 



.94. 
.81. 
40. 
.86. 

.40. 
.44. 
.91. 

.37. 



Highland Park 13! 



Hillside 
♦Hindman . . 
♦Hodgenville 
♦Hopkinsville 
Horse Cave . 
Hutsonville 



.69. 
.84. 
.49. 
.96. 
.72. 
?6. 



♦Hyden 113] 



Idamay . 
♦Inez . . . 
♦Irvine 
Irvington 
Island . . 



..79. 
. . 63 . 
. .56. 
..43. 
..46. 



♦Jackson 82. 

Jefferson town 13. 
Jillicocreek .116! 

Jonesville 9! 

Junction City 53! 

K 

Keens 37. 

Kensee iie! 

Kevil 87! 

Kewanee 86 

Kidds Store . . .75! 
Kings Mount'n 76. 
Kirkmansville 97. 

Kirksey 94 

Knottsville . . .4l! 
Kuttawa 66. 



. .3,147 
. . . 976 
..1,003 
...537 
. . . 306 
...257 
. . . 350 
535 
!ii,453 
. . 306 
..3,736 
. . . 3!)6 
, .1.977 
. . . 561) 
. . 370 
.. 744 
.9.419 
. . 881 
. . 384 
.. 316 



. . . 200 
. .. 413 

. . . 373 
. . . 665 
. . . 647 

.1,346 
, . . 345 
. . 546 
. . 648 
.. 747 



La Center . . 
La Fayette . 
♦La Grange . 
♦Lancaster 

Latonia 

♦Lawrenceb'g 
Laym.an . . . . 
♦Lebanon 
Lebanon Jet. 
Lee City . . . 
♦Leitchfield 

Lesbas 

Lewisburg . . 
Lewisport 
♦Lexington . . 
♦Liberty . . . . 

Little 

Little Hickm 
Little Rock 
Livermore . 
Livingston . . 
♦London . . . 

Lot 

♦Louisa 

♦Louisville !. 
Lovelaceville 

Lowes 

Ludlow .... 
Lunah ! 



-.87.. 
..96. . 
...7., 
..54.. 
...5.. 
35.. 
.119. . 
. .51.. 
. .23 

!!8r!! 

..48.. 
.111. . 
. .98. . 
..42.. 



M 

McHenry 

Mc Kinney . . . 

McNeal 

♦Madisonville 
♦Manchester 
♦Marion .... 
Marrowbone 
]\Iarshall . . . . 
Maxon Mill . , 
♦May field 
INIays Lick . . 
♦Maysville ... 

Mead 

Mentor 

Mercer 

Middlesboro . . 
Middletown . . 

Midway 

Milburn 

Millersburg . . 

Milton 

Mining City . 



. .75. . 
..36. . 
n 27.. 
. .30. . 
..46. . 
..77.. 
.111. . 
.116. . 
..61. 
..13. 
..87. 
..92. 
. . .5. 
. .82. 

..47. 
.76. 
.39. 
.68. 
112. 
.65. 
105. 
.19. 
.88. 
.93. 
.19. 
.19. 
.39. 
..6. 
.69. 
118. 
.13. 
.26. 
.89. 
.30. 
. .1. 
.70. . 



... 590 
. . . 206 
... 200 
... 226 
. . 309 
. . 350 
. . 306 
. . 360 
. . 212 
.. 889 

.. 436 

. . 366 

.1,152 

.1,517 

.1.882 

.1,723 

.. 206 

.3,079 

.. 807 

.. 269 

.1,053 

.. 290 

.. 253 

. . 596 

35,099 

. . 330 

. . 290 

. . 250 

.. 280 

..1,220 

. . . 685 

. .1,638 

. . . 250 

. .1,356 

123,928 

. . . 400 

. . . 220 

. .4,163 

. . . 206 

. . 530 
. . 430 
. . 206 
.4,966 
. . 626 
.1,637 
. . 280 
. . 220 
. . 360 
.5.916 
. . 308 
.6,141 
. . 200 
. . 2.50 
.1,390 
.7,308 
. . 303 
. . 937 
. . 207 
. . 799 
. . 355 
. . 250 



ToWHH 



Loca. Pop. 



Mitchellsburg .53. 

Monterey 9. 

♦Monticello ...109. 

Moorefield 31. 

Moores Ferry 33. 

♦Morehead 37. 

Moreland 76. 

♦Morganfield ..44. 
♦Morgantown 
Mortons Gap 
Mortonsville 

Moscow 

♦Mount Olivet 18. 
Mount Pleasant 1 
♦Mt. Sterling 32. 
♦Mt. Vernon ..77. 
Mt. Washin't'n 22. 
Mouthcard 80 

♦Jlunfordville 72. 
Murphysville 
♦iMurray . . . , 
Myers 

N 

Nebo 68. 

Nepton 34' 

Nerinx 51! 

Nevada 53 

♦New Castle ...8! 
New Haven . . .33. 
New Hope ...33 
New Liberty . . .9! 

♦Newport e! 

♦Nicholasville .27! 

Normal 39 

North Fork.... 19' 
North Middle- 
town 30. 

North Pleasure- 
villa 8. 

Nortonville . . . .68! 



..70. 

.68, 

. .26. 

...90 



.19, 
.94. 
.31. 



. . . 230 

. . . 260 
..1,338 
. . . 209 
. . . 560 
..1,105 
. . . 350 
..3,735 
. . . 569 
..1,366 
. . . 203 
. . . 500 
. . . 331 
. . . 657 
..2,932 
. . .930 
. . . 460 
2.50 
. . . 475 
. . . 859 
. .2,089 
, . . 280 

. . . 298 
. . . 235 
. .. 230 
. . . 206 
. . . 468 
, . . 405 
. . . 243 
214 
30,309 
.2,935 
.. 300 
.. 260 



Oakdale 

Oakland . 
Oakton . . . . 
Olive Hill. .. 
Olympia . . . 
♦Owensboro 
♦Owenton . . 
♦Owingsville 



O 



.82. 
..99. 
..90. 
..38. 
..33. 
..41. 
...9. 

.33. 



♦Paducah 88. 

Paint Lick 54. 

♦Paintsville ...63 

*Paris 30. 

Parkers Lake. 110 

Parksville 53. 

Patesville 43. 

Peach Orchard. 61. 

Pembroke 96. 

Perryville 53! 

Petersburg ... .4 

Pettit 41! 

Pewee Valley...?. 



.55. 
.86. 
.77. 
116. 
118. 
111. 



Peytontown 
♦Pikeville 
Pine Hill . 
Pine Knot. . 
♦Pineville . 

Pittsburg 

Pleasant View.lie 
Pleasure 

Ridge Park. .13 
Pleasureville . ..8 

Pollard 39 

Powderly 69 

Praise 86 

Prestonsburg .85 



Princess 

♦Princeton 

Providence 

Pryorsburg 

Puncheon 



.39. 
..67. 
..45. 
, .93. 

.84. 



Quincy 35. 

Quinton 110. 

B 

Randville 35. 

Redash 116. 



Regina 
Render . . 
♦Richmond 
Riverton . 
Robard . . 
Robbins 

Robinet . . 

Robinson Creek.86 
Rochester 70 



86. 
..47. 
. .55. 
. .36. 
..40. 
..83. 

77. 



. . . 390 

. . . 233 
. . . 254 

. .3,073 
...257 
. . . 206 
..1,133 
. . . 260 
.16,011 
. .1,024 
. . . Q43 

.23,760 
. . . 325 
. . . 942 
..5,859 
, . . 280 
. . . 209 
. . . 300 
. . 580 
..731 
. . 407 
.. 393 
. . 280 
. . 651 
. . 209 
.1,280 
. . 506 
. . 209 
.2,161 
. . 934 
.. 560 

.. 220 
. . 523 
. 1,.506 
. . 309 
.. 306 
.1,130 
. . 306 
.3.015 
.2,084 
. . 242 
. . 390 



. . 506 

. . 250 
. . 590 
. . 261) 
. . 306 
.5,340 
. . 290 
. . 334 
. . 209 
. . 260 
. . 250 
. . 437 



87 



Kentucky Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Rockport 47. 

Rowland 76. 

Rowletts 72. 

Ruddells Mills. 30. 

Rumsey 46. 

Rural 86. 

Russell 36. 

*Russellville . .98. . 

S 
Sacramento ...46. 

Sadleville 16. 

Saint Charles. .68. 

Salem 64. 

Salt Lick 33. 

Sal visa 52. 

Salyersville . . . .83. 

Sanders 2. 

Sandy fork . . .113. 

Sardis 19. 

Science Hill. ..110. 
*Scottsville . . 

Sebree 

Sedalia 

Shady Grove. 
Shannondale 
Sharongrove 
Sharpsburg . 
Shawhaii 



.101. 

.45. 

.93. 

.65. 

.28. 

.97. 

. 33 . 

.30. 

Shelby City. .. .53. 
*Shelbyville . . .14. 
*Shepherdsville.22 . 

Sherburne 34. 

Sherman 10. 

Shivply 13. 



. . 658 
. . 590 
. . 233 
. . 240 
. . 413 
. . 209 
.1,038 
3,111 

. . 438 
. . 467 
. . 660 
. . 320 
. . 532 
. . 309 
. . 310 
. . 250 
. . 250 
. . 261 
. . 257 
.1,327 
. 1,.509 
. . 250 
. . 206 
. . 290 
. . 306 
. . 410 
. . 390 
. . 275 
.3,412 
. . 318 
. . 253 
. . 350 
. . 280 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Siloam 

Slade 

Slate Lick. . . . 
Slaughterville 
Sloans Valley. 
Smithfleld . . . 
*Smithland 
Smiths Grove. 
Smith Mills. . . 

* Somerset . . . . 

Sonora 

South 

Carrollton . 
South Gate... 
South 

Portsmouth 
Spottsville . . . 

* Springfield . . 
Stamping 

Ground . . . . 
♦Stanford . . . . 
*Stanton . . . . 
Stephensport . 
Stewartsville . 

Stinson 

Stithton 

Sturgis 

Sulphur 

Su'mer Shade. 
Summersville 
Switzer 



.36. 
.57. 
.55. 
.45. 
110. 
..8. 
.64. 
.99. 
.40. 
110. 
.21. 

..69. 
..6. 



. . 290 
. . 402 
. . 290 
. . 443 
. . 330 
. . 350 
. . 557 
. . 726 
. . 390 
4,491 
. . 250 

. . 365 

. . 627 



.36. 
.40. 
.50. 

.16. 
.76. 
.57. 
.43. 
.10. 
.38. 
.21. 
.44. 
. .8. 
103. 
.73. 
.15. 



Talcum 84. 

Taylor Mines. .47. 



. . 520 
. . 448 
.1,329 

. . 381 
.1,533 
. . 278 
. . 305 
. . 309 
. . 300 
. . 390 
.1,467 
. . 355 
. . 310 
. . 320 
. . 390 

. . 208 
. . 353 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



*Taylorsville . .24. 

Templer 111. 

Tipple 88. 

Tolesboro 35. 

*Tomk'sville. .104. 
Torchlight . . ..61. 
Travelers Rest. 80. 

Trenton 97. 

Turnersville . .76. 

Tyler 88. 

Tyrone 25. 

U 

Union 4. 

LTniontown . . . .44. 

Urban 112. 

Utica 41. 



Valley View. 
Vanceburg . 
Verona . . . . 
♦Versailles . 
Vine Grove. 
Visalia 



.55. 

.35. 

..4. 
..26. 
..21. 

. .5. 



Viva 111. 

W 

Waco 55. 

Waddv 14. 

Wallsend 118. 

Walton 4. 

*Warsaw 3. 

Washington ...19. 



622 
290 
509 
460 
639 
230 
396 
653 
380 
506 
544 



. . 275 
.1,356 
. . 4)6 
. . 390 



. . 596 
.1,145 
. . 220 
.2,368 
. . 570 
. . 350 
. . 350 



. 210 
. 254 
. 506 
. 650 
. 960 
. 433 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Wasioto 118. 

Waterford ... .34. 
Water Valley.. 93. 

Waverly 44. 

Webbville 61. 

Wentz 114. 

West Covington. 5. 
*West Liberty. 59. 
West Point.... 31. 

Westport 7. 

Wheatcroft . . .45. 
"White Plains. .68. 
*Whitesburg .115. 
Whitesville . . .41. 
*Wickliffe ... ,87. 
* Williamsburg. 116. 
Williainsport ..63. 
*Williamstown .10. 

Wilmore 27. 

Wilton 117. 

*Winchester ..29. 

Wingo 92. 

Woburn 82. 

Wolf 38. 

Woodburn . . . .99. 

Woodville 88. 

Worthville 2. 



. . 360 
. . 206 
. . 238 
. . 311 
. . 260 
. . 290 
.1,751 
. . 442 
. . 782 
. . 390 
. . 490 
. . 281 
. . 321 
. . 453 
. . 989 
.3,004 
. . 290 
. . 806 
.1,060 
. . 206 
.7,156 
. . 404 
. . 217 
. . 306 
. . 217 
. . 250 
. . 326 



Tale 33. 

Yelvington . . .41. 



Zion 



. 260 
. 406 



KENTUCKY 



The Blue Grass Regrions — Fine Live Stock — Support of the Union Cause 



GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE. 

Kentucky. Historic name. It is difficult to do 
justice or even partial justice to this state in so 
many ways renowned. Here Daniel Boone explored 
portions of the state In 1769, built a fort at the 
point occupied by the village of Boonsboro, in 
Clark Co., Ky., in 1775. Had numerous skirmishes 
with the Indians, but survived to remove to Upper 
Louisiana, in 1708, to a tract of land, comprising 
2.000 acres, given to him by the Spanish author- 
ities. He settled witli his family and followers at 
Charette, on the Missouri River, beyond the in- 
habited i-egions of the country, and there followed 
the occupation of liunting and trapping bears till 
his death, which occurred in 1820. He was one 
of the daring land seekers and pioneers, who was 
brave enough to contend with the difficulties which 
sometimes beset settlers in a new country. 

DISTINGUISHED MEN OF KENTUCKY. 

Kentucky was the home of Henry Clay for 50 

years, 46 years of which period he ably represented 
his state in Congress, being outspoken in favor of 
the abolition of slavery. He was the author of 
tariff legislation favorable to protecting infant in- 
dustries in the United States; was the author of 
the "Missouri Compromise," favored the recogni- 
tion of the South American Republics, the inde- 
pendence of Texas, and many public measures of 
great importance; speaker of the House for a time; 
secretary in cabinet of John Quincy Adams; can- 
didate for Congress in 1S24 and 1832 and a most 
graceful and polished speaker. He was for nearly 
a half century one of the most influential members 
of the National legislature ever in Congress. 

Here at Lexington was the home of Cassius M. 
Clay, from 1840 to the close of his official life, as 
Minister to Russia in 1809. He was in the Mexican 
war, was an out and out opponent of slavery. His 
paper. The True America, was destroyed by a pro- 
slavery mob. He subsequently revived his paper 
and circulated it in Kentucky, although printed in 
Cincinnati. His "Life, Writings and Speeches" are 
published in two volumes. 

THE REGION OF FEUDS. 

Here was the feud region of the South, where 
misunderstanding and ill feeling arising between 
two families would go on and on, through a genera- 
tion, the fire of animosity and revenge only becom- 
ing extinguished when the last surviving member 
of one family was shot by a member of the other 
family, which happened to survive. 

Happily these feud quarrels and the manufac- 
ture of illicit whisky by moonshiners in the moun- 
t-^ins are becoming past events in the onward 
march of the civilization of the South. We allude 



to them here only as relics of a peculiar people 
in a past age. 

Though a slave st.ate, every possible effort was 
made by the Governor and the authorities of Ken- 
tucky to keep the State out of the ranks of the 
seceded states during the Civil War. This was suc- 
cessful in that no act of secessicn was passed, but 
some 40,000 men of the state went into the Con- 
federate service. The loyalty to the Union cause 
was demonstrated, however, by 91,900 troops being 
recruited for the Union side. This is also long 
past history. 

FAMOUS BLUE GRASS REGION OF KENTUCKY. 

Kentucky contains the celebrated Blue Grass re- 
gion. From this section of the United States conte 
the famous Kentucky high bred horses and the 

premium Shorthorn cattle. 

Of the 40,000 square miles of territory. It is 
claimed that there are not over 200 square miles 
of irreclaimable land. The southeast part of the 
state is broken by the Cumberland mountains, none 
of whose summits attain over 3,000 feet in height. 
The hills and valleys are well wooded. West and 
north of this region lies a gently undulating up- 
land, intersected by rivers flowing through deep 
valleys. The soil of this region is of the very 
finest quality, being in fact what is known as the 
Blue Grass region, extending from the Ohio River, 
southward, to the Cumberland River, through the 
central portion of the state. The barrens, so called, 
lie to the westward of the blue grass country. The 
region is being brought forward farmed, and though 
naturally not so fertile as the blue grass soil, bids 
fair, under proper management, to be profitable 
land to cultivate. 

Land seekers are advised to investigate this 
region carefully. 

COAL AND HYDRAULIC LIMESTONE FOR 
CEMENTS. 

The coal measures, which occupy the whole east- 
ern part of the state, are a part of the great Appa- 
lachian coal field, which overspreads western Vir- 
ginia and Pennsylvania. 

Limestones of wide extent and great thickness 
are found. Hydraulic limestone is found near the 
falls at Louisville and is extensively used in the 
manufacture of cement. 

The Mammoth Cave, in Edmenson Co., near 
Green River, is one of the wonders of the world, 
which people from all parts of the earth come 
great distances to see. It has been explored for a 
distance of more than 10 miles. 

That this region has been, in former times, the 
abode of mammoth animals is shown in the finding 
of the remains of the mastodon, mammoth, musk 
ox, elk, etc., in large numbers. 



Kentucky Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



SALT BEDS OF KENTUCKY. 

In Clay and Meade Cos. salt is obtained in large 
quantity by boring. Iron ores are found in the 
northeast corner of the state, where numerous fur- 
naces are in operation. Other products of the state 
are saltpeter, gypsum, natural gas, asphaltum and 
petroleum. 

WILD ANOIALS AND FORESTS OF KENTUCKY. 

Of the larger wild animals deer yet remain in 
abundance. The smaller animals, -including the 
badger, raccoon, groundhog, rabbit, oppossum, etc., 
are yet common, as are the wild turkey, partridge, 
ducks, etc. 

In the forests, which yet cover a large part of 
the State, particularly in the river valleys, may 
be found a numerous variety of trees, comprising 
the ash, elm, white pine, yellow pine, tulip, hick- 
ory, sweet gum, black walnut, sugar maple, white, 
red and black oaks, locust, buckeye, cottonwood, 
coffee tree, cypress and catalpa. 

That enterprising-, industrious tillers of the soil 
can be well rewarded for their labor throughout 
all portions of the state, is revealed by a study 
of climatic conditions. The average annual tem- 
perature is about 5.5. Winter continues from the 
last of November till the first of April, but snow- 
falls are light and seldom remain long upon the 
ground. The average annual rainfall for the state 
is 47 inches, which ensures almost invariably a 
regular and abundant crop. 

With the abundance of streams traversing the 
State in all directions along the elevations It is 
highly probable that many of the valleys could be 
irrigated, :naking them absolutely free from any 
possibility of loss of crops from drouth. 

FERTrLIZING aiATERIAI. IN THE BLUE GRASS 
REGION, 

The blue grass region covers something over 10, 
000 square miles. This portion of the state is over- 
laid with a substratum of limestone, which is con- 
tinually undergoing decay. This serves as fertilizer, 
enriching the soil to such a degree that abundant 
crops can be grown on the same land for a century 
without apparently diminishing the fertility of the 
land. 

People in search of location for homes should 
visit the blue grass region. "What is there about 
limestone that so tends to fertilize the soil? Is 
it the stone itself in bulk or must it be pulverized? 
Is the disintegration of the stone on the soil 
through the natural process of exposure to air 
necessary to secure fertilization? or can this stone 
be ground into a fine msal, taken elsewhere and 
spread upon land with favorable result? 

T'sed anywhere this limestone is a superior fer- 
tilizer. The agriculturist of the blue grass region 
has the advantage of having this inaterial right on 
the ground, and fortunate is the agriculturist who 
owns a farm in the blue grass country of Ken- 
tucky. 

A very certain crop in this state is tobacco. 
Other crops in their order are corn, oats, wheat, 
potatoes, hay and rye. Apples and peaches are 
the reliable fruits. 

The principal industries in the order of value of 
output are distilling liquors, flour and grist milling, 
lumber making from logs, manufacturing chewing 
and smoking tobacco and snuff, foundry and ma- 
chine shop work, slaughtering and meat packing, 
stemming tobacco, tanning leather, malt liquors, 
wooden goods, iron and steel furniture, agricultural 
implements, cigars, brick, tile and cotton goods. 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
THE STATE. 

Altitude. Highest at Big Black Mountain, in 
Harlan Co., 4,100 feet. 

Climate. Average annual January temperature at 
Ijouisville, 34 above, July 79. Extremes, 107 and 
20 below. 

Dimensions. Extreme length of state, 350 miles. 
Extreme width, 175 miles. Area of state, 40,400 
square miles. 

Histor.v. Was formerly a portion of the territory 
of Virginia. The first white explorer was John 
Finley, who went there with a few companions in 
17C7. Daniel Boone, Finley and others went there 
in 1770. In 1774 a settlement made at Harrodsburg 
by James Harrod and others. A fort built by 
Daniel Boone at Boonesboro. Several skirmishes 
and battles with the Indians. Kentucky organized 
as a territory in 1790. Admitted to the Union as a 
state in 1792. 

THE MAMMOTH CAVE OF KENTUCKY. 

From an article by W. Stump Farward, published 
in the American Cyclopedia, we gather the fol- 
lowing: 

Mammoth Cave, the largest cavern known, situ- 



ated near Green River in Kentucky, about seventy- 
five miles south by southwest of Louisville. 

Its mouth is reached by passing down a wild 
rocky ravine through a dense forest. It is an ir- 
regular funnel-shaped opening, from fifty to one 
hundred feet in diameter at the top, with steep 
walls about fifty feet high. 

The cave extends about nine miles, and it is 
said that to visit the portions already traversed 
requires from 150 to 200 miles of travel. This vast 
interior contains a succession of marvelous avenues, 
chambers, domes, abysses, grottoes, lakes, rivers, 
cataracts, etc., which for size and wonderful appear- 
ance are unsurpassed. 

The rocks present numerous forms and shapes 
of objects in the external world, while stalagmites 
and stalactites of gigantic size and fantastic form 
.ibound, thou.gh not so brilliant and beautiful as are 
found in some other caves. 

Chief among the objects of interest are Silliman's 
Avenue, about one and a half miles long, from 
twenty to two hundred feet wide, and from twenty 
to forty feet high; Marion's Avenue, of about the 
same dimensions; the Star Chamber, about 500 feet 
long and seventy feet wide, the ceiling of which, 
seventy f'-et high, is composed of black gypsum 
and is studded with innumerable white points, 
which by a dim light present a most striking re- 
semblance to stars; and Cleveland's Cabinet, an 
avenue about two miles long, spanned by an arch 
of fifty feet, with an average central height of ten 
feet. 

By many the last is regarded as the most won- 
derful object in the cave. It is encrusted, from end 
to end, with the most beautiful formations In every 
variety of form. The base of the whole is sulphate 
of lime, in one part of dazzling whiteness and 
perfectly smooth; and in other places crystallized 
so as to glitter like diamonds in the light. 

Growing from this in endless diversified forms is 
a substance resembling selenite, translucent and 
imperfectly laminated. Some of the crystals bear 
a striking resemblance to celery, and all are of 
about the same length; while others, a foot or 
more in length, have the color and appearance of 
vanila cream candy; others are set in sulphate of 
lime, in the form of a rose, and others still roll 
out from the base in forms resembling the orna- 
ments on the capital of a Corinthian column. 

, Some of the incrustations are massive and splen- 
did; others are as delicate as the lily or as fancy 
work of shell or wood. 

Sidesaddle Pit, over which rests a dome sixty feet 
high, is about ninety feet deep and twenty feet 
across. This and some of the other pits and domes 
in the cave have been formed out of the solid rock 
by the solvent action of water charged with car- 
bonic acid. 

The deepest of the pits are the Maelstrom, 175 
feet in depth, and twenty feet in diameter, and 
the Bottomless Pit, about the same depth. 

There are several bodies of water in the cave, 
the most considerable being Echo River, which is 
about three-fourths of a mile long, 200 feet wide 
at some points and from ten to thirty feet deep. 
its course being beneath an arched ceiling of 
smooth rock, about fifteen feet high. This river 
has invisible communication with Green River, the 
depth of water and the direction of the current in 
the former being regulated by the stage of water 
in the latter. 

The River Styx, 450 feet long, fifteen to forty feet 
wide, and from thirty to forty feet deep, is spanned 
by an interesting natural bridge about thirty feet 
above it. 

I>ake Lethe is about 450 feet long and from ten 
to forty feet wide, and varies in depth from three 
to thirty feet. It lies beneath a ceiling about 
ninety feet above its surface. Its waters some- 
times rise to a height of sixty feet in consequence 
of freshets in Green River. 

The Dead Sea is gloomy body of water some- 
what smaller than the preceding two. Remarkable 
species of animal life are found in the cave in the 
form of an eyeless fish and the eyeless crawfish, 
which are nearly white in color. Another species of 
fish has been found with eyes, but totally blind. 

Other animals known to exist in the cave are 
lizards, frogs, crickets, rats, bats, etc., besides ordi- 
nary fish and crawfish washed in from Green River. 

The atmosphere of the cave is pure and health- 
ful ; the teinperature, which averages 59 degrees 
above zero, is about the same winter and summer, 
not being affected by climate outside. 

The Mammoth Cave was discovered in 1809 and 
has always been the property of private individuals. 
For sometime after its discovery saltpetre was 
made there. 

In this vicinity are also Proctor's Cave, about 
three miles in length; White Cave, Diamond Cave 
and Indian Cave, each about a mile long. 



89 



LOUISIANA 



STATE AND THE 60 COUNTIES OF LOUISIANA 

With Their Boundaries 




LOCATION AXD 1910 roi'l'I.ATIONS OF I.OllSIANA PAKISIIKS ((OINTIES). 



Loca. Cdunty 

1 Caddo. 

2 Bossier. 

3 Webster. 

4 Claiborne. 

5 Lincoln . 

6 Union. 

7 . . . . Morehouse . 

8. . West Carroll. 

9. . East Carroll. 

10 De Soto. 

11 Red River. 

12 Bienville. 

13 Jackson. 

14 Winn. 

15 Caldwell. 

16 Ouachita. 



Pop. 



.58,200 
.21,738 
.19,186 
.25,050 
.18,485 
.20,451 
.18,786 
. 6.249 
.11.637 
.27,689 
.11,402 
.21.776 
.18.818 
.18,357 
. 8,593 
.25.830 



Loca. County 

17 Richland. 

18 Franlilin. 

19 Matuson. 

20 Tensas. 

21 Sabine. 

22.. Natchitoches. 

23 Grant. 

24 La Salle. 

25 Catahoula. 

26 Concordia. 

27 Vernon . 

28 Rapides. 

29 Avoyelles. 

30 Calcasieu. 

31. . . . St. Landry. 
32 Coupee. 



Pop. 



.15,769 
.11,989 

.17,660 
.19,874 
.36,455 
.15,958 
. 9,402 
.10,415 
.14,278 
.17,384 
.44,545 
.34.102 
.62,767 
.66,661 



Loco. County 

33 West Feliciana. 

34 East Feliciana. 

35 St. Helena. 

36. . . Tangipahoa. 
37... Washington. 
38. .St. Tammany. 

39 Acadia. 

10 Lafayette. 

41 St. Mariin. 

12 W.Baton Rouge. 

43 Iberville. 

44.,... Ascension. 
15 E. Baton Rouge. 
46... Livingstone. 

17 Cameron . 

48. . . . Vermillion . 



Pop. 



.13.449 
.20,055 
. 9,172 
.29,160 
.18,886 
.18,917 
.31,847 
.28,733 
.23,070 
.12,636 
.30.954 
.23,887 
.34.580 
.10,627 
. 4,288 
.26,.390 



Loca. County Pop. 

19 Iberia. .31,263 

50 St. Mary. .39,368 

51..,. Assumption. .24,128 

52 St. James. .23,009 

53 St. John the 

Baptist 14,338 

54 Terrebonne. .28,320 

55.... La Fourche. .23,111 
56.... St. CTiarles. .11,207 

57 Orleans. 3.39,075 

.58 Jefferson. .18,247 

59. .. Plaquemines. .12,524 
60 St. Bernard.. 5,277 

Total 1,656,388 



Louisiana Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



♦Abbeville ... .48. . .2,907 
Abita Springs. .38. ... 365 
-Adeline 50. . . . 808 



Towns Loca. 


Pop. 

..1,202 
. . . 590 
. . . 560 
.11,213 
. . 506 


Toicns 


Loca. 


Pop. 


Towns 


Loca. 


Pop. 


Albemarle ... .51. 
Alberta 12. 


Alliance . . 


. ...59.. 
.. .56. . 


. 220 
. 890 
. 400 
. 460 
. 290 


*Amite .... 
Ahchor .... 

Angle 

Ansley 

Antrim .... 


..36. 
. .32. 
. .37. 
..13.. 

. ..2. 


.1,677 
.. 390 


Alden Bridge... 2. 
'Alexandria ..28. 
Allemands ....56. 


Amelia . . . 
Amelia . . . 
Amesville . 


.. ..50. . 
. . . 50 . . 
. . . 58 . . 


. . 346 
.. 660 
. . 350 



Explanalion: Index to Towns. First Column, Name.? of Towns; Second Column. Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located; Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

90 



Louisiana Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Toini.^ 



Loi-a. Pop. 



Arabi ■. .60. 



Arbroth 
*Arcadia 

Argyle 

Arnaudville . 
Ashland . . . . 

Athens 

Atkins 

Atlanta 

Avery Island. 

Avoca 

Ayers 



.43. 
.12. 
.32. 
.31. 



.14. 
..49. 
.51. 
.31. 



Baldwin 50 

Bancroft 30 

Barataria 58 

Barham 27 

*Bastrop 7 , 

Batchelor 32. 

Baton Rouge 

(capital ) ... .45. 

Bayou Goula . .43. 

Bayou Lacomb.38. 

Bayou Sara. . . .33. 

Bay wood 45. 

Belair 59. 

Belcher I . 

Bell City 30. 

Belle Alliance. 51. 

Belledean 29. 



. . . 250 
. . . 390 
..1,079 
. . . 260 
...279 
, . . 200 
, . . 514 
. . 360 
..311 
.. 208 
.. 280 
.. 250 



.1,062 
. . 290 
. . 660 
. . 250 
. . 854 
. . 290 



Tow IIS 



Loca. Pop. 



Bellerose 
Benson . 
Bentley . 
*Benton 
Bermuda 
Bernice 



. .51 
. .10. 
..23. 

'. .22'. 
6. 



Bertrandville .59 

Berwick 50 

Bethany 1 

Bienville 12 

Bijou 28 

Blanchard 1 



37. 



Bog-alusa 

Boleyn 22 

Bolinger 2 

Bonaini 

Bonita 

Bossier 

Bourg 

Boutte 

Bowie 



.30. 

7. 

2. 

... 54 . 
...56. 

55. 

Boyce og 

Breaux Bridge. 41 ' 



Brice . . . 
Broussard 
Brusly . . 
Bryceland 
Bunkie . 
Buras . . . 
Burton . 



.12. 
..40. 
, .42. 
, .13. 
..29. 
,.59. 

.52. 



.14,897 
. .1,020 
. . . 600 
. . . 630 
. . . 360 
. . . 660 
. . . 260 
. . . 325 
. . . 860 
. . . 409 
. . . 506 
. . . 209 
. . . 209 
. . . 318 
...270 
...781 
. . . 360 
. .2,183 
. . . 250 
. . 606 
. . 2.50 
. . 260 
.1,808 
.. 350 
.. 380 
. . 309 
.. 273 
.. 773 
.. 560 
. . 309 
.1,060 
.. 865 
.1,339 
. . 250 
. . 449 
. . 390 
. . 250 
.1,765 
. . 560 
. . 406 



D 

Daniels 30. 

Dean 6. 

Delcambre . . . .49. 

Delhi 17. 

Delta 19. 

Denham Spgs. .46. 
De Quincv 30. 

De Ridder 30. 

Des AIlemands.56. 

Diamond 59. 

Dime 59. 

Dodson 14. 

*Donaldsville . .44. 
Donner . . 
Dorcyville 
Doyline . . 

Dubach 5, 

Dubberly 3. 

Dubuisson . . ..31 . 
Dunbar 33. 



. ..54. 
..43. 
..3. 



E 



Echo 

*Edgard .... 

Edna 

Elizabeth . . , 
Ellondale . . . 
Empire .... 

Eola 

Erath 

Eros 

Estherwood . 

Eunice 

Evangeline 

Evans 

Evergreen . . 

F 

*Farmerville 
Ferriday .... 

Fisher 

Florien 

*Floyd 

Fordoche .... 

Forest Hill. . . 

Fort Jesup 21 , 



...28. 

. .53. 
, . . 30 . 

..30. 

. .54. 
...59. 

. .29. 

..48. 

. .13. 

..39. 

. .31. 

..39. 

. .27. 

. 29. 



...6. 
. .26. 
. .21. 
..21. 

. . .8. 

..33. 

!8. 



. . .325 
.. 320 
. . 308 
. . 685 
. . 290 
. . 574 
. . 715 
.2,100 
. . 560 
. . 360 
. . 200 
. . 845 
.4,090 
. . 260 
. . 206 
. . 390 
. . 714 
, . 206 
. . 2,50 
. . 260 



. . 2.38 
. . 250 
. . 230 
. . 290 
. . 360 
. . 208 
. . 460 
. . 575 
. . 898 
. . 544 
.1,684 
. . 460 
. . 225 
. . 399 



7'0l!-».v 



Loca. Pop. 



Ida 

Independence 
Iota 



Jackson 

Jacoby 

Jeanerette . . 

* Jena 

Jennings . . . . 
Jesuit Bend . 
Jonesboro . . . 
Jonesville . . . 

Juanita 

Junction City 



..1. 
.36. 
.39. 



.34. 
.32. 
.49. 
.24. 
.30. 
.59. 
.13. 

.30.' 
..6. 



. . 520 
.1,004 
. . 769 



..2,146 
. . . 275 
.2,206 
. . 689 
.3,925 
. . 243 
.1,134 
. . 287 
. . 360 
.. 396 



Town.'' 



Loca. Pop. 



Kahns 42. 

Kaplan ] .48. , 

Keatchie 10. , 

Kelloggs 

Landing 
Kenner . . 
Kentwood 
Kinder . . . 
Klotzville 



. .19. 
. .58. 
. .36. 
. .30. 
, .51. 



, . . 250 
..315 
. . 560 

. . 350 
.1,253 
.3,609 
. . 635 
.. 508 



Franklin ... 
*Franklinton , 

Frierson 

Fryeburg . . . , 
Fullerton . . . . 

G 



, .50. 
. .37. 
. .10. 
.13. 

..27. 



Calhoun 16. 

*Cameron 47! 

Campti 23. 

Carencro 40. 

Carson 30. 

Carville ..... .43I 

Caspiana ...... .1. 



31 
.50, 
.50. 
.54 

.28. 
16. 



Cataro .... 
Centerville 
Charenton 
Chauviu . 
Cheneyville 

Cheniere ^„ 

Choudrant ..!'.. 5 
Church Point .39 
Cinclare .... 4'> 

Clarks 15 

•Clinton 34 

Clouterville . . .23 
Cocoville . . . . ! !29 



♦Colfax 

Collinston . . . 
♦Columbia . . 
♦Convent . . . 
Converse . . . . 

Cooper 

Cottonport . . 
Cotton Valley 
•Coushatta . 
♦Covington . . 
♦Crowley . . 

Cut Off 

Cypremort . .' 



.33. 



.15. 

.53. 

.21. 

.37. 

.29. 

..3. 

.11. 

.38 

.39. 

.55. 

.50. 



. . . 260 
. . . 260 
. . . 664 
. . . 609 
. . . 560 
. . . 306 
. . . 250 
. . . 260 
. . . 509 
. . . 403 
. . . 260 
. . . 498 
. . . 226 
. . . 360 
. . . 481 
. . . 406 
. . . 750 
. . 918 
. . . 360 
. . . 590 
. . 1,049 
. . 333 
.. 580 
. . 390 
. . 260 
. . 309 
. . 866 
. . 750 
.. 564 
.2,601 
. 5,099 
. . 260 
. . 206 I 



..50. 
..53. 
..36. 
..55. 
..12. 
..54. 
..18. 
..37. 
..50. 
4. 



Garden City 

Garyville . . 

Genesee .... 

Gheens .... 

Gibsland . .. 

Gibson 

Gilbert 

Gladis 

Glenwild ... 
Good Pine ....„, 

Grace 14 

Grand Cane. . ! .10 
Grand Coteau. .31 

Grand Isle 58 

Grappes Bluff. .32 

Grayson 15 

*Greensburg . .35 
Greenwood . 
*Gretna 
Grosse Tete. 
Gueydan . . 
Guiletts .... 



...1. 
..58. 
..43. 
. .48. 
. .36. 



H 



Hackberry 
Hahnville 
Hall City. 
Hammond . . . .„„. 
* Harrisonburg.. 25.' 
Haughton . - . - - 9 
Hawthorn . 
Haynesville 
Hecker .... 
Hermitage . 

Hodge 

Holly 

♦Homer , 

Hope 15 

Hornbeck 27! 

Hosston 1. 

♦Houma 54' 

Husser 36.' 

Hydropolis ....29! 



..47. 



..30. 
. .36. 



. .27. 
. . .4. 
. .30. 
. .42. 
. .13. 
. .10. 
.4. 



.. 598 
. . 577 
.1,060 
. . 250 
.. 260 
. . 230 
. . 260 
.1,026 
.3,857 
. . 814 
. . 308 
. . 290 
.1,238 



. . 560 
.1,060 
. . 606 
. . 560 
.1,065 
. . 290 
. . 250 
.. 560 
.. 506 
. . 508 
. . 250 
. . 485 
. . 392 
. . 252 
. . 360 
. . 206 
. . 268 
. . 250 
.3,500 
. . 506 
.1,085 
. . 260 



. . . 230 
. . 306 
, . . 890 
.2,943 
. . 361 
. . 249 
. . 280 
. . 663 
.. 400 
. . 208 
. . 360 
. . 406 
.1,855 
. . 260 
. . 459 
. . 280 
.5,024 
. . 280 
. . 590 



Labadieville . 

♦La Fayette. 

Lafourche 
Crossing . . 

Lake 

Lake Arthur. . .36! 

Lake Charles.. 30. 

♦Lake 

Providence 

I.,akeside . . . 

Lanesville 

L'Argent .... 

Laura 

Lecompte . . . 

♦Leesville . . . 

Lena Station. 

Leonville 

Lettsworth . . 

Lincecum . . . 
Little Texas. 
Livonia . . . 
Lobdell . . . 
Lockport . . 
I^ofton .... 
liOgansport 

Logtown „. 

Long Bridge. . .29.' 
Longleaf . . 
Longwood 
Loreauville 
Loring .... 
Ludington 
Ludwine . . 

Luling 

Lutcher 

M 



..51. 
..40. 



..55. 
. .44. 



. .9. 

...47. 

.. .3. 

..26. 

..51. 

. .28. 

..27. 

. .28. 

. .31. 

. .32. 

..23. 

. .51. 
.. .33. 
...43. 
. ..55. 
. ..14. 
, ..10. 
.16. 



..49. 

..31. 

. .30. 

.55. 



. . . 506 
. .6,393 

. . . 360 
. . . 360 
. .1,093 
.11,449 

..1,568 
...235 
, . . 400 
. . 280 
. . 206 
.1,058 
.2,043 
.. 260 
.. 306 
.. 750 
. . 520 
. . 280 
.. 380 
. . 590 
. . 669 
. . 290 
. . 420 
. . 260 
. . 560 
. . 506 
. . 250 
. . 291 
. . 706 
. . 380 
. . 320 
. . 350 
.1,026 



Morganza . . . . 

Morse 

Mossville 

M t. I.,ebanon. . 
Myrtistown . . 

N 

Nairn 

Naomi 

♦Napoleonville 
♦Natchitoches 

Neame 

Neptune 

Nero 

Nesser 

Nettie 

Newellton . . . . 
♦New Iberia. . . 

Newlin 

♦New Orleans. 
♦New Roads. . 

Nicholls 

Ninock 

Noble 

O 



.32 296 

.39 237 

.30 290 

.12 260 

. .1 326 



.59 309 

.59 220 

.51. . .1,201 
,532 



500 
330 
450 
230 
260 
424 
,499 
208 
.57.339,075 
32. . .1,352 

59 250 

.2 250 

21 453 



.27. 
.59. 
.59. 
.45. 
.44. 
.20. 
49. 
.30. 



Oakdale . . 
Oak Grove. 
Oak Ridge. 
Oberlin . . . 
Oil City... 
Old River. . 

Olla 

"Opelousas 



..7. 
.30. 
. .1.. 
.2** 

.'24; '. 
. .31.. 



Orange 27 



Paincourtville .51. 



Parcperdue 

Parks 

Patterson 



.49. 
. . .41. 
.50. 



Pearl River.... 38 

Pelican 10. 

Pickering 27! 



Pineville 

Pioneer 

Plain Dealing 
♦Plaquemine 
Plaucheville 
Pleasant Hill 
♦Pointe a la 
Hache .... 

Pollock 

Ponchatoula . 
♦Port Allen. .. 
Port Barre. . , 
Port Barrow. . 
Port Eads. . . . 
Port Hudson. . 
Port Vincent. . 

Potash 

Powhatan . . . . 
Prairieville .. 
Provencal . . . . 



.28. 
. ..8. 
2 

iiis! 

.29. 
.31. 

.59. 
.23. 
.36. 
.42. 
.31. 
.44. 
.59. 
.45. 
.46. 
.59. 
22 
.44.' 



. 500 

. 398 

. 332 

. 332 

400 

250 

360 

1,623 

360 



.. 550 

. . 260 
. . 350 
.2,998 

! ! 360 
. . 750 
.1,212 
. . 950 
. . 474 
.4,955 
. . 380 
. . 442 

. . 560 
. . 675 
.1,055 
. . 750 
. . 660 
. . 802 
. 260 
. 350 
. 260 
. 250 
. 230 
. 230 
. 263 



.0 
.38 
.17. 
.10. 
.29. 
.21. 



McCall 44 

McDonoghville..58 
Madisonville . .38 
Mailard . . 
Mandeville 
Mangham , 
♦Mansfield 
Mansura . 
♦Many .... 
Marco .... 
Ifaringouin 
Marion ... 
♦Marksville 
Marthaville 
Mathews 
Melville . . . 
Mermenton 
Mer Rouge 
Midland 



. ..43 
6 

. ..29 

. ..23. 

55. 

31, 

... 39 . 

7. 

.39 



INTillikens Bend. 19. 

Milton 

♦Minden .... 

Moberly 

♦Monroe .... 
Montpelier . . 
Montrose .... 
Mooringsport 
Moreauville . 
Morgan City. 



.40. 
. .3. 
.56. 
.16. 
.35. 
.22. 
, .1. 
.29. 
.50. 



... 700 
. .2,500 
..1,028 
. . . 290 
. .1,166 
. . . 470 
. .1,799 
. . . 695 
. . . 683 
. . . 390 
. . . 447 
. . . 626 
. .1,076 
. . . 285 
..1,306 
..1,093 
. . . 383 
. . . 536 
. . . 260 
. . . 360 
. . . 206 
..3,003 
. . . 508 
10,209 
. . 660 
. . 250 
. . 709 
. . 728 
.5,477 I 



Q 



Quitman 



Raceland 
Ramos . . 
Ramsav 
Randall . 
Randolph 



• 13 215 



..55. 
..50. 
. .38. 
..32. 
.6. 



Randolph Jet. ! !6 



Rayne 
♦Rayvilie . , 
Reserve . . . 
Richardson 
Ringgold . . 

Rio 

Robeline . . 
Rochelle . . 
Rosedale - 
Roseland 



.39. 
.17. 
.53. 
.37. 
.12. 
.37. 



Rosepine 27 

Ruddock 53, 

♦Ruston 5 

Rustville 27, 

S 

Saint Amelia.. 52 
♦St. Bernard. . .60! 
St. Francisville.33. 

St. Gabriel 43. 

♦St. Joseph. . . .20. 



, . . 560 
. . 250 
. . 435 
. . 306 
. . 590 
. . 560 
.2,247 
.1,079 
. . 408 
. . 319 
.. 490 
. . 265 
. . 438 
. . 660 
. . 406 
. . 586 
. . 325 
. . 708 
.3,377 
. . 250 



. . 250 
. . 560 
. . 966 
. 750 
. 740 



Louisiana Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Toicns 



Loca. Pup. 



♦St. Martinville.41. 

St. Patricks 52. 

St. Rose 

St. Tammany 

Saline 

Sarepta 

Scotland 



.56. 
.38. 
.12. 
..3. 
45 



Scott 40. 



Sellers 

Selma 

Seymourville 
*Shreveport , 

Sibley 

Simsboro . . . . 
Slaughter . . . 

Slidell 

Smoke Bend 

Sodus 

Solitude . . . . 
Springville • • 



.56 

.23. 

.43. 
,..1. 
.. .3. 

. .5. 

.34. 
..38. 

.44. 

.21. 

. 33 . 

.46. 



..2,318 
, . . 260 
. . . 506 
...275 
, . . 346 
. . . 320 
. . . 209 
. . . 239 
. . . 269 
. . . 860 
. . . 560 
.28,015 
. . . 4S!) 

: '. '. 284 
. .2,188 
. . . 660 
, . . 350 
...208 
. . . 250 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Springhill . . . 

Stables 

Standard 
Starlding ... 
Sterlington 

Strader 

Sulphur 

Sun 

Sunset 

Sycamore . . . 
T 
Taft Station. 
*Tallulah ... 
Tangipahoa . 
Terre Haute. . 
*Thibodaux . 

Tioga 

Torras 

Tremont . . . . 
Trout 



..3.. 
..27. . 

.24.. 

.38.. 

.16. . 

.36.. 
..30., 

.38. . 

.31.. 

.28., 

.56.. 

.19. , 
, .36. , 
, .53. . 

.55. . 
, .2.S. . 

.32.. 
,..5. , 
..24., 



. . 7.50 
. . 620 
. . 806 
. . 260 
. . 406 
. . 290 
. . 350 
. . 250 
. . 377 
. . 290 

. . 596 
. . 847 
. . 394 
. . 250 
.3,824 
. . 633 
. . 560 
. . 506 
. . 502 



Toicns Loca. Pop. 

U 

Urania 24 250 

V 

Vacherie 52 2,5e 

Vacherie Sta. . .52 . . . . 260 

Venice 59 480 

Verda 23 250 

Victoria 22 350 

*Vidalia 26. ..1,345 

Vienna 5 580 

Ville Platte 31 603 

Vinton 30 809 

Vivian 1 826 

W 

Walker 46 592 

Wallace 53 309 

Walls Lake 16. . . . 290 

Washington .. .31. . .1,528 
Water Proof .. .20. ... 445 



Loca. Pop. 



Weeks 


.49. 


.. 260 


Welsh 


.30. 


.1,250 


Westlake . . . . 


.30. 


.1,500 


West Monroe. 


.16. 


.1,127 


Westwego . . . . 


.58. 


. . 560 


White Castle. 


..43. 


.2,289 


Whitehall 


.46. 


.. 206 


Wilson 


.34. 


.. 762 


* Winnfield . . . 


.14. 


.2,925 


*Winnsboro . . 


.18. 


.. 821 


Winona 


.14. 


.. 223 


Wyatt 


.13. 


.. 336 


Y 






Yellow Pine. 


..3. 


,1,000 


Youngsville . . 


.40. 


.. 328 


Z 






Zachary 


.45. 


.. 419 


Zimmerman . 


.28. 


.. 560 


Zwolle 


.21. 


...973 



LOUISIANA 

An Ideal Kegion for the Ag:riculturi8t on a Fertile Soil Made from tlie Wash of Many States 



So many good tilings are to be said of Louisiana 
it is difficult to do the State justice with the 
limited space at our command. 



COUNTRY LAND BELOW KIVER LEVEL 

So far as topography of the State is concerned 
it has the single disadvantage in some portions of 
being low, much of the southern part of the State 
being not more than ten feet above sea level and 
liable to frequent inundations. The land along 
the Mississippi River, below New Orleans, and 
120 miles above, is below the surface of the river 
at high water and is protected from inundation 
by artificial embankment, called levees. A break 
in the levee, called a crevasse, sometimes occurs, 
inundating hundreds of thousands of acres of 
valuable land. 

At present the levee lines by which the shores 
of rivers are protected in Louisiana from overflow 
are about 1,430 miles long. Of this 865 miles are 
situated on the Mississippi River, 305 miles on the 
Red River and tributaries, 70 miles on the Atcha- 
folaya and 150 miles on Bayou Lafourche. 



COST OF MAINTAINING THE LEVEES 

To maintain the levees, and protect all low land 
from inundation, the State levies a general tax of 
one mill on the dollar, which yields $315,000 a year. 
A special tax of 2V^ cents per acre and a produce 

tax is levied, in the levee district, which yields 
$1,000,000 annually. Besides this the United States 
Go\ernment has expended for several years yearly 
about $700,000 for levee protection through the Mis- 
sissippi River Commission. Thus it is seen that 
a thoroughlv efhcient system is being pursued for 
the protection of the agricultural interests in 
Louisiana. 

While this is something of a tax on farmers of 
this region, it is so light, compared with benefits, 
that no one complains. It should be understood 
that this vast area of low land, comprising about 
one-half of the State, for thousands of years, has 
been receiving fertilizing sediment brought down 
by the Mississippi River, from the up country. 

As the soil in the valleys of Egypt have, for 
countless centuries, been enriched by the over- 
flow of the Nile, so these Louisiana low lands 
posssess a soil of the very richest fei'tility. Added 
to this an annual rainfall, in this section, of over 
60 inches, accounts for the fact of abundant crops 
and no crop failures. 



WHAT CAN BE GROWN IN LOUISIANA 

Should the question be asked as to what can be 
grown here, the reply may be, "Ask what can- 
not be grown." 

Either on the uplands or the lowlands, nearly 
all crops, natural to the North, can be grown, 
the warm temperature, long seasons with abundant 



rainfall, permitting two or three crops to be grown 
on the same land during a year. 

Included in the list of crops which can be grown 
are vegetables of all kinds, fruits in great variety, 
pecans and oranges in South Louisiana; bananas 
and pineapple on the Gulf Coast; sugar cane all 
over the State; rice, cotton and a great many other 
products. 



"LOUISIANA YESTERDAY AND TOMORROW" 

Walter Parker has written an article on the 
changes taking place In the agricultural develop- 
ment of the State, particularly with reference to 
the reclamation of wet lands, which contains much 
important information. He says: 

Because Louisiana's climate is mild and her soil 
is immensely fertile, her sons and daughters have 
never had to work very hard to earn the necessaries 
of life. And it has only been recently, when great 
tracts of Louisiana's alluvial prairies began pass- 
ing from the hands of ancient owners into the 
hands of enterprising land developers, that the 
spirit of American enterprise, as it is understood 
throughout the Middle West, became manifest. The 
work of reclamation and development is now pro- 
gressing rapidly, and thousands of thrifty farmers 
become land owners and move into the State each 
year. 

Yesterday, Louisiana was the home of the great 
planter whose broad acres of sugar cane and cotton 
were cultivated by hired negro labor. The planter 
and his family resided in pleasure-loving New Or- 
leans. On many a place of 5,000 acres no more 
than five white men resided. The negro does not 
vote in Louisiana because of the property and edu- 
cational qualifications. Consequently, throughout the 
richest agricultural areas in the State the franchise 
was largely exercised by men whose direct in- 
terests were more or less plutocratic, therefore 
largely contrary to the spirit of the great Middle 
West. 

Today, all this is undergoing complete change. 
The huge stretches of alluvial prairies, which were 
built up by silt deposits from the overflowing Mis- 
sissippi river, are being drained by modern ma- 
chinery in such a way as to create navigable canals 
to the harbor at New Orleans out of each main 
drainage canal. These virgin tracts are subdivided 
into 10, 20 and 40-acre farms and sold to home- 
seekers from Indiana, Illinois and other States, and 
to Hollanders, Germans and other high type agri- 
culturists at less than half the price per acre the 
half worn- out farm lands in the Middle West now 
sell for. 



THE BEGINNING OF RECLAMATION 

The work of reclamation began two years ago 
when the State of Louisiana withdrew all taxes on 
real estate inortgage loans, reclamation bond issues 
and similar forms of investment, and the influx of 
homeseekers began immediately. Because these 
artificially drained farms are highly productive and 
relatively cheap, the demand for them has run 



Louisiana Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



ahead of the ability of the drainage machines, 
and ill ordt r to meet tliis demand, plantation es- 
tates are being cut up and sold off in small tracts. 
In this way all comers are served, and at the same 
time hundreds of voters are occupying areas on 
which hundreds of people lived but of which very 
few could vote. This means a complete change in 
the political aspect of agricultural Louisiana, and 
with that change is developing much greater agri- 
cultural influences on State and parish political 
affairs. This will mean better schools and more 
of them, better roads and expanding enterprise, 
which of course means better markets and im- 
proving values generally. 

The Louisiana of tomorrow will be a very diiTer- 
ent commonwealth from that of yesterday, although 
the mild climate, the sea breezes, the hospitality 
of the people, and the wonderful soil will undergo 
no change. The metamorphosis will relate strictly 
to the use the new population will malie of the 
advantages Nature has provided. 

Tlie new plows will plow deep and often — there 
is almost no limit to the productiveness of the 
soil nor is there any ice or snow to terminate 
growth and maturity — and the owners will accumu- 
late bank rolls for later use. 

Rapid refrigerator trains will haul Louisiana fruit 
and vegetables into the northern markets in in- 
creasing volume both before and after other sections 
can supply those markets. 



ONE MILLION ACRES NEAR NEW ORLEANS 

New Orleans, which has never had suburbs, will 
rest in the center of a 1,000,000-acre garden in- 
tensively cultivated in 10-acre units. It will all 
be suburbs, closely linked with the city by inter- 
urban car lines. 

The opening: of the Panama Canal will create 
many new enterprises in city and Sate, and all of 
the new workers will require food. The clothing 
bill in South Louisiana does not have to include 
flannels and furs. 

The otlier day a party of New York investors 
paid .$600,000 for a canal that connects the Mis- 
sissippi River with the Mississippi Sound in order 
to obtain an all-water route from the Alabama 
coal mines to New Orleans, where they will spend 
millions in creating a great coaling station from 
which to supply the demand the Panama Canal 
will create. 

Another concern has arranged to establish a 
great packing plant at New Orleans to take care 
of the cattle that will be imported from South 
America. They expect the Panama Canal to give 
impetus to this new traffic. 

Recently Louisiana exempted all over-sea steam- 
ship lines domiciled in Louisiana from taxation in 

order to encourage direct steamship lines from New 
Orleans to South America, where corn and manu- 
factures are needed, and to the Far East, where 
cotton, rice and manufactures are needed. 

Even now, about $25,000 worth of fresh vegetables 
from this part of the world are shipped to Panama 
each week, and the canal is not yet ready for 
business. 



ONCE A PART OF THE GULF OF MEXICO 

The soil formation of the Mississippi Valley, and 
particularly of Southern Louisiana, stands in a 
class by itself. Southern Louisiana was once a 
part of the Gulf of Mexico, and the land was 
built up from the bottom of the sea by silt de- 
posits brought down by the river. The tributaries 
of the Mississippi river drain more than twenty 
States — the twenty States that during the past 
half century have stood at the head of the agri- 
cultural list. 

The soil in all these States is constantly washing, 
a id in solution is carried southward by the several 
rivers. These rivers rise at different times of the 
season from freshets, and from the melting of 
snow and ice. In this way at different times each 
year during many hundreds of years thin la.vers of 
the silt from various soils in the various sections 
were deposited in the sea, and gradually built up 
what is now the sugar, rice, orange and vegetable 
district of Louisiana. The land is all soil plum 
to the bottom of the prehistoric sea. 

Some fifty years ago the building of levees pro- 
tected these alluvial prairies from further overflows. 



and the great river is now busily engaged in exten- 
ding Louisiana further and further to the south- 
ward in the Gulf. The drainage of these alluvial 
prairies began only three years ago when freedom 
from taxation, the invention of practical machinery, 
the high cost of living, the high price of Middle 
West lands, and the approaching completion of the 
Panama Canal turned widespread interest on Louis- 
iana. 



LOUISIANA AN EXPORTER INSTEAD OF AN 
IMPORTER 

Since then Louisiana has become an exporter of 
corn in place of an importer, which was easy since 
the production of fifty bushels an acre without 
cultivation from sod corn is a simple matter on the 
alluvial prairies. 

Recently, at the National Corn Exhibit at Colum- 
bus, Ohio, a 17-year-old boy — Stephen Henry, of 
Melrose, La. — won first prize in competition with 
46,000 other boys. Henry exhibited the best ten 
ears, and won on 138 bushels grown by him on less 
than one acre at a total cost of ISV" cents per 
bushel. For the honor of representing Louisiana 
at the Columbus Show many boys competed with 
young Henry, and more than 100 of them produced 
over 100 bushels on a single acre. 

Because of the open winter and the bottomless 
soil, the enterprising South Louisiana farmer who 
desires to pile up profit may keep his land con- 
tinuously in use. During the winter, cabbages, 
onions and similar stuff are grown. Late winter 
finds the land planted in all kinds of high priced 
vegetables. Late in March the land goes into 
corn, which is harvested in July, sun dried and 
ready for export. During the fall many vegetables 
to catch the late season northern markets grow in 
profusion. Meanwhile, the busy farmer has no 
worries concerning fertilizer, nor does he fear soil 
exhaustion. 

WHY SOIL IS SO RICH 

On top of all the soil in South Louisiana there 
is a layer three to four feet thick of humus 
or decayed vegetable matter mixed in with the 
silt. The rich silt itself has no bottom. 

Of this soil combination in Louisiana, Prof. Fir- 
man G. Bear, Chief Chemist of the Ohio State 
University, after having made an exhaustive an- 
alysis, said: 

"There is enough nitrogen present in the first 
eight inches to supply nitrogen for 1,000 fifty- 
bushel crops of corn. I have never analyzed a 
soil with so high a percentage of nitrogen." 

Corn experts estimate that in 1911 Louisiana 
will export 60,000,000 bushels of corn, 100,000,000 
bushels in 1912, and probably 200,000,000 by 1915. 
Five years ago Louisiana annually imported 20,- 
000,000 bushels of corn for feeding purposes. 

Great credit is due the Louisiana Meadows Co., 
of New Orleans, the pioneers in the reclamation of 
the alluvial wet prairies of Southern Louisiana, for 
the remarkable transformation of vast areas of these 
wet lands into veritable gardens, with beautiful nav- 
igable canals— like Holland — to each farm, and the 
northern and western farmer with all his energy, 
progressiveness and courage, cultivating this wonder- 
fully fertile soil the year round, much to his profit 
and happiness. 



CONDENSED FACTS RELATING TO 
LOUISIANA 

Altitude: Highest in State at Arcadia, Bienville 
county, 368 feet. 

Climate:. New Orleans, average temperature in 
January, 54; in July, 84; extreme, 102 and 7 above. 
Annual rainfall, 60.5 inches. 

Dimensions: Extreme length, 275 miles; extreme 
width, 280 miles. 

Mardi Gras: February. 

History: Visited by DeSoto, 1541; Marquette, 
1673; La Salle, 1682. Settlements made site of New 
Orleans about 1706. The territory ceded to Spain 
in 1762 and retroceded to France in 1800. Through 
Louisiana purchase came to United States in 1803. 
Seceded from Union in 1861. Captured by Samuel 
Farragut in 1862 and turned over to the Federal 
Army, General Butler coming into control of the 
city, succeeded by General Banks. Readmitted to 
the Union, 1868. 



93 



MAINE 



STATE AND THE 16 COUNTIES OF MAINE 

With Their Boundaries 



LOCATION 

AND POPULATION 

OF 

MAINE COUNTIES 

Lo- 

ca- COUNTIES Pop. 

tion 1910 

1 Oxford. .36,256 

2 Franklin. .19,119 

3 Somerset. .»6,301 

4.... Piscataquis. .19,887 

5 Penobscot. .85,285 

6 Aroostook. .74,664 

7 York. .68,526 

8... Cumberland. 112,014 
9. Androscoggin. .!>9,822 

10 Kennebec. .62,863 

11 Sagadohoe. .18,574 

12 Lincoln. .18,216 

13 Knox.. 28,981 

14 "Waldo. .23,383 

15 Hancock. .35,575 

16... Washington. .49,905 



.742,371 



LOCATION 
AND POPULATION 

or 

MAINE CITIES AND 
VILLAGES 

1910 



TowuK Loca. Pop. 

A 

Abbot Village . .4. . . . 716 

Acadia 6. . . . 650 

Acton 7 778 

Addison 16 420 

Albany 1. . . . 415 

Albion 10 645 

Alexander 16 333 

♦Alfred 7 645 

Alna 12 506 

Alton 5. . . . 348 

Amherst 15 365 

Andover 1 . . . . 520 

Anson 3 244 

Appleton 13... 1,080 

Argyle 5. . . . 253 

Ashland 6... 1,260 

Athens 3 896 

Atkinson 4. . . . 273 

Atlantic 15. . . . 43'^ 

♦Auburn 99.. 15,064 

Augusta (c:;pital) 

10. .13,211 

B 
Bailey Island . .8. . . . 506 

Baldwin 8. . . . 468 

*Bangor 5.. 24,803 

Bar Harbor ... 15. .. 1,181 

Baring 16. . . . 273 

*Bath 11... 9,396 

Beals 16 508 

Beans Corner ..2.... 250 

♦Belfast 14. . .4,618 

Belgrade 10. . . . 450 

Belgrade Lakes 

10 360 

Bemis 2. . . . 280 

Brnedicta 6 450 

Bpnton 10. . . . 520 

Benton Falls ..10.... 240 

Berry Mills 2 . . . . 350 

Berwick 7... 2,280 

Bethel 1. . . . 834 

Biddeford 7.. 17,079 

Biddeford Pool .7 480 

Bingham 3. . . . 802 

Blaine 6 976 

Blanchard 4. . . . 248 

Blue Hill 15. . .1,828 

Bolsters Mills . .8 420 

Boothbay 12 320 

Booth Bay Harbor 

12. ..2,060 

Bouchard 6. . . . 506 

Boundary 6. . . . 360 

Bowdoin 11 ... . 420 

Bowdoinham ..11... 1,302 




Maine Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Bowery Beach 8.... 308 

Bradford 5 495 

Bradford Center 5. . . . 260 

Bradley 5 283 

Bremen 12. . . .299 

Brewer 5... 5,667 

Bridgewater Center 

6 586 

Bridgton . . . . . .8. . . 2,660 

Bridgton Junction 

1 310 

Brighton 3 434 

Bristol 12 706 

Brooklin 15 506 

Brooks 14. . . . 669 

Brooksville ...15.... 410 

Brookton 16. . . . 429 

Brownfield 1... 1,025 

Brownville 4... 1,570 

Brownville Junction 

4 380 

Brunswick . . . . 8 . . . 5,341 

Bryant Pond . . .1 250 

Buckfleld 1 . . . . .357 

Bucksport ... .15. . .2,239 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Bucksport Center 

15. 

Burleigh 6. 

Burlington . . . .5. , 

Burnham 14. , 

Buxton 7. , 

Buxton Center .7.. 

Byron . . .' 1. . 

C 
Calais 16.. 



Cambridge . . . 

Camden 

Canaan 

Canton 

Cape Elizabeth 
Cape Jellison 



..3. 
.13. 
. .3. . 
..1.. 
8. . 
.14. 



Cape Neddick..7. 
Cape Porpoise .7.. 
Caratunk 3. . 



Caribou . 
Carmel . 
Carroll 
Carthage 
Cary 
Casco . . . 



.6. 
, .5.. 
.5.. 

'. '.%'. '. 
.8. . 



. . 262 
. . 250 
. . 394 
. . 686 
. . 861 
. . 280 
. . 206 

.6.116 
. . 421 
.3,015 
.1,130 
.1,953 
. . 780 
.1,202 
. 260 
. 660 
. 218 
S>,6U 
1,066 
. 546 
, . 280 
, . 420 
. 810 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Cashs Corner ...8., 

Castine 15. 

Caswell Planta .6. 
Center Lincolnville 

14. 

Center Lovell . . .1. 
Center Montville 

14. 

Centraltown ...9. 
Chain of Ponds. 2., 

Charleston 5. , 

Charlotte 16.. 

Chase Mills . . . .9. . 
Chebeaque Island 
. .8. 
Chelsea _ _ . 
Cherry field 
Chester 
Chestervill 
China . . . 
Chisholm 
Clifton . 
Clinton . 
Columbia 



.10. 
.16. 



.10. 



.10. 
.16. 



Columbia FallslO. 



. . 275 

. . 947 
. . 375 

. . 530 
. . 260 

. . 353 
.1,060 
. . 250 
. . 796 
. . 315 
. . 200 

. . 562 
.3,216 
.1,800 
. . 402 
. . 250 
. . 550 
. . 806 
. . 284 
.1,398 
. . 516 
. . 698 



94 



Maine Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. Town 



Cooper 16. . . . 264 

Coopers Mills .12 450 

Corinna 5... 1,102 

Corinth 5 240 

Cornish 7... 1,118 

Cornvile 3 460 

Costigan 6. . . . 235 

Crawford . 16 . . 206 

Crouseville . . . .6. . . . 275 
Cumberland Center 

8 672 

Cumberland Mills 



.2,400 
. . 280 
.. 233 
. . 462 

.1,013 



12. . 


. . 350 


16. 


.1,380 


.5 


.. 202 


,7. 


. . 560 


.3. 


.. 380 


15. 


.. 290 


15. 


. . 897 


.1 


.. 380 


16. 


. . 452 


.3. 


.. 590 


.5. 


.3,540 


« 


.. 250 


.1.. 


.. 563 


5. 


.. 334 


16. 


.. 206 



.2. 

. .8. 
..9. 
..6. 

..6. 
. .8. 
.10. 



Curtis Corner . .9. 

Cushing 13. 

Cutler 16. 

D 
Damariscotta ..12. 
Damariscotta Mills 

Danforth . . 
Davidson , 
Dayton . . . 
Deadwater 
Dedham . . 
Deer Isle . 
Denmark . 
Dennysville 
Detroit — 
Dexter .... 
Dickey . . . 
Dixfield ... 
Dixmont . . 

Dorman 16 

♦Dover and Foxcroft 

4... 1,908 

Dover South Mills 

4 

IJresden 12 

Dresden Mills .12 

Dryden 

Dry Mills . . . 
Durham .... 
Dyer Brook 

E 
Eagle Lake . 
East Baldwin 
East Benton 
East Blue Hill 15. 
East Boothbay 12. 

Eastbrook 15. 

East Brownfleld 1. 
East Corinth 5. 
East Dixfleld...l. 
East Eddington 5. 
East Tampden 5. 
East Harpswell 8. 
East Hiram ... .1. 
East Holden . . .5. 
East Jackson ..14. 
East Lamoine 15. 
East Lebanon ..7. 
East Limington 7. 
East Livermore 9. 
East Lowell ... .5. 
East Machias .16. 
East Madison . .3. 
East Millinocket 5. 

Easton 6. 

East Orland . . .15. 
East Orrington .5. 
East Otisfleld . .8. 
East Parsonsfield 

7. 

East Poland ...9. 

Eastport 16. 

East Raymond .8. 
East Sangerville 4. 
East Sebago ...8. 
East Sullivan .15. 
East Sumner ...1. 
East Vassalboro 

10. 

East Waterford 1. 



. . 220 
. . 305 
. . 225 
. . 260 
. . 280 
. . 587 
. . 250 

. . 762 
. . 380 
. . 220 
. . 210 
. . 540 
. . 246 
. . 340 
. . 589 
. . 250 
. . 630 
. . 360 
. . 240 
. . 310 
. . 209 
222 
'. '. 250 
. . 250 
.. 263 
.2,641 
. . 260 
.1,637 
. . 560 
.2,063 
. . 330 
. . 450 
. . 360 
. . 220 

. . 390 
. . 347 
.4,961 
. . 260 
. . 856 
. . 280 
. . 425 
. . 480 



East "Wilton ...2. 
East Winn . 5. 

Eden 15. 

Eliot 7. 

♦Ellsworth 15. 

Ellsworth Falls 15. 
Empire Road . .9. 

Enfield 5. 

Etna 5. 

Eustis 2. 

Exeter 5. 

F 

Fairbanks 2 . . . . 360 

Fairfield 3. . .2,801 

Falmouth 8 245 



. 3.50 
. 250 
. 430 
. 236 
4,441 
. 650 
3,549 
. 430 
. 347 
. 389 
. 527 
. 208 
. 887 



Loca. Pop. 



Falmouth Foreside 

Farmingdale ..10.. 
*Farmington . .2 . . 
Farmington Falls 
2 _ _ 

Fayette 10 '. ". 

Five Islands ...11 .. 

Fort Fairfield . .6 . . 

Fort Kent 6.. 

Foxcroft and 

Dover 4. . 

Frankfort ....14.. 

Franklin 15. . 

Freedom 14. . 

Freeman 3. . 

Freeport 8. . 

Frenchville ....6.. 

Friendship ....13.. 

Fryeburg 1. . 

Frj^eburg Center 1. . 
G 

Gardiner 10. . 

Garland 5. . 

Georgetown ...11.. 

Gilead 1.. 

Goodrich 6. . 

Goodwin's Mills 7.. 

Gore 7. . 

Gorham 8. . 

Gouldsboro ....15.. 

Grand Isle 6. . 

Grand Lake 

Stream 16.. 

Gray 8.. 

Great Works ...5.. 

Greenbush 5.. 

Greene 9. . 

Greenville 4. . 

Greenville Junc- 
tion 4. . 

Greenwood 1.. 

Guilford 4.. 

H 

Hallowell 10.. 

Hamlin 6. . 

Hampden 5. . 

Hampden High- 
lands 5. . 

Hancock 15. . 

Hanover 1. . 

Harmony 3. . 

Harrington ....16.. 

Harrison 8. . 

Hartford 1. . 

Hartland 3. . 

Hastings 1 . . 

Haynesville . . . .6. . 

Haywood 6. . 

Hebron 1. . 

Hebron Station. 1.. 

Hermon 5. . 

Highisle 13.. 

Highland Lake 8.. 

Hiilman 6.. 

Hiram 1. . 

Hodgdon 6. . 

Hollis Center .. .7. . 

Hope 13. . 

*Houlton 6. . 

Howland 5. . 

Hudson 5. . 

Hulls Cove . .. .15. . 

Hurricane 

Island 13. . 

I 

Indian River ..16.. 

Industry 2. . 

Island Falls 6. . 

Islesboro 14. . 

J 

Jackman 8. . 

Jackson 14. . 

Jay 2. . 

Jefferson 12. . 

Jemtland 6. . 

Jonesboro 16.. 

Jonesport 16. . 

K 

Katahdln Iron 

Works 4. . 

Keegan 6. . 

Kenduskeag ...5.. 

Kennebunk ....7.. 

Kennebunk Port 7. . 

Kents Hill 10. . 

Kezar Falls ...7.. 

Kingfipld ......2.. 

Kingman 5. . 



. . 240 
. . 850 
.3,310 

. . 430 
. . 299 
. .260 
.4,381 
.3,710 



.1,736 
.1,099 
.1,406 
. . 370 
. . 307 
. . 965 
.1,660 
.1,080 
. . 540 
. . 240 

.5,311 
. . 713 
. . 799 
. . 250 
. . 250 
. . 550 
. . 330 
.2,650 
. . 350 
. . 430 



. . 263 
■1,270 
. . 402 
. . 660 
. . 675 
.1,420 

. . 330 

. . 727 
.1,508 

.2,864 
. . 560 
. . 506 



. . 583 
. . 406 
. . 212 
. . 660 
. . 865 
. . 651 
. . 642 
. . 974 
. . 230 
. . 380 
. . 408 
. . 460 
. . 206 
. . 802 
. . 375 
. . 330 
. . 280 
. . 393 
.1,506 
. . 308 
. . 360 
. 5.845 
. . 580 
. . 510 
. . 360 

. . 266 

. . 206 
. . 553 
.1,550 
. . 276 

. . 357 
. . 380 
. a,9»7 
.1,155 
. . 308 
. . 624 
.2,124 



. . 308 
. . 780 
. . 423 
.3,509 
.2,123 
. . 250 
. . 608 
. . 693 
.1,075 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Kittery 7.. 

Kittery Depot .7. . 

Kittery Point... 7.. 

Knightville 8.. 

Knox 14. . 

Knox Station .14.. 
t, 

LaGrange 5. . 

Lake View 4. . 

Lambert Lake 16.. 

Lawrences 

Mills 10.. 

Lebanon 7. . 

Lee 5. . 

Leeds 9, • 

Levant 5. . 

Lewiston 9. . 

Lexington 3. . 

Liberty 14.. 

Ligonia 8. . 

Liinerick 7. . 

Limestone 6. . 

IJmington 7 . . 

Lincoln 5. . 

Lincoln Center .5. , 

Uncolnville . . .14. . 

Linneus 6. 

Lisbon 9. 

Lisbon Falls ...9.- 

Litchfield 10., 

Litchfield Cor- 
ners 10. 

Little Deer Isle 15. 

Little River ...9. 

Littleton 6. 

I.,ivermore 9 . 

Livermore Falls 9. 

Longcove 13. 

Lovells 1- ■ 

Lowell 5. 

Lower Grand 

Isle 6. , 

Lubec 16. 

Ludlow 6. 

M 

McKinley IS- 

♦Machias 16. 

Machias Port .16. 

Macwahoc 6. , 

Madawaska ....6. 

Madison 3. 

Madrid *• 

Mainstream ....3. 

Manchester ...10. 

Manset 15- 

Maplegrove 6. 

Mapleton 6. 

Mariner 8. 

Mars Hill 6. 

Masardis 6. 

Mattawamkeag .5. 

Mattocks 8. 

IMaxime 6. 

Mechanic Falls 9. 

Medford 4. 

Medford Center 4. 

Medomac 12. 

Medway 5- 

Mercer 3. 

Messalonskee .10. 

Mexico 1. 

Middletown ... .5. 

Milford 5. 

Millbridge 16. 

Mill Creek 5. 

Millinocket 5. 

Milltown 16. 

Mill Village 2. 

Milo 4- 

Milo Junction. . .4. 

Milton Planta- 
tion I, 

Minot 9. 

Minot Station . .9. 

Minturn 15. 

Monarda 6. 

Monmouth ....10. 

Monroe 14. 

Monson 4. 

Monticello 6. 

Montville 14. 

Moose River . . .3. 

Morrill 14. 

Moscow 3. 

Mount Chase . . .5. 

Mount Desert .15. 

Mount Desert 
Ferry 15. 

Mount Vernon 10. 



. 3,533 
. . 240 
.1,062 
. . 666 
. . 267 
. . 250 

. . 574 
. . 225 
. . 250 

. . 490 
.1,260 
. . 825 
.1,066 
. . 789 
26,247 
. . 331 
. . 737 
. . 250 
. . 806 
.1,480 
.1,086 
.1,167 
. . 360 
.1,200 
.1,260 
.4,116 
.3,206 
. . 306 

. . 580 
. . 263 
.2,206 
. . 934 
. . 846 
.2,200 
. . 360 
. . 691 
. . 460 



. . 534 
. 3,363 
. . 409 



. . 250 
.2,082 
.1,187 
. . 216 
.2,060 
.3,379 
. . 241 
. . 266 
. . 525 
. . 235 
. . 306 
. . 935 
. . 450 
.1,506 
.. 650 
.. 537 
. . 380 
. . 534 
.1,687 
. . 383 
. . 382 
. . 390 
. . 508 
. . 490 
. . 240 
,.2,005 
. . 306 
.. 838 
.1,963 
. . 360 
. 3,368 
.1,300 
. . 430 
. 2,556 
.. 280 

. . 211 

.. 280 
. . 463 
.. 250 
. . 323 
.1,236 
.. 829 
.1,237 
.1,333 
.1,068 
. . 360 
. . 453 
. . 366 
. . 309 
. . 409 

. . 250 
. . 900 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Muscongus 13 608 

Myrick 5 206 

N 

Naples 8. . 

New Castle . . .12. . 

Newfield 7.. 

New Gloucester 8.. 

Newhall 8.. 

New Harbor ..12.. 

New Limerick 6. . 

Newport 5. . 

New Portland .3.. 

New Sharon ...2., 

New Sweden . .6. . 

New Vineyard ..2., 

Nobleboro 13.. 

Norlands 9. . 

Norridgewock .3. , 

North Amity . .6. , 

North Anson . . .3. . 

North Auburn .9. . 

North Bath . . .11. . 

North Belgrade 10. 

North Berwick 7. 

North Bradford 5. 

North Bridgton 8. . 

North Brooks- 
ville 15. , 

North Buckfleld 1.. 

North Carmel .5. 

North Castine .15. 

North Chapleigh 7. 

North Chester- 
ville 2. 

North Cornville 3. 

North Cutler . .16. 

North Deer Isle 15. 

North Dexter . .5. 

North Dixmont .5. 

Northeast Har- 
bor 15. 

North Edge- 
comb 12. 

North Fryeburg 1. 

North Gorham .8. 

North Gray ... .8. 

North Haven . .13. 

North Islesboro 14. 

North Jay 2. 

North Limington 7. 

North Mon- 
mouth 10. 

North Newburg 5. 

North New 

Castle 12. 

North New Port- 
land 3. 

North Newry ..1. 

North Parson- 
field 7. 

North Perry . .16. 

Northport 14. 

North Raymond 8. 

North Scarboro 8. 

North Sullivan 15. 

North Vassal- 
boro 10. 

North Waldo- 
boro 12. 

North Water- 

boro 7. 

North Water- 
ford 1. 

North Wavne .10. 

North White- 
field 2. 

North Windham 8. 

North Wood- 
stock 1 250 

J North Yar- 
mouth 8 306 

Norway 1 . . , 5,358 

O 

Oakfield 6.... 720 

Oakfield Station 6 250 

Oakland 10 . . . 3,405 

Oaks 8 430 

Oceanville ... .15 3i>0 

Ogunquit 7 505 

Olamon 5 340 

Old Orchard ...7 757 

Oldtown 5... 6,317 

Orient 6. . . . 244 

Orland 15... 1.390 

Orono ,5... 3. 555 

Orrington 5. . . . 636 

Orrs Island 8 300 

Otis 15 239 

Oxford 1 473 



. 746 
. 533 
. 456 
.1,125 
. . 216 
. . 360 
. . 606 
.1,096 
. . 466 
.1,064 
. . 507 
. . 660 
. . 810 
. . 286 
.1,706 
. . 290 
.1,206 
. . 266 
. . 210 
. . 240 
.1,809 
. . 320 
. . 490 

. . 390 
. . 360 
. . 230 
. . 340 
. . 466 

. . 206 
. . 220 
. . 303 
. . 375 
. . 340 
. . 240 

. . 660 

. . 393 
. . 210 
. . 250 
. . 262 
.. 655 
.. 630 
. . 450 
.. 260 

.. 480 
. . 320 



, . 550 
, . 386 

. 366 
. 306 
. 545 
. 368 
. . 306 
. 220 

. . 782 

. . 250 

, . 460 



. 306 
, . 306 



426 
350 



95 



Maine Cities and Villages wi th 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Palermo . • 
Palmyra . 
Paris . • • • 
Paris Hill 
Parkman 



Loca. Pop. 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



.14.. 

..3.. 
..1. . 
. .1.. 

..4.. 
5. 



, . 512 
. . 805 
. 3,436 
. . 263 
. . 718 
409 



passadumkeag -S-'-j^XjI 



Patten 
Pojebscot . 
Pemaquid . 
Pembroke . 
Penobscot 
Perham 

Perry 

Peru . • ■ • 
Phair . . . 
Phillips . 
Phippsburg 
Pine Point 
Pittsfield 
Pittston . 
Pleasantdale 



.11.. 
.12. . 
.16. . 
.15. . 
. .6. . 
.16.. 
..1. . 
. .6.. 
2 , 

'. ii '. '. 

..8.. 

. .3.. 

.10.. 

.8 



Pleasant Point 13. 
Plymouth 5 oo» 

T3„1or.r1 9. . . . 560 



394 
. . 375 
. . 824 
. . 935 
. . 725 
. . 570 
. . 250 
. . 706 
. . 823 
.1,254 
. . 350 
. 2.891 
.1,105 
. . 850 
. . 225 
689 



Seal Harbor 
Searsmount . 
Searsport . . . 

Sebago 

Sebago Lake 

Sebec 

Sedgewick . . 
Shapleigh . . . 
Shapleigh Co 



.15. 
.14. 
.14. 
. .8. 
. .8. 
. .4. 
.15. 
..7. 



. . 308 
. . 949 
.1,509 
. . 676 
. . 250 
. . 585 
. . 950 
. . 847 



Poland 

Popham Beach 11 



Shawmut 

Sheepcott 12. 

Pheridan 6. 

Sherman Mills .6. 

Sherman Station 5. 

Shiloh 9- 

Shirley Mills . . .4. 

Sidney 1*- 

Silvers Mills . . .5. 
*Skowhegan ...3... 5, 180 

Smithfteld 3 479 

Snows Falls .... 1 ... . 2bb 

Solon 3... 1,06.5 

Somerset 3 

Somerville .... 12 



7 380 

3 625 

. 350 
. 366 
1,100 
. 360 
. 662 
. 248 
1,205 
350 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Springvale ■ ■ ■ ■ :l ' HoQ 
Spruce Head ..13.... 4"" 
Standish 8 

8 



1,506 

Stark 5---- Irr 

Steep Falls ••••?■ ■•• ^66 
Stetson ». . . . oio 



Steuben . - 
Stockholm 
Stockton 

Springs 
Stonington 

Stow 

Stratton 

Strickland . . • • 

Strong 

Stroudwater . . 

Sullivan 

Sumner Station 



75: 
375 



.14.... 774 
.15... 1,648 

. .1 291 

568 



2'0!t».* 



Loca. Pop. 



.15. 



240 



6. .. 
13.. 
.1. 



.8. 

.8. . 
. . 5 . . 
.6. . 
.16.. 
.14. 

14.. 

.15. . 
..8. 



Portage 

Port Clyde . . . 

Porter 

♦Portland . . • • 

Pownal 

Po^wnal 

Prentiss 

Presqe Isle . . 
Princeton .... 

Prospect 

Prospect Ferry 
Prospect Har- 
bor 

Prouts Neck . 
B 
Randolph . . . ■ 
Rangeley • . ■ • 
Raymond .... 

Razorville . . . 
Readfield 

Red Beach . . 

Richmond ... 

Ridlonville . . 

Ripley 

Riverside . . . 

Riverview 

Robbinston . . 

Robinsons . . . 

•Rockland . . 

Rockport ... 

Rome 10- ■ 

Round Pond . .If 

Roxbury 

Rumford 



290 
608 
40.5 
906 



8.. 58,571 



592 
. . 250 
. . 410 
.2,938 
.1,027 
. . 340 
. . 356 

. . 240 
.. 350 



Rumford Corner 1. 
Rumford Falls .1. 
Rumford Point 1. 

S 
Rabattus . . ■ • 

Saco 

Saint Agatha 
Saint Albans 
Saint David 
Saint Francis 
Saint George 
Saint John 
Plantation 

Salem 

Sandy Creek 
Sandy Point . 
Sanford ... 
Sangerville 
Santiago . . . 
Sargtntville 



1,205 
. 695 
. 552 
. 200 
. 994 
. 600 
2,049 
1,066 
,. 450 
.. 299 
.. 244 
.. 460 
.1,050 
.8,174 
13.. .2,314 
560 
450 

1 222 

1.. .6,777 
. . 31T 
.5,427 
. . 306 



.10. 
. .2. 
. .8. 
.13. 
.10. 
.16. 
.11. 
. .1. 
. .3. 
.10. 
.3. 
.16. 
. . .6 
..13 



South Acton 
South Atkinson 
South Berwick 
South Brewr 
South Bridgton 
South Bristol 
South Brooks- 

ville 

South China 
South Corinth 
South Deer Isle 
South Dover . 
South Elliot . 
South Freeport 
South Gardiner 10 
South Harpswell 8 
South Hiram . .1 
South Hope . . .13 



208 

374 

7. . . .530 

4 230 

7 . . . 2,935 
980 



350 
580 



Sunset 15 

Surry J^ 

Swans Island .l-j 

Swanville 14 

Sweden i 

T 
Temple 



.. 340 
. . 627 
. . 565 
. . 325 
. . 426 
. . 368 
. . 909 
, . . 808 
. . . 689 
. . . 282 



. 250 
. 861 

. 240 
. 202 
. 220 
. . 250 
. . 380 
. . 780 

. . .S90 
. . 500 
. . 500 



.8 320 



470 



Tenants Harbor 13... 2,060 

The Falls 15 4-0 

The Forks 



15. . 
10. . 

.5. . 
15. . 
.4. . 

.7.. 
8. 



. .9. 
. .7. 
..6. 
. .3. 
. .6. 
. .6. 
.13. 



. .8. 
.14. 
..7. 
..4. 
.15. 
15 



Scarboro 8, 



.. 805 
.6,583 
.365 
. 1.206 
. . 551 
. . 461 
. . 250 

. . 380 
. . . 218 
. . . 275 
. . . 365 
. . 9,049 
. .1,306 
. . . 465 
. . . 357 
. . . 350 



. 308 
. 223 
. 262 
. 450 
200 
. 950 
. 320 
. 490 
. 2.50 
. 340 
. 541 

South Jefferson 12 260 

South Lagrange 5.... 2~1 

South Levant .5 2«>'j, 

South Liberty .14. . . . 31" 
South Lubec . .16. . . . 20o 
South Montville 

14 .... 380 

South Newburg 5. . . . 260 
South New 

Castle 12. 

South Orrington 5. 
•South Paris . .1. 
South Penobscot 

15 . 

South Poland . .9. 

Pouthport 12. 

South Portland 8 
' South Presque 

1 Isle 6 

South Robbin- 
ston 

South Sanford 
South Scurry . 
South Thomas 

ton 

South Union 
South Vassal- 

boro 

South Waldo- 

boro 1" 

South Water- 
ford 1 

South West Har- 
bor 15 

South Wind- 
ham 8 

Spaulding b 

Springfield 



Thomaston 
Thorndyke 
Togus . . ■ • 
Topsfield . 
Topsham . 
Tremont 



. .3. 

.13. . 

.14.. 
. . 10 . . 
. .16. 
. .11. 
. .15. 



..6. . 
.10.. 

. .5. . 
.13.. 



.16... 

.7. .. 
.15. . 

.13. . 
.13.. 

.10. . 



. 750 
. 360 
1,542 

. 200 
. 750 
. 525 
7,471 

. 200 

, . 320 
. . 250 
. . 200 

. . 505 
. . 236 

. . 566 

. . 208 

. . 295 

. . 850 

.1,205 
. . 725 

. . 509 



Troy 14 

Turner ^ 

r 

T^nion J^ 

rnity 14 

ITpper French- 

ville 

Upper Glou- 
cester 

Upper Mada- 

waska 

V 
Van Buren. . . . 
Vassalboro — 

Veazie 

Vinal Haven . 
W 

Waldo 

Waldoboro . . . 
Waldo Station 

Wales 

Wallagrass . . 
Walnut Hill . 

VValtham 

Warren 

Washburn . . 
Washington . 

Waterboro 7 

Watertord . . ■ • 
Waterville . . . 

Wavne 

Webbs Mills . 
AVeeks Mills . . 

Weld 

Wellington . . . 

Wells 

Wesley 

West Athens 
W^est Baldwin 
West Bath . . 
West Bethel . . 
West Boothbay 

Harbor 12 

West Bowdoin 11 
West Bridgton .8 



. 245 

2,688 
. 589 
2,306 
. 375 
1,066 
. 306 
. 375 
.1,025 

. . 806 
. . 922 



.15. . 

.8. , 



.10. 
.16. 

. .2. 
. .9. 



.6. 



6. . .1,165 

8 305 

,6... 3,056 



.3,065 
.2,077 
. . 650 
.2,358 



. 566 
, 2,0.56 
,. 468 
. 266 
.. 595 
. . 605 
242 
'.i..542 
.1,225 
.1,660 
.. 792 

I 201 

10. .11,458 

10 709 

8 200 



14. 

12. 
14. 

.9. 

.6. 

.8. 

15. 

13. 
. .6. 
.13. 



Westbrook 



350 
. 740 
. 484 
1,200 

227 
'. 320 
. 460 
. 291 
. 240 

. 240 

. 520 

. 209 

8. . .8,281 



10. . . 
. .2. .. 
, .4. . . 
. .7. . . 

16... 
..3... 

.8. . . 
.11. .. 
. .1. . . 



West Brooklin 
West Brooks- 

ville 15. 

West Buxton . .7. 
West Cumber- 
land 8. 

West Denmark 1. 
West Dresden 12. 
West Durham .9. 
West Enfield . . .5. 
West Falmouth 8. 
West Farming- 
ton 2 . 

Westfleld 6. 

West Franklin 15. 
■West Gardiner 10. . . . 853 
West Gorham 
■S\"est Goulds 

boro 

West Gray 

West Jonesport 16 

West Kenne- 

bunk 

West Lubec 
West Mills . . . 
West Minot 
West Newfield 

AVeston 

West Palmyra .3. 
West Paris ... .1. 
West Pembroke 16. 
West Peru . . . .1 . 
West Poland . . .9. 

Westport 12 . 

West Pownal . .8. 
West Rockport 13. 
West Scarboro .8. 
West Sidney . .10. 
West Sullivan .15. 
West Sumner . .1 . . 

Westville 2 . . 

AVest Waldo- 
boro 12.. 

Whitefield 12. . 

Whiterock 8. . 

Whiting 16.. 

Whitncyville ..16.. 

Willard 8. . . . 565 

Willimantic ....4.... 271 

Wilton 2... 1,806 

Wilton Station .2 200 

Windham 

Center 8. . . . 255 

Winn 5 708 

Winnecook ...14.... 290 
Winnegance . . .11 . . . . 308 

Winslow 10... 2,709 

Winslow Mills .12. . . . 400 
Winter Harbor 15. . . . 660 
Winterport ... 14. .. 1,566 
Winterport 

Ferry 15. . . . 208 

Winterville 6 281 

Winthrop 10. . .2,088 

Winthrop 

Center 10 

*Wiscaset 12 

Woodland 16 

Woodland Num- 
ber One 6. . .1,066 

Woodville 5. . . . 560 



. . 210 
. . 240 
. . 617 

. . 700 
. . 275 
. . 553 
. . 466 
. . 250 
. . 370 
. . 204 
.. 760 
. 6,902 
.420 
. . 875 
, . . 451 
. . . 250 
. . . 360 

• • • *29 

". '. '. 665 
. . . 250 
. . . 390 

. 250 
. . 405 
. . 275 
. . 393 
413 



.1,.509 
.1,273 
.1,562 



Woolwich 

Wyman 

Y 
Yarmouth 
Yarmouthville 
York Beach . 
York Corner . . 
York Harbor . 
York Village . 



.11. 
.16. , 



892 
.. 260 

. . 950 
.1,108 
. . 380 
. . 500 
. . . 306 
. .1,260 



Kangeley rake« Me.-TMs group of six^Jakes. m 
He western .part of the btfte s ^^^.^ ^^ 



PICTURESQUE BESOBTS 

lakes 



the south, a 



the saco River, ^on^ -.^-^^^ ^^^^^^_ 



with 



sents many attractions f";^^^^^*|- /avorite camping 
and fishermen. Indian Rock is a ,^ ^otch, 

ground for sportsmen Near by is ^^^^^^ y^^. 

from one point of JYil'<=tJr,S Maine mav be seen, 
mont. New Hampshire and Maine^m_y ^.^^^ 

Old Orchard Bfa^^^'Tlf^^oid Orchard Beach, the 
rurm'e'rTeso';°t:^Lx"t^nd^^froS''th? Dunstan River, on 



the north. 

distance of six 17J'', ' ir'inTtv are the following is- 

In Saco Bay, in that viMnity- ai-e in ^^^ 

lands, which add to the P'^^'^'^^^^,^.*^"^ ^iie long 
scenery: Stratten s _Island.^^about ^^^^aii^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^. 

cluster 

Wood Island, off the 

,H.,. x^..=., -- nearly half a mile 

r, With tr^es and contains a lighthouse 

f'o^g'-leU; Stage 'islanf is nearly .one-fourth 



and containing a f^^ 1\°"^«/' ."Tong with' 

is Bluff island, f.^o^^^gft^r WooS^'lsTand, 

of trees near the ceniex . 

mouth of the Saco River, 

Ions 

and 



and has no trees, but a graystone monu- 
•f^e"e? Mlh; Basket^ island .sabou^^ 4o0 



mile Ion 
ment 40 
feet in diameter 

^IriJ^sl S Jolilge, but no trees. 



Ram Island is oval -shaped anc 
Eagle Island is about 450 



MAINE 



A New England Kegion of Rapid Kunning Streams and the Wild in Nature 



Land seekers, who contemplate leaving cities for 
the purpose of going upon farm land, should not 
forget that many of the most prosperous men in 
mercantile life, many distinguished in the pro- 
fessions and in all lines of work, throughout the 
United States, had the advantage of farm life 
among the rugged hills of New England. 
THE BEST OF FOODS 

Not only is this a grand region to come from, but 
it is a superior part of the world in which to rear 
children. 

In everything relating to food here is the best. 
Suppose our home to be in Maine. In the clear 
waters of the running brooks we will get ihe finest 
Bpreckled trout; here is the sweetest honey and 
the most delicious maple sugar. The cattle that 
feed on the tame grass and drink the fresh waters 
from the running streams, yield the best milk and 
cream; on the dry sidehills grow the mealiest 
potatoes. The live stock of the country are pro- 
tected from stor:ns, the hens live on the best care- 
fully prepared foods and hence give us eggs of 
exquisite tlavor. And so throughout all the range 
of foods in New England — people there live on 
only the best. 

It is a splendid region in which to rear a boy 
on a farm fay a family compelled to get a living 
from land. Compared with the over abundant yield 
of land in the prolific West, the smaller crop 
which must be carefully harvested and every straw 
saved, compels frugality, prudence and economy. 
The never ceasing labor and necessity in planting, 
cultivating and harvesting, compels those habits of 
industry which tend to temperance and success, 
wherever the New England boy is placed in after 
life. 

The family, especially before emigrating far away, 
should look up the farms out of which the young 
men have gone to the West. Possibly the farm 
houses are entirel.v deserted and the land turned 
over to stock raising, or perhaps the young men 
of the family gone, the old folks who yet remain 
will be glad to make an arrangement highly ad- 
vantageous to any new family who will take the 
farm. 

In the tour of inspection among New England 
farms it may be profitable to visit the State of 
Maine. Give a week— a month will be better — in 
looking up some of the old farms. On some of the 
lands that can be bought cheaply and upon which 
a delightful home may be made. 

BACK TO THE NEW ENGLAND FAR3I 

There exists a strong inclination with many 
people in the West to go back to the New England 
hills, at least for suinmer residence. The pictur- 
esque scenery, rapid running streams, beautiful 
evergreens, lakes and the wild in Nature all appeal 
to them. 

There are hundreds of these old homes where 



houses can be painted, the trees trimmed and th 
lawas so put in order as to make the property 
highly salable, and all this mostly the result of 
exercising taste in putting the place in order. 

But it old and run-down estate are not readily 
found select sequestered nooks, build cottages, fit 
the grounds up tastefully and sell the property to 
those who are hunting for just such quiet, ro- 
mantic places among the mountains and hills of 
the "Down East." 

People of wealth in the central cities who are 
seeking these rural spots do not ask for large 
houses and elaborate furniture. They want some- 
where from five to twenty acres of land, a group 
of two, three or four cottages, with an abundance 
of piazza room. They desire a running brook close 
by, trees, mountains and hills to look up to, shrub- 
bery, tangled vines, rocks and ferns. They want the 
rustic. Accustomed to the highly polished, the 
beautifully finished in architecture and landscape 
gardening, they yearn for the wild and untrained. 

Look over our list of towns, write to the Agri- 
cultural Department of the State University in 
Maine. Tell them what you want and enclose an 
addressed prepaid return envelope to yourself. Get 
into touch with real estate dealers, they know 
about old homes in that State. 

Go and see for yourself and, if opportunity offers, 
dress up old properties or make them new for 
those who need and want summer cottages and 
rural homes. 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING 
TO MAINE 

Altitude: Highest in Maine, Mt. Katahdin, in 
Piscataquis county; near the center of the State, 
5,200 feet. 

Climate: The climate is severe in winter and 
the air dry and pure. Average January tempera- 
ture, 22 above; sunamer heat, 62 degrees. Average 
annual temperature at Portland, 48 degrees. With 
cool summers, hunting and excellent fishing, Maine 
is a delightful summer resort State. The winters 
are long and snows deep. The soil is so well 
drained malaria is almost unknown. Extremes of 
heat and cold at Portland 97 and 17 below. Aver- 
age rainfall, 45.2 inches. 

Dimensions: Area, 33,040 square miles; extreme 
length, 235 miles; extreme width. 205 miles. Pri- 
meval forest covers three-fourths of the State. 
Coast line, 278 miles; including indentations, 2,486 
miles. 

History: This coast believed to have been visited 
by the Northmen in 990; visited by Cabot, 1408; 
by the French in 1524; in 1525 by the Spaniards. 
Pemaquid, Lincoln county, settled in 1625. Indian 
raids were common and but little improvement 
made until after the Revolutionary War. Admitted 
to the Union, 1820. Maine liquor law prohibiting 
manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors passed 
in 1851; permanently in 1858. 



Lakes in 3Iaine. 
Many Picturesque Localities with Lakes May Be Found in This State. 

Miles Miles 



Long. Wide. 

Alligator Lake, Hancock Co 3% 1%. 

Barrows Lake, Washington Co 2 1.. 

Baskahagan Lake, Washington Co 31/2.... 3.. 

Beaver Dam Lake, Washington Co 2 1.. 

Big Lake, Washington Co 12 2.. 

Big Wilson Pond, Piscataquis Co 5 SVs 

Boyden's Lake, Washington Co 3 IVa 

Caribou Lake, Piscataquis Co 5 3.. 

Cathanes Lake, Washington Co 4 21/2 

Centre Pond, Piscataquis Co 2 1.. 

Chain Lakes (3), Washington Co 8 11/2 

Chain Lakes (7), Franklin Co 40.. 3 to 5.. 

Chamberlain Lake, Piscataquis Co 10 5.. 

Chesuncook Lake, Piscataquis Co 18 3.. 

Chimquassabamtook Lake, Piscat. Co. ..6 3.. 

Clifford's Lake, Washington Co 3 2.. 

Cold Stream Pond, Penobscot Co 414.... 3.. 

Cranberry Lakes (3), Washington Co. . .4 1.. 

Crawford Lake, Washington Co 5 1.. 

Cupsuptic Lake, Franklin Co 4 11/2 

Dexter Pond, Penobscot Co 3 V2 

Eagle Lake, Hancock Co 2 % 

Eagle Lakes, Aroostook Co., each 14 21/3 

Long Lake, Cumberland Co 10 1 . . 

Long Pond, Piscataquis Co 6 1.. 

Long Pond, Washington Co 3 % 

Loon Lake, Piscataquis Co 3 1.. 

Love Lake, Washington Co 21/2....!.. 

Machias Lake. Washington Co 3 1.. 

Madenteaunt Lake, Penobscot Co 1 % 

Mapaug Lakes, Washington Co 6 1.. 

Mattaceunt Lake, Penobscot Co 3 1.. 

Mattagamon Lake, Penobscot Co 31/2....!% 

Mattamiscontis Lake, Penobscot Co 2 1. . 



Miles 
Long. 

8. . 



Miles 
Wide. 
. . .4. . 



Mattawamkeag Lake, Aroostook Co, 

Medybemps Lake, Washington Co a.. 

Meluncas Lake, Aroostook Co 3 IVi 

Millinokett Lakes, Penobscot Co 6 41/2 

Molasses Pond, Hancock Co 2V2----2.. 

Molechunckamunk Lake, Oxford Co 6 3.. 

Monson Pond, Piscataquis Co 2 1.. 

Moosehead Lake, Piscataquis Co 40 20.. 

Mooslucmaguntic Lake, Oxford Co 12 4.. 

Mud Pond, Piscataquis Co 2 V2 

Mud Lake, Piscataquis Co 1 V2 

Musquash Lake, Washington Co 3 1. . 

Portage Lake, Aroostook Co 5 21/2 

Pushaw Lake, Penobscot Co 7 3.. 

Ragged Lake, Piscataquis Co 3 1.. 

Rangely Lakes, Franklin Co 9 3.. 

Reed's Pond, Hancock Co 614 . . . .1% • • 

Richardson Lakes, Oxford Co 17 3.. 

Ripogenus Lake, Piscataquis Co 3 1.. 

Roach Lake, Piscataquis Co 7 2.. 

Rocky Lake, Washington Co 2i'2...,l.. 

Rocky Pond, Hancock Co 1 %....!.. 

St. Croix Lake, Aroostook Co 2 1.. 

Schoodic Lakes, Piscataquis Co 8 3.. 

Schroodic Lake, Washington Co 9 Vo 

Sebago Lake, Cumberland Co 13 11.. 

Sebec Lake, Piscataquis Co 12 5.. 

Seboosis Lake, Penobscot Co 7 1.. 

Scraggley Lake, Penobscot Co 3y2....1.. 

Shining Lake, Washington Co 2 2.. 

Shin Ponds, Penobscot Co 3y2....1.. 

Sisladobsis Lake, Penobscot Co 8 1/2.... 11/2 

Spider Lake, Piscataquis Co .2 y- 

Squawpan Lake, Aroostook Co 10 3.. 



97 



MARYLAND 



STATE AND THE 24 COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 

With Their Boundaries 




LOCATION AND POPULATION OF MARYLAND COUNTIES. 



I.orn. County Pop. 

1 Garrett. .20,105 

2 Alloghcnv. .62,411 

3... "Washington. .48,671 

4 Frederick. .52,673 

5 Carroll. .33,934 

6 Baltimore. 122, 399 

7 Harford. .27,965 



Lorn. 



Count i 



Fop. 



8 Cecil. .24.759 

9. .. Montgomery. .32,089 
10 Howard. .16,106 

11 Baltimore City. 558,485 

12 Prince Georges. .36,147 
13. Anne Arundel . .39,.553 
14 Klent. .16,957 



Loca. County Pop. 

15... Queen Anne.. 16, 839 

16 Charles. .16.386 

17 Calvert.. 10,325 

18 Talbot. .19,620 

19 Caroline.. 19,216 

20 .''t. Marvs. .17,030 

21 Dorchester. .29,669 



County Pop. 



22 Wicomico. 

2* Somerset. 

24 Worcester. 



.26,815 
.26,455 
.21,811 



Total 1,295,846 



Maryland Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. Toicns 



Aberdeen . 
Abingdon . 
Accident . . 
Adamstown 
Alberton 



..7.. 
. .7. 
. .1. 
. .4. , 
.10.. 



Allen 23.. 

Andrews 21. . 

Annapolis (Capi- 
tal) 13.. 

Acjuasco 13. 

Arlington 6. 

Ashland 6 450 



. 616 
. 208 
. 290 
. 200 
. 562 
. 360 
. 206 

8,609 

. 350 

.1,066 



B 



Baldwin 6 

♦Baltimore . . . .11 

Barton 2 

Bay view 8 

Bel Air 7 

Berlin 24 

Berwyn 12 

Bethesda 9 

Betterton 14 

Big Gunpowder. 6 



Bishop 
Bishopville . 
Bivalve .... 
Bladensburg 
Bloomington 



. . . 326 
558,485 
..1,208 
.. . 281 
..1.065 
..1,317 
. .1,066 
. . . 250 
. . . 308 
. . . 208 
. . . 236 
. . . 262 
. . . 560 
. . . 460 
. . . 372 



Loca. Pop. 



Bond 

Boonsboro . . . 

Bowie 

Bradshaw .... 
Branchville . . 
Brookeville 
Brooklandville 
Brooklyn .... 
BruceviUe Sta- 
tion 

Brunswick . . . 
Buckeystown . 
Burkittsville . 



. .1. 

..3. 
.12. 
..6. 
.12. 
..9. 
.6. 
.13. 

..5. 
. .4. 
. .4. 
..4. 



. . 206 
. . 759 
. . 496 
. . 536 
. . 206 
. . 835 
. . 390 
.1,200 

. . 266 
.3,271 
. . 415 

.. 238 



..8. 
.21. 
.13. 

. .7. 
.2. 



Calvert 

♦Cambridge . . 
Camp Parole. 

Cardiff 

Carlos 

Carlos Junction. 2. 

Carroll 6. 

Catonsville 6. 

Cecilton 8. 

*Centerville ...15. 
Charlestown ...8. 

Chase 6. 

Cherry Hill 8. 

Chesapeake City. 8. 
Chester 15. 



. . 200 
.6,407 
. . 306 
. . 580 
. . 590 
. . 509 
.2,063 
.4,066 
. . 518 
.1,435 
. . 274 
. . 3P6 
. . 350 
.1,016 
. . 350 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

*('hestertown .14... 2, 735 
Cherry Chase. . .9. . . . 250 

Chillum 13 290 

Choptank . . . .19. . . . 235 

Church Creek. .21 396 

Church Hill 15 306 

Churehton ....13 596 

Churchville . .. .7. . .. 208 

Clear Spring.... 3 531 

Cockeysville ...6... 1,509 

College Park._12 309 

Conowingo ....12 308 

Corriganville ...2 290 

Crellin 1 290 

Crisfleld 23... 3,468 

Crumpton 15 ... . 238 

♦Cumberland ...2.. 21,836 

D 

Dames Quarter. 23. . .1,066 

Darlington 7. . . . 205 

Deer Park 1 988 

Delmar 22 . . . . 959 

♦Denton 19... 1,481 

Dickerson . . .>. .9. . . . 225 

E 

East New Mar- 
ket 21 280 

♦Easton 18. . .3,083 



T0W71S 


Loca. 


Pop. 


Eastport . . . 


..13. 


..1,560 


Eccleston .. 


.. .6. 


. . . 350 


Eldorado . . 


..21. 


. . . 290 


Elk Mills .. 


...8. 


. . . 362 


Elkridge ... 


..10. 


..1,096 


Elkton 


. . .8. 


. .2,487 


Ellerslie . . . 


. . 3 


. . . 606 


♦Ellicot City 


..10. 


. .1,151 


Elliot 


. .21. 


. . . 460 


Emmetsburg 


. ..4. 


. .1,054 


Ewell 


. .23. 


. . . 725 


I 






Fairmount . 


..23. 


. . . .320 


Falkner 


. .16. 


. . . 380 


Federalsburg 


. .19. 


. . 1,050 


Fishing Creel 


L..21. 


. . . 650 


Flint Stone. 


. . 2 


. . . 315 


Fords Store. 


. .15. 


..1,200 


Forest Hill.« 


,. .7. 


. . . 350 


Forestville . 


. .12. 


. . . 290 


Fork 


. . .6. 


. . . 309 


Fort Washing 






ton 


. .12. 


. . 405 


Four Locks. 


...3. 


. . . 750 


Franklin Min 


es..2. 


.. 209 


♦Frederick . 


.. .4. 


.10,411 


Friendsville . 


. . .1. 


. . 466 


Fruitland .. 


. . 33 . 


. . 3.50 


Frost liurg . . 


. . .2. 


. 6,028 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column. Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

98 



Maryland Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



FuUerton 6. 

Funkstown 3. 



606 
568 



G 

Gaithersburg ...9. 

Galena 14. 

Galloways . . . .13. 

Gamber 5. 

Gardenville . . . .6. 

Girdletree 34. 

Glencoe .6. 

Glen Echo . .9. 

Genelg 10. 

Glyndon 6. 

Golden Ring. . . .6. 
Golclsboro .....19. 
Govanstown ....6. 

Graceham 4. 

Grange 6. 

Granite 6. 

Grantsville 1. 

Greensboro ....19. 
Guilford 10. 

H 

Habnab 23. 

*Hagerstown . .3. 

Halethorp 6. 

Hamilton Sta- 
tion 6. 

Hampstead .....5. 

Haneock 3. 

Harmons 13. 

Harrisonville . .6. 
Havre de Grace. 7. 

Hereford 6. 

Hillsdale 6. 

Hillsboro 19. 

Hollywood 20. 

Homestead 6. 

Hoopersville . .21 . 
Howardsville . . .6. 
Hughesville ...16. 

Hurlock 21 . 

Hurry 20. 

Hursley 24. 

Hyattsville . . . .12. 



. . 625 
. . 262 
. . 250 

'. '. 668 
. . 335 
. . 290 
. . 303 
. . 205 
. . 311 
. . 392 
. . 231 
.1,590 
. . 269 
, . 206 
. . 678 
. . 248 
, . 609 
. . 590 



. . 206 
16,507 
. . 390 



..1,506 
. . 555 
, . . 893 
, . . 390 
, . . 463 
.4,212 
. . 380 
, . . 804 
. . . 209 
. . 250 
. . . 890 
. . 369 
, . . 390 
. . . 250 
, .. 516 
, . . 360 
. . . 252 
,.1,917 



Ingleside 



15. 



James 


.21 


. . 250 




. .4. . 


. . 350 


Jesterville . . . 




. . 359 


K 






Keedysville . . 


..3.. 


. . 367 


Keep Tryst. . . 


..3.. 


. . 360 


Kennedyville 


.14.. 


. . 290 


Kensington 


. .9.. 


. . 689 


Keymar 


. .5. . 


. . 209 


Kingsville . . . 


. .6.. 


. . 210 


Kitzmiller . . . 


. .1.. 


.. 865 




. .4. . 


. . 350 


L, 






Lakeland . . . . 


.12. . 


. . 290 


Lansdowne 


. .6. . 


. . 690 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



*La Plata ....!(>., 

Lauraville 6. , 

Laurel 12 . , 

Leitersburg . . . .3. , 
*Leonardtown .20. , 

Lewiston 4. . 

Libertytown . . .4. . 

Lime Kiln 4. 

Lindnersville . .3. , 
Loch Lynn 

Heights 1., 

Lonaconing ... .3. 

Long Green 6. 

Lorelev 6. 

Lothair 16. 

Luke 2. 

Lutherville ... .6. 

M 

McCoys 3. 

McDonough . . . .6. 

Madison 21. 

Manchester . . .5. . 

Merdela 

Springs 23. 

Marion .Station.23. 

Marydel 19. 

Maugansville ..3. 

Mayo 13. 

Meadows 12. 

Mechanicsville 20. 

Millington ... .14. 

Monie 23. 

Monkton 6. 

Motters 4. 

Mountain Lake 
Park 1. 

Mount Airy 5. 

]\<ount Ranier.l2. 

Mount Savage.. 2. 

Mount Savage 
Junction 2. 

Mount Vernon. 11. 

Mount Wash- 
ington 6. 

Mount Winans-.e. 

Myersville 4. 



. . 299 
.1,099 
.3,41.1 
. . 350 
. . 525 

! '. 589 
. 1,06'J 
. . 502 

.. 216 
.1,.553 
. . 260 
. . 230 
. . 360 
. . 505 
. . 663 



. 750 
. 290 
. 350 
523 



'. '. 366 
. . 220 
. . 290 
. . 309 
. . 502 
. . 399 
. . 290 
. . 366 
. . 290 

. . 335 
. . 622 
.1,242 
.3,590 

. . 200 
. . 598 

.1,.590 
.1,509 
. . 380 



N 

Nanticoke 22. 

Neavitt 18. 

Newark 34. 

New Market.... 4. 
New Windsor. . .5. 
North Beach.. 17. 
Northbranch . .6. 
North East 8. 



360 
309 
290 
320 
446 
262 
290 
974 



O 



Oakland 1. 

Oakland 5. 

Ocean 3. 

Ocean City. . . .34. 

Oella 6. 

Orangeville . . . .6. 

Oriole 23. 

Owings Mills. . .6. 
Oxford 18. 



.1,366 
. . 490 
.1,306 
. . 476 
. . 516 
.1,506 
. . 406 
. . 313 
.1,191 



Loca. Pop. 



Park ton 

Parkville 

Parole 

Parsonsburg . . 

Patapsco 

Pekin 

Perry Hall 

Ferryman 

Pcrryville 

Petersville . . . . 

Pikesville 

Pisgah 

Pittsville 

Pocomoke City 
Point of Rocks. 
Pomonkey . . . . 
Pondsville . . . . 
Port Deposit. . . 
Powhatan . . . . 

Preston 

*Princess Anne. 
Principio Fur 
nace 



, . 360 
. . 309 
. . 390 
. . 360 
, . 350 
. . 306 
. . 250 
. . 271 
. . 635 
. . 290 
.1,303 

" .' 366 
.3,369 
, . 364 
, . 350 
. . 280 
.1,394 
, . 560 
. . 288 
.1,006 



Q 

Quantico 22. 

Queen Anne... 15. 
Queenstown ...15. 

R 

Raspeburg 6. 

Reisterstown . . .6. 

Relay 6. 

Rhodes Point.. 23. 

Rider 19. 

Ridgely 19. 

Ringgold 3. 

Rising Sun 8. 

Riverdale 12. 

Rock Hall 14. 

Rock Point. . . .16. 

*Rockville 9. 

Rosedale 6. 

Rossville ...... .6. 

Ruxton 6. 



506 



290 
209 



. . 509 
.1,066 
.2,066 
. . 250 
. . 496 
. . 943 
. . 390 
. . 416 
.1,099 
. . 781 
. . 306 
.1,181 
. . 300 
. . 606 
. . 350 



S 

Sabillasville . . .4. 

Saint Inigoes..20. 

Saint Michaels. 18. 

*Salisbury . . . .22. 

Sandy Hook.... 3. 

Savage 10. 

Secretary 21. 

Security 3. 

Selbysport 1. 

Sharpsburg 3. 

Sharptown ....22. 

Sherwood 6. 

Smithsburg ... .3. 

*Snow Hill. . . .24. 

Solomons 17. 

South Balti- 
more 13. 

Sparrows Point. 6. 

State Sana- 
torium 4. 



. . 206 
. . 390 
.1,517 
.6,690 
. . 309 
.1,099 
. . 409 
. . 366 
. . 220 
. . 960 

." ." 490 
. . 481 
.1,844 
. . 313 

.2,.506 
.4,066 

. . 250 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Stovensville ... 13. 

Still Pond 14. 

Stockton 24. 

Sudbrook Park. 6. 
Sudlersviile . . .15. 

Sugarland 9. 

Suitland 13. 

Sykesville 5. 



350 
406 

350 
247 
560 
206 
565 



T 



Takoma 9. 

Taneytown 5. 

Taylor 7. 

Taylorsville ....5. 

Texas 6. 

Thurmont 4. 

Tilghman 18. 

Timonium 6. 

ToddvlUe 21. 

Tompkinsville .16. 

♦Towsom 6. 

Trappe 18. 

Tunis Mills. . . .18. 
Tyaskin 22. 

U 

Union Bridge. . .5. 

Union Mills ... .5. 

Uniontown 5. 

Unionville 4. 

Upper Fair- 
mount 33. 

Upper Falls.... 6. 

*Upper Marl- 
boro 12. 

Urbana 4. 



.1,156 
. . 824 
. . 280 
. . 204 
.1,060 
. . 903 
. 1,209 
. . 262 
. . 269 
. . 206 
.3,508 

'. '. 200 
. . 390 



Vale Summit... 3. 
Vienna 31. 

W 

WalkersvUle 
Wallman 
Walsey . 
Warren . 
■Warwick 
Waverly 
Wenona 
Western Port. 
•Westminster 
Westport .... 
Wetipquin . . . 
Whaleysville . 

Whiteford 

White Hall... 
White Marsh. 

Willards 

Williamsport . 

Wingate 

Wingate 

Winthrop .... 
Woodberry . . . 
Woodbrook 
Woodlawn . . . 
Woodsboro . . . 
Woodstock . . . 
Wynne 



..4. 
. .1. 
.15. 
. .6. 
. .8. 
. .6. 
.23. 
. .2. 
. .5. 
..6. 
.23. 
.34. 
..7. 
..6. 
. .6. 

".~3'. 
.24. 
.24. 
.16. 
.11. 
..6. 
. .8. 
. .4. 
.10. 
.20. 



804 
350 
309 
250 

590 
475 

361 
309 



366 
333 



. . . 532 
. . . 326 
. .1,220 
. . . 678 
...287 
..3,099 
. . . 290 
..2.702 
..3,295 
..1,060 
. . . 306 
. . . 325 
. . . 200 
. . . 522 
. . . 390 
. . . 209 
..1,571 
. . . 250 
. . . 250 
. . . 208 
.13,062 
. . . 390 
. . . 350 
. . . 690 
. . . 208 
. . . 306 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

A 64 Square Mile Area, Named in Honor of Columbus, Located in Maryland, on the Banks 

of the Potomac River. 

District of Columbia Cities and Villages with 1910 Populatoins 



Pop. 



Anacostia 2,15S 

Benning 630 

Brightwood 246 



Pop. 



Brookland 1,500 

Congress Heights. . .2,260 
Good Hope 2,186 



Pop. 



Kenilworth 200 

Langdon 560 

Takoma Park 1,250 



Pop. 



Tennallytown 964 

Uniontown 2,158 

Washington 331,069 



The District of Columbia is seen on the left side 
of the map of Maryland near and to the left of the 
number 12. The District is noteworthy principally 
as being the location whereon stands the United 
States Government buildings at Washington. 

Washington, D. C. The District of Columbia, the 
Federal Territory of the Nation, originally contained 
100 square miles, but part of the grounds were 
afterward surrendered to Virginia; its present size 
is 64 square miles. Washington City is 4% miles 
long by 3% miles at its greatest breadth. Its loca- 
tion is on the eastern bank of the Potomac River, 
I6V2 miles from its mouth, and 1841-4 miles from the 
sea. The transfer of the government from Philadel- 
phia to Washington was made in October, 1800. The 



officials then numbered only a few persons. The 
great city was a mere hamlet, and most of its 
houses were small huts. But it soon began to in- 
crease in population at the rate of 800 souls a year. 
August 24, 1814, the British invaded the capital, 
burned all the government buildings and destroyed 
a large number of the public records, inflicting a 
loss estimated at .$1,000,000. During Monroe's ad- 
ministration the city took upon it a new growth, 
and many important improvements were made. The 
reconstruction of the Capitol was begun in 1815, 
and finished in 1827. The total cost of the Capitol — 
now and old — was nearly $13,000,000. The Capitol 
grounds contain 43 acres. 



99 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



MARYLAND 



An Oyster and Fish Center. Warm, Sandy Soil, Favorable for Vegetable and Fruit 

Growing-. Near Markets. 



Should the reader enquire as to what the land 
seeker could find to do for himself and family in 
the State of Maryland, he may be referred to statis- 
tics for a reply. Investigation will show that there 
is a very dense population of people here, and these 
people all have to be fed. 

In a study of climate it is found that the average 
annual temperature for the State is from 54 to 64 
degrees, and that the mercury seldom falls below 
zero. January weather average 34 above at Balti- 
more and July stands at 78. The annual rainfall 
is 43.8 inches. 

A SUPERIOK REGION FOR PEACHES. 

The soil in the eastern part of the state is a sandy 
loam, easily made highly productive by fertilization, 
and in this portion of the state peaches grow in 
great abundance. The same is true of all garden 
products. In the valleys of the central and north- 
ern parts of the state the soil is exceedingly fertile, 
producing large crops of tobacco, wheat and corn. 
Other staples are hops, flax, maple sugar, honey, 
wine and sorghum molasses. 

From the recent annual report of the Department 
of Agriculture it is seen that in Maryland the yield 
of oats was very great, and the same of wheat and 
corn. 

GREAT ADVANTAGE IN CHEAP 
TRANSPORTATION. 

And so, through all the list of agricultural pro- 
ductions, the agriculturist finds soil and climate 
ready to assist in the production of any cereal, 
vegetable or fruit adapted to the climate. To this 
is added superior facilities for getting to the mar- 
kets. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, constructed 
at a cost of $11,375,000, runs by the side of the 
Potomac river westward, from Georgetown and 
Washington, to Cumberland, in Allegany County, a 
distance of lS4'/ii miles. This canal, with its" 74 
locks, a width of surface of 52 to 60 feet and a 
depth of 6 feet, is in readiness to carry all the va- 
rious productions of the extreme western part of 
Maryland to the Potomac River at a very cheap 
rate, while the Potomac and Patuxent rivers, as- 
sisted by the Chesapeake Bay, easily carry all the 
production of Central Maryland out to the ocean, 
whence thfy go to New York and its immense 
market, two hundred miles away, in a few hours. 
OYSTER, FISH-C.VNNING, FRLIT AND 
VEGETABLES. 

The soil, the climate and the markets are right 
here in Maryland if the land seeker wants to en- 
gage in agriculture. But possibly he prefers the 
Ashing business. If so, here is the oyster industry 
on Chesapeake Bay and adjoining waters, giving 
employment to over 32,000 persons. In this enter- 
prise there are over $7,000,000 invested, the annual 
oyster yield being 10,000,000 bushels. 

If the applicant for work dislikes the water, he 
can turn to one of the 500 canning establishments, 
to one of the 800 tobacco factories, or any one of 
the 8,000 factories in which are employed over 
94,000 workmen, 

GENERAL »L4NLFACTURING GOING 
FORW.^RD. 

If the seeker for employment has a trade he has 
simply to look over the general list of industries 
going forward in Maryland. 

The Coal Area in this state is 550 square miles, 
and from the mines in this territory there were 



taken out in one of the recent years, 6.312,706 tons, 
worth $1.30 per ton at the mine. 

Vhe list of general manufacturing includes flour, 
fertilizers, cotton goods, foundry and machine shop 
products, malt liquors, planing mill products, chew- 
ing and smoking tobacco, iron and steel, distilled 
liquors, furniture, patent medicines, brass goods, 
ships, confectionery, boots and shoes, and brick and 
tile. 

CONDENSED I3IPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
MARYLAND. 

Altitude. — Highest, Great Backbone Mountain, in 
Garrett County, 3,400 feet high. 

Climate. — Annual average January temperature at 
Baltimore, 34 above; July, 78. Extremes, 104 and 
7 below. Average annual rainfall, 43.8 inches. 

Dimensions. — Extreme length of State, north and 
south, 120 miles; extreme width, east and west, 200 
miles. 

History. — Charter issued to Lord Baltimore in 
1632. First permanent settlement made at St. 
Marys City, St. Mary County, 1634. Annapolis 
founded by Puritan refugees, 1649. Baltimore set- 
tled 1730. Admitted to the Union 1788. One of the 
13 original States. 

Legislature. — First governor of the State, John E. 
Howard, 1780. 

Agricultural and 3Iechanical College, at College 
Park, Prince George County. 

ONLY TWO aiONTHS OF WINTER. 

The State of Maryland glories in an exceptionally 
fine, healthful climate, its mildness being due chiefly 
to the vicinity of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf 
Stream. The winter lasts only two months, Janu- 
ary and February. Spring is short and pleasant, 
and is followed by a long summer, with warm days 
and cool nights. The heat of the summer is mod- 
erated by the constant cool breeze from the At- 
lantic. 

FARM WORK ALL YEAR ROUND. 

No fear need be felt of blighting frosts, and the 
farm work can proceed almost all the year round. 

In Maryland suitable soil, if properly cultivated, 
will produce 40 bushels of wheat to tlie acre. 

Under highly improved cultivation, the yield of 
corn is 80 bushels per acre. 

Land properly cultivated will yield 4,000 quarts 
of strawberries to an acre. 

T03IAT0ES THE GREAT RELIABLE CROP. 

The tomato crop is also very profitable. The 
young plants are set out in the spring; many do 
this with a machine, but two persons can easily 
plant seven acres in a day by hand. The plants 
should be placed the same distance apart as in the 
case of corn, and cultivated in the same manner. 
The canning factories pay on an average $8.00 per 
ton for tomatoes, and an acre will produce from 6 
to IS tons, according to the quality of the soil. 

On a farm of from 40 to 60 acres a settler can, 
by industry and economy, live comfortably and at- 
tain to easy circumstances, if he and his family 
cultivate their own land. He can dispose of his 
products with little expense, as railroad and steam- 
boat lines run in all directions, and freight rates 
are low. A farmer who lives along the water can 
have his own sailboat and take his products to mar- 
ket himself. 



ANNAPOLIS, MD. 



Our map of Maryland shows the location of one 
prominent well known city, namely, Annapolis. 

ANNAPOLIS, BID. This city was formerly noted 
as a seat of wealth, refinement and extensive trade. 

The naval academy was established in 1S45 by 
the Hon. George Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy, 
the regulations requiring that the students each 
remain four years, under strict discipline and in- 
struction in all the branches of the naval profession. 

The town was settled in 1640 by Puritan refugees 
from Virginia and was first called Providence. The 
next year a commission, appointed by Lord Balti- 



more, organized the county and named it Anne 
Arundel Town, in honor of Lady Baltimore. In 
1694 the town was regularly laid out and called 
Annapolis after Queen Anne who gave it some 
valuable presents. At the close of the revolution 
Maryland offered to cede Annapolis to the general 
government as the federal capital. During negotia- 
tions for a permanent capital Congress assembled 
here and at this session Washington surrendered 
his commission as commander-in-chief December 
23, 1783. 



100 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



Prices of Small Farms in Maryland 

1 he following list of advertisements describing land in the various parts of Maryland 

will give a fairly accurate idea as to the value placed upon land 

in that state by owners: 



POSTOFFICE AND STORE. 

30 acres $4500 

On this property there is a store 32x45. carrying 
a stock of ^I'.r.OO; postoffice in store; 8-room, 3- 
story house, nearly new; stable 32x38, built 5 years 
ago. Two tenant houses, one four-room, the other 
three. Advanced age of owner forces sale. He has 
made money here, and you can do the same. Only 
120 miles from Baltimore. 6 hours by boat. Eight- 
een acres in fertile fields which cut 2'^ tons hay 
per acre; 8 acres in wheat, abundance of fruit, 5 
acres in strawberi ies. One-half cash, and easy 
terms. Princess Anne, Md. 



HOME IN GOOD REPAIR. 

16 3-8 acres $1300 

Twenty minutes' drive from Princess Anne; 13 
axres is garden land, balance wood land; red clay, 
and sand mixed clay subsoil; a lot of fine fruit trees 
of diffeient varieties; strawberries, etc. Two-story 
house of 5 rooms, 2 porches; barn and stables for 
the farm; a nice little home and in good repair; a 
fine place to raise poultry. If farm is not large 
enough, there is land close by that can be bought 
very low. Owner has another farm, reason for 
selling. Only $1,300; $1,000 cash, reasonable time 
on balance. Princess Anne, Md. 



FARM \^1TH ALL CONVENIENCES. 

73 acres $1000 

•Located G miles from Princess Anne; 55 acres 
tillable, balance wood land; in good neighborhood; 
schools and churclies close by; a 2-stor.v dwelling of 
9 rooms and hall; stable and outbuildings; plenty of 
fruit. Advanced age of owner cause of sale. $700 
down; time on balance. Princess Anne, Md. 



FARM CLOSE TO CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 

175 acres $1300 

Twenty-two acres cultivated, balance in young 
timber, pine, oak and gum; 6 miles to R. R. sta- 
tion: good neighborhood; close to church and school; 
dwelling: of 8 rooms, 3 porches, painted; pump 
house, corn house, new with loft above; 2 small 
barns; grapes, apples, peaches; also a 5-roora ten- 
ant house. One-half cash and easy terms. Princess 
Anne, Md. 



IN AN EXCELLENT NEIGHBORHOOD. 

69 acres $2500 

Water front for 80 rods; 5 miles from county 
seat; 45 acres under cultivation, balance in wood- 
land and pasture; red clay soil; fruit trees of all 
kinds; splendid land for all farm crops; 13 acres 
of wheat, a few acres of winter oats, all looking 
fine. Two-story, 4-room house; barn 18x28, poultry 
house, corn crib, etc. A lot of wealthy farmers all 
around in this section; one of the best neighbor- 
hoods in Maryland. One-half cash and easy terms. 
Princess Anne, Md. 



FARM WITH IMPROVEMENTS $10 AN ACRE. 

100 acres $1000 

Ijocated 5 miles from county seat on main county 
road, in good neighborhood. Two-story house of 5 
rooms, and some outbuildings; 40 acres cleared, bal- 
ance in woodland. Terms cash. Orchard set out. 
Princess Anne, Md. 



LARGE IMPROVED FARM AT $25 AN ACRE. 

200 acres $5000 

There are 5 acres of strawberries in fine condi- 
tion; abundance wood and timber; owner has re- 



fused $1,500 for the saw timber; it is estimated to 
be worth $2,500; 8-room, 2-stor.v house; fine shade; 
convenient stable, poultry house, tenant house, etc., 
in good order; advanced age cause of sale; only 1 Vi 
miles out from R. R. village, on main road four 
miles from county seat. $3,000 down and easy 
terms. Princess Anne. 

These properties, offered for sale in Maryland, 
are samples of many homes and farms for sale 
in Eastern States. In a majority of cases the 
properties are in good order but the younger mem- 
bers of the household being gone, the old people, 
or those in charge of the estate, are willing to 
sell at a sacrifice. 

Great numbers of people in the western and 
middle states, knowing the value and advantages 
of the old homes, are emigrating into the eastern 
states. Write to the Secretary of State for lists 
of real estate agents. 



ADVANCED AGE OF OWNER CAUSE OF 
SELLING. 

157 acres $4500 

On main road between two large villages, only 6 
miles from Pocomoke City; 120 acres in cleared 
fields; balance wood and timber; 100 apple trees 
just coming into bearing; 4 acres in strawberries; 
1.700 bushels of corn grown last year without fer- 
tilizer; 7-room house; barn 30x40, stable for horses. 
Buildings are very good and are insured for $1,500. 
Stock and tools at low price. Advanced age of 
owner cause of sale. One-half cash; balance easy 
terms. Princess Anne, Md. 



POSTOFFICE NEXT DOOR. 

12 acres $1200 

Located 9 miles from Princess Anne, in a little 
village. A dwelling- of 6 rooms, hall and porch, 
painted; carriage house, stable and outbuildings; 
school and churches close; postoffice next door; 
country thickly settled; 60 acres of oyster ground 
can go with the farm; plenty of fruit. $1,000 cash; 
balance on time. Princess Anne. 



THRIVING VILLAGE AND NEAR SCHOOLS. 

100 acres $1600 

Seven miles from county seat, on a fine level 
road; close to good, thriving little village; good 
school and churches; 60 acres cleared, balance in 
wood and timber. Soil is red clay and a good 
quality; raises fine crops. The dwelling was burned 
down; some small buildings are left; in a fine 
neighborhood; some northern neighbors close by; % 
mile to river, with right of way. $1,000 cash, time 
on balance. Princess Anne, Md. 



OWNER HAS NO USE FOR FARM. 

28 acres $1100 

A pleasant little hame in a good neighborliood, 
close to churches and school; 3 stores close by; 22 
acres of good tillable land; a carload of lime used 
on the farm last year. A 2-stor,v, 4-room house and 
2 porches; new barn, 16x32; 4 stalls, carriage house, 
wagon shed, corn crib, poultry house; a fine place 
for poultry; 21/2 miles from R. R. station; mail de- 
livered; 7 miles from Princess Anne on a nice level 
road. $700 down, time on balance. Owner has a 
store and has no use for the farm. Princess Anne, 
Md. 



YOUNG ORCHARD— DIFFERENT KINDS OF 
FRUIT. 

116 acres $1500 

Located 6 miles from Princess Anne, on county 
road; 1% miles to store; 75 acres cleared, balance 
In wood land; a 5-room dwelling, and all necessary 
buildings for the farm. A young orchard of differ- 
ent kinds of fruit; fine shade; mail delivered, etc. 
$1,000 cash; balance to suit the buyer. Princess 
Anne, Md. 



101 



MASSACHUSETTS 




1 Berkshiip. 105,259 

2 Franklin. .43,600 

3. . . . Hampshire. .63,327 

4 Hampden . 660,915 

5 Worcester . 399,657 

6 Middlesex. 669,915 

7 Essex. 436,477 

Ruff oik. 731, 388 



Total 3,366.416 



Massachusetts Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. 



County 



Pop. 



A 

Abing-ton 11... 5,455 

Acton 6 239 

Acton 6 260 

Acushnet 10... 1,063 

Adams 1. .13,026 

Adamsdale . . . .10. . . . 206 

Agra warn 4. . .3,501 

Alford 1 275 

Allerton 11 360 

Amesbury 7... 9, 894 

Amherst 3... 5, 112 

Andover 7... 7,301 

Annisquam ....7.... 506 

Arlington 6.. 11,187 

Arlington Hgts .6. . .1,908 
Ashburnham . . .5. . . . 801 

Ashbv 6 865 

Ashfield 2 593 

Ashland 6... 1,597 

Assinippi 11 ... . 362 

Assonet 10... 1,194 

Athol 5... 8,536 

Attleboro 10.. 16,215 

Attleboro Falls.lO. . .3,062 

Auburn 5... 2,006 

Auburndale . . . .6. . .3,163 

Avon 9... 1,901 

Ayer 6. . .2,797 

B 
Baldwinsville ..5... 1,994 

Ballard Vale 7 533 

Bancroft 3. . . . 233 

♦Barnstable .. .13. . .4,676 

Barre 5. . .3,957 

Bay State 3 447 

Bay View 7 206 

Becket 1 784 

Bedford 6... 1,158 

Belchertown ...3... 2,088 
Bellingham ....9.... 579 



Loca. County Pop. 

Belmont 6. . .5,542 

Berlin 5 706 

Bernardston . . .2. . . . 769 

Beverly 7.. 18,650 

Beverly Farms. .7 ... 1,066 

Eillerica 6... 2, 789 

Blackinton 1 873 

Blackstone 5... 5,648 

Blandford 4 553 

Bolton 5 762 

Bondsville 4... 1,601 

Boston (capital )8. 670,585 

Bourne 12. . . . 450 

Boxford 7 469 

Bradstreet 3. . . . 340 

Braintree 9... 8,066 

Brant Rock 11 336 

Brewster 13 360 

Bridgewater . .11. . .7,688 

Briggsville 1 . . . . 404 

Brimfleld 4. . . . 731 

Brockton 11.. 56,878 

Brookfield 5... 1,658 

Brookline 9.. 27,792 

Brookville 9 209 

Bryantville . . .11. . . . 306 

Buckland 2... 1,550 

Burlington 6 588 

Buzzards Bay. .12. . . . 400 
Byfleld 7 880 

C 

Cambridge 6. 104,839 

Canton 9... 4,797 

Canton Junction. 9. ... 560 

Carlisle 6. . . . 523 

Carver 11 406 

Caryville 9 575 

Centerville 12 450 

Central Village.lO. . . . 250 

Charlemont 2 845 

Charlton 5 481 



Count y 



Pop. 



County Pop. 



Charlton City... 5. 
( harton Depot. .5. 


. . . 550 
. . . 406 




. .9. 


.9,284 


Deerfield 


. .2. 


.1,094 


('hartley .... 


.10. 


. . . 802 


Dennis 


.12. 


. . 306 


Chatham . . . 


..12. 


..1,000 


Dennis Port. . . 


.12. 


.. 608 


Chelinsford 


.. .6. 


..5,010 


Dighton 


.10. 


.. 950 




...8. 
' . . 5 . 


.32,452 
..1,254 






. . 3!50 


Cherry Vallej 


Dodgeville . . . 


.10. 


. . 2.50 


Cheshire .... 


...1. 


..1,281 


Douglass .... 


. .5. 


.. 602 


Chester 


...4. 


..1,307 


Dover 


..9. 


. . 5,36 


Chesterfield . 


..3. 


. .. 421 


Dracut 


..«. 


.3,461 


Chicopee .... 


...4. 


.25,401 


Dudley 


..5. 


.4,367 




S..4. 
.13. 


..8,350 
. . . 322 




. .6. 


. . 412 


Chilmark . . . 


Duxbury 


.11. 


.. 906 


Chiltonville . 


.11. 


. . . 565 








Clarendon Hills. 9. 


. . . 389 


E 






Clarksburg . 


..1. 


. . . 491 


East Acton . . . 


, .6 


.. 280 


Cliftondale . 


..7. 


.3,500 


E. Blackstone. 


..5. 


.. 290 




. .5. 


.13,075 
. . . 795 


E. Braintree. .. .9. 
E. Bridgewater.il. 


1,206 


Cochesett . . . 


..11. 


.3,363 


Cochituate . 


..6. 


..1,303 


E. Brookfield. 


. .5 


. . 730 


Cohasset .... 


..9. 


..2, ,585 


E. Dedham... 


, .9. 


.3,674 


Cold Brook. . 


..5. 


. . . 260 


E. Dennis 


.12. 


. . 250 


Coldbrook 






E. Douglass. . 


..5. 


. 1,500 


Springs . . . 


..5. 


...214 


E. Falmouth.. 


.12. 


.. 250 


Colerain .... 


2 


..1,209 


E. Freetown. . 


.10 


.. 200 


Collinsville .. 


. .6. 


..1,327 


E. Hadlev 


. .3, 


.. 321 


Concord .... 


..6. 


..6,421 


Easthampton 


..3. 


. 8,524 


Concord Junc- 






E. Harwich. . . 


12 


.. 250 


tion 


..«. 


..1.839 


E. Lee 


, .1, 


.. 574 


Conway .... 


. .2 . 


..1,340 


E. Lexington. 


. .6 


. . 831 


Cordaville 


..5. 


. . , 250 


E. Long Meadow4. 


.1,327 


Cotuit 


.13. 


. . . 606 


E. Mansfield.. 


.10. 


. . 260 


Crescent Beach. 8. 


; 18,219 


E. Milton 


..9. 


.1,678 


Cummington 


..3. 


. . . 744 


E. Northfield. . 


. .2. 


.. 781 


D 






Easton 


.10. 


.5,139 






Eastondale . . . 


.10. 


.. 373 


Dalton 


..1. 


..3,568 


E. Orleans. . . . 


.12. 


.. 275 


Dana 


..5. 


. . . 230 


E. Pepperell . . 


..6. 


.2,509 


Danvers .... 


..7. 


..9,407 


E. Princeton. . 


. .5. 


.. 260 


Danversport 


. .7. 


..1,000 


E. Saugus. . . . 


..7. 


. . 953 


Dartmouth . . 


.10. 


..4,378 


E. Taunton... 


.10. 


.1,000 


Davis 


. .2 . 


. . . 205 


E. Templeton. 


..5. 


. . 7.50 



"Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns: Second Column, Number the Same 
as Nmnber of the County Where Town is Located; Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

102 



Massachusetts Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Tou-n.-i 



Loca. PoiK 



E. Walpole. . . 
E. Wareham. . 
E. Weymouth. 
♦Edgaitown . 

Enfield 

Erving 

Essex 

Everett 



. .9 703 

.11 350 

. .9. . .3,540 
.13. . .1,175 

.3 833 

. .2. . .1,094 
. .7. . .1,067 
..6.. 33,484 



Fairhaven 
Fairview . . . . 
*Fall River... 
Falmouth . . . , 

Farley 

Farnumsville 

Fayville 

Feeding Hills. 
Fisherville . . . 

FiEkdale 

*Fitchburg .. 

Florence 

Forge Village. 

Foxboro 

Framingham . 

Franklin 

Furnace 

G 

Gardner 

Georgetown . . 
Gilbertville . . . 

Gill 

Gleasondale . . 
Globe Village. 
Gloucester . . . 

Goshen 

Grafton 

Granby 

Graniteville . . 
Granville . . . . 
Great Barring- 
ton 

Greenbush 
'Greenfield . . 
Greenwich . . . 
Greenwood . . . 

Groton 

Groveland 



.10... 5,123 

..4 213 

.10.119,295 
.13... 3,144 

..2 328 

..5 510 

. .5 450 

. .4. ..1,365 



820 
5... 1,1 60 

5. .37,826 
3. ..1,930 

6 206 

9. . .3,863 

6. .12,948 
9. . .5,641 
5. . . . 280 



.5. .14,699 
.7. . .1,900 
5. . .2,100 

2 708 

.. 705 
.2,975 
34,398 



218 
.5,705 
. . 747 
.1,190 
. . 735 



.1... 5,926 

,11 206 

. .2. .10,431 

.3 364 

..6 466 

..6... 1,852 
..7... 2,086 



H 

Hadley 3 

Halifax 11 

Hamilton 7 

Hampden 4 

Hancock 1 

Hanover 11 

Hanson 11 

Hardwick 5 

Harvard 5 

Harwich 12 

Harwich Port.. 12 
Hatfield . . 
Haverhill . 
Hawley . . . 
Haydenville 

Heath 

Hebronville 
Hingham 



.3. 

.7. 
.2. 
.3. 
.2. 
10. 
11. 
Hingham Centerll. 



Hinsdale 
Holbrook 
Holden .... 
Holliston . . . 
Holyoke 
Hopedale . . 
Hopkinton . 
Hortonville 
Housatonic 
Hubbardston 
Hudson .... 

Hull 

Huntington 
Hyannis . . . 
Hyde Park. 



Indian Orchard. 4. 
Ipswich 7. 



. . 1,651 
. . . 494 
. . . 733 
. . . 561 
. . . 434 
. . . 863 
. . . 605 
. .3,534 
. . . 848 
. . . 691 
. . . 550 
. .1,369 
.44,115 
. . . 359 
..1,096 
. . . 243 
. . . 806 
. .4,965 
. . . 760 
. .1,453 
. .3,816 
. .1,150 
. .3,711 
.57,730 
..2,048 
..3,185 
. . . 506 
..2,361 
..1,010 
..6,743 
. . . 650 
..1,306 
..1,364 
.15,507 

..6,153 

..5,777 



Tuwiif! 



Loca. Pop. 



Jefferson 5... 1,176 

K 

Kendal Green... 6. 
Kingston 11. 

L, 

Lancaster 5. 

Lanesboro 1. 



Lanesville 7. 



. . 591 
.1,950 

.1,406 
. . . 751 
. .1,606 



♦Lawrence 7.. 85,893 

Lakeville 11 913 

Lee 1...4,106 

Leeds 3... 1,151 

Leicester 5. . .3,337 

Lenox 1... 3,060 

Lenox Dale 1 . . . . 513 

Leominster ... .5. .17,580 

Leverett 2. . . . 406 

Lexington 6. . .4,918 

Ley den 2 286 

Lincoln 6. . . . 558 

Lincoln Station .6. ... 564 

Linwood 5. . .1,364 

Littleton 6 819 

Littleton Com- 
mon 6. . . . 405 

Long Meadow. . .4. . . . 964 

Long Plain 10. . . . 221 

* Lowell 6.106,294 

Ludlow 4... 4,948 

Ludlow Center. .4. ... 559 

Lvnn 7.. 89,336 

Lynnfield 7 445 

Lynnfield Center7 457 

Lyonsville 2 256 

M 

Magnolia 7 865 

Maiden 6.. 44,404 

Manchaug 5... 1,520 

Manchester . . . .7. . .2,673 

Manomet 11 590 

Mansfield 10... 5,183 

Marblehead 7... 7,338 

Marion 11. . .1,029 

Marlboro 6.. 14,579 

Marshfield 11 588 

Marshfield HillsU 506 

Mashpee 12 303 

Matfield 11. ... 317 

aiattapoisett ..11... 1,080 

Maynard 6... 6,390 

Medfield 9... 3,466 

Medford 6. .33,150 

Medway 9. . .3,696 

Melrose 6.. 15,715 

Melrose High- 
lands 6... 4,000 

Mendon 5. . . . 933 

Merrick 4... 1,277 

Merrimac 7... 1,706 

Methuen 7.. 11,448 

Middleboro 11... 8,314 

Middlefield Sta..3 233 

Middleton 7 929 

Milford 5.. 13,055 

Millbury 5. . .4,740 

Millers Falls 2.... 469 

Millington 2. . . . 252 

Millis 9 750 

Mill River 1. . . . 203 

Millville 5... 1,935 

Milton 9... 7,934 

Mittineague 4... 2,931 

Monson 4. . .4,758 

Montague 2... 6,866 

Montague City. .2. . . . 465 

Monterey 1. . . . 444 

Montgomery . . .4. . . . 259 
Monument 

Beach 12 250 

Mount Tom 3. . . . 223 

Mundale 4. . . . 203 

Myricks 10 649 

N 

Nahant 7 972 

Nantasket 9... 1,060 

Nantucket 14. . .2,962 

Natick 6... 9,866 

Needham 9...5,03(> 

.Veodham Hghts.9. .. 1,506 
*New Bedford. 10. .96,652 
Now Braintree. ..5. . . . 477 

Newbury 7. . . • 551 

*Newburyport . . .7. .14,949 

New Lenox 1 . . . . 299 

New Marlboro. .1. ... 692 

New Salem 2. . . . 271 

Newton 6.. 39,806 

Newton Center . .6. . .6,066 
Newton High- 
lands 6... 3,990 

Newton Lower 

Falls 6... 2,055 

Newton Upper 

Falls 6... 3,506 

Newtonville . . . .6. . .5,505 
Nobscot 6 303 



Lovii. 



Count y 



Pop. 



..9. 
.11. 
. .1. 
..3. 

.3. 
..7. 
.10. 

.9. 
..6. 
. .5. 
..5. 



Norfolk 

N. Abington . . . 
N. Adams .... 
N. Amherst . . 
* North amp ton 
N. Andover 
N. Attleboro .. 
N. Bellingham 
N. Billerica . . 
Northboro .... 
Northbridge . . 
Northbridge 

Center 

N. Brookfield 
N. Carver .... 
N. Chelmsford 

N. Dana 

N. Dartmouth 
N. Dighton . . . 
N. Eastham 
N. Easton . . 
N. Falmouth 
Northfield . 
Northfield Farms.2. 

N. Grafton 5. 

N. Hadley 3. 

N. Hanover 
N. Hanson . . . 
N. Harwich . . 
N. I..eominster 
N. Middleboro 
N. Orange 
N. Oxford .... 
N. Plymouth . 
N. Raynham 



.5. 
. .5. 
.11. 
..6. 
, ..5. 
.10. 
.10. 
.13. 
.10. 
.12. 
.2. 



N. Reading 6. 



N. Scituate 
N. Stoughton 

N. Truro 

N. TTxbridge 
N. "Westport . . 
N. Weymouth 
N. W^ilbraham 
N. Wilmington 

Norton 

Norwell 



Norwood 9. 

O 



Oak Bluffs. . 
Oakdale ... 
Oakham . . . 
Old Furnace 

Onset 

Orange .... 
Orleans .... 
Osterville . . 

Otis 

Otter River. 
Oxford 



Palmer . , 
Paxton . . 

Peabody 7. 

Pelham 3. 

Pemberton ... .11 . 

ff'epperell 6. 

Pepperell Sta...6. 

Peru 1. 

Petersham 5. 

Phillipston 5. 

Pigeon Cove. . . .7. 

*Pittsfield 1. 

Plainfield 3. 

Plainville 9. 



. . 760 
.2,292 
,22,019 
. .1,195 
19,431 
, .5,529 
.9,562 
. . . 482 
, . . 625 
.1,747 
.8,807 

.. 200 
..3,075 
, . . 508 
. .1,605 
, . . 587 
..1,500 
..1,020 
. . . 200 
..3,099 
, . . 250 
, .. 775 
. . . 214 
..1,730 
. . . 245 
. . . 360 
. . . 200 
. . . 208 
..1,209 
. . . 360 
. . . 281 
. . . 705 
..1,000 
. . . 562 
. . . 903 
..1,000 
. . . 273 
. . . 330 
. . . 552 
. . . 506 
. . . 908 
. . . 568 
. . . 360 
..2,544 
. . . 934 
..8,014 




.4. 



. .11. 
..11. 
. .11. 
. .12. 
...9. 
10. 



*Plymouth 
Plympton , 
Pl.vmpton . 
Pocasset . , 
Ponkapog 
Pottersville 
Pratts Junction. 5 

Prescott 5. 

Prescott 3. 

Princeton ,5. 

Provincetown .12. 

Q 

Quinapoxet ... .5. 
Quincy Adams.. 9. 
Quissett 12. 



Randolph 

Raynham 

Raynham 

Reading 

Readville 



.10. 

.10. 

..6. 

.9. 



..8,610 
. . . 444 
.15,721 
. . . 460 
. . . 561 
.2,a53 
..2,500 
, . . 268 
, . . 605 
. . . 271 
. . . 955 
.32,121 
. . . 332 
. .1,282 
.12,141 
. . . 514 
. . . 255 
. . . 325 
. . . 365 
. . . 341 
. . . 220 
. . 1,056 
. . . 206 
. . . 607 
. .4,369 



. . . 414 
.32,642 
. . . 200 



.4.301 
.1,106 
. . 562 
.5,818 
.1,.563 



Towitfi 



Loca. Pop. 



Rehoboth 10. 

Revere 8. 

Richmond 1. 

Riverside 2. 

Rockdale 5. 

Rochester 11. 

Rock 11. 

Rockland 11. 

Rockport 7. 

Rockville .... 

Rowe 

Rowley 

Royalston 
Royalston Sta. 
Russell 



.2. 
.7. 
.5. 
.5. 
.4 



Rutland 5. 

S 

Sagamore 12. 

*Salem 7. 

Salisbury 7. 

Salisbury Beach.7. 

!i2'. 

..7. 
.. .5. 

. .1. 

-.6. 
, .11. 
..11. 
, .11. 

.10. 
, . .9. 

. .1. 



Sandisfield 
Sandwich . . . 

Saugus 

Saundersville 

Savoy 

Saxsonville 
Scituate .... 
Scotland .... 

Seaside 

Seekonk .... 

Sharon 

Sheffield .... 
Shelburre Falls. 2.. 



Sherborn 

Shirley 

Shirley Center. 
Shrewsbury . . . 
Shutesbury .... 
Siasconset .... 
Silver Lake. . . . 
Sixteen Acres. 
Somerset . . . . , 
Somerviile . . . , 
South Acton. . . 
Southampton 
S. Ashburnham .5. 



,.2. 
..10. 
. . .5. 
,..5. 
.. .5. 
. ..9. 
. . .5. 
..11. 

.12. 

. .6. 

.10. 
.2. 



S. Ashfield 
S. Attleboro . 
S. Barre .... 

S. Berlin 

Southboro . . . 
S. Braintree . 
Southbridge . 
S. Carver .... 
S. Chatham . 
S. Chelmsford 
S. Dartmouth 
S. Deerfield . 

S. Dennis 12, 

S. Dukesbury . .11. 

S. Easton 10. 

S. Egremont . . .1. 

S. Essex 7. 

S. Framingham 6. 
S. Groveland . . .7. 

S. Hadley 3. 

.S. Hadlev Falls. 3, 

S. Hamilton 7. 

S. Hanover ... .11, 
S. Hanson . . 
S. Harwich . 
S. Hingham 
S. Lancaster 

S. Lee 

S. Lincoln 6. 

S. Middleboro .11. 

S. Natick 6. 

S. Rehoboth . . .10. 
S. Royalston . . .5. 

S. Sherborn 6. 

S. Sudbury 6. 

Southville 



.11. 
, . .12. 
..11. 

...5. 
.1 



S. 'Walpole 9, 



S. W^areham 
S. Westport 
S. Wymouth 
Southwick . 
S. Yarmouth 
Spencer . . . . 
*Springfield 
Sterling . . . . 
Sterling Jet. 
Still River. . 
Stockbridge 
Stoneham . . 
Stoughton . . 

Stow 

Sturbridge . 



11 

. .10. 

. . .9. 

...4. 

...2. 

. . .5. 

. . .4 
5 

...5. 

...5. 
1 

...6. 

...9. 

...6. 

. . .5. 



, .1,540 
,18,219 
. . . 415 

. . . 315 
. . . 560 
. . . 986 
, . . 460 
. .6,938 
. .4,211 
. . . 323 
, . . 527 
..1,288 
, . . 383 
. . . 628 
. . . 630 
. . 1,206 



.. 368 
43,697 
. . 840 
.. 624 
.. 281 
.1,158 
.8,041 
. . 720 
.. 257 
.2,000 
.1,177 
. . 206 
.1,660 
.1,917 
.2,085 
.1,637 
.1,341 
. . . 983 
..1,492 
. . . 200 
..1,866 
. . . 374 
. . . 268 
. . . 255 
. . . 250 
. .2,798 
.77,336 
. . . 809 
...937 
..1,063 
. . . 263 
. . . 530 
. . . 450 
. . . 200 
..1,031 
. .3,109 
.13,592 
. . . 435 
. . . 285 
. . . 395 
..1,218 
. . . 927 
. . . 265 
. . . 468 
. . . 706 
. . . 543 
. . . 723 
..7,248 
. . . 376 
..4,894 
..3,311 
. . . 814 
. . . 622 
. . . 655 
. . . 360 
. . . 700 
..1,080 
. . . 382 
. . . 564 
. . . 460 
. . . 609 
. . . 287 
. . . 628 
. . . 408 
. . . 708 
. . . 280 
. . . 300 
. . . 266 
. . . 200 
..3,500 
..1,048 
. . . 590 
. .6,740 
.88,936 
. . . 850 
. . . 245 
. . . 259 
..1,838 
..7,090 
. .6,316 
. .1,100 
. . . 814 



103 



Massachusetts Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

Sudbury 6 309 

Sunderland -Z 910 

Sutton 5... 3,078 

Swampscott . . . .7 . . .6,204 

Swansea 10. . . . 550 

Swansea CenterlO. . . . 564 

T 

*Taunton 10. .34,259 

Tempest Knob .12 350 

Templeton 5... 3, 756 

Tewksbury 6... 3, 750 

Thorndike 4... 1,373 

Three Rivers. . .4. . .1,191 

Tolland 4 274 

Topsfleld 7... 1,095 

Townsend 6 968 

Townsend Har- 
bor 6 304 

Tremont 11.... 350 

Truro 12 340 

Turners Falls. . .2. . .5,115 

Tyngsboro 6. . . . 768 

Tyringham ....!.... 814 

U 

Upton 5 877 

Oxbridge 5... 4,671 

V 
Vineyard HavenlS. . .1,108 

W 

Waban 6 500 

Wakefield 6.. 11,404 



2'oii'ns 



Loca. Pop. 



Wales 

Walpole , 

Waltham 

Wamesit 

Waquoit 

"Ward Hill 

Ware 

Wareham .... 

Warren 

Warwick .... 
Washington . . 
Watertown 
Waterville . . . 

Waverly 

Wayland .... 

Webster 

"VV^ellesley . . . . 
Wellesley Hills 

Wellfleet 

Wendell 

Wendell Depot 

Wenham 

West Acton. . 
W.' Auburn. . . 
W. Barnstable 

W. Berlin 

Westboro . . . . 
W. Boylston.. 
W. Brewster. . 
W. Bridgewate 
W. Brookfield. 
W. Chatham.. 
W. Chelmsford 



..4. 
..9. 
..6. 
. .6. 
.13. 
..7. 
..3. 
.11. 
..5. 
..2. 
..1. 
..6. 
..5. 
..6. 
..6. 
..5. 
..9. 
..9. 
.13. 
. .2. 
..2. 
..7. 
..6. 
. .5. 
.12. 
. .5. 
. .5. 
. .5. 
.12. 
rll. 
..5. 
.12. 
..6. 



. . . 645 
..4,892 
.27,834 
. . , 300 
. . . 460 
. . . 400 
..8,774 
..4,402 
..4,188 
. . . 527 
. . . 339 
.12,875 
. . . 633 
..1,531 
. . . 917 
.11,509 
. .5,413 
..2,464 
. . . 858 
. . . 228 
...201 
... 814 
. . . 730 
. . . 265 
... 308 
. . . 220 
. .5,446 
...571 
. . . 200 
..1,211 
..1,384 
. . . 2.50 
. . . 560 



Toifiis 



Loca. Pop. 



W. Cummington3. 

W. Dennis 12. 

"W. Dudley 5. 

W. Duxbury. . .11. 
W. Falmouth, 

Westfleld 

Westford .... 
W. Groton . . , 
Westhampton 
W. Hanover., 
W. Mansfield 
W. Medford. . 
W. Med way. 
W. Millbury. 
Westminster 
Westminster 

Depot .... 
W. Newbury. 
W. Newton. . 

Weston 

W. Orange.. 
W. Peabody. 
W. Pittsfield. 
Westport .... 
Westport Point. 10. 
West Rutland... 5. 
W. Springfield. .4. 
W. Stockbridge.l. 
W. Stoughton. . .9. 
W. Sutton . . 
W. Tisbury.., 
W. Townsend, 
W. Upton...., 



.12. . 
. .4. . 
. .6.. 
..6.. 
..3.. 
.11.. 
.10. . 
..6.. 
. .9. . 
. .5. . 
..5.. 

..5.. 
..7.. 
. .6.. 
..6.. 
..2.. 
..7. . 
. .1., 
.10. , 



..5. 
.13. 
. .6. 



. . 233 
.. 666 
.1,263 
.. 450 
.. 273 
16,044 
.2,851 
.. 460 
.. 466 
.. 554 
. . 508 
.4,300 
.1,250 
.. 521 
.. 998 

. . 350 
,.1,405 
.7,000 
.1,500 
. . 323 
, . . 308 
, . . 460 
,.2,928 
, . . 305 
. . . 490 
..9,224 
, . . 955 
, . . 406 
. . . 200 
. . 357 
, . . 500 
.1,147 



Loca. Pop. 



W. Wareham.. 11. 

W. Warren 5. 

W. Whately 2. 



Westwood 
We\-mouth 

Whately 

White Valley. 

Whitins 

Whitinsville 

Whitman .... 

Wilbraham . . . 

Wilkinsonville 

Williamsburg 

Williamstown 

Williamstown 

Station .... 
Willimansett . 
Wilmington . . 
Winchendon 
Winchendon 

Springs .... 
Winchester . , 

Windsor 

Winthrop Center8. 

Woburn 6 

Woods Hole... 12 

Woodville 6 

•Worcester ,...5 

Woronoco 4 

Worthlngton ...3 

Wrentham 9 

Y 
Yarmouth Portl2 



.11. 
..4. 

.5. 
..3. 

.1. 

..1., 
..4. 
..6. 
..5. 

..5. 

..6. 

.1, 



. . . 350 
..1,193 
. . . 366 
...927 
.12,895 
. . . 350 
. . . 208 
..1,364 
..4,309 
..7,292 
..1,140 
. . . 460 
. . . 847 
..3,708 

. . . 764 
.1,451 
.1,370 

..5,678 

..1,660 
..9,309 
. . . 457 
.10,133 
.15,303 
. . . 408 
. . . 360 
145,986 
... 423 
.. . 341 
..1,203 



663 



MASSACHUSETTS 

A GREAT MANUFACTURING REGION AND HIGH CLASS OF PEOPLE. 



On« purpose of this volume is to give information 
to people living: in cities and others who wish to 
change their place of residence, and particularly 
to where land may be obtained to good advantage. 

In our presentation of opportunities for farnilies 
in getting support we are absolutely impartial. " We 
have not the slightest pecuniary interest in any 
region of the country we describe. We are gov- 
erned therefore by no bias in favor of any particu- 
lar locality. Our mission is simply to present the 
merits of all states, tell the extremes of climate, 
describe each locality spoken of truthfully and leave 
readers to be their own judge as to where they had 
better go. Then, before buying go and see the 
property. 

We aim to give the general geography of every 
state, the location of every county, and with this, 
location of every government land office, agricul- 
tural college, capital of the state and public institu- 
tion, where further information may be obtained by 
correspondence with superintendents of these insti- 
tutions. 

We have made a specialty in this work of giving 
the location and population of every county in the 
United States, that the land seeker, might, besides 
corresponding with the Secretary of State, write 
to County authorities and get the facts about any 
particular locality. 

We will say here, what we repeat elsewhere, to 
get a prompt 'answer the enquirer should always en- 
close a prepaid envelope, with name and address on 
same. 

When leaving a city, as we said of another manu- 
facturing State, the family is not always desirous 
of leaving for the sake of going upon a farm. They 
may wish to change abode for the purpose of sur- 
rounding the children with different associations. 
They may wish to change the home to get employ- 
ment in some kind of manufacturing industry or 
other employment. Besides agricultural possibilities 
we speak generally of the industrial conditions of 
a State. 

This brings us to a consideration of the oppor- 
tunities for new settlers in the State of Massachu- 
setts. In the beginning it may be said that this is 
not an agricultural but a manufacturing state. And 
yet people wishing to get themselves beautiful 
homes amid picturesque New England scenes will 
find many chances for profitable investment in every 
county in the state. If desirous of owning many 
acres or a small tract of land. In any county, open 
correspondence with one or more real estate agents, 
get descriptions and photographs of various prop- 



erties in the market for sale, and after seeing them 
determine if any of them is what you want. 

There are numerous highly fertile valleys in the 
State in which market gardening can be carried 
forward with profit. A two or three weeks' visit to 
this region would reveal all that. 

But possibly the land seeker is principally intent 
upon finding, with a rural home, the opportunity for 
employment in some inanufacturing industry. If 
so this is a superior region for that purpose. In 
proportion to its size Massachusetts is far ahead 
of any State in the Union in factory production, 
as shown in the fact that there are in this State 
about 400,000 wage earners employed in factories. 

THE MANY RAPID FLOWING RIVERS. 

There are various reasons for tliis being a great 
factory center. In the first place the maps enumer- 
ate 190 rivers in this small state. Many of these 
are branches of larger rivers, yet all of them are 
so rapid in flow as to give i)Ower. Second, with 
over 300 miles of sea coast, providing numerous 
harbors for incoming raw material and outgoing 
manufactured product to the great markets of the 
world, there is superior chance to get the raw ma- 
terial in and the manufactured product out, to the 
world. Third, accessibility to the millions of people 
on the Atlantic coast that have to buy goods; and 
fourth, long years of experience in getting factories 
established and finding avenues of trade. 

ALWAYS FIND OPPORTUNITY BY SEARCHING. 

It is reasonable to suppose that with the immense 
call for population to go West, the ranks of these 
400,000 workers in factories will be often broken, 
and there will be ample opportunity to find factory 
employment in this State at any time of the year. 

A brief enumeration of goods made in Massachu- 
setts includes the finest of carpets, silks, woolens, 
cottons, paper, shoes, matches, cutlery, agricultural 
implements, tools, silverware, bronzes, whips, drugs, 
chemicals, clocks and other goods much too numer- 
ous to mention. 

Attracted by the high culture of the people, by 
the many educational advantages, by the opportu- 
nit.v for making of beautiful homes in the miast 
of charming scenery, great numbers of people, who 
have been well over the world, are going to the 
rural, picturesque uplands and pleasant valleys of 
Massacliusetts to spend the last years of life. 

PRICES OF REAL ESTATE IN MASSACHUSETTS. 

We give elsewhere a list of some properties for 
sale in Massachusetts, which may be considered an 
average of hundreds of properties in the market. 



104 



Massachusetts Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



New England Properties for Sale 



Altitude. Highest in the State, Mt. Greylock, in 
the extreme nortliwest part of tlie State, in Berk- 
shire Co., 3,400 feet high. 

Climate. Average annual January temperature at 
Boston 26 above. Average July 71. Extremes, 103 
above and 13 below. Average annual rainfall, 45 
inches. 

Dimensions. Extreme length of State, 110 miles; 
extreme width, 1!)0 miles. 

Agricultural College. Amherst. 



History. First permanent settlements made by 
the Pilgrims at Plymouth, 1620; by the Puritans at 
Salem, 162S; at Boston, 1630. King Phillip's war, 
1675. Witchcraft trials at Salem, 161(2, twenty per- 
sons executed. First newspaper, "Public Occur- 
rences" in Boston, 1690. "Boston News Letter" 
funded 1704. Published till 1776. Boston massacre, 
1770. Boston Tea Party, 1773; value tea destroyed, 
.$100,000. Battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker 
Hill, 1775. 



PRICES OF SMALL FARMS AND VILLAGE PROrERTIES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



Although this state is densely populated, it is 
seen, from these items, which we cut from a real 
estate advertising sheet, that homes can be obtained 
here at reasonable prices. For values on farm 
properties write to Secretary of States for list of 
real estate dealers in Massachusetts. 

NORFOLK COUNTY, MASS. 

West Medway is located on the Woonsocket divis- 
ion of the New York, New Haven and Hartford 
Railroad, only 27 miles from Boston; commutation 
$26 per quarter. Take train leaving South Station, 
Boston, or River Street Station, Woonsocket, R. I. 

West Medway is a town of about 1,600 people. It 
has good graded grammar and high schools, elec- 
tric lights, trolley cars, woolen mill, shoe, straw 
and box factories. It is surrounded by prosperous 
manufacturing and farming towns, and as prices 
are steadily advancing, it is one of the most desir- 
able localities in which to purchase property. 
West Medway — 15 Acres— $4,200. 

This is a beautiful country home, as you can 
readily see by glancing at the above picture. The 
house is well worth $5,000, but the owner is in ill 
health and must sell at once, therefore he offers it 
at a bargain. Located % cf a mile from stores, 
postoffice, depot, etc. The land is nicely adapted to 
gardening and fruit raising; there is now a fine lot 
of plums, pears, grapes, blackberries and straw- 
berries in bearing; 25 to 50 apple trees. The house 
contains 11 rooms, is heated by furnace; the rooms 
are light and airy, and surroundings are pleasant. 
Price only $4,200; $1,000 can remain on mortgage. 
West Medway — 3 Acres — $2,500. 

Three minutes' walk to depot and electric cars; 
50 minutes' ride to Boston; fine 2-story house, 11 
rooms, with a chance to finish 3 more; heated by 
furnace; nice wide piazza (see cut); small stable; 
all in perfect repair; very pretty elm and maple 
shade; 10 minutes' walk from the Charles River; 3 
apple trees, 1 cherry, 2 pear, 1 quince; fine large 
garden. Only $2,500; Vi down, balance on mort- 
gage at 5 per cent. 

West Medford — 40 Acres — $2,100. 

Productive farm, and very attractive set of build- 
ings; 15 acres in smooth level fields; 10 acres in 
pasture; 15 acres in wood; some pine timber; 100 
barrels of apples in season; raspberries, blackberries, 
good asparagus bed. The house is 1% stories, con- 
tains 7 rooms, and sets well back from the street, 
with fine shady lawn; barn 30x40, with basement 
and tie-up for 5 cows; wood shed; 2 poultry houses, 
that will accommodate 100 hens; within 1% miles 
of village; mail delivery; few steps to neighbors. 
You can make money here keeping poultry and 
raising vegetables. Only $2,100; $600 down. 

West Medway — 3% Acres — $2,000. 

Fine large house arranged for 2 families; upper 
part can always be rented if desired (see cut). The 
rooms are large and light; house contains 10 rooms; 
water supply by wells; poultry house 13x16; in 
wide-awake village, where there is a ready market 
for poultry, berries, vegetables, etc. Y'ou can keep 
several hundred hens, and raise 2 or 3 acres of 
garden truck each year. There are 12 apple and 
pear trees; plenty of cherries, grapes, peaches, cur- 



rants, etc., for home use. To make a quick sale 
price has been reduced to only $2,000; Vz cash. 
Possession in 15 days. 

West Medway — ZVs Acres — $1,800. 
This is one of those nice, clean, comfortable look- 
ing homes that you have often wished you owned. 
Very pleasant surroundings; level lawn; nice walk, 
and on a good street. House contains 12 rooms, 
with bath; well with force pump, that forces water 
to tank in attic; barn 20x12, clapboarded walls; 2 
poultry houses; brooder house, very warm. House is 
finished in natural wood; rooms are well papered 
and painted; located right in the village and few 
steps to everything. The owner has business else- 
where and to insure immediate sale has reduced his 
price to $1,800; only $900 down, the balance on easy 
terms. 

West Medway — ^^ Acre — $1,800. 
Large house with store on one side (see cut); 
located in prosperous village. There is a fine chance 
to sell building lots, as the land fronts on the 
street for many rods; 15 rooms, besides store, any 
number of which can be rented; wood shed and hen 
house; elm shade; few minutes' walk from depot 
and trolley cars. This is an exceptionally good 
opportunity to secure a good home and small store. 
Price only $1,800; $600 down, balance on easy pay- 
ments. 

West Medway — i Acres — $1,700. 
One of the nicest little homes that you could de- 
sire; located right in the village on main street, 
just the place for a carpenter or mechanic; house 
contains 5 rooms and is supplied with well water by 
a pump in the kitchen; barn 22x30; poultry house 
10x40, where the present owner has been making 
money keeping fowls; the land is level and easily 
worked; abundance of apples, pears, plums, peaches 
and raspberries in good bearing condition. Only 
$1,700; $300 down, balance on mortgage. Now is 
your opportunity before some wideawake fellow gets 
this before you. Such places sell quickly. 

West Medway — 3 Acres — $1,300. 
Productive small farm on main street; trolleys 
pass it; Yz mile to stores, schools, churches, etc.; 
same distance to factory and the best of markets. 
The house is well built and contains 5 rooms. There 
are 2 poultry houses and a good chance to build 
more; apple, plums, pears and grapes for home use; 
the land is level and excellent for raising all garden 
crops. Plenty of employment to be had in the vil- 
lage. 

West Medway — 2 Acres — $1,100. 
A good poultry farm is a small gold mine. Here 
is one of them. This house is 2 stories, 10 rooms, 
with piazza; water supply by well; barn 15x20, clap- 
board walls; poultry house 50 feet long; 2 acres 
good garden land; 12 apple trees, 2 pears, 2 
cherries; raspberries; located in village, few steps 
to railroad station and trolley cars. This is a 
house that would cost $2,000 to build and with the 
exception of needing a little paint and paper it is 
in good condition. The owner is very anxious to 
sell, and has reduced the price to $1,100; only $300 
down, and the balance, payable in installments of 
$50 a year, with interest. 



MASSACHUSETTS HEALTH AND PLEASURE RESORTS 



Swampscott, Mass. — This favorite resort of Bos- 
touians is 1 mile beyond the village of Lynn. It 
has three sea-beaches, and picturesque headlands, 
elegant villas, safe and excellent bathing, and is 
everywhere indicative of wealth and fashion. In 
a business point of view it has a large trade in fresh 
fish — principally cod and haddock — caught in the 
vicinity by residents, and forwarded to market. 



Oak BlufTs (Martha's Vineyard) Mass. — This 
religious summer resort is controlled by Baptists, 
whose tabernacle will seat 5,000 persons. The sur- 
rounding grounds have been attractively improved, 
and it is estimated that 25,000 visitors arrive and 
depart during the season. Martha's Vineyard is an 
island 21 miles long by 6 miles wide, between which 
and the mainland flows Vineyard Sound, 4 miles 
wide. 



10^ 



MICHIGAN 



STATE AND THE 83 COUNTIES OF MICHIGAN 

With Their Boundaries 




Lo- 

ca- COUNTIES Pop. 

tion 1910 

1 Gogebic. 23,333 

2 ... Ontonagon.. 8,65* 

3 Houghton. .88,098 

4.... Keweenaw.. 7,156 

Baraga.. 6,12'J 

6 Iron. .15,164 

7 Dickinson. .20,524 

8 Marquette. .46,739 

9.... Menominee. .25,648 

10 Alger.. 7,675 

11 Delta. .30,108 

13 Schoolcraft.. 8,681 

13 Luce.. 4,004 

14 .... Mackinac. 9,249 

15 .... Chippewa. .24,472 

1(5 Emmet. .18,561 

17 Cheboygan. .17,272 

18...Presque Isle.. 11,249 
19.... Charlevoix. .19,157 

20 Antrim. .15,692 

21 Otsego . . 6,552 

22 . Montmorency.. 3,755 

23 Alpena. .19,965 

24 Leelanau. .10,608 

25 Benzie. .10,638 

26.Grand Traverse. .23,784 
27 Kalkaska . . 8,097 

28 .... Crawford.. 3,934 

29 Oscoda. .17,889 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

30 Alcona. . 5,703 

31 Manistee. .26,688 

32 Wexford . . 20,769 

33 Missaukee. .10,606 

34... Roscommon.. 2,274 

35 Ogemaw.. 8,907 

36 Iosco. . 9,753 

37 Mason. .21,83: 

38 Lake. . 4.939 

39 Osceola. .17.880 

40 Clare. . 9.!40 

41 Gladwin. . 8,413 

42 Arenac. 9,640 

43 Oceana. .18,379 

44 Newaygo. .19,220 

45 Mecosta. .19,466 

46 Isabella. .23,0i9 

47 Midland.. 14,005 

48 Bav. .68,238 

49 Huron. .34.758 

50 Muskegon. .40,577 

51 Ottawa. .45,301 

52 Kent. 159, 145 

53 Montcalm. .32,069 

54 Gratiot. .28,820 

55 Saginaw. .89,290 

56 Tuscola. .34.913 

57 Sanilac. .33,930 

58 Ionia. .33,550 

59 Clinton. .23,159 

60.... Shiawassee. .33,246 

61 Genesee. .64,55,5 

62 La Peer.. 26,033 

63 St. Clair.. 52, 341 

64 Allegan. .39,819 

65 Barrv. .22,633 

66 Eaton. .30,499 

67 Ingham. .53,310 



Touns Loca. Pop. 

68.... Livingston. .17,736 

69 Oakland. .43,576 

70 Macomb. .32,606 

71 Van Buren. .33,185 

72.... Kalamazoo. .60,427 

73 Calhoun. .,56,638 

74 Jackson. .53,426 

75... Washtenaw. .44,714 
76 Wayne. 531,590 



Toicns Loca. Pop. 

77 Berri< n . .56,6 2 

78 Cass.. 20,624 

79 St. Joseph. .25,499 

80 Branch. .25,605 

81 Hillsdale. .29,673 

82 Lenawee. .47,907 

83 Monroe. .32,917 

Total 2,810,173 



Michigan Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations. 



Loca. Pop. 



Ada . . . . 

Adair 

Addison 

♦Adrian 

Ahmcek 

Akron 

Alabaster 

Alanson 

Aldska 

Alba 

Albion . . 
Alden 
Alger 
Algonac 
*Allegan 
Allen . . . 
Allendale 
AUonez . 



..52 390 

.63 214 

.82 474 

10,763 
. . 766 



4. 

56. 

36. 

16. 

52. 

20. 

73. 

20. 

42. 

63 . 

64. 

81. 

51. 



, . . 475 
. . 619 
.. 473 
. . 344 
. . 692 
.5,833 
. . 628 
. . 2.50 
.1,204 
.3,419 
. . 550 
. . 208 



.4... 1,103 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



Alma .54. 

Almont 62. 

* Alpena 23. 

Alston 3. 

Alto 52. 

Amasa 6. 

Anchorville . . .63. 

Anderson 68. 

*Ann Arbor.... 75. 



Arcadia 

Armada 

Ashland 

Ashley . 

Ashton 

Athens 

* A 1 1 a n t a 

Atlantic 

Attica . 

Auburn 



,. ..31. 
...70. 

44. 

... 54 . 

. ..39. 

...73. 

. 22 . 

Miiie'.Ts'. 

62. 

48. 



..3,757 
. . . 675 
.12,700 
..1,092 
. . . 350 
. ..418 
. . . 420 
. . . 209 
. 14,817 
. . .403 
. . . 748 
. .1,523 
. . . 513 
. . . 209 
. . . 631 
. . . 250 
. .2,023 
. . . 499 
. . . 309 



Towns Loca. 

Au Gres 42. 

Augusta 72. 

Au Sable 36. 

Averill 47. 

Avoca 63. 

Axin 32. 

B 

Bad Axe 49. 

Bailey 50. 

Bainbridge ....77. 

♦Baldwin 38. 

Baltic 3. 

Bancroft 60. 

Bangor 71. 

Bannister ... .54. 

Baraga 5. 

Barker Creek. ..27. 
Bark River. . . .11. 
Baroda 77.. 



Pop. 



. . 252 
. . 464 
. . 648 
. . 340 
. . 250 
. . 516 

.1,559 
. . 350 
. 1,.590 
. . 502 
.2,500 
. . 543 
.1,158 
. . 481 
.1,071 
. . 280 
. . 709 
. 240 



Loca. Pop. 



Barry ton 45 



Bath 

Battle Creek 
*Bay City. 
Bay Mills 
Bayshore . 
Bayside 
Beacon . . . 
Bear Lake. 
Beavertown 
Bedford 
Beach .... 
Belding ... 
*BeIlaire 
Bellville .. 
Bellvue 
Bennington 
Benton Harbor.77 
Benzonia 25 



.59., 
...73.. 
. . .48. , 
. . .15. , 
. . .19. 
. . . 48 . , 

8. 

...31., 
.. .41. 
. . .73. 
. ..76. 
...58., 
. . .20. 
. . .76. 
. . .66. . 
. . .60. , 



. . .411 
.317 
25,267 
45,166 
. 290 
. 300 
. 300 
1,078 
. 504 
. 418 



. 241 
4.118 
1,050 
. 480 
. 930 
. 265 
9.185 
. 563 



"Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town Is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

106 



Michigan Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Tuiciis 



Pnl,. 



Bergland 
Berlin 

Berrion Cente 
Berrien Spring 
* Bessemer . . . 

Beulah 

Big Bay 

Big Beaver. . . 
*Big Kapids. . 
Bingham . . . . 

Birch 

Birmingham . 
Blanchard 

Blanev 

Bliss 

Blissfield . . . . 
Bloomingdale 
Boardman . . . 

Boon 

Borland 

Boyne City. . . 
Boyne Falls. . 
Breckenridge . 
Breedsville . . . 
Bridgeport 
Bridgeton 
Bridginan 
Brighton . . . . 

Brimley 

Ijritton 

Bronson 

Brooklyn . . . . 
Brown City. . . 
Buchanan 

Buckley. 

Burlington . . . 
Burnips 

Corners .... 

Burr Oak 

Burt 

Butternut 

Buttersville . . 

Byron 

Byron Center. 



51. 

r.77. 

~4l. 
.1. 



.25. 
. .8. 
.6!>. 
.45. 
.24. 
. .8. 
.69. 
.4(S. 
.12. 
.16. 



.32. 
.45. 
.19. 
.19. 
.54. 
,71. 



.68. 
.15. 
.82. 
.80. 
.74. 
.57. 
.77. 
,32. 
73. 

64. 
,79. 
55. 
53. 
37. 
60. 
52. 



Cadillac 
Caledonia 
California . . . . 

("■alumet 

Cambria 

("■amden 

Capac 

Carlton 

Carlton Center 

< 'arney 

*Caro 

Carrollton 
Carson City. . . 
Carsonville . . . 

Cascade 

Caseville 

Casnovia 

C-ss City 

*Cassopolis 

Cedar 

Cedar Lake. . . 
Cedar River. . 
Cedar Run. . . . 
Cedar Springs. 
Cement City. . 
*Centerville . . 
Central Lake. 

Ceresco 

Champion 
Channing .... 
*Charlevoix . . 
♦Charlotte . . . 

Chase 

Chassell 

Chatham .... 
*Cheboygan .. 

Chelsea 

Chesaning . . . . 
Chippewa Lake 

Clare 

Clarion . . 

Clarkston 

Clarksville 

Clawson 

Claybanks 

Clayton . . 

Clearwater 

Clifford . . 

ciiiTiax 

Clinton . . 

Clio 

Clyde .... 
Coalwood 



. .32 



.80. 
. .3. 
.81. 
.81. 
.63. 
.83. 
.65. 
. .9. 
.56. 
.55. 
.53. 
.57. 
.52. 
.49. 
.50. 
.56. 
.78. 
.24. 
.53. 
. .9. 
.25. 
.52 . 
.82. 
.79. 
.20. 
,73. 
. .8. 



. . 211 

. . 304 
.. 209 
. . 880 
.4,583 
. . 420 
.. 308 
. . 209 
.4,519 
. . 811 
. . 609 
.1,607 
. . 219 
. . 250 
. . 252 
.1.474 
. . 501 
. . 524 
. . 304 
. . 506 
.5,218 
. . 325 
. . 595 
. . 219 
. . 305 
. . 767 
. . 250 
. . 781 
. . 500 
. . 370 
. 1,020 
. . 602 
. . 690 
.1,831 
. . 464 

. 206 
. . 752 
. . 200 

. 250 
. . 300 

. 427 

. 406 



..8,375 
. . . 422 
. . . 209 
.32,845 
. . . 350 
. ..392 
. .. 761 
. . . 506 
..1,309 
. . . 4i0 



55. 
.45. 
40. 
,19. 
69. 
58. 
69. 
43. 
82. 
27. 
62. 
72. 
82. 
61. 
69. 
10. 



. .2,208 
. . . 808 
. . . 401 
. .1,209 
, . . 442 
. . . 308 
.1,120 
.1,358 
, . . 406 
. . . 206 
, . . 509 
. . . 26) 
. . 947 
. . . 509 
. . 613 
. . 813 
. . 350 
.2,500 
. . 506 
.2.420 
.4,886 
. . 209 
. . 750 
. . 750 
. 6,859 
.1,764 
.1,363 
. . 309 
.1,350 
. . 200 
. . 345 
. . 375 
.. 206 
. . 712 
.. 372 
. . 542 
. . 308 
. . 425 
.1.011 
. . 810 
. . 209 
. . 280 



Liica. Pop. 



* Co Id water 
Coleman .... 

Coloma 

Colon 

Columbiaville 
Commerce . . 

Comstock 72 

Comstock Pk. ..52 
Concord 
Conklin . . . 
Constantine 
Cooks .... 
Cooper .... 
Coopersville 
Copemish . 

Cor'l 

Corrinne . . 
*Corunna . 
CoveVt .... 
Cross Village.. 16 

Croswell 57 

Crump 48. 

Cryst-1 53, 

♦Crystal Falls. . .6 

Culver 27. 

37. 



.80. 
.47. 
.77. 
.79. 
.62. 
.69. 



...74 
. ..51. 

..79. 
, . .12. 
. . .72 . 
, ..51. 
,..31. 
...53. 
.. .14. 

. .60. 
(1. 



D 



. .9. 
..67. 
. .70. 
..69. 
,. .61. 



Custer . . . 

Daggett . 
Dansville 
D?-vis .... 
Divisburg 
Davison 

Dearborn 76. 

Decatur 71. 

Deckerville . . .57. 

Deerfield 82. 

Defiance 11 . 

Deford 56. 

Delaware Mine.. 4. 

Delhi Mills 75. 

Delta 66. 

Delton 65. 

Deinmon 3. 

♦Detroit 76 

Deward 28 



. .5,(14 i 
... 909 
...701 
. . . 853 
. . . 369 
. . . 250 
. . . 206 
. . . 309 
. . . 543 
. . . 200 
. .1,244 
. . . 820 
. . . 25J 
...814 
. . . 490 
. . . 509 
. . . 250 
. .1,384 
. . . 325 
. . . 506 
..1,820 
. . . 350 
. . .326 
. .3,775 
. . . 290 
...277 



De Witt . . 
Dexter .... 

Dice 

Dick 

Dighton 
Dimondale 
Diorite 
Dollar Bay 
Dollarville 

Dorr 

Douglas 

Dowagiac 78. 

Drayton Plains. 69. 



..59. 
.75. 
.55. 
.15. 
.39. 
.66. 
. .8. 
. .3. 
.13. 
.64. 
.64. 



Drenthe 
Drummond 
Dry den . . . 
Dundee . . . 
Durand . . . 



E 



,.51. 
, .15. 
, .62. 

.83. 

.60. 

..4. 



..53. 

. .19. 

.31 



Eagle Harbor 
East Grand 

Rapids 
East Jordan 
Eastlake 
East Lansing.. 67. 

Eastport 20. 

East Sauga- 

tuck 64. 

East Tawas. . . .36. 
Eaton Rapids.. 66. 

Eau Claire 17. 

Ecorse 76. 

Edmore 53 . 



. . 228 

.. 349 

. . 209 

.. 306 

.. 673 

.. 911 

.1,286 

,. 628 

. . 443 

. . 200 

.. 260 

.. 269 

. . 200 

.. 275 

... 308 

... 209 

465,766 

... 390 

. . . 450 

... 726 

... 362 

. . . 209 

. . . 460 

. . . 341 

. . . 460 

..1,809 

... 460 

, . . 393 

. . . 485 

. .5,088 

. . 320 

. . . 662 

. . . 306 

. . . 371 

. .1,070 

.3,315 

, . . 576 

. . 893 
.2,516 
.8,062 
. . 306 
.. 209 

.. 362 
.1,452 
.2,094 
. . 307 
.1,063 



Edwardsburg 


.78. 


. . . 509 


Elk Rapids . 


.20. 


..1,672 


Elk ton 


.49. 


. . . 553 


Ellsworth . . . 


. 20 , 


. . . 375 


Elm Hall 


.,54. 


. . . 362 


Elmira 


.21. 


. . . 590 


Eloise 


.76. 


. . . 792 


Elsie 


. 59 . 


. . . 592 


Emmett .... 


.63. 


. . . 292 


Empire 


.24. 


. . . 578 


Erie 


.83. 


. . . 350 


*Escanaba . . 


.11. 


.13,194 


Essexville . . . 


.48, 


. .1.477 


Eureka 


.59. 


. . . 208 


Evart 


.39. 


. .1,386 


Ewen 


. .2. 


. . 350 



Fairfax 
Fairfield 
Fairgrove 



79.. 

82. 

56. 



280 
350 
437 



Tiiuns 



L.ica. 



P, 



Fair Haven. . . 

Fargo 

Farmington . , 

Farwell 

Fennville . . . . 

Fenton 

Ferrysburg 

Fife Lake. . . . 

Filter Citv. . . 

Flat Rock 

♦Flint 

Flushing 

Ford City 

Ford River. . . 

Forestvjlle . . . 

Foster City. . . 

Fostoria 

Fountain . . . . 

Fowler 

Fowlerville 

Frankenlust . , 

Frankenmuth 

Frankfort . . . . 

Fraser 

Freda 

Frederic 

Freeland 

Freeport 

Free Soil 

Freinont 

Frontier 

Fruitport . . . . 

Fulton 

G 

Gagetown . . . . 

Gaines 

Galesburg 

Galien 

Garden 

Garnet 

Gatesville . . . . 
♦Gaylord 

Germfask . . . . 
Gert 

Gilead 

Girard 

Gladstone . . . . 

♦Gladwin . . . . 

Glen Arbor . . 

Glen 

Gobleville .... 
Graafschap . . 
Grand Blanc . 
♦Grand Haven 
Grand Ledge. . 
Grand Marias. 
♦Grand Rapids 
Granville .... 

Grant 

Grass Lake. . . 

Grattan 

Grawn 

♦Grayling .... 
Greengarden . 
Greenland 
Greenville 

Gregory 

Grind Stone 

City , 

Groscap 

Grosse Isle. . . , 
Grosse Pointe. , 
Grosse Point 

Farms 

Grosspoint Pk.. 
Gwinn 



. 63 . . 
.63.. 
.69. . 
.40.. 
.64.. 
.61.. 
.51. . 
.26.. 



. . 362 
. . 390 
. . 564 
. . 522 
. . 533 
.2.331 
. . 450 
. . 340 



.31 592 

.76 650 

.61.. 38,550 



.61. . 
.76. 
.11. 
.57. 

. .7. 
.56. 
.37. 
.59. 
.68. 
.48. 
.55. 



.70.. 
. .3. 
.38. 
.55. 
.65. . 
.37., 



. . 938 
.1,689 
. . 793 
. . 234 
. . 396 
. . 408 
. . 2.50 
. . 476 
. . 905 
. . 208 
. . 693 
.1,555 
. . 220 
. . 500 
. . 400 
. . 450 
. 46.J 
. 250 



.44. . .2,009 

.81 225 

.50 330 

.72 350 



.56. 

.61. 

.72. 

.77. 

.11. 

.14. 

.15. 

.31. 

.13. 

.83... 

.80. . . 

.80... 

.11. .. 

.41. .. 

.24... 

. (;4 . . . 
1. . . 



. . 358 
. . 238 
.. 656 
. . 405 
. . 497 
. . 350 
. . 890 
.1,538 
. . 310 
. . 326 
. . 808 
. . 250 
.4.211 
. . 988 
. . 390 
362 
537 



,64 209 

.61 363 

,51. ..5,856 
66. ..3,893 
.10. ..2,500 
52.112.571 

52 680 

44 428 

74 760 

52. . .1,200 

26 250 

28.. .1,775 

.8 250 

.2. . .1,509 

53. . .4,045 
68 250 



. . 462 
. . 225 

. . 700 
. . 839 

. . 862 
. . 290 
.1,092 



H 

Hadley 

Haff 

Halfway . . 
Hamburg . 
Hamilton 
Hamtramck 
Hancock . . 
Hanover . . 
Harbor Beach. 49. 
Harbor Springs. 16 



.62. 
...15. 

,..70. 
. . 68 . 
...64. 
, ..76. 

3. 

.74. 



Harriette 
Harris .... 
♦Harrison . 
♦Harrisville 
♦Hart .,... 
Hartford .. 
Hartland 

Haslett 

♦Hastings . , 



.32. . 

9. . 

. . .40. . 
.. .30. . 
...43. . 
. ..71.. 
. . . 68 . . 
...67. . 
. . . 6f 



HeiTilock 55. . 

Henrietta 74. . 



. . . 335 
. . . 250 
. . . 706 
. . . 250 
. . . 275 
. .3,559 
. .8,981 
. . . 364 
..1,556 
..1,805 
. . . 336 
.. 290 
. . 543 
. . 444 
. 1,555 
.1,268 
. . 215 
. . 200 
.4,383 
. . 2.50 



Toivns 



Loca. Pop. 



Herman ... 
Hermansville 
♦Hersey 
Hesperia . . . 

Hessel 

Highland .. 
Highland 
♦Hillsdale 
Hilltop . 
Holland 
Holly . . . 

Holt 

Hoi ton .. 
Homer . . 
Homestead 



5. 
». 

39. 

43. 

14. 

69. 

Park. 76. 

81. 

77. 

51. 

... 69 . 

67. 

50. 

3. 
..35. 



Honor 25. 



Hopkins 

Horton 

♦Houghton . . 
Howard City. 

♦Howell 68 

Hubbard Lake.23 
Hubbardston ..58 

Hubbell 3 

Hudson 82 

Hudsonvill 
Humboldt 



.64. 
.74. 
. .3. 
.53. 



.51. 



Ida 

Imlay City. . 
Indian River 
Ingalls .... 
Inkster .... 
Interlochen 

♦Ionia 

♦Iron Mountain. 7 

Iron River 6 

Iron wood 1 

Isabella 11 

Ishpeming 8 

♦Ithaca 54 



.83. 
.62. 
.17. 
. .9. 
,76. . 
.26. 
. .58 



♦Jackson . . . , 
Jacobsville . . . 
Jamestown. . . 

Jasper 

Jenison 

Jennings 

Johannesburg- 
Jones 

Jonesville . . . . 
Joyfleld 

K 



.74. 
..3. 
.51. 
.82. 
.51. 
.33. 
.21. 
.78. 
.81. 
.25. 



♦Kalamazoo 
♦Kalkaska . . 
Kaukawlin .. 
Karsarge 
Kent City... 

Kenton 

Kinde 

Kingsley . . . . 
Kingston 

Kipling 

Kretan 

Laingsburg . 

Lake 

♦Lake City.. 
Lake Linden. 
Lake Odessa. 
Lakeview . . . 
Lake Wood . . 

Lainb 

T.,amont 

♦L'Anse . . . . 
Lansing 

(capitol). . 
♦La Peer. . . . 
Laramie .... 
IjH Rocque. . . 
Laurium 
Lawrence . . . 

Lawton 

Legrand .... 
♦Leland .... 

I>enox 

Leonard .... 
Leonidas .... 

Le Roy 

Leslie 

Levering . . . . , 
Lewiston . . . , 
Lexington 

Liberty 

Linden 

Linwood 

Litchfield . . . . 



.73. 

.37. 
..48. 
. . .3. 
, .53. 
. ..3. 

.49. 

.36. 

.56. 

.11. 

.15. 

.60. 
.40. 
.33. 
. .3. 
.58. 
.53. 
.16. 
.63. 
.51. 



, . . 300 
..1,200 
. . . 310 
, . . 462 
. . 260 
, . . 398 
, .4,120 
, .5,001 

16,490 
.1,537 
, . . 350 
. . 300 
.1,008 
.1,009 
. . 509 
. . 400 
. . 379 
.5,113 
.1,046 
.2,338 
. . 290 
. . 450 
.1,059 
.2,178 
. . 362 
.. 263 

. . 223 
.1,174 

. . 350 
. . 524 
. . 206 
. . . 509 
. .5,030 
. .9,216 
. .2,450 
.12,821 
. . . 300 
.13,44S 
. .1,876 

.31,433 
. . . 800 
. . . 300 
. . . 350 
. . . 309 
. .1,300 
. . . 762 
. . . 200 
. .1,396 
. . . 328 

.39,437 
. .1,415 
. . . 250 
. . . 869 
. . . 467 
. . . 509 
. . . 36(» 
. . . 499 
. . . 302 
. . . 480 
, . . 200 

, . . 703 
, . . 393 
. . 740 
.3,235 
.1,222 
. . 954 
. . 296 
. . 292 
. . 409 
. . 708 



.67. 
.62. 
.15. 
.18. 
. .3. 



.71. 

.71. 

.17. 

.24. 

.70. 

.69. 

.79. 

.39. 

.67. 

.16. 

.22 

.'57.' 

. 74 . 

.61. 

.48. 

.81. 



.31,229 
, . 3,946 
. . . 570 
. . . 209 
.8,537 
. . 663 
.1,042 
. . 250 
. . 406 
. . 350 
. . 313 
. . 390 
. . 331 
.1,032 
. . 350 
. . 550 
. . 519 
. . 206 
. . 550 
. . 293 
. . 660 



107 



Michigan Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Toiciis 



Loca. Pop. 



Long Rapids.. 

Loomis 

Loretto 

Lott 

Lowell 

Lucas 

*Ludington .. 

Lum 

Luther 

Lyons 

M 

McBain 

McBrides 

McMillan . . . . , 
Mackinac 

Island , 

Mackinaw . . . . , 

Macomb 

Macon 

Mancelona 
Manchester . . , 
♦Manistee .... 
*Manistique . . , 

Manton 

Maple City. . . . 
Maple Rapids. . 
Marcellus .... 

Marenisco 

Marine City . . . 

Marion 

Marlette 

♦Marquette 

♦Marshall 

Martin 

Marysville ... 

♦Mason 

Mass 

Matherton . . . 
Mattawan 

Maybee 

Mayville 

Mears 

Mecosta 

Melvin 

Memphis .... 

Mendon 

Menominee 
Meridian .... 

Merrill 

Mesick 

Metamora .... 
Metropolitan . 
Michigamme . 
Middleton . . . . 
Middleville . . . 

♦Midland . . . . 
Milan 

Milford 

Milbrook 

Millersburg 
Millett 

Millington . . . 

Minden City. . 
♦Mio 

Moddersville . 

Mohawk . .' . . . 

♦Monroe 

Montague . . . . 

Monterey . . . . 

Montgomery 

Montrose . . . . 

Morenci 

Morley 

Morrice 

Moscow 

Mosherville 

♦Mt. Clemens, 

Mount Morris. 

♦Mt. Pleasant. 

Muir 

Mulliken 

Munger 

♦Munising 

Munith 

♦Muskegon . . . 

Muskegon 

Heights . . . . 



.23.. 
.46. . 
..7.. 
.30.. 
.52.. 
.33.. 
.37.. 
.62.. 
.38.. 
.58., 

.33. . 
.53.. 
.13. 

.14. . 
.17. 

.70. . 
.82. . 
.20. . 
.75. , 
.31 . 
.13. . 



32. 

24. 

59. 

78. 

.1.. 

63. 

39. 

57. 

.8. 

73. 

64. 

63. 

67. 

58. 
71. 
83. 
56. 
43. 
45. 
57. 
70. 
79. 
. .9. 
,67. 
55. 
.32. 
.62. 
..7. 
. .8. 
.54. 
.65. 
.47. 
.75. 
.69. 
.45. 
.18. 
.66. 
.56. 
.57. 
.29. 
.33. 
. .4. 
.83. 
.50. 
.64. 
.81. 
.61. 
.82. 
.45. 
.60. 
.81. 
.81. 
.70 
.61 
.46, 
.58 
.66 
.48. 
.10 
.74 
.50 



. . 223 
. . 392 
.. 660 
. . 362 
.1,761 
.. 250 
.9,132 
.. 250 
.. 626 
.. 611 

.. 546 

. . 236 
. . 290 

. . 714 
. . 697 
. . 292 
. . 237 
.1,209 
.1,047 
12,381 
.4,722 
.1,069 
. . 268 
. . 529 
.1,046 
. . 250 
.3,770 
. . 767 
.1,062 
11,503 
.4,236 
. . 450 
...270 
.1,742 
.1,060 
. . . 309 
. . . 309 
. . . 310 
. . . 687 
. . . 450 
. . . 352 
. . . 242 
. . . 557 
. . . 768 
.10,570 
. . . 290 
. . . 505 
. . . 510 
. . . 276 
. . . 580 
. . . 962 
. . . 452 
. . . 804 
..2,527 
..1,355 
. . . 973 
. . . 402 
. . . 519 
. . . 208 
. . . 623 
. . . 332 
. . . 209 
. . . 208 
. .1,060 
. .6,893 
. . . 942 
. .1,415 
. . . 362 
. . . 443 
. .1,515 
. . . 337 
. . . 470 
... 209 
. . . 505 
..7,707 
. . . 513 
. . 3,972 
... 463 
... 312 
... 202 
. .2,952 
... 208 
. 24,062 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



.50. . .1,690 



Nadeau . 
Nahma . 
Napoleon 
Nashville 
National 



N 



.9. 
11. 
74. 
65. 

Mine. .8. 



Naubinway . . .14. 

Navarre 76. 

Negaunee 8. 

♦Newaygo . . . .44. 
New Baltimore. 70. 



.1,000 
. . 700 
. . 334 
.1,346 
. . 700 
. . 250 
. . 474 
.8,460 
.1,207 
, . . 920 



♦Newberry . . . 
New Boston. . 
New Buffalo.. 
New Era . . . . 
New Haven. . . 
New Lothrop. 

Newport 

New Troy. . . . 

Niles 

North Adams. 
North Branch. 
North Detroit. 
North 

Kearsarge 
North 

Muskegon . . 
Northport 
Northstar . . . . 
Northville 

Norway 

Nottawa 

Nov! 

Nunica 

O 

Oak Grove . . . 

Oak Hill 

Oakley 

Oakwood . . . . 

Ogontz 

Ojibeway . . . . 
Old Mission . . 

Olivet 

Omer 

Onaway 

Onekama . . . . 
Onondaga . . . 

Ousted 

♦Ontonagon . . 

Opechee 

Orion 

Ortonville . . . . 

Oscoda 

Osseo 

Otisco 

Otisville 

Otsego 

Ottawa Lake. 
Otter Lake . . 

Overisel 

Ovid 

Owendale . . . . 

Owosso 

Oxford 

P 

Paavola 

Paines 

Painesdale . . . 

Palmer 

Palms 

Palmvra 

Palo 

Paris 

Parklake . . . . 

Parma 

Parshallville . 
♦Paw Paw. . . . 

Paye 

Pearl Beach. . 

Peck 

Pellston 

Pentoga 

Pentwater 
Pequaming . . . 

Perkins 

Perrington . . . 

Perry 

Petersburg . . , 
♦Petoskey . . . 

Pewano 

Pickford .... 

Pigeon 

Pikespeak 
Pinckney 
Pinconning 
Pinnebog 
Pittsford .... 
Plainfield . . . 
Plainwell 
Plymouth . . . 
Point Mills.. 
Pokagon .... 
Pomona .... 
♦Pontiac . . . . 
Port Austin. . 
Port Hope. . . . 
♦Port Huron. 
Portland .... 
Port Sanilac. . 



.13. 
.76. 

.77. 
.43. 
.70. 
.60. 
.83. 
.77. 
.77. 
.81. 
.62. 
.76. 

..3. 

.50. 
.24. 
.54. 
.76. 

'. 79 .' 
.69. 
.51. 

.68. 
.31. 



.76. 
,11. 
. .4. 
.26. 
.66. 
.42. 
.18. 
.31. 



..3. 
.69. 
.69. 
.36. 
.81. 
.58. 



.61. 
.64. 
.83. 
.62. 
.64. 
.59. 
.49. 



.1,182 
. . 218 
. . 528 
. . 225 
. . 478 
. . 305 
. . 450 
. . 392 
.5,156 
. . 440 
. . 717 
. . 250 

. . 800 

. . 350 
. . 524 
. . 300 
.1,665 
.4,974 
. . 384 
. . 309 
. . 403 



.. 274 

.. 314 
.. 237 
.. 781 
. . 273 
. . 240 
. . 243 
. . 627 
.. 367 
.2,702 
. . 324 
. . . 406 
. . 398 
.1,964 
.1,413 
. . 717 
.. 377 
. . 864 
. . 385 
. . 206 
. . 312 
.2,812 
. . 201 
. . 273 
. . 202 
.1,078 
. . . 28.5 
. .i>.(i39 
..1,191 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



. .3. 
.55. 
..3. 



.82. 
.58. 
.45. 
.39. 
.74. 
.68. 
.71. 
.76. 
.63. 
.57. 
.16. 
. .6. 
.43. 
. .5 . 
.11. 
.54. 
.60. 
.83. 
.16. 
.58. 
.15. 
.49. 
.76. 
,68. 
.48. 
.49. 
.81. 
.68. 
.64. 
.76. 
..3. 
.78. 
.31 . 
.69. 
.49. 
.49. 
.63. 
..58. 
.57. 



. . 350 
. . 203 
.1,250 
. . 799 
. . 308 
. . 225 
.. 327 
. . 350 
. . 250 
. . 509 
. . 406 
.1,643 
, . . 306 
. . 202 
. . 274 
, .1,089 
. . 309 
.1,129 
. . 309 
. . 406 
. . 288 
, . . 720 
. . 490 
. .4,778 
. . . 289 
. . . 406 
. . . 687 
. . . 201 
. . . 477 
. . . 677 
. . . 209 
. . . 450 
. . . 209 
. .1,493 
. .1,671 
. . . 208 
. . . 302 
. . . 203 
. 14,532 
. . . 533 
. . . 344 
. .8.863 
. .1.832 
. . 216 



Posen 18.. 

Potterville ....66.. 

Powers 9. . 

Prairieville . . .65. . 

Prattville 81.. 

Prescott 35. . 

Princeton 8. . 

Prosper 33. . 

Provemont ....24.. 
Pulaski 74. . 

Quincy 80. . 

B 

Ransom 81. . 

Rapid City 27.. 

Rapid River.. . .11. . 

Ravenna 50. . 

Reading 81. . 

Ready 55. . 

Redford 76.. 

Red Jacket 3.. 

Redridge 3. . 

Reed City 39. . 

Reeman 44 . . 

Remus 45. . 

Republic 8. . 

Rexton 14. . 

Richland 72. 

Richmond ... .70. . 
Richmondville .57.. 

Richville 56.. 

Ridgeway 82. . 

Riga 82. . 

Riggsville . . . .17. . 
Riley Center. . .63. . 

Riverdale 54. , 

River Rouge. . .76. 
Reeves Junct'n 74. 

Rochester 69. , 

Rockford 52.. 

Rockland 2 . 

Rockwood ... .76. , 
Rockwood Sta.83., 

Rodney 45. , 

♦Rogers 18. . 

Romeo 70 . 

♦Roscommon ..34., 

Rose 69. 

Rosebush 46. , 

Rose City 35. 

Roseville 70. , 

Rothbury 43. 

Royal Oak 69. 

Royalton 77. 

Rumeley 10. 

S 

Saganing 42. 

♦Saginaw 55. 

Sagola 7 . 

Saint Charles.. 55. 

Saint Clair 63. 

Saint Clair 

Heights 76. 

♦Saint Ignace..l4. 
Saint Jacques. .11. 
Saint James... 19. 
♦Saint Johns. . .59. 
♦Saint Joseph. 77. 
Saint Louis. . . .54. 

Saline 75. 

Sand Lake 53. 

Sands 8. 

♦Sandusky . . . .57. 

Saranac 58. 

Saugatuck . . . .64. 
♦Sault Ste. 

Marie 15. 

Sawver 77 . 

Schaffer 11. 

Schoolcraft . . .72. 

Schofleld 83. 

Scott» 72. 

Scott ville 37. 

Sears 39. 

Sebewa 58. 

Sebewaing . . . .49. 
Shaftsburg ...60. 

Shelby 43. 

Shepherd 46. 

Sheridan 53. 

Sherman 33 . 

Sherman City. .46. 

Sherwood 80. 

Silverwood ... .56. 

Simons 20. 

Six Lakes 53. 

Skanee 5. 

Slocum 50. 



. . 263 
. . 430 
. . 511 
. . 250 
. . 308 
. . 609 
.1,809 
. . 206 
. . 350 
. . 359 

.1,347 

. . 206 
.. 406 
.. 609 
. . 508 
.1,102 
. . 580 
. . 328 
.4,211 
. . 409 
.1,690 
. . 250 
. . 459 
.2,314 
. . 309 
.. 278 
.1,277 
. . 280 
. . 250 
.. 306 
. . 213 
. . 206 
. . 209 
. . 406 
.4,163 
.. 208 
.1,516 
. . 843 
.1,090 
. . 500 
.. 316 
.. 290 
. . 705 
.1.787 
. . 425 
. . 542 
.. 296 
. . 506 
. . 509 
. . 306 
.1,071 
, .1,164 
. . 286 

.. 396 
50,510 
. . 360 
..1,451 
.2,638 

.1,252 

..2,118 

. . 360 

, . . 589 

.3,1.54 

. . 5,936 

.1,940 

. . 816 

. . 370 

. . 240 

. . . 993 

. . . 845 

. . . 621 

.13,615 
. . . 396 
. . . 306 
. . . 816 
. . . 325 
. . . 350 
. . . 891 
. . . 200 
. . . 380 
..1,347 
. . . 369 
..1,260 
. . . 835 
. . . 436 
. . . 260 
. . . 250 
. . . 346 
. . . 386 
. . . 350 
. . . 375 
. . . 266 
. . . 696 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Smyrna 58 236 

Somerset 81... 1,237 

Somerset 

Center 81 200 

South Blendon.51. . .1,680 
S. Boardman. .27. . . . 660 
S. Frankfort ..35.... 681 
South Haven. . .71. . .3,577 

South Lyon ...69 615 

South Range 3. . .1,097 

S. Rockwood.. .83 316 

Spalding 9 500 

Sparta 53... 1,303 

Spencer 37 269 

Spring Arbor. .74. ... 350 
Spring Lake. . .51. . . . 802 
Springport . . . .74. . . . 584 
Spring Wells. .76. ..1,590 

Spruce 30 333 

Stambaugh 6 ... 1,322 

♦Standish 42 828 

♦Stanton 53... 1,012 

Stephenson ....9.... 537 

Stevensville . . .77 243 

Stittsville 33 396 

Stockbridge ...67.... 663 
Stonington . . . .11 . . . . 480 

Stronach 31. . . . 354 

Sturgis 79... 3,635 

Sumner 54 392 

Sunfleld 66 385 

Suttons Bay... 34 402 

T 

♦Tawas City .. .36. . .1,061 

Tecumseh 82 . . . 2,332 

Tekonsha 73.... 573 

Temperance . . .83. . . . 292 

Temple 40 282 

Thayer 69 402 

Thomas 69 406 

Thompson . . . .12. . . . 250 
Thompsonville .25.... 815 

Thorice 15. . . . 209 

Thornville . . . .63. . . . 250 
Three Oaks. ... 77 .. .1,175 
Three Rivers. . .79. . .5,072 

Tower 17. . . . 542 

♦Traverse City. 26. . 12,115 

Trenton 76... 1,224 

Trimountain ... 3 50 

Trout Creek. . . .2. . . . 597 

Trufant 53 350 

Turner 42 . .. . . 509 

Tuscola 56. . . . 255 

Tustin 39 371 

Twining 42 267 

Twin Lake 50 209 

U 

Ubly 49 442 

Union City 80. ..1,340 

Unionville . . . .56. . . . 456 
Utica 70 496 

V 

Van 16 398 

Vandalia 78. . . . 371 

Vanderbilt . . . .21 . . . . 523 

Vans Harbor. ..11 262 

Vassar 56... 3,659 

Vermontville . .66. . . . 650 

Vernon 60. . . . 435 

Vestaburg 53. . . . 438 

Vicksburg ... .72 ... 1,624 

Victoria 2. . . . 460 

Viola 14 250 

Viresland 51 ... . 250 

Vulcan 7... 1,590 

W 

Wakefield 1 714 

Waldenburg ...70 350 

Waldron 81 435 

Walkers Point .14 290 

Walkerville . . .43 371 

Walloon Lake.. 19 306 

Walton 26 250 

Waltz 76. . . . 250 

Warren 70. . . . 297 

Washington ...70.... 208 

Waterford 69 225 

Waters 21 260 

Watersmeet .... 1 ... . 542 
Watervljet . . . .77. . . . 728 
Watronsville ..56.... 244 

Watson 64... 1,117 

Waucehah 7 . . . . 250 

Wavland 64 725 

Wavne 76. . .1,263 

Webberville ...67.... 349 



108 



Michigan Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Weidman .... 


46. 


. . 56!) 


Wells 


.11. 


.1,500 


*West Branch 


. 35 . 


.1,276 


Weston 


.«a. 


. . 251 


Westphalia . . 


.59. 


. . 366 


West Windsor 


Aid. 


. . 251 


AVetmore .... 


.10. 


. . 360 


Wetzell 


. 2« . 


. . 250 


Wexford 


.Hi. 


. . 250 


Wheeler 


.54. 


. . 250 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Wheelerton ...74. 
White Cloud... 44. 

Whitehall 50. 

White Pigeon.. 79. 
Whitmore Lake. 75. 
Whittemore ...36. 
Williamsburg. .26. 
Williamston . . .67. 

Wilson 9. 

Winn 46. 



. . . 250 
. . . 648 
..1,437 
. . . 667 
. . . 362 
. . . 218 
. . 300 
. . 1,042 
. . . 506 
. . . 250 



Towns 



Winters . . 
Wixom 
Wolverine , 
Woodland 
Woodstock 
Woodville . 
Wright . . . 
Wyandotte 
Wyman . . . 



Loca. Pop. 



.10. . 
.69.. 
.17. . 
.65. . 
. 82 . . 
.44. . 
.51. . 
.76. . 
.53. . 



. . 290 
. . 220 
. . 794 
. . 304 
. . 590 
. . 250 
.1.609 
.8,287 
. . 200 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Y 

Yale 63. 

Yankee Spring. 65. 

Yatton 14. 

Ypsilanti 75. 



Zeeland . . 
Zilwaukee 



. . .51. 
...55. 



.1,223 
. . 676 
. . 250 
, .6,230 



.1,982 
. . 914 



Michigan Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



History. The finding of remains of ancient mines 
and mining implements indicate the settlement and 
civilization of the State in very early times. 

AVli.y two parts of the State? Why are fifteen 
counties of Michigan, comprising an area of over 
Ki.OOO square miles, a space twice as large as Massa- 
chusetts, situated away by themselves on the south 
side of Lake Superior? The reason is this: 

Following the ceding of the territory west of Lake 
Michigan, by the Indians to the United States, the 
territorj' of aiichigan, in 1818, included also the terri- 
tory now occupied by the State of Wisconsin. 

In dividing the territory between Michigan and 
Ohio by the government two surveys were made. The 
first placed Toledo in the State of Michigan. The 
last survey, however, so changed the boundary lines 
as to bring Toledo into the State of Ohio. The result 
was a hotly contested dispute that came near blood- 
shed by the rival States. 

The United States Government finally proposed, in 
1836, as the territory of Michigan had applied for 
admission to the Union, to grant the request on con- 
dition that Michigan would relinquish the disputed 
territory to Ohio and take, as compensation, the 
16,000 square milei of territory coinprising the present 
13 counties lying adjoining and south of Lake Su- 
perior. The proposition, at first rejected, was finally 
accepted, and so, of the S3 counties of Michigan, l.j 
•of these counties are scattered away to the north- 
ward of Wisconsin and Lake Michigan. The final 
development of iron and copper mines on this upper 
peninsula made the relinquishment of the small tract 
of disputed land to Ohio a very fortunate exchange 
for Michi,gan. 

These two irregular parts of Michigan are separated 

by the Strait of Mackinaw, connecting Lake Michigan 
and Lake Huron. The lower and larger peninsula 
embraces the whole territory between these lakes, 
though the upper peninsula contains more than one- 
third of the land surface of Michigan. In proportion 
to its area, Michigan has a longer coast line than any 
other State. 

The Porcupine Rangre of mountains is the water- 
shed in the upper peninsula between the streams 
fiowing into Lake Superior and those flowing into 
Lake Michigan. This range at its highest point is 
1,400 feet above Lake Superior — 2,000 feet above the 
sea. 

AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS ON UPPER 
PENINSULA. 

The surface on the mountain sides present consid- 
erable variety of soil. There are numerous lakes and 
marshes and great forests where pine and soft woods 
are the prevailing growths, though fine groves of 
sugar maples are found in some places. A good deal 
of government land is yet to be found in each of the 
upper peninsula counties. 

Mining: and Luinberinsr. Though this region of 
the .State is quite cold in the winter, inany prosperous 
towns are found throughout this territory, the lum- 
ber interest and mining giving employment to great 
numbers of workmen. 

The yield of iron and copper places Michigan in 
the front rank of mining States. The iron mines 
here are in four districts — Marquette. Menominee, 
Gogebic and Vermilion — and the annual yield gener- 
ally gives the State first place in this industry. The 
copper region at the northwest end of the upper 
peninsula, extending for 3.") miles in length and from 
1 to 6 miles in width, is situated mostly in the coun- 
ties of Ontonagon, Houghton and Keweenaw. The 
annual product of Michigan copper, and that mostly 
from this immediate region, is about one-third of that 
of the whole country. 

Notwithstanding the large output of lumber and 
mineral wealth, agriculture is nevertheless the lead- 
ing industry. Indian corn will not ripen on the 
upper peninsula, but wheat, rye, oats and barley 



are grown there. Apples, pears, quinces, pluins, 
cherries and all the small fruits grow there to per- 
fection. 

Dimensions. Upper peninsula, greatest length from 
east to west, 320 miles; greatest breadth, 130 miles. 
Lower peninsula, greatest length, 280 miles from 
north to south; greatest width, from east to west, 
200 miles. 

Altitude. Highest in the State, Porcupine Mount- 
ain, in Ontonagon County, 2,020 feet high. 

Climate. Average annual January temperature at 
Marquette, 16 above. At Port Huron, St. Clair county, 
it is 21. Average annual July temperature at Mar- 
quette is 65; at Port Huron, 69. Extremes, 108 above 
at Marquette, 27 below; at Port Huron, 99 above and 
25 below. Rainfall, 32.4 inches at Marquette; 31.6 at 
Port Huron. 

Possibly the landseeker contemplates the purchase 
of real estate on the lower peninsula. • In this quest 
he cannot go amiss. For a region so well situated as 
the lower part of Michigan there is a small showing 
for density of population in a State so well located as 
Michigan. 

On the g;reat liig:hway between the East and the 
West, with great growing cities and markets on 
either side, with a highly fertile soil, why should 
Michigan be only about one-third as densely popu- 
lated as Ohio? 

It is simply because the attention of people has 
been occupied w-ith clearing the land of its lumber 
supply. New settlers are just beginning to pour in. 
With every natural facility for sustaining a dense 
population, it is clearly evident that this State will be 
very thickly settled and land values will greatly ad- 
vance over present prices, which are from $6 to $12 
per acre unimproved. 

The climate in that portion of Michigan located 
between Lakes Michigan and Huron is tempered by 
the prevailing breeze from one direction or another. 
It is cooler in the summer, from the lake breeze, and 
it is warmer in the winter. All the counties border- 
ing upon Lake Michigan are found to have a soil and 
climate especially favorable to the growing of 
peaches, strawberries, grapes and other fruits, and 
hundreds of small tracts of land known as "fruit 
farms" have been developed in the past few years. 

Besides a fertile soil and favorable climate, Michi- 
gan ranks usually first or second among States in 
the production of salt, while on the Lake Huron 
short there are rock formations which yield excel- 
lent grindstone, lime, building stone and slate. 

It should be remembered that for a generation 
Michigan has been almost purely a lumber State. It 
is comparatively recently that the raising of grain 
has began to occupy attention. 

BECOMES A M.4NUFACTURING STATfe. 

An Interesting feature about this State is the rapid 
advances made in manufacturing. Among articles 
made here are luinber in its numerous market forms, 
flour and gristmill products, machine and foundry 
materials, furniture, tobacco in its various forms, 
iron and steel, men's clothing, shipbuilding, agricul- 
tural implements, chemicals and paper. 

Important manufacturing cities are Grand Rapids 
with its superior water power, Saginaw, Battle Creek. 
Adrian, Albion, Muskegon, fainous for its toys, 
woodenware and pianos: Traverse City, Lansing and 
Detroit, the latter city being the most noted of any 
city for making automobiles. 

Shipbuilding: is carried on at Port Huron, Wyan- 
dotte and Detroit: silk manufacturing at Belding. 

Mackinac Island, now a National Park, is located 
at the northern end of the Peninsula of Michigan, 
in the Straits of Mackinac, and is accessible from all 
points by rail or vessel. The island is now a national 
park, reserved for the benefit of tourists and visitors, 
and offers, during the warm seasons, a cool and 
pleasant retreat from sultry air and crowded thor- 
oughfares. It contains an area of 3,850 acres, or 3 
miles long by 2 miles wide, with an elevation above 
the straits varying from 200 to 320 feet. 



109 



MINNESOTA 



STATE AND THE 86 COUNTIES OF MINNESOTA 

With Their Boundaries 



[5) © 1^ G^ © IM 




2^ 



HI , 



59 I 60 ; 61 






78] 79 I 80 I 81 j 82 j 83 ] 84 \ 85 ; 86' 



"W ^ 



LOCATION AND 1910 POPULATION OP MINNESOTA COUNTIES. 



County Pop. 



MINNESOTA COUNTIES 

1 Kittson. . 9,669 

2 Roseau. .11,338 

3 Marshall. .16,338 

4 Beltrami.. 19,337 

5... Koochiching.. 6,431 

6 St. Louis. 163,274 

7 Lake. . 8,011 

8 Cook.. 1.336 

9 Polk.. 36,001 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



10.... Pennington. 

11 Red Lake. 

12 Norman . 

13 Mah'nome. 

14.... Clearwater. 

15 Itaska. 

16 Clay. 

17 Becker. 

18 Hubbard. 

19 Cass. 



15,878 
,15,940 
.13,446 
, 3,249 
, 6,870 
.17,208 
. 6,870 
.18,840 
. 9,831 
.11,620 



County 



Pop. 



. .. . Wilkin. 
. . Ottertail. 
. . . Wadena. 

Crow Wing. 

. . . . Aitkin. 
. . . Carlton . 
. . Traverse. 
Grant. 

. . Douglas. 

Todd. 



. 9,063 
.46,046 
. 8,652 
.16,861 
.10,371 
.17,559 
. 8,049 
. 9,114 
.17,669 
.23,407 



County Pop. 



33 . . . 

34. .. 

35 . . . 

36 . . . 

37. . . 

38. .. 

39. .. 



. Morrison 
. Millelacs 
. Kanabec 

Pine 

. Bigstone 
. . Stevens 

Pope 

. . Stearns 
. . Benton 
Sherburne 



.24,053 
.10,705 
. 6.461 
.15,878 
. 9.367 
. 8,293 
.12,746 
.47.733 
.11,615 
. 8,130 



110 



Minnesota Counties — Continued 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



40 Isanti . 

41 Chisago. 

43 Swift. 

43. . . . Kandiyohi. 

44 Meeker. 

45 Wright. 

46 Hennepin . 

47 Anoka. 

48 Ramsey. 

4!)... Washington. 
50. Lac Qui Parle. 
61 Chippewa. 



114 

537 
,049 
,96!) 
,023 
,083 
840 
493 
675 
013 
435 
458 



Loca. 



County 



Pop. 



53 YellowMedicine. 

53 Renville. 

54 Mcl^eod. 

55 Carver. 

56 Sibley. 

57 Scott. 

58 Dakota. 

59 Lincoln. 

60 7 . Lyon.^ 

61 Redwood. 

63 Brown . 

63 Nicollet . 



403 
,133 
,691 
,45.5 
540 
888 
171 
874 

435 
134 
135 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



64 Lesueur. 

65 Rice. 

66 Goodhue. 

67 Wabasha. 

68 Pipestone. 

69 Murray. 

70. . . Cottonwood. 

71 Watonwan. 

72. .. . Blue Earth. 

73 Waseca. 

74 Steele. 

75 Dodge . 



.18 
.25 
.31 
.18 
. 9 
.11 
.12 
.11, 
.29, 
.13, 
.16, 
.13, 



,609 
,911 
,637 
,554 
,553 
,755 
,651 
.383 
337 
466 
146 
094 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



70 Olmsted. 

77 ...... . Winona. 

78 Rock. 

79 Nobles. 

80 Jaclison. 

81 Martin. 

83 Faribault. 

83 Freeborn. 

84 Mower. 

8.) Fillmore. 

86 Houston . 

Total 3T 



497 
,398 

10 
,491 
,518 
,949 
,283 
,640 
680 
297 
,708 



Minnesota Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations. 



Loca. Pop. 



*Ada . 
Adams 
Adrian 
Afton . 
*Aitkin 
Akely . 
Albany 
*Albert Lea 
Albertville 
Alden . . . 
*Alexandr 
Alpha . . . 
Altura . . 
Amboy . . 
Annandale 
*Anoka . 
Appleton 
Arago 
Argyle . . 
Arlington 
Arnold . . 
Ashby . . 
Atkinson 
Atwater . 
Audubon 
Aurora 
♦Austin . 
Avoca . . 
Avon . . . 



A 

13. , 

84.. 

79 . , 

49. . 

34. . 

18. , 

37. . 

83.. 

45. . 

83. . 

. . .28. . 

80. . 

77.. 

'. !'. !45'. ; 

47. . 

43. . 

18.. 

3.. 

56.. 

6. . 

27.. 

. . . .25. . 

43.. 

17. . 

6.. 

84. . 

69. . 

37.. 



Badger 

*Bagley 

Balaton 

Barnesville 

Barnum 

Barrett 

Bath 

Battle Lake 

Baudette . . 

Beardsley 

Beaver Bay 

Becker .... 

Belgrade . . 

Belleplaine 

Bellingham 

Belview 

♦Bemid.ii 

*Benson 

Bertha ... 

Bethel . . 

Big Falls. 

Big Lake. 

Bingham Lake. 70. 

Bird Island. .. .53. 

Biwabik 6. 

Blackduck 4. 

Blakeley 57. 

Blooming 

Prairie 74. 

♦Blue Earth... 83 

Bovey 

Boyd 

Braham 
♦Brainerd . . 
Brandon . . . 
♦Breckenridg 
Brewster . . . 
Brycelyn . . . 
Brighton 
Brookpark . 
Brooten 
Browerville 



..2.. 

.14.. 

.60. . 

.16.. 

.25. . 

.27. . 
83 

.21.. 

..4.. 
34 

..7.. 

.39. . 

37. . 

...57.. 
. . .50. . 

61.. 

4. . 

42.. 

29. . 

47.. 

5.. 

39.. 



.15. . 

.50. 

.40. 

.23. 

.28.. 

.30. 

. 79 . . 
..82. 

.63.. 

.33.. 

.37., 
..29. 



Brownsdale ...84. 
Brownsville . . .86. . 
Brownton 54. . 



. 1,432 
. . 576 
1,113 
. . 308 
.1,638 
.1,635 
. . 657 
.6,193 
. . 250 
. . 544 
.3,001 

." '. 200 
. . 435 
. . 624 
.3,972 
.1,221 
. . 210 
. . 744 
. . 733 
. . 396 
. . 334 
. . 311 
. . 660 
. . 308 
.1,919 
.6,960 

'. '. 277 

. . 395 
. . 801 
. . 364 
. 1,353 
. . 263 
. . 278 

8.52 
. . 567 
. . 897 

481 
. . 209 
. . 210 
. . 418 
. . 204 
. . 359 
. . 290 
.5,099 
.1,677 
. . 396 
. . 221 
. . 335 
. . 239 
. . 285 
. . 931 
.1,690 
. . 942 
. . 235 

. . 854 
.2,319 
.1,377 
. . 431 
. . 406 
.8,526 
. . 276 
.1,840 
. . 311 
. . 353 
. . 260 
. . 208 
. . 562 
. . 633 
. . 264 
. . 361 
. . 509 



Loca. Pop. 



Brown Valley. 


.26. 


.1,058 


Bruno 


.318. 


. . 229 


♦Buffalo 


.45. 


.1,227 


Buffalolake . . 


.53. 


. . 371 


Buhl 


..6. 


.1,005 


Burtruin 


.29. 


.. 317 


Butterfield ... 


.71. 


.. 377 


Byron 


.76. 


.. 273 


C 






♦Caledonia . . . 


.86. 


.1,372 


Callaway . . . . 


.17. 


. . 276 


Calumet 


.15. 


. . 245 


♦Cambridge . . 


.40. 


.. 966 


Campbell . . . . 


.20. 


.. 303 


Canbv 


. 52 . 


.1,528 


Cannon Falls. 


.66. 


.1,385 


Canosia 


..6. 


.. 335 


Canton 


.85. 


.. 345 


♦Carlton 


.35. 


. . 597 


Carver 


. 55 . 


.. 571 


Cass Lake. . . . 


.19. 


.2,011 


♦Center City. . 


.41. 


.. 252 


Centerville . . . 


.47. 


. . 260 


Ceylon 


.81. 


. . 330 


Champlin . . . . 


.46. 


. . 350 


♦Chaska 


..55. 


.3,050 


Chatfield 


.85. 


.1,228 


Chisago City. . 


.41. 


.. 276 


Chisholm . . . . 


. .6. 


.7,684 


Chokio 


.35. 


.. 338 


Clara City 


.51. 


.. 587 


Claremont . . . 


.75. 


.. 275 


Clarissa 


.39. 


. . 364 


Clarkfield 


.52. 


. . 603 


Clear Lake. . . 


.39. 


. . 263 


Clear Water. . 


.45. 


. . 311 


Cleveland . . . . 


.64. 


. . 313 


Climax 


..9. 


.. 269 


Clinton 


.34. 


. . 384 


Cloquet 


.25. 


.7,031 


Cohasset 


.15. 


. . 521 


Cokato 


.45. 


.. 718 


Cold Spring.. 


.37. 


.. 594 


Coleraine . . . . 


.15. 


.1,613 


CoUegeville . . 


.37. 


.. 240 


Cologne 


..55.. 


.. 390 


Columbia Hgts 


.47. 


.. 590 


Comfrey 


.63.. 


.. 338 


Comstock . . . . 


.16. 


. . 203 


Cort 


.15.. 


. . 360 


Costin 


..6. 


.. 231 


Cotton 


..6. 


. . 238 


Cottonwood . . 


.60. 


.. 770 


Courtland . . . . 


.63. 


. . 208 


♦Crookston 


..9. 


.7,559 


Culver 


..6. 


. . 216 


Currie 


.69. 


.. 329 


Cyrus 


.36. 


.. 273 


D 






Danube 


.53. 


.. 217 


Dan vers 


.43. 


. . 215 


Dassel 


.44. 


. . 643 


Dawson 


.50. 


.1,318 


Dayton 


.46. 


.. 343 


Deephaven 


.46. 


.. 234 


Deer Creek. . . 


.31. 


.. 313 


Deer River. . . 


.15. 


. . 908 


Deer Wood. . . 


.23. 


.. 586 


De Graff 


.42. 


. . 215 


Delano 


.45. 


.1,031 


Delavan 


.82. 


.. 284 


Dent 


.21. 


.. 244 


♦Detroit 


.17. 


.2,807 


Dexter 


.84.. 


.. 281 


Dilworth 


.16.. 


. . 500 


Dodge Center. 


.75. 


. . 957 



Towns 



Donnelly 35. 

Dover 76., 

♦Duluth 6. 

Dundas 65. . 

E 
Eagle Bend. . . .29. . 
Eagle Lake. . . .72. . 
E. Grand Forks. 9. 

Easton 82 . . 

East St. Cloud. 38. . 

Echo 52. . 

Eden Valley .. .44. . 

Edgerton 68., 

Edina Mills. . . .46. 

Eitzen 86. , 

♦Elbow Lake.. 37., 

Elgin 67.. 

♦Elk River 39.. 

EUendale 74.. 

Ellsworth 79.. 

Elmore 83 . . 

Ely 6. . 

Elysian 64., 

Emmons 83. . 

Erskine 9. . 

Eslarn 37.. 

Evansville . . . .28. . 

Eveleth 6. 

Excelsior 46. . 

Eyota 76., 

F 

Fairfax 53. . 

♦Fairmont . . . .81. . 

Fall Lake 6.. 

♦Faribault 65.. 

Farmington . . .58. . 

Feeley 15. . 

♦Fergus Falls.. 21.. 

Fertile 9. . 

Fisher 9. . 

Floodwood 6. . 

♦Foley 38.. 

Fond du Lac. . .6. . 
Forest Lake. . .49. . 

Foreston 31 . . 

Fort Snelling. .46. . 

Fosston 9. . 

Fountain 85. . 

Foxhome 20. . 

Franklin 53. . 

Frazee 17. . 

Freeport 37 . . 

Fridley 47.. 

Frontenac . . . .66. . 
Fulda 69. , 

G 
Garden City... 72.. 

Gary 13 . . 

Gaylord 56. . 

Ghent 60.. 

Gibbon 56.. 

Gilbert 6.. 

Gladstone 48. . 

♦Glencoe 54. . 

Glenville 83.. 

♦Glenwood ... .36. . 

Gloster 48.. 

Glyndn 16.. 

Goldenvallev . .46. . 

Goodhue 66. . 

Good Thunder. 72.. 

Graceville 34. . 

Granada 81. . 

♦Grand Marais. .8. . 
Grand Meadow. 84.. 
Grand Portage.. 8.. 



.. 276 
. . 233 
78,466 
. . 357 

. . 551 
. . 231 
.2,533 
. . 263 
. . 666 
. . 430 
. . 740 
. . 381 
.1,191 
. . 209 
. . 771 
. . 324 
. . 8,59 
.. 261 
. . 536 
. . 795 
.3,573 
. . 345 
. . 223 
. . 321 
.. 308 
. . 389 
.7,036 
.1,015 
.. 433 

. . 815 
.3,958 
. . 436 
.9,001 
.1,024 
. . 300 
.6,887 
. . 614 
.. 328 
. . 481 
.. 710 
. . 309 
. . 540 
. . 204 
. . 800 
.1,075 
. . 321 
. . 206 
. . 439 
.1,645 
. . 450 
.. 200 
.. 275 
.. 743 

.. 263 
. . 251 
. . 610 
. . 210 
. . 533 
.1,700 
. . 560 
.1,788 
. . 368 
.2,161 
. . 500 
. . 295 
. . 692 
. . 408 
. . 419 
. . 987 
. . 333 
. . 355 
. . 553 
. . 363 



Tonus Loca. Pop. 

♦Grand Rapids . 15. .. 2,239 
♦Granite Falls. 52. .. 1,454 
<Jravelvil!e . . . .30. . . . 987 

Greenbush 2. . . . 274 

Green Isle 56. . . . 256 

Grey Eagle. .. .29. ... 378 
Grove City 44 351 

H 

♦Hallock 1 910 

Halloway 43 ... . 215 

Halstad 12 494 

Hamilton 85.. . . 271 

Hammond 67 241 

Hancock 35. . . . 534 

Hanley Falls. .52 .... 275 

Hanover 45. . . . 267 

Hanska 63 310 

Hardwick 78 393 

Harmony 85. . . . 655 

Harris 41 673 

Hartland 83 227 

♦Hastings .58 . . .3,983 

Hawley 16 860 

Hay field 75 586 

Hector 53 866 

♦Henderson ...56.... 753 

Hendricks 59 406 

Hendrum 13. . . . 355 

Henning 21 603 

Herman 27. . . . 604 

Hernon Lake.. 80 803 

Hewitt 29. . . . 322 

Hibbing 6... 8,832 

Hill City 24 220 

Hills 78 398 

Hinckley 33. . . . 673 

Hoffman 27 391 

Hokah 86 406 

Holding 37 276 

Holdingford . .37 3,50 

Holdridge 46 275 

Holland 68 293 

Holloway 42. . . . 215 

Hopkins 46... 3,066 

Houston 86 760 

Hovland 8 211 

Howard Lake. .45. . . . 626 

Hubbard 18 306 

Hugo 4* 264 

Hutchinson .. .54. . .3,368 

I 
♦International 

Falls 5... 1,487 

Invergrove . . . .58 . . . . 260 

lona 69. . . . 398 

Isanti 40 316' 

♦Ivanhoe 59. . . . 484 

J 

♦Jackson 80... 1,907 

Janesville 73... 1,173 

Jasper 68. . . . 704 

Jeffers 70. . . . 227 

K 

Kalavala 25. . . . 450 

Kasota 64 760 

Kasson 75 ... . 933 

Keewatin 15. . . . 695 

Kelliher 4. . . . 394 

Kellogg 67. . . . 373 

Kennedy 1 . . . . 232 

Kensington ...28.... 244 

Kent 20. . . . 238 

Konyon 66... 1,237 

Kerkhoven . . . .43. . . . 433 

Kiester 82 . . . . 258 

Kilkenny 64. . . . 208 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town i" Located; Tliird Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in i' ront of Name Indicates County Seat. 



Ill 



Minnesota Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations. 




Towns Loca. Pop. 

Kimball 37 312 

Kingston 44 250 


Toivns Loca. Pop. 

Morton 53 761 

Motley 30 428 


Towns Loca. Pop. 

Richmond . .. .37 563 

Richville 21 255 


Towns Loca. 


Pop. 




Tenstrike 4. . 


. . 250 




♦Thief River 






Kinney 6. . . . 809 


Mound 46 300 


Robbinsdale . . .46. . . . 765 


Falls 10. . 


.3,714 




Knife River 7 491 


Mount Iron 6... 1,343 


♦Rochester .... 76 .. .7,844 


Tintah 26.. 


. . 217 




L 


Murdock 42 288 


Rockford 45 387 


Tofte 8.. 


. . 249 




La Crescent. . .86 372 


N 


Rolling Stone. .77 205 


Tower 6. 


.1,111 




Lake Benton. . .59 844 


Nashua 20 271 


Roosevelt 2. . . . 252 


Tracy 60. 


.1,340 




Lake City 67... 3, 142 


Nashwauk 15 . . .2,080 


♦Roseau 2. . . . 644 


Triumph 81. 


.. 243 




Lake Crystal . . . 72 . . .1,055 


Nassau 50 213 


Rose Creek 84 202 


Truman 81. 


. . 451 




Lakefleld 80 924 


Nerstrand 65 292 


Rosemount . . . .58. . . . 238 


Twin Valley. . .12. 


. . 543 




Lakeland 49 343 


Nevis 18 238 


Rothsay 20 343 


♦Two Harbors.. 7.. 


.4,990 




Lake Park 17 740 


New Auburn. . .56. . . . 261 


Round Lake. . .79. . . . 2:-:7 


Tyler 59.. 


. . 614 




Lakeville 58 385 


New Brighton. 48. ... 375 


Royalton 30 676 


U 






Lake Wilson. ..69 219 


New Duluth.... 6 808 


Rush City 41 964 


Ulen 16. 


. . 438 




Lamberton . . . .61. . . . 652 


Newf olden 3 286 


Rushford 85... 1,011 


V 






Lancaster 1 . . . . 204 


New Germany .55. ... 210 


Rushford 85. . . . 686 


Vasa 66 . 


.. 200 




Lanesboro . . . .85. . . . 987 


New London .. .43. ... 418 


Rushmore 79 ... . 237 


Vergas 21. 


. . 237 




Le Roy 84 702 


Newmarket ...57 901 


Russell 60 262 


Verndale 22. 


. . 538 




Lester Prairie. 54 420 


Newport 49 370 


Ruthton 68 290 


Vernon Center. 72. 


. . 289 




Le Sueur 64... 1,755 


New Prague ..64... 1,554 


S 


Veseli 65. 


.. 300 




*Le Sueur 

Center 64 741 


New Richland .73 685 

♦New Ulm 62... 5,648 


Sabin 16. . . . 302 

Sacred Heart.. 53 587 


Vesta 61. 


. . 243 
. . 205 




Viking 3. 




Lewiston 77. . . . 473 


New York Mills.21 474 


St, Bonifacius. .46 275 


Villard 36. 


. . 260 




Lewisville 71 218 


Nicollet 63 368 


Saint Charles. .77. . .1,159 


Vining 21. 


. . 313 




Lindstrom . . . .41. . . . 522 


Nielsville 9 209 


Saint Clair 72. . . . 333 


Virginia 6. 


10,473 




Lismore 79. . . . 268 


North Branch. .41. ... 642 


♦Saint Cloud. ..37. .10,608 


W 






♦Htchfield .. .44. .. 2,333 


Northfleld 65... 3,261 


Saint Francis. .47. ... 364 


*"V\^abasha ....67. 


.2,623 




♦Little Falls. . .30. . .6,078 


North Mankato.63. . .1,210 


Saint Hilaire. .10 468 


Wabasso 61. 


.. 343 




*Long Prairie. .29. . .1,250 


Northhome 5 204 


♦Saint James. .71 .. .2,102 


Waconia 55. 


.. 817 




Lonsdale 65. . . . 271 


North St. Paul. 48. . .1,404 


Saint Joseph. . .37. ... 706 


♦Wadena 22. 


.1,830 




Lowry 36. . . . 252 


Norwood 55. . . . 522 


St. Louis Park. 46. ..1,743 


Wahkon 31. 


. . 360 




*Luverne 78. . .2,540 


Nymore 4 334 


Saint Michael.. 45 401 


Walte Park. .. .37. 


. . 406 




Lyle 84 552 


O 


Saint Michael. .45 223 


♦Walker 19. 


.. 917 




Lynd 60 209 


Odessa 34 235 


♦Saint Paul 


Walnut Grove. .61. 


. . 366 




M 


Ogilvie 32 270 


(capital) ...48.314,744 


*Warren 3. 


..1,613 




Mabel 85 549 


♦Olivia 53 960 


St. Paul Park. .49 832 


Warroad 2. 


.. 927 




Mcintosh 9 634 


Onamia 31 314 


♦Saint Peter. . .63. . .4,176 


♦Waseca 73. 


..3,054 




McKinley 6. . . . 411 


♦Ortonville 34... 1,774 


Saint Vincent. .. 1 .... fi2S 


Watertown ....55. 


.. 465 




Madelia 71. . .1,273 


Osakis 28... 1,013 


Sanborn 61 462 


Waterville 64. 


.1,273 




*Madison 50... 1,811 


Oslo 3 344 


Sandstone 33... 1,818 


Watkins 44. 


. . 366 




Madison Lake. 72. . . . 335 


Osseo 46 390 


Sauk Center. . .37. . .2,154 


Waubun 13. 


.. 250 




♦Mahnomen . . .13. . . . 796 


Ottawa 64 212 


Sauk Rapids ... 38 .. . 1,745 


Waverly 45. 


. . 460 




Mahtowa 25 383 


♦Owatonna ... .74. . .5,658 


Sartell 37 240 


Wayzata 46 . 


. . 492 




•Mankato 72.. 10,365 


P 


Savage 57 3.30 


W^eicome 81. 


. . 543 




♦Mantorville . .75 410 


Parkers Prairie. 21. . . . 383 


Scanlon 35 572 


Wells 83. 


..1,755 




Maple Lake. . . .45. . . . 522 


♦Park Rapids. .18. ..1,801 


Sebeka 32 428 


Wesely 65. 


. . . 235 




Maple Plain. . .46. ... 225 


Pavnesville ... .37 926 


♦Shakopee 57... 2, 302 


Westbrook . . . .70. 


. . . 429 




Mapleton 72.... 809 


Pelican Rapids.21 .. .1,019 


Sherburn 81 814 


West Concord.. 75. 


. . .584 




Marble 15 887 


Pequot 23. . . . 260 


Silver Lake 54 382 


W. Minneapolis. 46. 


.3,023 




Marietta 50. . . . 338 


Perham 21... 1,376 


Skibo 6 200 


West St. Paul. .58. 


. .2,660 




Marine Mills... 49.. .491 


Peterson 85. . . . 266 


♦Slayton 69 850 


Whalan 85. 


.1,121 




♦Marshall 60. . .2,152 


Petrell 6 250 


Sleepy Eye 62. .2,217 


♦Wheaton 26. 


..1,300 




Maynard 51. . . . 386 


Pierz 30 545 


South Bermidji. 4.... 527 


White Bear 






Mazeppa 67. . . . 471 


Pike 6 305 


South Haven. . .45 287 


Beach 48. 


..1,724 




Melrose 37. . .2,591 


Pillager 19 216 


South Park 58. . . . 500 


White Bear 






Menahga 22. . . . 346 


♦Pine City 33. . .1.258 


South St. Paul. 58. . .4,510 


Lake 48. 


..1,505 




Mendota 58. . . . 245 


Pine Island 66 834 


So. Stillwater. .49.. .1,343 


White Earth... 17. 


. . 350 




Mentor 9. . . . 222 


Pine River 19 329 


Spicer 43 228 


♦Willmar 43. 


..4,135 




Midway 6. . . . 379 


♦Pipestone ... .68. . .2,475 


Spooner 4. . . . 668 


Willow River.. 33. 


. . 212 




Milaca 31... 1,102 


Plainview 67... 1,175 


Springfield 62.. .1,482 


Wilmont 79. 


. . . 258 




Milan 51 468 


Plato 54 238 


Spring Grove.. 86 620 


Wilton 4. 


. . . 215 




•Minneapolis ..46.301,408 


Porter 52 2.53 


Springlake . . . .40. . . . 290 


♦Windom 70. 


..1,749 




Minneiska 67. . . . 395 


♦Preston 85... 1,193 


Spring Valley .. 85 ... 1 ,817 


Winnebago ....82. 


. .1,554 




Minneota 60. . . . 819 


♦Princeton ... .31. . .1,555 


Staples 29...2,{i56 


♦Winona 77. 


. 18,583 




Minnesota City. 77 211 


Proctor 6. . . . 936 


Starbuck 36 497 


Winsted 54. 


. . . 296 




Minnesota 


Proctornott 6. . .2,243 


Stephen 3 412 


WHnthrop 56. 


. .1,043 




Lake 82 445 


R 


Stevenson 6. . . . 200 


Winton 6. 


. . . 390 




♦Montevideo ..51... 3, 056 


Racine 84 202 


Stewart 54.... 460 


Woodlake 52. 


. . . 293 




Montgomery ..64... 1,267 


Raymond 43 334 


Stewartville ...76.... 794 


Woodstock ....68. 


. . . 236 




Monticello . . . .45. . . . 858 


♦Red Lake 


♦Stillwater 49. .10,198 


♦Worthington .79. 


. .2,385 




Montrose 45 ... . 284 


Falls 11... 1,757 


Sundahl 12 309 


Wrenshall 25. 


. . .690 




♦Moorhead 16. . .4,840 


♦Red Wing 06... 9,048 


Sundbv 6. . . . SOO 


Wykoff 85. 


. . . 456 




Moose Lake. . . .25. . . . 526 


♦Red Wood 


Swanville 30 397 


Wyoming 41. 


. . 207 




♦Mora 32 892 


Falls 61... 1,666 


T 


Y 






Moranbrook ... 29 553 


Reeds 67 279 


Taconite 15 549 


Young America. 55. 


.. 303 




Morgan 61 553 


Renville 53... 1,183 


Taunton 60 205 


Z 






♦Morris 35... 1,685 


Rice 38 262 


Tawney 85 454 


Zumbro Falls. .67. 


. . . 208 




Morristown . . .65. . . . 592 


Richfield 46. . .3,673 


Taylors Falls. .41 .... 454 


Zumbrota 66. 


..1,138 


t 


Minnesota, the Bread an 


d Butter State. History. 






History. Visited by Duluth, at head of Lake 


ing, 1823. Settlement made near St. Paul by 


Swiss 




Superior, 1679; visited by a party of fur traders 


colonists, 1830, and at Stillwater, 1843. Territory of 




and the falls of St. Anthony named by Louis Hen- 


Minnesota organized In 1849. with Missouri 


River 






its western boundary. Admitted to the Union in 




sive territory ceded by France to Great Britain in 


185S. Massacre of settlers on frontier settl 


ements 




1763. Explored by Jonathan Carver of Connecticut 


by Sioux Indians, killing 1,000 whites, 1862. 


Indian 




in 1766. Came into the possession of the United 


lands at head of the lakes ceded to the 


United 




States in 17S3. Lieut. Z. N. Pike obtained the Fort 


States, 1S55. First frame house in Duluth erected, 




Snelling Reservation from the Dakota Indians in 


1856. First sawmill at Duluth, on Minnesota 


Point, 




1805. Fort Snelling established in 1819. Corner 


erected in 1856-7. St. Paul & Duluth railroad com- 




stone laid of Fort Snelling and Col. Josiah Snelling 


pleted, 1870. 






placed in command. Place thenceforth called Fort 








Snelling, 1820. Mill built at Falls of St. Anthony. 


This is one of the most rapidly growing States in 




1822. First steamboat to Mendota, near Fort Snell- 


the Union, in wealth and population. 







112 



opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



MINNESOTA. 



One of the Northern Border States Rapidly Increasing- in Population. 



MISTAKEN IDEA ABOUT CLI3IATE. 

The impression formerly prevailed that the cli- 
mate here was too cold to grow most agricultural 
products, whereas experience has proven that the 
State, in general, has not only a liighly fertile soil 
but a healthy climate favorable for the growth of 
all tlie cereals and the most of the vegetables and 
fruits. 

NOT SO VERY FAR NORTH 

A study of the map shows that Minnesota is not 
so far north as people had supposed. Examination 
of a Canadian map shows Hudson Bay very con- 
spicuously, and tlie idea might be entertained that 
the whole region is not habitable; but comparison 
with otlier parts of the globe, in geographical posi- 
tion, reveals that there are other parts of the 
world, even considerably farther North, tliat have 
long been settled and cultivated. 

C03IPARED \\^TH OTHER REGIONS 

Crossing at the widest part of Hudson Bay is the 
Sixtieth Parallel of latitude. Tracing this parallel 
around the earth we find that living north of this 
are tlie people of St. Petersburg and Stocliholm 
and the majority of the inhabitants of Sweden and 
Norway. 

POPULATION EXPANDING NORTHWARD 

The facts are, while the winters are long, the air 
is dry. the people do not feel the cold as is the case 
in warmer climates with more moisture in the 
air. The average spring temperature is 46, suinmer 
about 70. autumn 38; in winter about 17; giving an 
average annual of about 45. The eastern part of 
the State is subject to the heaviest rainfall, the 
annual average being from 24 to 36 inches. 

The soil, especially in the northern part of the 
State, is exceedingly fertile, and is one of the best 
wheat producing regions in North America. The 
fertility of soil in the Red River Valle.v permits 
the growth of very lar,ge crops and farmers in that 
region rajjidly acquire wealth. The greatest hin- 
drance the farmers in some portions of the northern 
counties have had has been the swampy condition!^ 
of the land. There are hundreds of thousands of 
acres of government land in that region of tlie 
country yet unappropriated from tiiat reason. 

SWAMP L.INDS TO BE RECLAOIED 

For the purpose of reclaiming this land the In- 
terior Department of the government, under the 
Reclamation Act, has in contemplation the running 
of a series of ditches that will drain about 400,000 
acres of land in the vicinity of Thief River Falls. 
This will open great quantities of land to settle- 
ment and be but the beginning of improvements 
which will bring into thorough cultivation great 
quantities of land, now too wet. 

The Chippewa lands, ceded under the Nelson 
Act of 1889, cover an area of over 5,000 square 
miles — 3,200,000 acres. The first efforts at drain- 
age will be just northeast of Thief River Falls. 
A tract of land has been selected including 600 
square miles, 384,000 acres, which area will be ex- 
tended as fast as lands are sold and appropriated. 

WILL MAKE THE VERY BEST FARMS 

When reclaimed by drainage these swamp lands 
will rank with the best farms in this region. The 
soil, which is a black sandy loam. Is particularly 
suited to crops which grow in this latitude. 
PLAN OF DR.\INAGE 

The plan of drainage recommended provides for 
two main ditches, from four to six miles apart, 
each about forty miles long, with laterals at right 
angles located about seven miles apart. Minor 
drainage ditches should reach each 160-acre lot. 
Such work would accomplish the drainage of 266,- 
750 acres of government and private land and the 
improvement of 135,750 additional acres, making a 
total of 402,500 acres that would be benefited. 

WEALTHY FARMERS IN SOUTHERN MINNESOTA 

The southern and central parts of Minnesota are 
settled with a class of wealthy farmers whose lands 
have become worth $50 per acre. The soil in this 
region is a rich loam from two to tive feet deep and 
of great durability. Here the finest wheat in the 
world is grown and from it the best flour is made. 

Buckwheat, rye, flaxseed and potatoes are also 
raised in abundance. The hay and potato crops are 
of great value. The quality of Minnesota potatoes 
has a widely extended reputation. There have been, 
in years past, standing signs in the Fulton Market.' 
New York, bearing the words, "Minnesota Potatoes." 



.'According to William E. Curtis, in the Chicago 
Record Herald, the value of Minnesota wheat crop 
in 11)10 was $88,435,000; oats, $25,000,000; corn, 
$25,000,000. 

Butter, $50,000,000, made in 803 creameries, the 
product of 1,125,000 cows. The first creamery in 
the state was established at Bath, Freeborn County, 
in ISOO, followed by the state founding a dairy 
school in 1801, succeeded by the employment, in 
1802, of an expert, to visit creameries of the 
state, inspect sanitary conditions and give instruc- 
tion to daii-ymen. The result is that Minnesota 
usually carries away the first prize from nearly every 
agricultural exhibition where her dairy products 
are on exhibition; A byproduct, developed out of 
the dairy business, is hogs, the value of which. In 
1910, was $35,000,000, lai::gely fed and fattened on 
skim milk. 

WAITING FOR TIMBER TO BE CUT. 

The agricultural interests of a large part of 
Minnesota liave had to wait for the timber to be 
cleared away, lumbering on the lands adjoining the 
largest rivers of the State being the principal work 
of many thousands of men during the past twenty 
years. 

The cultivated farms have demonstrated that the 
hardier fruits, such as apples, pears, cherries, 
plums, grapes of the northern varieties, strawber- 
ries, raspberries, blackberries, currants, etc., yield 
abundantly. For peaches and the more tender 
kinds of grapes the seasons are too short. Of the 
wild fruits, the crab apple and plum are excellent 
and the native cranberry is a source of great profit. 
Of the native forage plants botanists claim 160 
species. 

To get a fairly comprehensive Idea of the great- 
ness of the State and its probable future the land- 
seekej- should spend a week in Minneapolis and St. 
Paul in a study of land values, manufacturing, and 
as wholesale points, for distribution of products over 
the_ Northwest. Following the visit to the Twin 
Cities the tourist should see Duluth, a young but 
rapidly growing city, at the head of the lakes. 

After going up to the iron mining districts north- 
ward from Duluth, contemplating the manufactur- 
ing possibilities, healthfulness of climate and the 
many inducements for (iving in the State, consider 
statistics for a little time. Is there any reason why 
this population should not be as dense here as in 
Rhode Island some time? Mind, we say some time. 
That is indefinite and perliaps a good ways off, but 
when that time comes there will be many millions 
of people in this State. Saying nothing more about 
Rhode Island, let us consider Illinois. Is there any 
reason why Minnesota should not be as densely 
populated as the Prairie State? It is highly prob- 
able that it will be. What then? Minnesota had 
— ^.1 persons to the square mile in the 1900 census 
and Illinois had 86.1. When Minnesota attains to 
the present density of Illinois' population, she will 
have four times more people in her borders than 
now. Will each of the 400 interior Minnesota vil- 
lages and cities be four times larger than now' 
Will Minneapolis and St. Paul be four times larger' 
Will there be 300,000 people crowded onto the 
mountain side at Duluth and overflowing clear out 
to Lester Park and West Duluth? Yes, certainly 
Why not? Duluth is at the head of the lakes. 
Chicago was at the head of Lake Michigan. People 
had to stop there, and goods on freight boats had 
to break bulk. Duluth is similar to Chicago in po- 
sition. They have to break bulk there and all 
cities, where they have to break bulk, become large 
cities. 

FUTURE LARGE POPUL.ATION IN MINNESOTA. 

Certainly all Minnesota cities that are fairlv pros- 
perous will be four times larger than now, and 
landseekers looking the State all over will find 
Minnesota a very safe State in which to settle and 
invest in real estate. 

CONDENSED LMPORTANT FACTS REL.ITING TO 
THE STATE. 

Altitude. Highest in the State the Mesaba Range, 
•with elevations 100 feet above the adjacent lands. 

Cities. 

Climate. Average January temperature at St 
Paul, 11 above; July, 72; warmest, 104; coldest 
41 below; average annual precipitation of rain and 
snow, 27.5 inches. 

Duluth: Avers ge January temperature, 10; July 
66; highest, 99; lowest. 41; average annual rainfall' 
precipitation of rain and snow, 31.0 inches. 

Dimensions. Length, north and south, 400 miles- 
width, east and west, 350 miles. 



113 



MISSISSIPPI 



STATE AND THE 79 COUNTIES OF MISSISSIPPI 

With Their Boundaries 



I.oration and Population 

of 



MISSISSIPPI COUNTIES 



Lo- 
ca- 
tion 



COUNTIES 



Pop. 
lUlO 



1 De Soto. 

2 Marshall. 

3 Benton. 

4 Tippah. 

5 Alcorn . 

6. . . . Tishoningo. 

7 Tunica. 

8 Tate. 

9 Coahoma. 

10 Quitman. 

11 Panola. 

12 Lafayette. 

13 Union. 

14.... Pontocock. 

15 Lee. 

16 Prentiss. 

17 Itawamba. 

18 Bolivar. 

19 Sunflower. 

30. . Tallahatchie. 
21. . . , . Yalobusha. 

22 Calhoun. 

23.... Chickasaw. 

24 Monroe. 

25 Leflore. 

26 Grenada. 

27 Carroll. 

28. .. Montgomery. 

29 Webster. 

30 Clay. 

31. . . Washington . 

32 Holmes. 

33 Attala. 

34 Choctaw. 

35 Oktibbeha. 

36 Lowndes. 

37 Winston. 

38 Noxubee. 

39 Issaquena. 

40 Sharkey. 

41 Yazoo. 

42 Madison. 

43 Leake. 

44 Neshoba. 

45 Kemper. 

46 Warren . 

47 Hinds. 

48 Rankin. 

49 Scott. 

50 Newton . 

51. ... Lauderdale. 

52 Claiborne. 

53 Copiah. 

64 Simpson . 

55 Smith. 

56 Jasper. 

57 Clarke. 

58 Jefferson . 

59 Adams. 

60 Franklin. 

61 Lincoln . 

62 Lawrence. 

63. Jefferson Davis. 

64 Covington . 

65 Jones. 

66 Wavne. 

67 Wilkinson. 

68 Amite. 

69 Pike. 

70 Marion. 

71 Lamar. 

72 Forrest. 

73 Perry. 

74 Greene. 

75. . . Pearl River. 

76 Hancock. 

77 . - ... . Harrison. 

78 George. 

79 Jackson. 



.23,130 
.26,796 
.10,245 
.14,631 
.18,159 
.13,057 
.18,646 
.19,714 
.34,217 
.11,593 
.31,274 
.21,883 
.18,997 
.19,688 
.28,894 
.16,931 
.14,526 
.84,905 
.28,787 
.29,078 
.21,519 
.17,726 
.22,846 
.3.5.178 
.36,290 
.15,727 
.23,139 
.17,706 
.14,853 
.20,203 
.48,933 
.39,088 
.28,851 
.14,857 
.19.676 
.30,703 
.17,139 
.28,503 
.10,560 
.15,6<»4 
.43,672 
.33,.505 
.18,298 
.17,980 
.20,348 
.37.4R8 
.63,736 
.23,944 
.16.723 
.28,035 
.46,919 
.17,403 
.35,914 
.17,201 
.16.603 
.18.498 
.21,630 
.18,221 
.25,265 
.15,193 
.28,597 
.13,080 
.12,869 
.16,909 
.29.885 
.14.709 
.18,075 
.22,954 
.37,272 
.15,599 
.11,741 
.20,722 
. 7,685 
. 6,050 
. 10,.593 
.11,207 
.34,658 
. 6,599 
. 15,459 



Total 1,797,114 






7 L8_.J„ 

—I I 



I 






f Li3 j- 

-. ' _r~f ^ ^^ L._j_— L— 

\-^ I 21 I I I 

\ I 20 p-l'j22 ; 23 ; 24 



27 L-' 



L28l. 



36 



Li34L^lLJ'.lj 



J ^ 41 

L % ^ 

.— vs> -^ 



^^■ 



<&%; 



32 / 33 H 37 I 38 

-/ \ 49 i 50 ! 51 

/48 !_.- H — f-- 

67 I 68 I 69 i 70 !71 i72i73'i 74 
— . I ■ — J 1 — ^ — i i 'i 

L k . 



)MISSISSIPPI 




yiLFOr MEXIIC® 



MISSISSIPPI TOWNS WITH 1910 POPULATIONS. 



Loco. Pop. 



Abbeville 12. 

♦Aberdeen ....24. 



Ackerman 

Adair 

Agricultural 
College .. 

Airey 

Albertson . . 



.34.. 

.27.. 

.35.. 

.77. 
.65. 



243 
,708 
,398 

250 

206 
709 
328 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Alcorn . . 
."Vlligator 
Amory . . 
Anguilla 
Arbo .... 
Arcadia . 
Areola . . 
Arkabutla 
Artesia 



. .53. . 
..18. . 
. .24. . 
. .40. . 
. .64. . 
..39.. 
. .31. . 
. . .8. . 
. .36. . 



. 690 
. 260 
2,123 
. 500 
. 206 
. 390 
. 512 
. 217 
. 535 



Loca. Pop. 



Baldwyn . 
Banks . . . 
Bassfleld . 
*Batesville 
Baxterville 
•Bay St. Loui 
Bay Springs. 
Beaumont 



..15.. 

. . .7. . 
..63. , 
..11. 
. .71. 
S.76. 
. .56. , 
. .73. 



. 787 
. 309 
. 344 
. 774 
. 200 
3,388 
. 836 
. 250 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns: Second Column, Number the Same 
OS Number of the County Where Town Is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



114 



Mississippi Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns Loca. l'"i>. 

Beauregard . . . 53. . . . ~4() 

Belden 15. . . . 220 

Belleprairio . . .41. . . . 3.><) 

Belmont 6. . . . 'Sli~i 

Belzoni 31...1,05i» 

Benoit 18 4\2 

Benton 41.... 200 

Beulah 18. . . . 3(>!t 

Eiloxi "•••8-?i'! 

Binnsville . . . .45. . . . o!)0 

Blue Lake 20 200 

Blue Mountain. .4. ... <)i>0 
Bogue Chitto. .61. . . . 841 

Bolton 47 632 

Bond 77. . . . 53(i 

Bon Homme. . .73. . . . 308 
*BoonevilIe ... 16. .. 1,337 

Booth 39 250 

Boyd 62 250 

Boyle 18.... 444 

'Brandon 48. . . . 720 

Braxton 54. . . . 286 

*Brookhaven . .61. . .5,2!t3 

Brooklyn 72 260 

Brookville ....38 850 

Bucatunna . . . .66. . . . 421 
Buena Vista .. .23 .... 231 

Burngvillc 6. . . . 336 

Byhalia 2. . . . 511 

C 

Calhoun City.. 22 477 

•Canton 42... 3,929 

Carriere 75. . . . 206 

*Carrollton 27 608 

Carrolton Sta. .27 390 

*Carthage . . . .43. . . . 31."( 

Cedarbli-ffi 30 216 

CentervlUe . . .67. . . . 865 

Chancy 1 J. . . . 250 

•Charleston .. .29 .. .1,834 

Chritton . ..* 9 350 

Chunky ... .50 280 

*Clarksd-le . . . .9. . .4,079 

•Cleveland 18...1,00i 

Clinton 47. . . . 767 

Cloverhill 9. . . . 277 

Coahoma 9. . . . 311 

•Coffeeville ...21.... 421 

Coldwater 8. . . . 774 

•Collins 64... 2,581 

•Columbia 70... 2,029 

•Columbus 36... 8,988 

Como 11 905 

•Corinth 5... 5, 030 

Courtland 11 304 

Craig 41 ... . 506 

Crawford 36 396 

Creek 57 360 

Crenshaw 11.... 358 

Cross Roads. . . 78 358 

Crystal Springs.53. . .1,343 

D 

Darden 13 260 

•Decatur 50. . . . 283 

•De Kalb 45 350 

Derma 22 . . . . 383 

De Soto 57 236 

DIo 54 284 

Doddsville 19. .. . 208 

Drew 19. . . . 378 

Dry Grove . . . .47 . . . . 250 

Duck Hill 28 490 

Duncan 18 284 

Durant 33. ..1,881 

E 

Estabuchie 65 460 

Eastside 79 819 

Ecru 14 475 

Eddiceton 60. . . . 350 

Edinburg 43. . . . 250 

Edwards 47 600 

Elarbee 77 . . . . 250 

•EUisville 65. . .3,446 

Elwood 5 J.... 208 

Endville 14. . . . 450 

Enterprise . . . .57. . . . 877 

Epps 72 283 

Estabutchie . . .65. . . . 631 

Ethel 33 466 

Eupora 29 896 

r 

Fannin 48 200 

Farrell 9 250 

•Fayette 58 775 

Fenwick 59 206 

Fern wood 69 209 



Tincii I 



Ldoi. Pop. 



Flora 43 

Florence 48 

•Forest 49 

French Camps. 34 
•Friar Point.... 9 
•Fulton 17 

G 

Gandai 

Geeville 

Georgetown . 

Gibson 

Gillsburg: 

Glen Allan . . . 
Glendora .... 

Gloster 

Golden 

Good Hope. . 
Goodman ... 
Grand Gulf.. 
Graysport 
Greengrove 
•Greenville . . . 
•Greenwood . 
•Grenada .... 
•Gulfnort ... 
Gunnison ... 
Guntown .... 



H 

Hamburg . . . . 
Handsboro . . . 
Harriston . . . . 
•Hattiesburg . 
•Hazlehurst 
Heidelberg . . . 
Hermanville 
•Hernando . . . 

Hickory 

Hickory Flat. 
Highlandale . 
Hiwannee . . . . 
Hollandale . . . 
•Holly Spring 
Hollywood . . . 
Horn Lake. . . 

Houlka 

•Houston . . . . 
Howison 



Inda 

•Indianola 
Iverness . . 
Isola . . . . , 
Ittabena . 
*Iuka .... 



.64. 
.16. 
.53. 
.24. 
.68. 
.31. 
.20. 
.68. 
..6. 
.32. 
.32. 
.53. 
.36. 
..9. 
.31. 
.35. 
.36. 
.77. 
.18. 
.13. 

.60. 
.77. 
.58. 
.73. 
.53. 
.56. 
.52. 
1. 



..1. 

.33. 
.23. 

.77. 

.77. 
.19. 
.19. 
.31. 
.35. 
..6. 



. . 747 
. . 360 
.1,136 
. . 220 

. . 875 
. . 306 



. .. 232 
. . . 290 
. . . 560 
. . . 360 
. . 266 
. . 350 
. . . 207 
. . 1,486 
, . . 209 
. . . 293 
. . . 630 
. . . 266 
.1,409 
. . 406 
.9,610 
, .5,836 
.2,814 
.6,386 
, . . 515 
. . . 330 

, . . 334 
. . . 907 
, . . 253 
.11,733 
.2,056 
..477 
. . . 369 
. . 660 
. . 666 
. . 261 
. . 298 
...217 
. . . 481 
, .2,193 
. . . 360 
. . 206 
. . 389 
. .1,406 
. . 490 



Jackson (capi- 
tal) 47. 

Jacobs 58. 

Jonestown 9. 



. . . 369 
, .1,098 
.. 221 
.. 478 
.1,437 
.1,231 



.21,263 
. . . 590 
...367 



Kilmichael . . . .28. 

Kipling 45. 

Kirkville 17. 

•Kosciusko . . . .33. 

Lake 49. 

Lakeshore ....76. 
Lambert lo! 



.79. 
.51. 
.65. 
.50. 
.74. 
.31. 
.43. 



Latonia 
Lauderdale . 

Laurel 

Lawrence . . 
•Leakesville 

Leland 

Lena 

Leota Landing. 31. 
•Lexington . . .33. 

•Liberty 68. 

Little Springs. 60. 

Long 31. 

Long Beach... 77. 

Longtown 11. 

Lorena 55. 

Louin 56. 



Louisville 

•Lucedale . 

Lumberton 

Lyon 

Lytal 

Maben .... 
McComb . . 

McCool 33. 

McHenry 77. 

McLain 74. 



.37. 
.78. 
.71. 
. .9. 
.16. 

..35. 
.69. 



.. 380 
.. 369 
. . 509 
.2,385 

. . 429 
. . 260 
. . 573 
. . 260 
. . 599 
.8,465 
. . 208 
. . 466 
.1,547 
. . 200 
. . 369 
.3,428 
. . 5i-6 
. . 290 
. . 396 
.1,036 
. . 350 
. . 366 
. . 523 
.1,181 
. . 797 
.2,133 
. . 223 
.. 209 

. . 539 
.6,237 
. . 432 
.. 627 
.. 250 



Towns 



Loca. Poll. 



.60. 
.54. 
.51. 



McLaurin 72. 

McNair 58. 

McNeill 75. 

•Macon 38. 

Madison Station42. 

Magee 54. 

•Magnolia ....69. 

Mantee 39. 

Marathon 31. 

Marie 19. 

Marks 10. 

Matagorda 9. 

Mathiston 29. 

•Mayersville . .39. 
•Meadville . 
•Mendenhall 
•Meridian 

Merigold 18. 

Merrill 78. 

Midnight 41. 

Millard 75. 

Minter City. . . .25. 
Mississippi City. 77. 

Mize 55. 

•Monticelio ...62. 

Montrose 56. 

Moorhead 19. 

Morton 49. 

Moselle 65. 

Moss Point 79. 

Mound Bayou.. 18. 

Mountain 78. 

Mount Carmel.63. 
Mount Olive. . .64. 

Muldon 34. 

Myrtle 13. 

N 

Napanee 31. 

•Natchez 59. 

Neshoba 44. 

Nettleton 15I 

•New Albany.. 13. 
•New Augusta. 73. 
New Houlka... 23. 

Newton 50. 

Nicholson 75. 

Norfield 61. 

Northcarrollton.27. 
N. Greenwood. .35. 
Noxapater ... .37. 

O 

Oakland 21 

Oak Vale 63] 

Ocean Springs. 79. 

•Okolona 33. 

Olive" Branch. . .1. 

Ora 64. 

Osyka 69. 

Ovett 65. 

•O.xford 12. 



*PascagouIa ..79 
Pass Christian. 77. 
Pearlhaven ...61. 
Pearlington ...76. 
Pelahatchee ..48. 

Percy zi\ 

Perkinston ....77. 
Perthshire . . . .18. 

Pheba 30. 

Philadelphia ..44'. 

Philipp 30. 

Pickayune . . . .75. 

Pickens 33. 

Pinebur 70. 

Pinola 54. 

•Pittsboro ... .22. 
Pleasant Hill. 
•Pontotoc .... 
•Poplarville . . 
•Port Gibson. . 

Potosi 

Potts Camp. . . 
Prairie Point. 
•Prentiss .... 

Pulaski 

•Purvis 



. 1. 
.14. 

.75. 
.53. 
.41. 
..2. 
.38. 
.63. 
.49. 
.71. 



Q 



•Quitman 57. 

B 



•Raleigh . 
•Raymond 
Rich burg 
Richton 
Rienzi . . . 
•Ripley . . 



.55. 
.47. 
.71. 
.73. 
..5. 
..4. 



. . . 506 
, . . 366 
, . . 360 
.2,434 
. . 323 
. . 685 
, . 1,823 
. . 232 
. . 308 
. . 290 
. . 670 
. . 560 
. . 576 
. . 269 
. . 269 
. . 606 
23,285 
.. 241 
.. 338 
. . 208 
. . 296 
. . 306 
.. 566 
.. 331 
. . 450 
. . 437 
. . 505 
. . 374 
. . 341 
.3,054 
.. 537 
.. 208 
. . 290 
.1,077 
. . 309 
.. 255 

. 362 
11,791 
. 290 
. 733 
2,033 
. 460 
. 6)0 
1,875 
. 348 
. 889 
. 303 
. 269 
. 311 

. . 351 
. . 296 
. 1,473 
.2,584 
. . 213 
.. 463 
. . 834 
. . 383 
.2,014 



.3,379 
.2,458 
. . 499 
. . 306 
. . 943 
. . 266 
. . 350 
. . 496 
. . 283 
.1,209 
. . 269 
. . 846 
. . 619 
. . 250 
. . 241 
. . 249 
.2.065 
.1,277 
.1,373 
.3,353 
. . 506 
. . 312 
. . 2.50 
. . 640 
. . 389 
. . 734 

. . 950 

. 262 

. 579 
. 366 
1,2.50 
. 434 
. 767 



Town^ 



Loi-n. 



Pop. 



Robinsunville . . 7. 

Rodney 58. 

•Rolling Fork. .40. 

•Rosedale 18. 

Rose Hill 56. 

Roxie 60. 

Ruleville 19. 

Rural Hill 37. 



S 

Sallis 

Saltillo .... 
SandersviUe 
Sanford 
•Sardis .... 
Saucier .... 
Schlater . . . 

Scooba 

Seminary . . 
•Senatobia . 
Shannon . . . 

Shaw 

Shelby 

Sherman . . . 
Shubuta . . . 
Shuqualak . 

Sidon 

Silver City. . 
Silver Creek . 
Silver Springs. 
Spanish Fort. . 
Standing Pine. 
•Starkville 
State Line. 
Stonewall . 
Stringer . . 
Sturgis . . . 
Summit . . . 
•Sumner . . 
Sumral 
Sunflower . 
Sylvarena . 



.33. 
.15. 
.65. 
.64. 
.11. 
.77. 
.25. 
.45. 
.64. 
..8. 
.15. 
.18. 
.18. 
.14. 
.57. 
.38. 
.25. 
.41. 
.62. 
. .4. 
.40. 
.43. 
.35. 
.66. 
.57. 
.56. 
.35. 
.69. 
.30. 
.71. 
.19. 
.55. 



Taylorsville 

Tchula . 

Terry 

Tishomingo 
Toccopola . 
Toomsuba . 
Trenton . . . 
•Tunica 
•Tupelo . . . 
Tutwiler . . , 

Tyler 

Tylei'town 



LTnion 
Utica 



•Vaiden 
Vardaman 
Vernal . . . 
Verona 
Vestry . . . 
• Vicksburg 
Vosburg . 



T 



.55. 
.32. 
..47. 
. .6. 
.14. 
.51. 
.55. 
..7. 
.15. 
.20. 
.75. 
.69. 



..50. 
..47. 



.27. 

!74.' 
.15. 
.79. 
.46. 
.56. 



W 

Walls 1. 

Walnut Grove. .43. 
Warrenton . . . .46. 
•Water Valley. 21. 

Waveland 76. 

•Waynesboro ..66. 

Webb 20. 

Weir 34. 

Wesson 53. 

West 33. 

West 

Pascagoula. 
•West Point.. 
Whitesand . . 
Wiggins .... 
W"inchester 
•Winona . .. . 
Wisdom 
Wisncr . . . 
•Woodville 



79. 

.30. 

. .58. 

...77. 
..66. 
. .28. 
..77. 
. .55. 
..67. 



. . 308 
. . 338 
. 809 
.1,103 
. . 390 
, . 204 
. . 451 
. . 250 



. . 247 
. . 306 
. . 604 
. . 300 
.1.406 
. . 255 
. . 250 
. . 332 
. . 526 
.1,278 
. . 564 
. . 871 
. . 645 
. . 353 
.1,168 
. . 636 
. . 391 
. . 341 
. . 544 
. . 300 
. . 209 
. . 266 
.2,698 
. . 363 
.1,069 
. . 267 
. . 331 
.1,471 
. . 364 
.3,064 
. . 300 
. . 290 



. 623 
. 478 
. 473 
. 313 
. 233 
. 300 
. 300 
. 555 
3,881 
. 410 
. 200 
. 797 



693 
573 



. 713 
. 439 
. 200 
. 558 
. 350 
0,814 
. 209 



. . 206 
. . 208 
. . 200 
.4,275 
. . 554 
. . 625 
. . 293 
. . 230 
.3,034 
. . 376 

. . 308 
.4,864 
. . 390 
. . 980 
. . 350 
.2,513 
. . 260 
. . 636 
.1,333 



Yazoo City 41... 6,796 



Zilpha . . . 

Zion 

Zion Hill. 



.33. 
.43. 
.68. 



200 
269 
306 



115 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



MISSISSIPPI 



Having a Soil and Climate Especially Favorable for Growing Cotton. — Figures Showing Profits. 



Should the land-seeker wish to engage in the 
production of one general crop there is probably 
none more sure than cotton in a region favorable for 
its growth. There are a few essentials necessary in 
the production of cotton, among them being a rich 
alluvial soil, a temperature favorable for growth 
and rainfall suffioient to supply the necessary 
moisture. 

THE CEDIATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 

The average annual temperature in Mississippi 
is 65.57. The highest of summer is 90 and the low- 
est of winter is 18 al)ove zero. The average an- 
nual rainfall at Natchez is 53.55 inches; along the 
coast it is 64 inches. 

The valley areas of the northern section, and the 

vplands of' central Mississippi, are fertile, while 
those of other parts of the state are often inferior 
in quality. If the individual is going into the busi- 
ness of raising cotton and has selected Mississippi 
as the state in which to engage in that vocation, 
he will find that soil, climate and rainfall all com- 
bine here to make that crop a success; but it would 
be only safe for the person intending to purdiase 
land for that purpose to visit this state, go among 
the cotton raisers and carefully investigate before 
investing any money in land for that purpose. 

As a rule, cotton continues very uniform in 
price. While price fluctuates somewhat, it has 
averaged about 10 cents a pound during the past 
seven years. During 190G the price varied from 
QVs cents to 12 14 cents per pound. 

A STATEMENT OF COST AND PROFITS. 

Cost of Production.. The following statement of 
the cost of production and the proceeds from a col- 
ton crop in 1889-90 on a 70-acre larm of Col. J. M. 
Thornton, Talladega, Ala., is worthy of careful 
study of those who think of engaging in the busi- 
ness" of cotton culture. Of course these figures 
would vary considerably, depending upon natural 
fertility of soil, cost of fertilizing material, ex- 
pense of labor, accessibility to market, and other 
conditions, but this table gives something of an 
idea of cost of production in average years. 

COST AND PROFIT OF RAISING COTTON 

On 70 Acres, Yielding 28,116 Pounds of Lint Cotton 
which Sold at 914 Cents Per Pound. 

Man and mule labor in preparing bedding 

and putting in fertilizers $15(1.50 

3V2 tons phosphate (as fertilizer) 67.50 

3V^ tons cottonseed meal (as fertilizer) 

Man and mule labor plowing and cultivating 126.00 

Hoeing 136.50 

Picking *i7,\'7rl 

bogging and ties 4J.oO 

Ginning (5 per cent of yield equals 1,458 

pounds at 9 14 cents) 134.86 

Seed for planting (140 bushels at 15 cents 

per pound) ^l?u. 

Wear and tear of implements 1:>.00 

Overseeing ■ • • • ■ .SJ^-';"^ 

One-fourth of cotton crop chargeable as rent 60O.IS 

Hauling to market 12.00 

Total $1,905.29 

YIELD AND PROCEEDS OF COTTON CROP. 

56 hales, weighing 28.116 pounds lint cotton, 

averaging 'Jhi cents $2,600.73 

1,848 bushels seed at 15 cents per pound... 277.20 

Total $2,877.93 

Cost of production $1,905.29 

Profit on 70 acres $972.64 

Dividing the $972.64 by 70 gives $13.89, the profit 
per acre on raising cotton at these prices. Thus the 
profit on a 100-acre tract would be $1,389, and a 
200-acre cotton farm would be $2,778. 

CENTER OF COTTON PRODUCTION IN RECENT 
YEARS. 

The center of cotton production in the United 
States has been recently in Mississippi, about 20 



miles northeast of Canton, in Madison County, and 
with the natural fertility of soil here, fitting it 
for cotton raising, it is probable that cotton can be 
raised in this state with greater profit than else- 
where, which will be determined by the land-seeker 
when he investigates cotton raising conditions in 
Missitisippi. 

Cotton is a field crop and, like wheat, oats or 
corn, inust be classed with those field productions 
which require a good deal of space in order to yield 
large farm profit. There are certain vallejs in 
the state, like the Yazoo, which is overflowed in 
very high water, and enriched by the alluvial de- 
posits, that require but very little fertilization in 
the production of an.v crops thereon. These valleys 
aie natural cotton lands, which land-seekers should 
e.Kamine. 



IF COTTON WERE IVUDE THE PRINCIPAL 
CROP. 

The crops of Mississippi are considerably diversi- 
fled. Tiius in one average recent year the oat crop 
was 1,671,919 bushels; wheat, 28,285 bushels, and 
corn, 30,027,569 bushels. 

Of the cotton crop there were 1,275,000 bales. As 
there are 4C6 pounds in a bale of cotlon, there 
were 594,150,000 pounds in that crop, which, multi- 
plied by O't cents, the lowest price per pound for 

cotton that year, would make the income to the 
State of Mississippi $54,958,875 that year for her 
cotton crop. 

As there is but a comparatively small population 
at present in tiiis state, 12,000.000 acres yet cov- 
ered with forests, we can imagine when the popu- 
lation is full up to the capacity of the state and 
the force of help is sufficient to cultivate all the 
soil, that the revenue from cotton in this state will 
be immense. 

But while Mississippi i^ essentially an agricul- 
tural state it is giving a good deal of attention 
to manufacturing, as shown in the fact that in 
1906, an average year, there were $50,256,309 in- 
vjsted in manufactures, 38,690 wage earners were 
employed, to whom was paid $14,819,034, the man- 
ufactured product of the state being worth $57,- 
451,445. 

FRUIT, FISH AND OYSTERS. 

The Gulf Coast of the State which extends for 
a distance of 90 miles on the borders of the Gulf 
of Mexico is attracting a great deal of attention 
for several reasons. First, here is a warm sandy 
loam soil, resting on a clay subsoil, in which all 
vegetables and fruits yield abundantly. Second, 
with warm climate and 62 inches of annual 
rainfall they can grow three crops a .year on the 
same land. Thus, planting Irish potatoes in Jan- 
uary, the crop is off in time to plant corn in 
April and the corn is off in time to plant sweet 
potatoes in July, which are harvested in time to 
allow a crop of hay or cow peas to be grown, to 
plow in and fertilize the land for the next year. 

The waters of the Gulf, along the Mississippi coast 
line, grow thousands of bushels of oysters. One 
cannery at Biloxi gives einployment to 2,500 work- 
men nine months in the year canning oysters and 
other shell fish. 

The fish canning and oyster industry on the 
Gulf coast is very great and steadily growing in 
importance. 

DELIGHTFUL BREEZE FROM THE GULF. 

A steady breeze blows in upon the land here 
making the days pleasant and the nights cool in 
summer. Thus the Gulf coast is growing in popu- 
larity as a summer resort. As a home for the win- 
ter months it is and has for many years attracted 
thousands of people from the north. Gulfport, Bay 
St. Louis, Pass Christian, Biloxi, Ocean Springs and 
other points are widely known as health and pleas- 
ure resorts. 



116 



Mississippi Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



A Region of Delightful Winter Resorts on tlie Gulf Coast. 



Thousands of people are drifting down to this 
charming Gulf coast to make their homes in the de- 
lightful climate here, intending to spend their re- 
maining years in the growing of fruit for profit and 
partly as a pastime. 

l\Iany testimonials are published of people who 
clear a profit on their crops here of $250 per aere, 

their productions including early grown potatoes, 
sweet corn, strawberries, grapes, Satsuma oranges, 
soft shell pecans, sweet potatoes, sugar cane, mel- 
ons, peaches and other fruits. 

THE LUMBER BUSINESS A GREAT INDUSTRY. 

This whole region adjoining the Gulf of Mexico 
has been, until recently, covered with a long leafed 
pine fortst. The rapid advance in the price of 
lumber has caused the introduction of scores of 
sawmills. The land is being cleared of the forest, 
and the soil, a rich dark, sandy loam, resting on a 
clay subsoil, is found to be most admirably adapted 
to fruit raising. 

Added to a warm soil in a warm climate, is 
an average of tive inohes of rain per month. This 
large amount of moisture prevents shortage of crops 
from drouth. While one crop of the season may be 
lessened by dry weather the other crops are not 
affected, and the average yield from the land Is 
always about the same. 

PRICE OF LAND IN SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI. 

Farm land along the Gulf coast is held at prices 
varying from $2.") to $50 per acre, while back a lit- 
tle distance from the Coast the price ranges from 
$15 to $25. 

TO SECURE EMPLOYMENT, GO SOUTH. 

There is an intense cry continually going up from 
all the Gulf coast country for more help. More 
workmen are wanted in the fields, more in the 
lumber district and more in the canneries. The 
land seeker will do well to consider the advisability 
of getting a small farm on the Gulf Coast, applying 
thereon intensive cultivation, and while getting 
started assist other people who need help. 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
MISSISSIPPI. 

.Vltitude. Highest in the State at Forrest, in 
Marshall County. 

Climate. Average annual January temperature 
at Vicksburg, 47 above; July, 82; highest, Idl ; 
lowest, 1 below. Annual rainfall, 55.7. 

Dimensions. Extreme length of State, north and 
south, 3-10 miles; extreme v,'idth, east and west, 
180 miles. 

History. The Yazoo bottoms visited by De Soto, 
1.539; Joliet and Marquette, 1C73; La Salle, 1082; 
settlement at Biloxi by Iberville, 1600; Nathez 
founded, 1716; ceded by France to England, 1703; 
Territory of Mississippi organized, 1798; territory 
including the five southern counties added to the 
State, 1811; admitted to the Union, 1817. 

Between New Orleans and Mobile will be found a 
number of the most attractive winter resorts in the 
whole South. From Bay St. Louis, the first resort 
out of New Orleans, to Pascagoula, nearly fifty miles 
east, is an almost continuous string of white cot- 
tages, hotels and bungalows. The winter climate 
is delightfully invigorating and it would be diffi- 
cult to select a locality better suited for rest or 
recieation. The population of Bay St. Louis is 
about 4,500, made up largely of people from New 
Orleans, who make daily trips to and from the city. 
The town, like other gulf coast resorts, has its 
long shell drive upon the waterfront, with magnifi- 
cent live oaks and magnolias, while the pretty, sub- 
stantial and gardened residences bespeak taste and 
prosperity for their owners. Boating, bathing and 
fishing facilities are unsurpassed. 

PASS CHRISTIAN. 

Pass Christian is the most pretentious, as well 
as the most popular, resort along the gulf coast. It 
is one of the very old towns of the United States 
and the second in population on the coast. With 
its seven miles of frontage on the gulf, and with 
immense pine forests behind it, it is an ideal place 



for the man or woman seeking rest and recupera- 
tion. It is exclusively a resort town, and the hotels 
will be found far above the average in size and 
excellence. The shell roads here are exceptionally 
smooth and well kept and make driving or automo- 
biling a pleasure. A nine-hole golf course is kept in 
excellent condition. Mississippi Sound furnishes the 
finest yachting course in the South and very good 
fishing can be had during the late winter and 
early spring months. 

GULFPORT. 

Gulfport is a new, but distinctly modern, town. 
It is the principal seaport for sea-going vessels 
of the State of Mississippi and is the second 
lumber-shipping port in the country. It has a fine 
harbor, deep and roomy enough to accommodate 
ocean shipping for years to come. Beside boating, 
fishing and hunting there are beautiful shell drives 
along the beach and automobiles can be hired at 
reasonable rates. There are tennis courts and an 
excellent golf course. The hotel accommodations are 
among the best on the coast. 

Four miles east of Gulfport is the old town of 
Mississippi City. It is in the midst of a great fruit- 
producing region, where oranges, tigs, peaches, pears 
and grapes can be grown with but little effort. 

Biloxi, the oldest town on the coast, the third in 
age in the United States, was founded by the French 
in 1699. It is the largest town between New Orleans 
and Mobile and is a substantial and progressive 
little city. There are some fine residences and 
hotels and shell drives along the ten-mile beach. 
The waters of the sound here are alive with fish and 
during the winter season quantities of oysters are 
canned and shipped to Northern and Eastern mar- 
kets. Four miles west of Biloxi is Beauvoir, where 
Jefferson Davis lived, and now the home of aged and 
infirm Confederate veterans. Biloxi is a most de- 
lightful little city and an excellent place wherein 
to spend the winter season. 

OCEAN SPRINGS. 

Ocean Springs, so called from the mineral springs 
found in the town, is just across the bay from 
Biloxi. A fine shell drive extends the entire three 
miles of sound frontage. Nowhere on the coast can 
finer specimens of the famed live oaks be found. 
Under these, and with full sweep of sea view and 
salt breezes, nestle some attractive and tasteful 
homes and hotels. 

Sixteen miles east of Ocean Springs are the towns 
of West Pascagoula and Pascagoula. This is one of 
the greatest lumber manufacturing districts of the 
South and in addition, one of the best fishing points 
on the coast. 

THE NATIONAL CEMETERY IN IvnSSISSIPPI. 

The National Cemetery at Vicksburg, fronting the 
river and blending in to the northern end of the 
Military Park, although not of it, was established 
in 1865. Its originally beautiful natural site having 
thus had the benefit of time in which to be de- 
veloped and appropriately softened and beautified 
into harmony with its sacred purpose, it stands 
today one of the most park-like and pleasingly 
impressive of all the national cemeteries. With the 
possible exception of Arlington Heights, none can 
compare with it in general beauty. It certainly is 
one of the most magnificent cemeteries ever devoted 
to the interment of the dead soldiers of any na- 
tion, and it is also (except Arlington) the largest 
of the eighty-two established and maintained by 
the General Government in honor of its valorous 
defenders. It contains the graves of 16,822 Union 
soldiers who lost their lives in and around Vicks- 
burg during the civil war. of which the appalling 
number of 12,719 are "unknown." The cemetery 
is a masterpiece of landscape engineering, with 
delightful walks and drives, with ravines, terraces 
and plateaus, and with long avenues of trees, 
mostly Spanish oaks, supplemented with tropical 
plants and picturesque parterres of flowers. The 
grounds occupy what was once the sides and crest 
of a forbidding bluff overlooking the river, but 
which is now a most charming series of terraces, 
encircling a beautiful plateau from which is had a 
magnificent view, grand in extent and variety, in- 
cluding the serpentine course of the glittering 
Tiver, its opposite shore fringed with verdant 
forest. 



117 



MISSOURI 



STATE AND THE 115 COUNTIES OF MISSOURI 

With Their Boundaries 







ifn-\ 



FORTSCOTTo. 




7-.' 74 



^^ ! 46 I 47 i-7 - 

52 L* 154 1^^/ <;c^— -■' 
! 66 i~ri 68 -,--i ""iyi >79 

^--LJ[6.;^7 !78 79>,-J-U7 ;---i,^-V?- 

ftO • ~ ! 83 '84 1 85 ' 86 i go 1 j J .^ 

g !---r-i99 , 101 i ;,..J 105V- ( 109^ 112 

9g ! 97 pHi 100 ' 102 1 i ^^^ ' '"' ^NEWtlApRlD 



IlOUfS <:^ 



rSTAL CITY 
r.VtEVE 



110. 




LOCATION AND 1910 POPULATIONS OF IVnSSOURI COUNTIES. 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



1 Atchison. 

2 Nodaway . 

3 Worth. 

4 Gentry. 

5. .... . Harrison. 

6 Mercer. 

7 Putnam . 

8 Sullivan . 

9 Schuyler. 

10 Adair. 

11 Scotland. 

12 Knox. 

13 Clark. 

14 Lewis. 

15 Holt. 

16 Andrew. 

17 DeKalb. 

18 Daviess. 

19 Grundy. 

^0. . . . Livingston. 

21 Linn. 

22 Macon. 

23 Shelby. 

24 Marion. 

25 Buchanan. 

26 Clinton. 

27 Caldwell. 

28 Platte. 

29 Clay. 



.13,604 
.28,833 
. 8,007 
.16,820 
.20,466 
.12,385 
.14.308 
.18,598 
. 9,062 
.22,700 
.11,869 
.14,4(33 
.12,811 
.15,514 
.14,-539 
.15,282 
.12,531 
.17,605 
.16,741 
.19,453 
. 25,253 
.30,868 
.14,864 
.30,572 
.93,020 
.15,297 
.14.605 
.14,429 
.30,302 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



30 Rav 

31 Carroll 

32 Chariton 

33 Randolph 

34 Monroe 

35 Ralls 

36 Pike 

37 Jackson 

38 Lafayette 

39 Saline 

40 Howard 

41 Boone 

42 Audrain 

43. . Montgomery 

44 Lincoln 

45 Cass 

46 Johnson 

47 Pettis 

48 Cooper 

49 Moniteau 

50 Cole 

51 Callaway 

52 Bates 

53 Henry 

d4 Benton 

55 Morgan 

56 Miller 

57 'Osage 

58 Maries 



. .21,451 

. .23,098 
. .23,503 
. .26,182 
. .18,304 
. .12,913 
. .22,556 
.283,522 
. .30,154 
. .29,448 
. .15,653 
. .30,533 
. .21,687 
..15,604 
..17,033 
. .22,973 
. .26,297 
. .33,919 
. .20,311 
. .14,375 
. .21,957 
..24,400 
. .25,869 
. .27,242 
. .14,881 
. .12,863 
. .16,717 
. .14,283 
. .10,088 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



59 Gasconade. 

60 Franklin. 

61 Warren. 

62. . . . St. Charles. 

63 St. Louis. 

64. St. Louis City. 

65 Vernon . 

66 St. Claire. 

67 Hickory . 

68 Camden. 

69 Pulaski. 

70 Phelps. 

71 Crawford. 

72. . . Washington. 
73... St. Francois. 

74 Jefferson. 

75 Barton. 

76 Cedar. 

77 Polk. 

78 Pallas. 

79 Laclede. 

80 Jasper. 

81 Dade. 

82 Lawrence. 

83 Greene. 

84 Webster. 

85 Wright. 

86 Te.xas. 

87 Dent. 



.12,847 
.29,830 
. 9,123 
.24,695 
.82,417 
687,029 
.28,827 
.16,412 
. 8,741 
.11,582 
.11,483 
.15,796 
.13,576 
.13,378 
.36,748 
.27,878 
.16,747 
.16,080 
.21,561 
.13.181 
. 17,363 
.89,673 
.15,613 
.25,.583 
.63,831 
.17,873 
.18.315 
.21,485 
. 13,245 



Loca, 



County Pop. 



88 Shannon. 

89 Reynolds. 

90 Iron. 

91 Madison. 

92 Genevieve. 

93 Perry. 

94 Bollinger. 

95 Newton . 

96. . . . McDonald. 

97 Barry. 

98 Stone. 

99 Christian . 

100 Taney. 

101 Douglas. 

102 Ozark . 

103 Howell. 

104 Oregon. 

105 Carter. 

106 "Wayne. 

107 Ripley. 

108 Butler. 

109 Stoddard. 

110..C. Girardeau. 

Ill Scott. 

112 .. . Mississippi. 
113. .New Madrid. 

114 Dunklin. 

115. . . . Pemiscot^ 
Total 3, 



.11,443 

. 9,592 
. 8,563 
.11.273 

iii^ssJs 

.14,576 
.27,1.36 
.13,539 
.23,869 
.11, .559 
.15,832 
. 9,134 
.16,664 
.11,926 
.21.(165 
.14,681 
. 5,504 
.15.181 
.13,099 
.20,624 
.27,807 
.27,621 
.22 372 
!i4!.557 
.19,488 
.30,328 
.15,559 
J93,335 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Secona Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located; Third Column. Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

118 



Adrian 
Advance 
Affton ... 
Agency . 

Alba 

*AIbany 
Alderney . 
Aldrich . . 
Allendale 
Allenton . 
AUenville 
Alma . . . . 
Altamont 
Altenburg 
*Alton . .. 
Amazonia 
Anioret . . 
Anderson 
Anglum . . 
Annislon 



.109. 
..63. 
. .35. 
. .80. 
...4. 
..63. 
..77. 
.. .3. 
. .63. 
.110. 
. .08. 
. .18. 
..93. 
,103. 

.16. 

.52. 

.96. 

.63. 
.113. 



Appleton City. .66 



Arcadia , . , . 

Archie 

Areola 

Ardmore . . . 
Armstrong . 
Arrow Rock 
Asbury . . . . 
Ashburn . . . 
Ash Grove. . 
Ashland . . . 

Ashley 

Ashton 

Atlanta . . . . , 
Augusta . . . , , 

Aurora 

Austin , 

Auxvas.se 

*Ava ] 

Avalon 



..90. 
. .15. 
. .81. 

'.'.40'. 
..39. 
. .80. 
..36. 
..83. 

.41. 

.36. 

.13., 



63. 

83. 

45. 

51. 

.. .101. 

30. 

B 

. . .103. 
....6!5. 
13. 



...939 
...631 
. . . 650 
. . . 439 
..1,296 
. . 1,933 
...235 
... 650 
. . . 243 
. . . 250 
. . . 309 
... 316 
. . . 270 
. .. 379 
. . . 481 
. . . 456 
. . . 307 
...731 
. . . 306 
. . . 364 
..1,018 
. . . 289 
, . . 246 
. . . 309 
. . . 500 
,..574 
.. 336 
.. 200 
.. 295 
.1,075 
.. 341 
.. 409 
.. 200 
.. 533 
. . 297 
.4,143 
. . 308 
.. 411 
.. 713 
. . 509 



Buckeye 

Bucklin 

Buckner 

*Buffalo 

Bunceton 

Bunker 

Burgess 75 

Burlington Jet. .2 
*Butler 52 



.48. 
.89. 



Cabool 

Gainesville 

Cairo 

Calhoun . . . 
*California 

Callao 

Camden . . . 
Cameron . . 
Canalon . . . 
Canton .... 
Cape Girar- 
deau 

Cirdwell . . . ! .114 
Carle Junction. 80 



.86. 
. .5. 
.33. 
.56. 
.49. 

.'30! 
.26. 
113. 
.14. 

, .110. 



Bakerfield 
Ballwin . , 
Earing . . . 

Barnard ^. 

Bayouville ...II3.' 

Beaufort (jo 

Bedford 20! 

Belgrade '73 ' 

Bell City 109! 

Bell 58. 

Bellflovver 43. 

Belmont 112.' 

Belton 45* 

*Benton m". 

Benton City. . . .43. 
Berger .... 
Bernie 



. .60. 
.109. 



Bcrtrand 11 



*Bethany . 

Bethel 

Bevier . . . . 
Billings . . . 
Birch Tree 
Bird Point 
Bismark 



.. .5. . 
.33.. 
.32.. 
.99.. 
.88. . 
113.. 
3.. 



' Blackburn . . . .3,9 



Black Jack. 
Blairstown . 

Bland 

Blodgett . . . 

*Bloomfipld 

Blue Snrings 



.63.. 
.53. . 
.59. . 
111.. 
109.. 
37. . 



Biythedale 5 

Bogard 31 

Bois D'Arc 83] '. 

Bolckow 16. . 

*Bolivar 77! . 

Bonfils 63 ' ' 

Bonne Terre. . .73'. '. 
*Boonville . . . .48. .' 

Bosworth 31.! 

Bourbon .71.' .' 

Eovven 46! '. 

"^Bowling Green.36!! 

Brandsville ... 40 

Branson 100 ! ! 

Brashear 10.'. 

Braymer 37.'.' 

Breckenridge ..2?!! 

Brewer 93 

Bronaugh . . . ' ' 
iBrookfield . 

Brook line Sta 

Browning . . . 

Brownington 

Erumley .... 

Brunswick . . 



. .65. 

.21.. 

. .83. 

. .21. 

. ..53.. 

..56. , 

. 32 . . 



.. 270 
. . 509 
.. 379 
. . 338 
. . 309 
.. 308 
. . 266 
.. 250 
.. 316 
.. 600 
.. 599 
.. 200 
,. 923 
.. 320 
,. 233 
. 306 
. 743 
. 346 
1,931 
. 235 
1,906 
. 760 
. 497 
. 406 
. 848 
. 389 
. 490 
. 238 
. 359 
. . 432 
.1,147 
. . 561 
.. 345 
. . 316 
.. 200 
. . 376 
.1,975 
. . 390 
. 5.509 
.4,353 
. . 767 
. . 383 
. . 206 
.1,585 
. . 502 
, . 706 
. . 468 
.1,037 
.1,035 
, . 300 
. 363 
5,749 
. . 306 
. 639 
. 345 
. 209 
1,606 



Carrollton . , 

Carterville . , 

*Carthage . . . 

*Caruthers- 
ville 

*Cassville . . . 

Cedar Citv. . . 

Cedar Valley. 

Cement City. 

Center 

Centertown . . 

Centerview . . 

*Centerville . 

Centralia . . . 

Chaffee 

Chamois .... 

*Charleston . 
Chilhowee . . . 

*ChiUieothe . 
Chitwood . . . 

Chula 

Clarence .... 

Clark 

Clarksburg . . , 

Clarksdale 

Clarl^sville 

Clarltton . 

Clearmont 

Cleveland 

Clever „„ 

Climax Springs. 68 

*Cllnton 53. 

Clyde 2. 

Coffey 18. 

Cole Camp . . .54. 
College Mound. 33. 

Collins 66. 

Coloma 31. 

*Columbia 41. 

Comet 81 . 

Conception 3' 



.31. 
.80. 
.80. 

115. 

.97. 

.51. 

100. 

.37. 

.35. 
.. .50. 
...46. 
. ..89. 
..41. 
.111. 
. .57. 
.113. 
..46., 
. .20., 
. .80.. 
. .20. . 
..23. , 
. .33.. 
. .49. . 
. .17. . 
. . 36 . . 
.114.. 

!!45!! 
...99.. 



... 298 
... 790 
. . . 410 
. . . 820 
... 788 
... 606 
. . . 249 
. . . 942 
..2,894 

. . . 789 
. . . 887 
. . . 230 
. . . 684 
..3,154 
...536 
...477 
. . 2,980 
...297 
..3,318 

..8,475 
. . . 874 
, .1,115 
3,453 
.4,539 
.9,483 



Concordia , 
Connelsville 
Conway . . . 
Cooter .... 
Corder .... 
Corning . . . 
Cottleville 
Cowgill . . . 

Craig 

Crane 

Creighton . . 
Creve Coeur 

Crocker „„ 

Cross Timbers !67! 

Crowder m 

Crystal Citv. . . .74' 

Cuba 71 ■ 

Curry ville !36! 



39. 
. .10. 
.79., 
.115., 
..38.. 
. .15. . 
. .62. . 
..37.. 
..15.. 

..98.. 
.45. . 

.63.. 

.69.. 



..3,655 
.. . 781 
. . . 208 
... 306 
... 209 
. . . 540 
. . . 285 
. . . 490 
. . . 560 
..2,116 
. .2,083 
. . . 649 
. .3,144 
. . . 435 
..6.365 
..1,506 
. . . 384 
..1,337 
. . . 390 
, . . 399 
. . 416 
. . 913 
. . 683 
.. 363 
.. 280 
.. 348 
. . 250 
.4,993 
.. 368 
. . 390 
.. 910 
. . 250 
. . 256 
. . 200 
.9,693 
. . 544 
. . 290 
. . 931 
. . 652 
. . 394 
. . 309 
, . 649 
. 253 
. . 225 
. 363 
. 621 
1,002 
. 409 
. 460 
. 560 
. 506 
. 288 
1,800 
. 616 
. 238 



Dexter ., 

Diamond < 

Dixon ( 

Doe Run '7 

* Doniphan ...1(1 

Dover s 

Downing 

Drexel ,4 

Dunpan 8 

Dunnegan 7 

Durham 1 

Dykes 8 

E 

Eagleville 

East Lynne . . .4 

Easton 3 

East Prairie.. 11 

Edgerton 3 

Edina 1 

Edinburg 1 

Edna n 

Eldon 5( 

Eldorado 

Springs 7( 

Ellington 8! 

Elliott 3; 

Ellsinore lo; 

Elmer 25 

Elmo !..« 

Elsberry 4-j 

Elvins !7J 

*Eminence 8? 

Eolia 3( 

Essex log 

Esther 73 

Ethel 23 

Eugene 50 

Eureka 63 

Everton 81 

Ewing 14 

Excelsior 

Springs 29 

Exeter 97 

F 

Fairfax 1 

Fairmont i3 

Fair Play 77 

Fairport 17, 

Fairview 95! 

Farber 42, 

*Farmington ,.73! 

*Fayette 40 

Federal 73. 

Festus 74! 

Fillmore 16 

Fisk los! 

Flat River . . . .73. 

Fleming 30. 

Flemington . . .77! 

Florida 34! 

Florisant 53! 

Foley 44. 

Fordland 84 

Forest Citv . . . .15! 
Forest Paik . . .63. 

Foristell 62. 

Fornfelt m. 



Glcnwood 
Golden City . 

Gower 

Graham .... 

Granby 

Grandin .... 
Grand Pass . 
Grandview . . 
Graniteville . 
*Grant City . 
Graphite .... 
Gray Summit 
Green Castle 
Green City . . 
*Greenfleld .. 
Green Ridge 
Greentop .... 
*Greenville .. 
Greenwood . . ■ 

Gregg 

Guilford 

H 

Hale 31. 



..26. 

3. 

. .95. 
.105. 
. .39. 
..37. 
. .90. 
.. .3. 
.106. 
..60. 
...8. 
...8. 
..81. 
. .47. 
. .9. 
.106. 
..37. 
..95. 
. ..2. 



.30. 
. .41. 
,..63. 

. .27. 
, .24. 
..33. 

.£9. 



.. 327 
.3,906 



Hallard 

Hallsville 

Hamburg 

Hamilton 

Hannibal 

Hardin . . 

Harlem . 

Harris „ 

*Harrisonville .45 

Hartshoiii 86 

*Hartville 85 

Harviell 108 

Harwood 65 

Hawk Point . .44 

Hayti 115, 

Helena 16, 

Hematite 74! 

Hedric! son . .108 
Henrietta . 
*Herm3n 

*Hermitase . . 

Hibbard 112 

Hickman Mills. 37 

Higbee 33 

Higginsville ...33 
High Hill 
*Hillshoro 
Hillside 



.. 375 

.. 883 
. . 370 
. . 361 
.3,443 
.1,500 
.. 300 
. . 250 
. . 846 
.1,207 
. . 266 
. . 239 
. . 454 
. . 844 
.1,434 
, . 436 
. . 275 
. . 914 
. . 306 
. 490 
. 207 



581 



.30. 
.59. 
.67. 



.4J. 
.74. 
.63. 



Holcomb 1 J4. 

Holder. 
Holland 
Holliday 



49. 



40. 



Fortuna . . 
Foster .... 
Fra.nkclay 
Frank ford 
Franklin 

Junction 
*Frederick- 

town 91 

Freeburg 57 

Freeman 45 

Frcistatt 82 

French Village. 73 

I-'risco 109 

Fruitland . . .,.110 
Fulton 51 



. .J6. 
.115. 

31 . 

Holstein 61 

Holt 29.' 

Hopewell 

Academy 
Hopkins 
Hornersville 
Hough .... 
*Houston . 
Houstonia 
Hughesville 
Humansville 
Hume .... 
Humphreys 
Hunnewell 
Hunterville 
*iruntEville 
Hurdland .. 



. .61. 

!ii!i! 

.113. 
. .J'6. 

.47. 

.47. 

.77. 



8. 

..33. 
.109. 
.33. 
. .13. 



Dadeville 
Dalton . . . 
Darlington 
Dawn . . . . , 
Dearborn . 
Deepwater 
Deering . . , 
De Kalb .. 
Denver . . . 
Des Arc . . 
Desloge . . . 

DePoto 

Desperes . . 
De Witt . . 



D 



..81. 
. . . 33 . 
4. 

. .20. 
. ..28. 

...53. 

.115. 

..25. 
....3. 
...90. 

! ! n ! 

. . 63 . 
. .31. 



. . 401 
.. 261 
.. 353 
.. 460 
. . 499 
.1,398 
. . 509 
. . 391 
. . 450 
. . 387 
.3,.509 
.4,731 
. . 66') 
. . 433 



*Gainesville 
*Galena . . . . 

Gallatin 

Gait 

Garden City 
Gentry . . . . 
Gentryville 

Gerald 

Gideon 

Gilliam . . . . 
Gilman City 
Oilman City 
Glasgow . . . 
Glendale . . , 



G 



. . 290 
. . 353 
.1,835 
. . 583 
. . 713 
. . 236 
. 250 



lantha 75 

Ji'eria se! 

rnalia 109. 

Illmo 111. 

*Independence 37 

Irondale 72. 

*Ironton 9o! 



*Jackson HO. 



Jacksonville 
Jameson . . . 
Jainesport . 
Jamestown . 

Jane 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Barracks , 
JEFFERSON 

CITY 

Jeffreys 

Jennings „ 

Jericho Springs76 

Jerome 70 

Jonesburg 43 



..33. 
.18. 
.18. 
.49. 
.96. 
.80. 

.63. 

.50. 
.37. 
63. 



... 200 
. . 296 
.1,761 
18,341 
. . 635 
. . 2.10 

3:^5 

,..1,!;47 
. . . 250 

507 

.. . 201 
... 208 
.. . 299 
..1,057 
... 206 
. . . 306 
. . . 200 
.. . 443 
..1,593 
... 360 
..1,243 
... 220 
..1,315 
. .3,638 
... 360 
... 261 
... 250 
... 279 
. .2,007 
. . . 273 
, . . 263 
. . . 403 
. . 336 

.. 200 
.. 909 
. . 390 
. . 250 
. . 644 
. . 349 
. . 290 
. . 913 
. . 514 
.. 282 
. . 406 
. . 225 
.2,247 
.. 322 

. . . 250 
...438 
... 300 
...976 
. . 9.8.59 
...338 
...721 

..2,105 
. . . 290 
. . . 358 
. .. 621 
. . . 305 
. . . 203 
. . . 644 

. . . 802 

.11,850 
. . . 360 

. . 800 

. . 395 

. . 106 

. . 456 



119 



Tcwns 



Missouri Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Poi). 



Joplin 

Josephville . . 

K 

*Kahoka .... 
*Kansas City 
Kearney .... 
*Kennett .... 

Keota , 

*Keytesville . 

Kidder 

Kimmswick . , 
King City . . . 

* Kingston . . . . 

Kingsville . . .. 

Kinloch 

*Kirksville . . . 

Kirkwood . . . . 

Knob Lick . . 

Knobnoster . . 

Knobview . . . . 

Knox City . . . 

Koeltztown . . 



La Belle . . . 
Laclede . . . . 
Laddonia . . , 
La Duo . . . . 
La Grange . , 
*Lamar . . . . 
Lamonte . . . 
'Lancaster . 
La Plata . . . 
Laredo .... 
Larussell . . . 
Latham .... 
Lathrop . . . . 
Lawson .... 
Leewood . . . 
Leasburg . . . 
'Lebanon . . 
Lecoma .... 

Leeper 

Lees Summit 

Leeton 

Le May 

Leslie 

Lesterville . . 
Lewis 

Station . . . 

Lewistown . . 

'Lexington . . 

Lexington 

Junction . . 

Ijibera! 

'Liberty . . . . 

Licking 

Lilbourne . . . 

Lincoln 

Linden 

'Linn 

'Linn Creek 

'Linneus 

Livonia .... 
Lock Spring 
Lockwood 
Louisiana . . . 
Lowrj. City . 
Lucerne .... 

Ludlow 

Lutesville . . . 

M 

McFall 

'Macon 

Madison .... 
Maitland . . . . 

Maiden 

Malta Bend . . 
Manchester . . 
Mansfield . . . . 
Maplowood . . . 
'Marble Hill . 
Marceline . . . . 
Marionville . . 
Marquand . . . . 
'Marshall . . . 
'Marshfleld .. 

Marston 

Marthasville . 
Martinsburg . , 
'Maryville . . . 

Marzolf 

Mascot 

Matthews 

'Maysville 

Mayview . 

Maywood 

Meadville 

Mehlville 



..80. 
..63. 

.13. 
.37. 
.29. 

.114. 

..22. 

. .32. 
...27. 

..74. 
.. ..4. 
...27. 

...46. 
...63. 
. .10. 
. .63. 

..73. 
. .46. 
..70. 
..12. . 
..57., 

.14.. 
..21.. 
.42. . 

.53.. 
.14.. 

. 75. . 
..47.. 

. .9.. 



..19. 
. .80. 
. .4». 
.20. 
. .30. 

.73. 
.71. 

.79. 



..87. 
.106. 
..37. 
..46. 
..63. 
. .60. 
..89. 

. .52. 
..14. 
..38. 

. .30. 

..75. 
. .29. 
. .86. 
.113. 
..54. 
..29. 

.57. 

.68. 

.21. 

..7.. 

.18. . 

.81.. 

.36. . 

.66. . 

. .7. . 

.20.. 

.94. . 



.32,078 
... 306 

..1,818 
248,381 
. .. 631 
. .3,033 
. . . 750 
... 963 
. . . 306 
. . . 235 
. . . 966 
. . . 535 
...238 
. . . 350 
. .6,347 
..4,171 
. . . 209 
...670 
. . . 265 
. . . 395 
. . . 250 

.1,017 
. . 740 
.. 614 
.. 225 
.1,360 
.2,346 
.. 684 
.. 964 
.1,606 
. . 738 
.. 261 
.. 246 
.1,138 
.. 604 
. . 708 
. . 200 
.2.430 
. . 200 
. . 590 
.1,455 
. . 420 
. . 340 
. . 208 
. . 250 



.. 220 
. . 405 
.5,242 

.. 380 
.. 826 
.2,980 
.. 350 
. . 484 
. . 330 
. . 260 
. . 483 
. . 435 
. . 883 
. . 350 
. . 235 
. . 961 
.4,454 
. . 462 
. . 264 
. . 306 
. . 551 



Towiu 



Lova. Pup. Tuicii 



'Memphis 
Mendon 
Mendota . . , 
Mercer .... 
Merchants . 
Merwin .... 

Meta 

Metz 

'Mexico 

Miami 

Middletowh 

Midland 

'Milan 

Milford .... 

Miller 

Mill Grove . 
Mill Spring . 
Mindenmines . . .„ 
Mine La Motte.91 
Mineral Paint. 72 
Mirabile .... '>"> 
Missouri City 
Moberly 
Mokane . . . . , 
Monarch . . . , 

Monett 

Monroe City , 
Montgomery 
City 



.11. 

.32. 
. .7. 
. .6. 
.64. 
.52. 
.57. 
.65. 
.42. 
.39. 
.43. 
.63. 
. .8. 



.. .6. 

.106. 

.75. 



Loca. Pop. 



Osage City 
Osborn . . . . 
Osceola . . . 
Osgood . . . . 
Ottervilla 
Overland . . 
Oweiiville . 

Oxley 

'Ozark . . . 



50. 

17. 

66. 

8. 

. ...48. 

63. 

59. 

. ..107. 
...99. 



. .33. 
. .51. 
. .63. 

.97. 

.34. 

.43. 



'Monticello ...14. 

Montrose 53. 

Mooresville . . .30! 
Morehouse ...II3'. 

Morley 111. 

Morrison . . . ,'..59.' 
Morrisviile . . . .77] 
Moscow Mills .44' 



. ..15. 
..65. 



..85. 
.103. 



Mound City 

Moundville 

Mountain 

Grove . . 
Mountain 

View . . . 
Mount 

Leonard 39 

Mount Moriah .5 
Mount Pleasant.63. 
'Mount Vernon. 83, 

Baylor 107. 

Neck 80.' 

Neelyville . . . .108.' 

Nelson 39. 

"Neosho osi 



.1,732 



37. 
.65. 
.13. 

.51. 
.70. 



Nettleton 
'Nevada .... 
Newark .... 
New 

Bloomfleld 
Newburg .... 

New Cambria. . 

New Florence. .43 
New Prank fort. 39 
New Franklin. .40 
New Hampton.. 5 
New Haven .. .60 
'New London. .35 
New Madrid. 113 



Pacific .... 
'Palmyra . 

Panama . . . 

'Paris .... 

Parkville . 

Parma .... 

Pa men ... 

Pattonsburg 

Paynesville 

Peculiar . . 

Perry 

'Perryville 

Phillipsburg 

Pickering . 

Piedmont . 

Pierce City . . 

Pilot Grove .. 

Pilot Knob . . . 

Pi^^e Lawn . . . 

'Pineville .... 

'Platte City . . 

Piatt City 

Station 

Plattonsburg . 

'Plattsburg . . 
Pleasant Hill. 
Pleasant Hope. 77 
Pocahontas . .110 

Pollock 8 

Polo 37 

Pomona 103 

Ponce de Leon. 98 
'Poplar Bluff. 108 
Portage Des 
Sioux .... 
Portageville 
Portland .. 
'Potosi .... 
Powersville 

'Princeton ... 

Prosperity ....80 

Purcell 80. 

Purdin •>l[ 

Purdy 97] 

Puxico 109. 

Q 

Queen City 9. 

Quitman 3 

Qulin 108! 



..60. 
..24. 
..65. 
..34. 
..28. 
.113. 
.. .2. 
. .18. 
..36. 
. .45. 
. .35. 
..93. 
. .79. 
. . . 2 . 
.106. 
. .82. 
. .48. 
. .90. 
..63. 
. .96. 
..38. 

..38. 

..18. 
26., 
45.. 



..63. 
.113. 
. .51. 

. . 72 
. ! . 7 .' 



.. 220 

.. 360 

.1,114 

. . 204 

. . 453 

.. 860 

... 077 

. . . 309 

... 813 

..1,418 
. .3,168 
. . . 490 
..1,474 
. .. 766 
. . . 903 
. . . 433 
..1,041 
. . . 366 
. . . 205 
. . . 895 
..1,708 
...266 
. . . 364 
..1,154 
..3,043 
. . . 654 
. . . 445 
. . . 300 
. . . 500 
. . . 763 

. . 209 
.1,044 
.1,650 
.3,065 
.. 308 
.. 339 
.. 392 
.. 526 
. . 222 
.. 250 
.6,916 

.. 218 

• • ~§2 

! ! 772 
. . 56> 
.1,385 
.1,063 
. . 994 
. . 337 
. . 459 
. . 814 



I'utviu 



Loca. Pop. 



'Sainte 

Genevieve . . .93 

Saint Francois. 73 

Saint James. . .70 

'Saint Joseph '»" 

'Saint Louis. 

Saint Marys . 

Saint Paul . . 

Saint Peters 

Salem 

Salem 

Salisbury 

Sarcoxie . . . .' 

'Savanna . . . 

Savoy 

Schell City ' .' 

'Sedalia . . 
Seligman . . 
Senath .... 
Seneca .... 
Seymour . . 
Shelbina . . 
Shelbyville 
Sheldon . . . 
Sheridan . . 

Sibley 

Sikeston . . 

Silex 

Skidmore . , 
Slater .... 

Sligo 

Smithfleld . , 
.Smith ton . . . 
Smithville . 
South Gorin 
South 

Greenfield 
South West 

City 

Sparta 

Spickard . . . 
Spoonerville 
'Springfield 
Spurgeon . . 

Stahl 

Stanberry 



. .64 
. . . 93 
. . .63 

..62 
...87 
...18 
. . .32 
. . .80 
...16 

'.'.'.G5. 
...47. 
...97. 
..114. 

...95. 
.. .84. 
...33. 
. ..23. 
...65. 

3. 

...37. 

.111. 

..44. 

.. .2. 

. . 39 . 

..87. 

. .80. 

. .47. 

. .29. 

. .11. 



. . .1,967 
. ..1,40C 
. ..1,100 
. .77,403 
.687,039 

702 

200 

269 

..1,796 

349 

..1,834 
..1,311 
..1,583 
... 600 
... 562 
.17,822 
. . . 409 
..1,026 
. . . 981 
. . . 590 
..2,174 
. . . 685 
...528 
. . . 409 
. . . 200 
..3,327 

.' .' .' 563 
. .3,238 
. . . 309 
. . . 509 
. . . 346 
. . . 680 
. . . 746 



701 
230 
590 



B 



. .4. 
. .23. 
. .34. 

.15. 
.114. 
. .39. 

.63. 

.85. 

.63. 

.94. 

'.Si'. 
.91. 
..39. 
.84. 
113. 
.61. 
..42. 
. .2. 
.36. 
.83. 
113. 
.17. 
.38. 
.14. 
.21. 
.63. 



. . . 385 
. .3,584 
. . . 638 
. . . 736 
..2,116 
. . . 399 
. . . 509 
. . . 477 
. .4,976 
. . 313 
. .3,920 
. .1,272 
. . . 330 
.4,869 
..1,193 
. . 258 
. . 360 
. . 436 
.4,762 
.. 262 
. . 200 
. . 237 
.1,051 
. . 308 
. . 250 
. . 580 
. . 340 



.62 

. .92. 
..95. 
. . .8. 
..84. 

.83. 

.99. 



New Melle 
New 

Offenburg 
Newtonia 
Newton . . . 
Niangua . . 
Nichols . . . 

Nixa „„ 

Noel 9(5 

Norbourne ... .31 
Normandy 63 

Norwood 85 

Novelty 13 

Novinger 10 

O 

Oak Grove . . 
Oak Ridge .. 
Oakville .... 
Oak wood . . . 

Odessa 

O'Fallon 

Old Mines . 
Old Monroe 
Old Orchard 

Olean 

Olivette ... 

Oran 

'Oregon . . . 
Oronogo . . . 
Orrick 



.37. 
.110. 
..63. 
..24. 
. .38. 

• S"'- 
. . 72 . 

. .44. 

. .63. 

..56. 

. .63. 

.111. 

. .15. 

. .80. 

..30. 



Ravanna 6. 

Ravenwood ....2. 

Ray more 45.' 

Rayville 30. 

Rea 16. 

Readsville ....51.' 

Reeds 80. 

Reeds Spring.. 98. 
Reger 



Rembert . , 
Renick 
Republic . , 
Reynolds . , 
Richards 
Rich Hill.. 
Richland . . 
'Richmond 
Ridgeway . 
Ritchie ... 
Rocheport 
Rochester . 
'Rockport 

Rockville „_ 

Rocky Comfort. 96] 



..85. 
..33. 
..83. 
..89. 
,.65. 

.52. 

.69. 
..30. 
...5. 

.95. 

.41. 

.16. 

..1. 



Rogersville 
'Rolla ..'. 
Rombauer . 
Rosebud . . 
Rosendale 
Rothville . 
Rushville . 
Russellville 
Rutledge .. 



.84. 
..70. 
.108. 
..59. 
. .16. 
. .32. 
..25. 
..50. 
. .11. 



Saint Clair ... .60 
'Saint Charles. 62. 



. . 351 
, . . 341 
. . 218 
. . 239 
. . 210 
.2,065 
. . 298 
. . 309 
. . 250 
.. 250 
.. 213 
.. 884 
. . 250 
.. 303 
.2,755 
. . 884 
. 3,664 
.. 841 
.. 250 
. . 4.34 
. . 200 
.1,053 
. . 566 
. . 406 
. . 650 
.2,261 
. . 290 
. . 266 
. . 359 
. . 245 
. . 566 
. 335 
. . 418 



.. 397 
.9,437 



Steel lis] 

'Steelville . . 
Stewartsville 
'Stockton . . . 
Stotts City . . 
Stoutland . . . 
Stoutsville . . 

Stover 

Strafford ... 
Strasburg . . . 
Stratmann . . 
Sturgeon .... 
Sugar Creek , 

Sullivan 

Sulphur 

Springs .... 
Summersville 

Suinner 

Sweet Springs. 
Syenite 



.81.... 274 



..96. 
. .99. 
. .19. 
.114. 
..83. 
..95. 
..10. 
..4. 



.71. 
.17. 

.76. 

.82. 

.68. 

.34. 
..55. 

.83. 

.45. 

.63. 

.41. 

.37. 

.60. 

.74. 
.86. 
.32. 
.39. 
.73. 



... 371 
. . . 638 
... 341 
.35,301 
... 350 
... 390 
..3,121 
. . . 506 
. .. 773 
. . . 543 
. . . 590 
. . . 546 
. . . 250 
. . . 315 
. . . 386 
. . . 300 
. . . 350 
. . . 600 
. . . 663 
. . . 500 
. . . 934 

, . . 260 
, . . 330 
. . . 394 
.1,133 
. . 306 



Tarkio 

Tebbetts . . 
Thayer . . . 

Tina 

Tipton 

'Trenton . . 
Trimble . . . 
Triplett .. 
'Trov .... 
Truxton .. 
Turney ... 
'Tuscumbia 
Tuxedo 



'Union 
Union Star 
'Unionville 
University 
Urich .... 
Utica 



Valley Park 
'Van Buren 
Vandalia 
Vanduser . . 
Verona . . . . 
'Versailles . 
Vichy 



51. 



.1,966 



360 

.104... 1,613 

.31 304 

.1,273 
. .5,656 



. .49 . 
. .19. 
..36. 
..33. 

.44. 

.44. 

.26. 

.56. . 
..63.. 



..60. 
..17. 

. . .7. 

. .64. 

.53. 

..20. 



.63. 
105. 
.42. 
111. 

.S2 
.55. 



'Viann.a 58 



223 
. . 473 
.1,120 
. . 275 
. . 212 
. . 285 
. . 860 



. . 9.S4 
. . 388 
.3,115 
.2.417 
. . 487 
. . 511 



.1,496 
.. 411 
.1,595 
. . 388 
. . 4l5 
.1,593 
. . 210 
. 313 



120 



Missouri Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pup. 



W 

Wakenda . . . . 

AValker 

AN'alnut Grove 
Warren 

* Warrensburg 

* Warren ton . . 

* Warsaw 

"Washburn 
^\■ashington . . 

Watson 

■Wayhani 



.31. 
.65. 
.83. 
.24. 
.46. 
.61. 
.54. 
.97. 
.60. 
. .1. 
.55. 



. . 279 
. . 364 
. . 599 
. . 299 
.4,6X9 
. . 795 
. . 824 
. . 219 
.3,671 
. . 245 
. . 777 



Toicii.i 



Luca. Pop. 



.97. 
.69. 
.67. 
.80. 



Wayne .... 
*Waynesville 
Weaubleau . 
Webb City . 
Welistor Groves. 64 
AVollington ... .38 

Wellston 63 

Wellsville 43 

Wenlzville ....62 

Westalton 62 

Westboro 1 

Weston 28 



, . . 384 
...257 

. . 347 
,11,817 
. .7,081 
. . . 558 

.7,312 
, .1,164 

. . 539 
, . . 299 

. . 333 

.1,119 



Towns 



Loca. Pup. 



Westphalia 
*Westplains 
Wheatland . . 
Whiteoak ... 
Whitesville . 
Whitewater . 
Whitham . . . 
Whiting . . . . 

Wilby 

Williamstown 
Willianisville. 
Willow 



..57. 
.103. 
..67. 
.114. 
. .16. 
.110. 

.112'. 

.108. 

, 14. 

106. 



321 
,914 
399 
251 
225 
251 
250 
242 
200 
214 
477 



Toxons 



Loca. Pop. 



.. .103. 

53. 

44. 

88. 



Springs 
Windsor 
Winfield . . . 

Winona 

Winston . . . 
Worthington 
Wright City 
Wyaconda . 

Wylie 96. 

Z 

Zalma 94. 

Zincite 80. 



.18. 
. .7. 
.61. 
.13. 



.1,411 

.2,241 
. . 422 
. . 444 
. . 257 
. . 290 
. . 377 
. . 481 
. . 200 

. . 208 
. . 799 



MISSOURI 



Took Greatest Njiniber of Prizes for Agricultural Production at the St. Louis Exposition in 1904. 



A large amount of Missouri unimproved land is 
yet in the market at $2, $4 and .$8 per acre. From 
our map and list of Missouri towns the reader can 
judge as to accessibility to markets and pretty 
nearly what land ought to be worth if good soil. 

AVON A GREAT NU3IBEK OF PRIZES. 

That this is a superior State for the agriculturist 
is shown in the fact that at the World's Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition, in St. Louis, in 1904, Missouri 
was awarded, by International juries, a greater 
number of prizes for agriculture, horticulture, live 
stock and poultry products, than any other state in 
the nation. In agriculture were received 298 prizes, 
in horticulture, 372; in dairying, 2; in Uve stock, 
790; in poultry, 617. 

From Henry County in 1904, of surplus products, 
there were shipped 54 different agricultural, horti- 
cultural, live stock, lumbering, poultry and other 
products, at an estimated value of $4,193,987. 

And that was only one average County. The 
Plate, which is over seven times larger than Mas- 
sachusetts, has 115 Counties. 

MISSOURI CLIMATE. 

In examination of our maps the favorable loca- 
tion of this State is seen. Not only is it in nearly 
the exact center of the United States, but the cli- 
mate is especially favorable for the growth of every 
agricultural product which can be grown in this 
latitude. 

The average annual temperature is 55 degrees. 
The winter is 33 degrees, and summer is 76 degrees. 
While in winter the thermometer sometimes gets 
below zero, and in the summer up among the 
highest figures, these extremes are of short dura- 
tion, not lasting long enough to occasion any in- 
convenience or discomfort in any direction. 

The winter as a whole is inoderate and mild, 
with very little snow and no storm-locked periods, 
when it is with difficulty that the farmer can keep 
up communication with dwelling and stables, and 
much less with the outside world. On the con- 
trary, cattle require very little stabling and only a 
moderate amount of feeding, in comparison with the 
amount of care necessary on a Northern farm. The 
summers are no hotter than in the more northern 
States. The heated periods are of longer duration, 
perhaps, but are a source of very little inconven- 
ience, and no loss to the farmer, like the long win- 
ters at the North. 

DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL. 

Another element of a desirable climate for agri- 
cultural purposes to be taken into consideration is 
the amount of rainfall and its distribution through- 
out the different seasons. The average rainfall for 
the State is 41 inches. It is least in winter and 
highest in summer. This avoids the drouths at the 
growing periods of crops. 

Though this large amount of rainfall would seem 
to make an overabundance of moisture, the cli- 
mate is a dry one, the heavy rains falling in a 
short space of time, leaving the sunshine almost 
continuously free to distribute heat. The universal 
reign of sunshine is one of the marked features of 
the Missouri climate which greatly affects the well- 
being of its inhabitants. 

In facilities for carrying goods from the Mis- 
souri farms to markets this State is exceptionally 
favored. In addition to over 8,000 miles of rail- 
ways are several navigable rivers, among them be- 
ing the two great streams, the Mississippi, which 
borders the State for 470 miles, and the Missouri, 
which forms a part of the western boundary for 
nearly 200 miles, from the Iowa line to Kansas 
City, at which point it turns eastward, flowing 
across the State in a tortuous course for more than 
250 miles to the Mississippi. These great streams 
are navigable at all times, except when obstructed 
by ice. The Osage, one of the affluents of the Mis- 



souri, is navigable for small boats half the year. 
Several others are navigable for small boats in the 
early summer. 

See these streams either land their cargoes at 
Kansas City 01 St. Louis, two of the grandest cen- 
tral distributing points in the United States. 

St. Louis of itself has a vast commerce. Over 
900 steamboats leave here annually for the Lower 
Mississippi, 800 for the Upper Mississippi, 200 for 
the Missouri, and 200 for the eastern branches of 
the Mississippi. 

GREAT DISTRIBUTING POINT. 

By virtue of central location, making it the natu- 
ral distributing point for the great Southwest, St. 
Louis is one of the few greatest markets in the 
world. While out of the Central Cotton belt it 
ships annually over 600,000 bales of this staple, and' 
handles yearly over $2,000,000 worth of furs. We 
mention these two articles because if it does so 
large a business in cotton and furs it is easy to see 
that its traffic in agricultural productions, native to 
this state and the immediate region, must be 
i:nmense. 

A FEW MISSOURI STATISTICS. 

It should be remembered that Missouri is a young 
State; not a half of its resources are yet developed. 

We could dilate upon various other resources and 
easily make a large volume relating to this State, 
but space does not permit. We advise the land- 
seekers to carefully investigate the claims of Mis- 
souri. Its coal beds, which extend under one-half 
of the State, its iron, lead and zinc mines; wool, 
live stock, dairy, lumber and other interests. 

1854. "St. Louis was a squalid border town." 

We quote the above from Ingalls because of his- 
torical mention. "St. Louis, a squalid town" at 
that period. No sleeping cars and no dining cars 
in those days; the "American Desert" was a fact at 
that time and the railroad ended at Jefferson City. 

What wonderful changes have taken place since 
Ingalls made his journey into the West, and how 
short the time! Men in middle years recollect that 
period distinctly. Will this State go forward as 
rapidly in the future as in the past? Why not? 
When Ingalls crossed Missouri at that time there 
were only 680,000 people in the State; less than the 
population today of St. Louis. 

PROBABLE FUTURE OF MISSOURI. 

It is no great stretch of imagination to suppose 
that Missouri will have a population, not far away 
in the future, as dense as Ohio, which will give her 
a vastly increased population over the present. 

With a doubling of population there will be a 
great increase in land values throughout the State. 
The average price of improved land today is $25 
per acre; unimproved is $10. Much improved is 
higher in price, while much is only $10, $15 and $20 
per acre. 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
MISSOURL 

Altitude. Highest in the State, Cedargap, Wright 
County, 1,683 feet high. 

Climate. St. Louis: Average annual January 
temperature, 30: average annual July temperature, 
79; highest temperature, 106; lowest temperature, 
22 below zero. Average annual rainfall, 41.1 inches. 

Dimensions. Extreme breadth, east to west, 300 
miles; extreme length, north to south, 280 miles. 

History. Lead mines attracted attention, 1720. 
Settlement at St. Genevieve, 1735. Territory ceded 
by France to Spain, 1762; retroceded by Spain to 
France, 1800; sold by France to the United States 
1S03. 



121 



MONTANA 



STATE AND THE 28 COUNTIES OF MONTANA 

With Their Boundaries 



€__^ INI /ii\ © B /^ 




j n/kp @r ( 
)M0NTANA( 



I^OCATIOX AND rOriLATION OF >IOXTANA COUNTIES. 



Loca. County 

1 Lincoln . 

2 Flathead. 

3 Teton. 

4 Chouteau. 

5 Valley. 

6 Panders. 

7 Missoula. 

8 Powell. 



Pop. 



3,638 
18,785 

9,516 
17,191 
13,620 

3,713 
23,596 

5,904 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



9. Lewis & Clark. .21,853 

10 Cascade . . 28,633 

11 Fergus. .17,385 



12 Dawson , 

13 Ravalli. 

14 Granite. 

].'> Deerlodge. 

16 Silverbow. 



.i; 

.11,066 
. 2,942 
. 5,904 
.56.848 



Loca. 



County Pup. 



17 Jefferson.. 5,601 

18... Broadwater.. 3,491 

19 Meagher.. 4,190 

20... Beaverhead.. 6,446 

21 Madison.. 7,229 

22 Gallatin . . 14,079 

23 Park.. 10,731 

24... Sweet Grass.. 4,029 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



25 Carbon. 

26... Yellowstone. 

27 Rosebud. 

28 Custer. 



.13,962 
.22,944 
. 7,905 
.14,123 



Total 376,053 



Montana Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Aldridge 23. 

*Anaconda ....1.5. 

Armstead 20. 

Augusta 9. 



. . . 300 
,10,134 
. . . 380 
. . . 290 



B 



Baker . . . 
Basin .... 
Bearcreek 
Belgrade . 

Belt 

Benton 
Bigfork . . 
*Bigtimber 
*Billings . 
Bonner . . 
*Boulder . 
*Bozeman 
Bridger . . 
Broadview 
Busteed . . 
*Butte . . . 



. 250 
. 650 
. 302 
. 561 
1,158 
1,024 



1.022 
10,031 
. 760 
. 9.55 
5,107 
. 514 
. 260 
3,013 
39,165 



Loca. Pop. 



Cascade . . 
Centerville 
Chinook 
*Chouteau 
Clancey 
Clydepark 
Coalville . 
Columbia Falls. .2. 

Columbus 26. 

Conrad 3. 

Culbertson 5. 

Cut Bank 3. 



..10. 

.16. 

..4. 
. ..3. 

.17. 

.22. 

.25. 



. . 400 
.2,506 
. . 780 
. . 406 
. . 360 
. . 480 
. . 260 
. . 601 
. . 521 
. . 888 
. . 528 
. . 250 



D 



Dagmar . . .. 
*Dcer Lodge 
♦Dillon . . . . 
Dodson . . . . 
Drummond 
Dupuyer . . . 



..5. 
. .8. 
.20. 
..4. 
.14. 
. .3. 



. 208 
2,570 
1,855 
. 220 
. 350 
. 360 



Loca. Pop. 



E 

East Helena 9... 1,208 

Electric 23 490 

Elliston 8 263 

Eureka 1. . 603 



* Forsyth . . . . 
*Fort Benton 
Fort Shaw. . . 
French town . 
Fromberg . . . 



1,395 
1,004 
. 375 
. 360 
. 309 



G 



Gardiner , 
Garnett . , 
Giltedge . 
♦Glasgow 
*niendive 



..23., 
. .14. , 
..11. . 
.. .5. , 
. .12. 



. 560 
. 250 
. 308 
1,158 
2,428 



Great Falls. .. 10. . 13,948 



Loca. Pop. 



H 

♦Hamilton ... .13. 

Hardin 26. 

Harlowton . . . .19. 

Havre 4. 

Hays 4. 

Helena (capitol) 9. 

Henderson 7. 

Hobson 11. 

Hoffman 23. 

Huntley 26. 



Iron Mountain 
Ismay 



Jessup 

Jocko 

JollPt 

Judith Gap 



..7. 
.28. 



2,240 
. 250 
. 770 
3,624 
. 412 
2,515 
. 260 
. 209 
. 208 
. 250 



250 
360 



220 
550 

389 
260 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Town.s; Second Column, Number the Same 
PS Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star In Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

122 



Montana Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 





K 






*KaIispell 
Kendall . . 




o 


5,54!) 




..11 


. . 1,280 




L 






Ijaurel . . . 




.26. 


. . . 806 


*rjevvistown 




.11. 


..2,993 


*I^ibby 




..1. 


. . 630 


Lima 




. W . 


. . 385 


♦Livingston 




.2». 


.5,3.59 


Lothrop . . . 


M 


..7. 


. . 250 


INIalta 




..5. 


.. 433 


Manhattan 




.2^ . 


. . 460 


Marysville 




. .9. 


.1,506 


Meaderville 




.l(i. 


.1,838 


Melrose . . . 




.!«. 


.. 208 


Melstone 




.11. 


. . 262 


*Miles City 




.28. 


.4,697 


♦Missoula . 




..7. 


12.869 


Monarch , . 




.10. 


.. 382 


Monrta ' . . . 




..5. 


.. 350 


Moore 




.11. 


.. 573 



Loca. Pop. 



Neiliart 10. 



Paradise 6. 

Park Citv 26. 

Philbroolv 11. 

*Pliilipsburg . . 14. 

Plains 6. 

Poison 2. 

Pony 21. 

Poplar 5. 

Prickly Pear 

Junction 9. 

Princeton 14. 



. . 250 
. . 460 
. . 208 
.1,109 
. . 481 
. . 369 
. . 369 
. . 260 



R 

Radersburg ...18. 
*Red Lodge . . .25. 

Rosebud 27. 

Roundup 11. 

Ruby 21. 



.1,208 
. . 302 



. . 364 
.4,860 
. . 250 
.1,513 
. . 260 



Loca. Pop. 



..5. 
.10. 

..7. 



Saco 

Saint Peter 
Saint Regis 

Saltese 7. 

Sandcoulee . . . .10. 

Shelby 3. 

Sheridan 2. 

Sidney 12. 

Smith 25. 

Somers 2 . 

Stanford 11. 

Stevensville . . . 13. 

Stockett 10. 

Sun River ....10. 
Sweetgrass 3. 



. . 260 
. . 302 
. . 350 
. . 350 
. . 980 
. . 206 
. . 399 
. . 362 
. . 382 
. . 750 
. . 240 
. . 796 
.1,404 
, . 448 
. . 290 



Terry 

♦Thompson 
Three Forks 
♦Townsend . 
Trail Creek 



.18. 
13. 



Troy 1 , 



. 706 
. 325 
. 674 
. 759 
. 562 
. 208 



Loca. Pop. 



Twin Bridges 


.21. 


.. 491 


Twodot 


.19. 


.. 260 


V 






Victor 


I.S. 


. . 374 


♦Virginia City. 


.21. 


. . 467 


w 






Walkerville . . 


.16. 


.2.491 


Washne 


, 25 . 


. . 320 


Wataga 


.24. 


. . 360 


Wayne 


.!(». 


.. 250 


Westbutte .... 


. .4. 


. . 362 


West End 


.22. 


. . 406 


Whately 


. .5. 


. . 508 


Whitefi.sh 


..2. 


.1,479 


Whitehall ... 


.17. 


.. 417 


♦White Sulphur 




Springs . . . 


19. 


,. . 417 


Wibaux 


.12. 


.. 487 


Wickes 


.17. 


.. 203 


Willow Creek. 


.22. 


. . 208 


Wisdom 


.20 


.. 250 


Z 






Zortman 


..4. 


.. . 3.50 



MONTANA 



A Great ' State, Great in Cattle Raising:, Great in Mining and Great in Opportunities for Irrigation. 



Tliis is a great State. Great in size. Great in 
mountains and wild scenery. Great in its sheep and 
cattle "on a thousand hills." Great in its inex- 
haustible mineral resources, great in its output of 
gold, silver and copper; great in its niilions of acres 
of government land yet unappropriated. Great in 
stupendous mining operations and great in its pos- 
sibilities for land seekers who will settle in the 
irrigated valleys and raise ripe, fresh agricultural 
and horticultviral food products, to feed the miners 
who get good pay and are willing to pay a liberal 
price for good things to eat. 



EARI.y EXPLORERS 

In a searcli for furs a Frenchman and his sons 
wandered through these mountain fastnesses, as 
early as 1742. Lewis and Clarke, in ItSOO, marveled 
at the great water falls, climbed over the Rocky 
Mountains and went westward to the Pacific Coast. 
Following came a trading: post on the Yellowstone 
River in 1S09, and a fur station up in the valley 
country in 1827, erected Fort Union at the junction 
of the Milk River with the Missouri River. 

Five years went by when the denizens at the fort 
were surprised one day, in 1S32, by the arrival of a 
small steamer called the Yellowstone. Fort Buford 
was constructed at the junction of the Yellowstone 
River with the Missouri and the steamer Assinni- 
boine got up to that point in 1835. 

In lS-16, close up to Great Falls, Fort Benton was 
built in Choteau county and the steamer Chippewa 
reached that point on the Missouri River in 1860, 
and established that as the liead of navigation. 
1 or 23 .vears the Missouri River was the great 
thoroughfare for getting into the interior of Mon- 
tana and not until the Northern Pacific Railroad 
reached Helena, in 1SS3, did the Missouri River 
traffic die out. 



TWO GREAT DIVISIONS. 

Tliere are two great divisions of the State in top- 
ography. The western, one-third of the State, is 
mountainous: the eastern, two-thirds, a vast un- 
dulating, rolling expanse of prairie, gradually rising 
from the east to the Rocky Mountains, broken only 
by river valleys and occasional groups of moun- 
tains. 

The prairie counties are Valley, Dawson, Custer, 
Rosebud, Y'ellowstone, Carbon, Sweet Grass, Fergus 
and Choteau, and a larger part of the Teton and 
Cascade counties. The other counties are mountain- 
ous, include the mineral regions and fertile agricul- 
tural valleys aided by irrigation and the continuous 
sunshine. 



A COLD AND DRY CLIMATE 

The climate of the State is dry and bracing, the 
winters are at times very cold, but as thorough 
preparation is made for cold weather and the sun 
is nearly always shining in the daytime, the winters 
are pleasant seasons. Formerly stockmen lost 
heavily of. their sheep and cattle from the cold, but 
having learned the peculiarities of winters, and the 
necessity of having feed and shelter in severe 
weather, the loss by snowstorms and sudden cold 
no longer continues as formerly. 



LENGTH OF OUTDOOR SEASONS. 

The length of the warmest outdoor season may 
be judged by the opening of the tourist season in 
Yellowstone Park, June 1, and ending September 1, 
but one month may be added to that in the spring 
and two delightful months in the fall, while many 
people claim that with the continually clear air 
and wealth of sunshine all seasons, especially in the 
valleys and on the low lands, are delightful. 



WHERE TO INVESTIGATE CONDITIONS. 

The land seeker coming into Montana to procure 
acres and cultivate the soil, after going to the cen- 
trally located land offices, easily found from our 
table of county seats, and list of government land 
offices, which we publish elsewhere, will find it ad- 
vantageous to consult mine owners as to where 
they got food supplies and the cost. Grocerymcn 
are also well informed, hotel keepers know where 
they get the best of vegetables and fruits, market 
gardeners know what can be produced in this cli- 
mate to best advantage, men in charge of irrigation 
works know where oilier well located fruit and 
vegetable land is located, and real estate dealers 
are conversant with prices. They are also well in- 
formed about lands and probably are best authority 
that can be consulted as to agricultural possibilities 
in the region. 

The buyer of land should go slow enough and 
deliberate enough to get well situated on a small 
tract of ground near a flourishing mining town. 
We saj' small because that will mean less expense, 
better cultivation and greater profit. We are allud- 
ing now to the market gardener and the horticul- 
turist. If the investor desires to engage in stock 
raising that is another matter. The government 
land offices and stock dealers can give required in- 
formation to the land seeker. 



123 



Montana Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



The following brief outline of counties may aid a 
little in selection, but it is wisdom to only buy 
real estate after seeing the land and carefully in- 
vestigating all the conditions, relating to title, cost 
of cultivation, distance to markets, market prices, 
etc. 

LARGELY DEPENDLVG ON IRRIGATION. 

This is a dry climate, where agriculture is largely 
deijending, in fruit and vegetable culture, on irriga- 
tion, and among the first propositions will be in- 
vestigation relating to water supplj', though it 
may be understood that 40 per cent of the tilled 
lands of the state are now producing without the 
aid of irrigation. By the provisions of the new 
irrigation bill the Vnited States government will 
ii-rigate the land and give the settler ten years to 
pay the cost. Thus if it costs $i:o an acre, the 
farmer will pay $2 a year for 10 years and the cost 
is paid. If to put in the irrigation works eosts $10 
an acre, one dollar a year, without interest, will 
remunerate the government, and the debt be paid 
in 10 years. 

Several irrigation enterprises are going forward 
in Montana and various plans are pursued in pay- 
ing for first putting the woiks in. Some irrigation 
«ompanies obtain a large tract of land, build canals 
leading water to these lands, and sell, with irriga- 
tion, for a small weekly or monthly payment. Since 
the new irrigation law has come into force, which 
gives the settler a chance to make a small annual 
payment, without interest, thousands of farmers 
are buying irrigated land, preferring to pay for 
absolute assurance that they can raise crops, inde- 
pendent of rainfall. The whole situation relating 
to irrigation is soon learned when the land seeker 
arrives in the region where he proposes to settle. 
See our description of Government Irrigation else- 
where. 

GREAT OPPORTUNITIES FOR IRRIGATING. 

Because of the uneven surface of the entire state 
and so many streams coming from the highlands, it 
is believed to be a conservative statement that one- 
fourth of all the land in the state is susceptible to 
irrigation. This applies particularly to the agri- 
cultural land in the mountainous regions of the 
western parts of the state where water from the 
mountain sides can be easily conveyed to the lands 
in the valleys. 

This also applies to a large portion of the east- 
ern counties. Thus Valley county, now principally 
devoted to stock raising, can have 300 square miles 
successfully irrigated. Our table of government 
lands shows a good deal of government land yet 
left in this county. 

In favor of irrigation it may be said that aver- 
age lands worth $2.50 per acre can have a value 
of $.50 and $100 per acre placed on them after they 
receive water. 

Choteau County has seventy rich valleys with 
some irrigated land where the farmers are highly 
prosperous. The most of the land is yet unoccupied 
and new settlers will be welcomed here. It costs 
about $3 an acre to put water on this land, which 
can be paid for with the first crop. 

In Teton Count.v an irrigation company has re- 
claimed some 40,000 acres, have sold a good deal 
of their land, but a large amount yet remains un- 
sold. The price' of land, with water, is $15 per 
acre up. 

WAITING FOR NEW SETTLERS. 

Flathead County, in the beautiful Flathead val- 
ley, thirty-five by eighteen miles in area, with tens 
of thousands of acres of forest lands on the higher 



elevations adjoining, waiting for the incoming home- 
steaders. The Chinook winds, from the Pacific, flow 
in here and the winter climate is mild, so mild the 
thermometer very seldom reaches down to zero. 

Dawson County is adapted to, and is at present 
utilized for stock raising. It has rich valleys which 
could easily be irrigated. 

Fergus County has varied resources: timber cov- 
ered mountains and valley lands with diiterent 
soils, mining lands and coal beds. 

Cascade County has numerous resources, among 
them great water power, coal, iron and a rich soil 
for growing agricultural products. 

Lewis and Clarke Coimty is one of the most pro- 
lific producers of precious metals of any county in 
the state, has a large area of farming land easily 
irrigated and persons interested in searching for 
gold should investigate the mineral opportunities 
of this county. 

VALUES ADDED BY IRRIGATION. 

The last United States Government Report of 
agriculture, mining and irrigation in Montana gives 
the following as the increased value of lands in 
each county, the result of irrigation: 

Average 

Average Cost 

Value per Acre Ex- for Water 

elusive of Buildings. per Acre. 

Unirri- Irri- Annual 

gated gated Mainte- 

Counties — Farms. Land. nance. 

Beaver Head $3.38 $13.24 $0.20 

Eioadwater 5.43 10.74 0.16 

Carbon 3.20 19.09 0.26 

Cascade 4.09 1,5.04 0.31 

Choteau 2.25 13.88 0.27 

Custer 2.32 29.47 0.79 

Dawson 2.04 12.19 0.39 

Deer Lodge 4.79 20.48 0.23 

Fergus 2.16 12.70 0.21 

Flathead 11.58 32.46.' 0.52 

Gallatin 10.74 31.22 0.13 

Granite 5.20 14.99 0.27 

Jefferson 2.59 22.31 0.14 

Lewis and Clarke 5.20 14.00 0.20 

Madison 6.1S 17.70 0.23 

Meagher 1.25 12.49 0.14 

Missoula S.46 5.5.91 0.33 

I'ark 4.73 15.73 0.33 

Ravalli 0.44 37.46 0.12 

Silver Bow 5..54 23.77 0.17 

Sweet Grass 2.32 21.31 0.68 

Teton 4.22 14.82 0.32 

Valley 3.52 .18.47 0.15 

Yellowstone 1.37 32.15 0.49 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
THE STATE. 

Altitude. Highest, Emigrant Peak, in Park Co., 
10,969 feet. 

Climate. Mild but bracing. Summers warm and 
dry, nights cool. Winters short and tempered by 
Chinook winds. Autumn most delightful season. 
Severest cold after Christmas. Rainfall light. 
Average annual temperature, state, 46. Highest 
103, lowest 42 below. Average annual rainfall at 
Helena, 13 inches. 

Dimensions. Length of state north and south, 
315 miles; breadth, east and west, 580 miles. 

History. Explored by Lewis and Clarke, 1804-6. 
Trading post established on Yellowstone River, 1809. 
Fort Union, in Dawson Co., built in 1S27. Fort 
Benton, in Choteau Co., on Missouri River, erected 
1846. Territory organized 1864, admitted to the 
Union 1889. 



MEN GET H03IES — WOMEN GET HI 

Chinook, Mont. 

Max Bass, Dear Sir: — In my sixteen years' ex- 
perience in the Milk river valley I have never felt 
more optimistic over the prospects for the valley 
than at the present time. 

The governinent, under the beneficent "Irrigation 
Act." is already at work on the St. Mary's Milk 
River Project that will reclaim at least a quarter of 
million acres more of our rich, but arid, valley 
lands-. 

Our extensive public ranges bearing the world- 
renowned bunch and blue joint grass, and our short 
mild winters will inake this one of the greatest 
stock producing centers of the west. 

Our present need is for more help on our ranches. 
Farm hands have been getting $40 per month for 
nine months of the year for the past four years. 
Girls for housework get from $18 to $25 per month. 



SBANDS AT CHINOOK, MONTANA. 

and have many advantages not accorded to the 
domestics employed in the older settled sections of 
the United States. Men who come here to work 
soon get themselves a piece of land and the girls 
soan get a man, thus instead of increasing the sup- 
ply, they increase the demand for more laborers. 
Work can almost aU\ays be secured here in the 
winter, though, of course, at somewhat lower wages. 
The shortage of labor has depreciated the price 
of land ai'd it is said by competent authority that 
land is cheaper here in proportion to its produc- 
tivity, than almost anywhere in the LTnited States. 
Irrigated lands can be purchased here now for $25 
per acre that can be made to yield a handsome in- 
terest on three times that price. There are also un- 
doubtedly many acres of vacant public land, open to 
homestead and desert entry, that will some day be 
irrigated. Yours respectfully, 

W. B. Sands. 



124 



Montana — General Information About Irrigation 



mp:thoi>s of ibkigation. 



The Twentieth Century Farmer Gives Herewith 

Directions and Important Suggestions On 

How to Irrigate rroperly. 

Since the practice of irrigation is coming into 
general use over a continually increasing area, a 
discussion of the methods of conducting and the 
advantages that come from such a system may 
not be entirely inappropriate. 

WHERE TO GET WATEK. 

When farming under irrigation, in addition to 
buying a farm, water must also be procured. This 
may come from two sources. Either from the 
natural mountain streams or by the melting snows 
that have accumulated on the mountain sides and 
in the canyons during the winter months, or from 
storage reservoirs in the foothills where the water 
from snows and rains may be retained until lib- 
erated for irrigation. 

BUYING LAND WITH WATER RIGHT. 

WTien valley land is first taken up the farmers 
file a claim for so many miners' inches, as that is 
the basis for measuring irrigation water, in the 
nearest mountain stream, witli tlie state government, 
and these "prior rights" are recognized. After 
all the water has been taken in this way the 
usual method is to buy a < ertain portion from an 
early settler or by building large storage dams 
across the canyons increase the amount of water 
available during the irrigation season. Most of the 
Montana valley lauds at present are covered by a 
water right, and these have been adjusted for some 
time, so that when a farm. Is purchased the water 
right is included. 

W.\TER COM^nSSIONER'S DUTY. 

As the water rights frequently Include land sev- 
eral miles from the main streain, canals are built 
through the farms that are watered from the 
streain. Headgates are provided and the amount 
of water to which each farm is entitled may be 
taken out. The adjusting of these is usually done 
by a "water commissioner," a man named by the 
local judge to apportion the water out as it has 
been filed upon. 

LAND JIUST BE MADE LEVEL. 

The first essential to the proper irrigation of a 
field is that it must be as near level as possible. 
This is usually brought about by going over tlie 
field just before seeding the crop with a large lev- 
eler. This is usually made by firmly bracing sev- 
eral 2x0 12-foot boards, usually four, about three 
feet apart, and going over the field, over each 
way, with this implement. This removes the small 
irregularities, filling the low places and smooth- 
ing off the higher places. 

MAIN DITCHES, LATERALS AND DA3IS. 

When the crop is up several inches the main and 
lateral ditches have to be made. The main ditch 
comes from the canal and runs across the farm 
on the highest ground. The laterals radiate from 
the main, starting out every 60 to 100 feet, accord- 
ing to the contour of the field. They are run to 
grade, giving them a fall of about one-tenth of a 
foot in the 100 feet. If greater fall than this is 
allowed there is danger of great annoyance from 



the washing and cutting of ditches. These are 
usually about four inches deep and are run with a 
double mold board plow. If the lateral ditches 
are plowed before the grain is up great annoyance 
comes from the grain growing up through the 
sides. As soon as the side ditches are plowed dams 
every twenty feet are constructed. This is usually 
done by means of a dammer, which consists of a 
flat board face fastened to the frame of an ordi- 
nary plow. This is drawn along the bottom of the 
ditch and when sufficient earth is collected m 
front it is simply raised and the small dam re- 
mains. These settle and by irrigating time are 
effective dams. 

WHEN TO IRRIGATE. 

It is unwise to irrigate before the crop is up 

so as to fully shade the ground. If done before 
this time, the baking of the soil which comes as 
a result of the rays of hot sun makes undesirable 
crop conditions. A crop of grain such as oats or 
wheat sown April 15, will be fit to irrigate July 1. 
ALTER WATER IS TURNED ON. 

When the water is turned in the main ditches 
it is allowed to run past about four laterals and 
then is dammed. This forces it into the laterals. 
As it flows down these and comes in contact with 
the previously constructed dams it spreads and 
is held here until the space between the laterals 
is entirely flooded. The first dams are then cut 
out and it moves on to the next, where it is stopped 
and spreads again. 

WHAT MAN CAN DO IN IRRIGATING. 

A good active man can attend to water for about 
four or five laterals and will get over from three 
to five acres in twenty-four hours. Not that he will 
remain in the field all this time, but by regulating 
the water so that it will spread considerable land 
may be covered during the night. 

RESULT OF IRRIGATION. 

An irrigation system affords control of one more 
of the essential factors in growth than is afforded 
under ordinary humid conditions, viz. : the moisture 
supply. This can be added or withheld according 
as the needs of the growing crops dictate and the 
effect is shown in the yields obtained. In Mon- 
tana, where irrigation has reached a high state of 
perfection, a yield of 140 bushels of oats per acre 
is not uncommon. On the Montana Experiment 
Station farm, a yield of 140% bushels of oats to the 
acre was harvested this last season. 

CROPS THAT ARE HIGHLY BENEFITED. 

While all the cereal crops do exceptionally well 
under irrigation, one crop that gives phenomenal 
returns is sugar beets. It is recognized that late 
rains which induce late growth in sugar beets 
cause a marked reduction in the sugar content. 
When the moisture can be controlled this does not 
occur 'and very high sugar content and high purity 
reaults. Under this condition 22 per cent sugar is 
not uncommon. Alfalfa grows splendidl.v under irri- 
gation and the perfect curing that is possible gives 
a feed of the highest quality. In all the many hours 
of sunshine as a result of the cloudless days, coupled 
with "water only when best," makes conditions for 
maximum, production. 



WHAT FARMERS THINK OF MONTANA. 



CHANCES BETTER IN MONTANA. 

Mr. Max Bass. - Great Falls, Mont. 

Dear Sir: Have lived in Montana twenty-four 
years. In 1SS4 I engaged in stockraising and farm- 
ing near Milligan, Mont. I believe that a farmer's 
chances of success are better in this part of Mon- 
tana than in any of the eastern states. His income 
in proportion to the amount of his investment is 
many times greater; the markets are good; his in- 
come is sure, and the value of his holdings is 
constantly increasing. Have been successful myself 
and believe that others coming here now can do as 
well. J. W. Milligan. 

Mr. Max Bass. Houskin, Mont. 

Dear Sir: I have been farming five years. The 
first year I had a fine crop. My wheat went 
thirty-seven bushels per acre that year, oats aver- 
aged sixty bushels, barley fifty bushels, potatoes 
200 bushels, timothy hay two tons per acre. The 
second year the oats went forty bushels, barley 
thirty-five bushels, potatoes 100 bushels per acre. 
The third year my wheat averaged seventeen bush- 
els to the acre, oats twenty bushels, barley twenty 
bushels, potatoes about seventy-five bushels to the 
acre. My potato crop was poor that year, be- 
cause I planted on too wet ground. Hay about 



one ton to the acre. The fourth year wheat went 
ten bushels to the acre, barley thirty bushels, 
potatoes 2.50 bushels per acre, hay one and one-half 
tons to the acre. Last year wheat averaged fifteen 
bushels per acre, barley fifty bushels, potatoes 
loO bushels, hay one ton per acre. 

The years 1!)04 and 1005 were said to be the 
dryest during the last fifteen years. The climate 
is very good and my stock is looking fine. 
Yours truly, 

Fred Gustafson. 

Mr Max Bass, Houskin, Mont. 

Dear Sir: I came here from South Dakota sev- 
enteen years ago and I think Montana the best 
state for a pooi man who is willing to work that 
1 have ever seen. I have grown good crops for the 
past 16 years. Wheat will average twenty-five to 
thirty bushels per acre, oats forty-five to fifty 
bushels, barley forty to fifty bushels, potatoes 125 
sacks, averaging fully 100 pounds to the sack, and 
good crops of timothy and alfalfa. All without 
irrigation. 

this is a fine country for stock. Climate is very 
good and we have fine spring water. 
Yours truly, 

John J. Tofte. 



125 



NEBRASKA 



STATE AND THE 92 COUNTIES OF NEBRASKA 

With Their Boundaries 







[?fl^P ©IF 
NEBRASKA 



Mf62!63 ^64 Igg L 



81 ■ 82 ; 83 ; 84 ! 85 i 86 I 87 , 88, 89 jSOi " ,91 j 92 



¥€.^^^ 



LOCATION AND 1910 POPULATIONS OF NEBRASKA COUNTIES 



Loca. 


County 


Fup. 


1. . . 






2. . . 


.... Dawes. 


. 8,254 


3. .. 


Box Butte. 


. 5,599 


4. .. 


. . Sheridan. 


. 7,338 


5. .. 


.... Cherry. 


.10,414 


6. .. 


.. Keypaha. 


. 3,153 


7. .. 


Boyd. 


. 8,836 


8. .. 


.... Brown . 


. 6,083 


9. .. 


Rock. 


. 3,637 


10. .. 


Holt. 


.15,545 


11. .. 


Knox. 


.18,358 


13... 


Cedar. 


.15,191 


13. .. 


Dixon. 


.11,477 


14. .. 


.... Dakota. 


. 6,564 


15. .. 


. . Antelope. 


.14,003 


16. .. 


.... Pierce. 


.10,123 


17... 


.... Wavne. 


.10,397 


18. .. 


.. Thurston. 


. 8.704 


19... . 


. . . Madison. 


.19,101 


20. .. 


. . . Stanton . 


. 7,543 


21. .. 


. . . Cuming. 


.13,783 


22. .. 


Burt. 


.12,736 


23... . 


Scotts Bluff. 


. 8.355 


24. .. 


.... Morrill . 


. 4,584 



Loca. County Pop. 

25 Garden. . 3,538 

26 Grant. . 1,097 

27 Hooker. . 981 

28 Thomas. . 1,191 

29 Blaine. . 1,673 

30 Loup. . 2,188 

31 Garfield. . 3,417 

33 Wheeler. . 2,392 

33 Banner.. 1,444 

34 Kimball. . 1,913 

35 Chevenne. . 4,551 

36 Deuel. . 1,786 

37.... McPherson.. 3,470 

38 Logan. . 1,521 

39 Custer. .25,668 

40 Valley. . 9,480 

41 Greeley. . 8,047 

42 Boone. .13,145 

43 Platte. .19,006 

44 Colfax. .11,610 

45 Dodge. .22,145 

46... Washington. .12,783 

47 Keith. . 3,692 

48 Perkins. . 2,570 



Loca. County 

49 Lincoln. 

50 Dawson. 

51 Sherman. 

52 Howard . 

53 Nance. 

54 Merrick . 

55 Polk. 

56 Butler, 

57 Saunders. 

58 Douglas. 

59 Sarpy. 

60 Buffalo, 

61 Hall, 

62 Hamilton, 

63 York, 

64 Seward , 

65 Lancaster, 

66 Cass. 

67 Otoe, 

68 Caase, 

69 Hayes. 

70 Frontier. 

71 Gosper, 

72 Pheli>s, 



Pop. 



.15,684 
.15,961 
. 8,278 
.10.783 
. 8,920 
.10,379 
.10,521 
.15,403 
.21,179 
168,.546 
. 9,274 
.21.907 
.20,361 
.13.459 
.18.721 
.15,895 
.73,793 
.19,786 
.19,323 
. 3.613 
. 3,011 
. 8.572 
. 4,933 
,10,451 



Loca. County Pop. 

73 Kearney. . 9,106 

74 Adams. .20,900 

75 Clay.. 15, 729 

76...... Fillmore. .14,674 

77 Saline. .17,866 

78 Gage. .30,325 

79 Johnson. .10,187 

80 Nemaha. .13,095 

81 Dundv. . 4.098 

82 Hitchcock.. 5,415 

83.... Redwillow. .11,056 

84 Furnas. .12.083 

85 Harlan. . 9,578 

86 Franklin. .10,303 

87 Webster. .12,008 

88 Nuckolls. .13,019 

89 Thayer. .13.019 

90 Jefferson. .16.852 

91 Pawnee. .10,583 

92.... Richardson. .17,448 

Total 1,192,214 



Nebraska Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Tou-nn 


Loca. 


Pop. 


Toivns 


Loca. 


Pop. 


Toicnii 


Loca. 


Pop. 


Towns 
Belvidere . . . 


Loca. 
..89. 


Pop. 




A 




ArljingtoTi 


46. . 


.. 645 


Barnston . . . 


.78. 


. . 238 


. . 475 


Abie 


56. 


.. 219 


Arnold 


39. 


. . 231 


Bartlay .... 


.83.. 


. . 511 


Benedict .... 


..63. . 


. . 336 


Adams . . . . 


78. 


. . 647 


Ashland 


....57. 


.1,379 


♦Bassett .... 


..9. 


. . 383 


*Benkelman 


. .81.. 


. . 538 


•.\inswortli 


8. 


.1,045 


Ashton . . . 


51. 


.. 404 


Battle Creek 


.19. 


. . 597 


Bennet 


..65.. 


. . 457 


•Albion 


42. 


.1,584 


Asvlum . . . 


65. 


.. 601 


Bayard 


.24. 


. . 261 


Bennington . 


..58. 


. . 276 


Alexandria 


89. 


.. 447 


Atkinson 


10. 


. . 811 


•Beatrice . . . 


.78. 


. 9,3.>6 


Benson 


. .58. 


.3,170 


Allen .... 


13. 


. . 317 


Atlanta . . . 


72. 


. . 251 


•Beaver City 


.84. 


. . 975 


Bertrand . . . 


. .72. . 


. . 643 


* Alliance 


3. 


. 3,105 


•Auburn . . 


80. 


.2,729 


Beaver Cross- 






Bethany . . . . 


..65. 


. . 948 


*Alma ... 


85. 


.1,066 


Auburn Stat 


ion. 80. 


.. 801 


ing 


.64.. 


. . 543 


Bladen 


..87. . 




Alvo 


66. 


. . 225 


♦Aurora . . 


62. 


.2,630 


Bee 


.64. 


.. 207 


•Blair 


. .46. 


.2,584 


Amherst . 


60 . 


.. 256 


Avoca . . . . 


66. 


. . 249 


Beemer 


.21. 


.. 494 


Bloomfield . . 


. .11. 


.1,264 


Anselmo . 


39 . 


. . 351 


Axtell . . . . 


. . . .73. 


. . 394 


Beldcn 


.12. 


.. 247 


•Bloomington 


.86. 


. . 507 


Ansley . . . 


39. 


.. 701 








Belgrade . . . 


.53. 


. . 401 


Blue Hill 


. .87. 




Arapahoe 


84. 


. . 901 




B 




Bellevue .... 


.59.. 


. . 596 


Blue Hill Jet 


. .87. 


. . 713 


Arcadia . . 


40. 


. . 618 


Bancroft 


21. 


.. 743 


Bellwood . . . 


..56. 


. . .397 


Bradshaw 


. .63. 


. . 359 



Explanation: Index to Towns, First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column. Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

126 



Nebraska Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



I'owns 



Loca. Pop. 



Brady 

Brainard . . . . 
•Brewster 
♦Bridgeport . , 

Brock 

♦Broken Bow. 
Brownville . . , 

Brule 

Bruning . . . . , 

Bruno 

Brunswick . . . 
Burchard . . . . 

Burkett 

*Burwell 

*Butte 



.49. 
.56. 
.29. 
.34. 
.80. 
.39. 
.80. 
.47. 
.89. 
.56. 
.15. 
.91. 
.61. 
.31. 
..7. 



. . 328 
. . 465 
. . 225 
. . 541 
. . 434 
.3,261 
. . 457 
. . 481 
. . 245 
. . 225 

'. '. 815 
. . 401 
. . 915 
. . 551 



Cairo 

Calhoun 
Callaway 
Cambridge . 
Campbell 
Carleton . . . 
Carroll .... 
Cedar Bluffs 
Cedar Rapids 
•Central City 
Ceresco .... 
*Chadron . . 
Chapman . . 
*Chappell . . 
Chester .... 

Clarks 

Claikson 
Clatonia . . . 
*Clay Center 
Clearwater . 
Coleridge 
Collegevlew 
•Columbus 
Comstock . . 

Cook 

Cordova . . . 
Cortland . . . 

Cozad 

Crab Orchard 
Craig .... 
Crawford 
Creighton 
Creston . . 
Crete .... 
Crofton . . 
Culbertson 
Curtis . . . 



•Dakota . . 
Dalton .... 
Danbury . . 
Dannebrog 
Davenport 
•David City 
Dawson 
Daykin 
Decatur 
Deshler . . 
Deweese . 
De Witt . 
Diller .... 
Dixon .... 
Dodge . . . 
Doniphan 
Dorchester 
Douglas . . 
Du Bois . 
Dunbar . . 
Dundee . . 



.61. 
.46. 
.39. 
.84. 
.86. 
.89. 
.17. 
.57. 
.42. 
.54. 
.57. 

.54! 
.36. 
.89. 
.54. 
.44. 
.78. 
.75. 
.15. 
.12. 
.65. 
.43. 
.39. 
.79. 
.64. 
.78. 
.50. 
.79. 



.11. 
.43. 

.77. 
.11. 
.83. 
.70. 

.14. 

.35. 
.83. 
.52. 
.89. 
.56. 
.92. 
.90. 
22 . 
.89. 
.75. 
.77. 
.90. 
.13. 
.45. 
.61. 
.77. 
.67. 
.91. 
.67. 
.58. 



. . 364 
. . 346 
. . 765 
.1,029 
. . 573 
. . 393 
. . 382 
. . 501 
. . 576 
.2,428 
. . 296 
.2,687 
. . 266 
. . 329 
. . 661 
. . 605 
. . 647 
. . 233 
.1,065 
. . 414 
. . 525 
. 1 ,508 
.5,014 
. . 323 
. . 387 
. . 201 
. . 364 
.1,096 
. . 275 
. . 338 
.1,323 
.1,373 
. . 338 
.2,404 
. . 611 
. . 581 
. . 613 

. . 474 
. . 207 
. . 268 
. . 381 
. . 484 
.2,177 
.3,340 
. . 221 
. . 782 
. . 609 
. . 201 
. . 675 
. . 506 
. . 217 
. . 661 
. . 399 
. . 611 
.. 305 
. . 339 
.. 216 
.1,023 



Eagle 

Eddyville . 
Edgar . . . . 
Edison . . . . 

Elba 

Elgin 

Elk Creek 
Elkhorn . . . 
Elm Creek 
Elmwood . 
•Elwood . , 
Emerson . . 
Endicott . . 
Eustis . . . . 
Ewing . . . , 
Exeter ... 



F 

•Fairburv . . . . 

Fairfield 

Fairmont . . . . 
•Falls City... 



66. 


. . 361 


.5(1. 


. . 254 


75. 


.1,081 


84. 


. . 334 


52. 


. . 302 


15. 


.. 606 


79. 


. . 241 


.58. 


. . 291 


60. 


. . 621 


66. 


. . 635 


71. 


. . 464 


13. 


. . 3.S8 


90. 


. . 204 


70. 


. . 403 


10. 


. . 441 


76. 


.. 916 


90. 


.5,294 


75. 


. 1,054 


76. 


. . 921 


92. 


.3,255 



Toicns Loca. 

Farnam 50. 

Firth 65. 

Florence 58. 

Fort Calhoun.. 46. 
Fort Crook . . . .59. 
Fort Robinson. .3. 

Franklin 86. 

•Fremont 45. 

Friend 77. 

•FuUerton . .. .53. 

G 

•Gandv 38. 

•Geneva 76. 

Genoa 53. 

(iering 23. 

(iermantown . .64. 

liibbon 60. 

Giltner 62. 

Glenville 75. 

Gordon 4. 

Gothenburg ...50. 

Grafton 76. 

•Grand Island. 61. 

•Grant 48. 

•Greeley 41. 

Greenwood ....66. 

Gresham 63. 

Gretna 59. 

H 

Haigler 81. 

Hainpton 62. 

Hardy 88. 

*H:irtington . . 12 . 

Harvard 75. 

•Hastings . . . .74. 

Havelock 65. 

•Hayes Center. 69. 
Hay Springs. . . .4. 
Headquarters .32. 

•Hebron 89. 

Hemingford ....3. 
Henderson ... .63. 

Hendley 84. 

Herman 46. 

Hershey 49. 

Hickman 65. 

Hildreth 86. 

Holbrook 84. 

•Holdredge . . .72. 

Holstein 74. 

Homer 14. 

Hooper 45. 

Hoskins 17. 

Howard City. ..52-. 

Howell 44 . 

Hubbell 89. 

Humboldt 92. 

Humphrey ... .43. 
Huntington ...63. 
•Hyannls 36. 

I 

•Imperial 68. 

Indianola 83. 

Inman 10. 



Pop. 



Jackson . . 
Jansen . . . 
Johnson . . 
Johnstown 
Juniata . . 



K 

•Kearney . . . . 

Kenesaw 

Kennard 

•Kimball . . . . 

I, 

Laurel 

Lawrence . . . . 

Leigh 

•Lexington . . , 

Liberty 

Lincoln 

(capital) . . . 

Lindsay 

Unwood . . . . , 
Litchfield . . . . 
Lodgepole 
Long Pine. . . . 

Loomis 

Louisville ... 
•Loup City. . 
Lushton .... 

I^ynch 

Lyons 



.14. 

.90. 
.80. 
. .8. 

.74. 



.60. 
.74. 
.46. 
.34. 



.12. 

.88. 
.44. 
.50. 
.78. 

.65. 
.43. 
.56. 
.51. 
.35. 
. .8. 
.72. 
.66. 
.51. 
.63. 
..7. 
.32. 



. . 462 
.. 343 
.1,526 
.. 324 
. . 203 
. . 201 
. . 949 
.8,718 
.1,261 
.1,638 

.. 201 
.1,741 

.1,378 
. . 627 
. . 275 
.. 718 
. . 301 
. . 304 
.. 921 
.1,730 
. . 353 
10,326 
. . 358 
. . 845 
.. 387 
. . 344 
.. 484 



. . 205 
. . 383 
. . 496 
.1,413 
.1,102 
.9,338 
.2,680 
. . 2.50 
. . 408 
. . 301 
.1,778 
. . 272 
. . 391 
. . 238 
. . 345 
. . 333 
. . 385 
. . 451 
. . 414 
.3,031 
. . 323 
. . 397 
. . 741 
. . 267 
. . 233 
. . 801 
. . 295 
.1,776 
. . 868 
. . 411 
. . 263 



. 403 
. 681 
. 225 



291 
308 
273 
301 
471 



.6,202 
. . 657 
. . 319 
. . . 454 



. . 514 
. . 475 
. . 567 
, .2,059 
. . . 394 

43,973 
, . . 465 
. . . 329 
. . 403 
. . 245 
. . . 781 
. . . 284 
. . . 778 
. .6,128 
. . . 205 
. . . 583 
. . . 805 



Loca. Pop. 



•Madison 

Malmo 

Marquette 
Martinsburg 
Mason City. 
Maxwell 
Maywood . . 
•McCook . . . 
McCool Jet. 
Mead 



.19.. 

.57., 
.62. . 
.13.. 
.39.. 
.49., 
.70. , 
.83., 
.63., 
.57.. 



Meadow Grove. 19. 



Merna . . , 
Merriman 
Milford . . 
Millard . . 

Miller 

Milligan . 
Minatare , 
•Minden . 
Mitchell . 
Monroe . . 
Morrill 
Murdock , 



. .39. 
5. 

. . 64 . 

. .58. 

..60. 

..76. 
...23. 

..73. 

..23. 

..43. 

. .23. 
. ..66. 



.1,708 
.. 214 
. . 291 
.. 391 
. . 482 
. . 289 
. . 443 
.3,765 
.. 369 
. . 331 
.. 388 
.. 459 
. . 254 
. . 716 
. . 262 
. . 331 
. . 336 
. . 338 
.1,559 
. . 642 
. . 283 
. . 346 



N 



Naper 7. 

Naponee 86. 

•Nebraska City. 67. 

•Neligh 15. 

Nelson 88. 

Nemaha 80. 

Newcastle . . . .13. 
Newman Grove. 19. 

Newport 9. 

Niobrara .... 

Norfolk 

North Bend. 
North Loup . . 
•North Platte 



11. . 
19.. 
45. . 
40. . 
49.. 



O 



Oak 

Oakdale 
Oakland 
Oconto . . 
Odell . . . 
•Ogallala 
Ohiowa . 
•Omaha . 
•O'Neill . 
Optic . . . 
Orchard 

•Ord 

Orleans . 
•Osceola 
Osmond . 
Overton . 
Oxford .. 



Page 

Palisade . . . . 

Palmer 

Palmyra .... 
Panama .... 
•Papillion . . . 
•Pawnee City 

•Pender 

Peru 

Petersburg . . 

Phillips 

•Pierce 

Pilger 

Plainview . . . 
Platte Center 
•Plattsmouth 
Pleasant Dale 
Pleasanton 
Plymouth 

Polk 

•Ponca . . . 
Posen .... 
Prague . . . 



.. 301 
.. 201 
.5,488 
. 1,566 
. . 978 
.. 325 
. . 436 
. . 851 
. . 268 
.. 822 
.6,025 
.1,105 
.. 519 
.4,793 

.. 237 
. 631 
1,073 
. 345 
. 437 
. 643 
373 
.58.124,096 
.10. . .2,089 
. . 285 
, . . 533 
, .1,961 
. . 943 
.1,105 
, . . 567 
. . 574 
... 593 



.88.., 
.15.. 

.39.'. 
.78. . 
.47. . 
.76. 



.60. 

.15. , 

.40. 

.85., 

.55. 

.16. 

.50. 

.84. 



.10.. 
.83.. 
.54.. 
.67.. 
.65. . 
.59. . 
.91. . 
.18.. 
.80.. 
.42.. 
.62.. 
.16.. 
.20. . 
.16.. 
.43.. 
.66.. 
.64., 
.60. . 
.90. , 
.55., 
.13., 
.52., 
.57. 



B 



Ragan . . 

Ralston . 

Randolph 

Ravenna 

Raymond 

•Red Cloud 

Republican 

City 

Reynolds . . 
Rising City 
Riverton . . 
Rockville . 
Roseland . . 
Rulo 



.. 301 
. . 380 
. . 373 
. . 334 
. . 231 
. . 624 
.1,610 
. . 804 
. . 951 
. . 533 
. . 374 
.1,203 
. . 471 
. . 941 
. . 388 
.4,387 
. . 257 
. . 252 
. . 438 
. . 396 
.1,001 
. . 246 
.. 394 



314 

, . . 301 
,.1,137 
,.1,354 
. . . 336 
..1,686 



.85. 
.58. 
.13. 
.60. 
.65. 
.87. 



.85 476 

.90 246 

.,56 4.56 

.86 369 

.51 301 

.74 349 

.93 661 



.Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



•Rushville 4 633 

Ruskin 88 339 

S 
St. Edward . . . .43. . . . 814 

•St. Paul 52...1,3H0 

Sargent 39 651 

•Schuyler 44... 2,153 

Bcotia 41 328 

>^cottsbIuff . ...23. ..1,746 

Bcribner 45. . . . 891 

•Seward 64. . .3,106 

Shelby 55 503 

Rbelton 60... 1,005 

Shickley 76 429 

Shubert 92 311 

•Sidney 35... 1,185 

Silver Creek 54. . . . 379 

Sioux 14... 1,003 

Snyder 45. . . . 314 

South Auburn..80.. . . 801 
South Omaha. .58. .26,259 
So. Sioux City. .14. . .1,196 

Spalding 41. . . . 637 

Spencer 7 .... 671 

Springfield 59 463 

•Springview 6 216 

Stamford 85. . . . 301 

•Stanton 20... 1,343 

Btaplehurst 64 338 

Steel City 90 302 

Steinauer 91. . . . 248 

Stella 93 431 

Sterling 79 714 

Stockham 62.... 601 

•Stockville 70 333 

Strang 76 238 

Stratton 82.... 367 

.Stromsburg 55... 1,355 

Stuart 10 467 

Summer 50. . . . 321 

Superior 88... 2,106 

Surprise 56. . . . 323 

Sutherland . . . .49. . . . 447 

Sutton 75... 1,703 

Swanton 77. . . . 285 

Syracuse 67 843 

T 

Table Rock.... 91 814 

Talmage 67. . . . 461 

Tamora 64. . . . 205 

•Tecumseh ... .79. .. 1,748 
•Tekamah ... .33. .. 1,534 

Tilden 19 901 

Tobias 77. . . . 447 

•Trenton 83 ... . 497 

U 

Uchling 45 238 

Ulysses 56 551 

Unadilla 67.. 209 

Union 66. ..' ] 303 

CTniversity PI... 65.. 3,202 

Upland 86 391 

Utlca 64. . . . 523 

V 

•Valentine 5... 1,095 

Valley 58 843 

Valparaiso . . . .57. . . . 561 

Verdigre 11 403 

Verdon 92 406 

W 

Waco 63. . . . 293 

•Wahoo 57. ..2,168 

Wakefield 13 861 

Walthill 18. . . . 813 

Waterloo 58. . . , 403 

Wauneta 68. . . . 327 

Wausa 11 604 

Waverly 65 397 

•Wayne 17. ..2,140 

Weeping Water. 66. . .1,067 

Western 77 . . . . 499 

West Lincoln.. 65 301 

Weston 57 433 

•Westpoint ... .31. .. 1,768 

•Wilber 77... 1,319 

Wilcox 73. . . . 383 

Wllsonville . . . .84. . . . 384 

Winnebago ....18 399 

Winnetoon . . . .11. . . . 323 

Winside 17. . . . 451 

t\nsner 21 . . .1,081 

Wolbach 41 ... . 225 

Wood River 61 796 

Wvmore 78... 3, 613 

Wynot 12 258 

Y 

•York 63. . .6,235 

Yutan 57. . . . 353 



127 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



NEBRASKA 



ONE or THE GREAT YOUNG WESTERN STATES WITH NUMEROUS OIPORTANT INDUS- 
TRIES BEING DEVELOPED. 



Nebraska is one of the largest states, having an 
area of 76,855 square miles, being more tlian six 
times as large as the state of Massachusetts. 

ALL RIVERS SLOPE TO THE aUSSISSIPPI 
RIVER. 

It occupies an elevated plateau, the lowest por- 
tion being in the southeastern part of the State, 
where the elevation is SSO feet. The eastern half 
of the State has an average elevation of 1,400 feet 
and the whole State averages 2,312 feet above the 
sea. 

The principal rivers are the Missouri, along the 
eastern boundary, and the Platte, Niobrara and the 
Republican, all flowing east. There are few swamps 
and mashes, but quite a number of small lakes. 

ATMOSPHERE DRY AND INVIGORATING. 

Thoiig-h great extremes of heat and cold are ex- 
perienced in this State sometimes, they are not 
usual. The mean temperature is about 51, ranging 
from 94 above to 17 below zero. The mean temper- 
ature of the North Platte is 46. The annual rainfall 
is about 22 inches. 

Thougli tlie climate is mild and dry, drowth 
rarely damages the crops, for the soil is such that 
it withstands extreine and prolonged heat. The 
mean temperatxire during the winter months ranges 
from 22 to 30 degrees, that of the spring from 
47 to 49 degrees, of the summer from 70 to 74 
degrees, and of the autumn from 49 to 51 degrees. 

HEAT TEMPERED BY PR.\IRIE WINDS. 

The heat of the summer is tempered by the 
prairie winds, and the nights are usually cool. The 
Rreatest amount of rain falls in May and June. 
The average annual temperature for 15 years at 
Kearney was 47.53; at Omaha it is about 48. 
The average annual rainfall at Kearney is 25.25 
Inches. In parts of the west and southwest it is 17 
to 19 inches. 

AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL 
POSSIBILITIES. 

Give to a good climate a strong rich soil and 
thereon will be ultimately a prosperous, wealthy 
population. As all wealth comes from the soil, we 
can largely estimate the future of a region by its 

fertility. 

The Soil in the eastern part of this State is a 
rich black vegetable mold from 2 to 10 feet deep, 
slightly impregnated with lime, free from stones or 
gravel, easily plowed and underlaid by a yellow 
clay in most places. 

Up to the present time the cultivation cf the soil 
end stock raising are the principal industries of _the 
State. Of the 49,177,600 acres, the grazing sections 
comprise about 23,000,000 acres, or about one-hall of 
the State. This entire region for the most part is 
well watered. 

FORMERLY A GREAT CATTLE REGION. 

The wild grasses which formerly covered large 
portions of the State were very nutritious and large 
herds of cattle from Texas were pastured and 
fattened here for the eastern markets. The steady 
eettlement, taking up and fencing off the land is 
changing the whole region into an area of cultivated 
farms. 

We say "is changing," from the fact that this 
Is a yoimg' state yet. with only about a small num- 
ber o'f persons to the square mile, less than a third 
as dense a population as Missouri and less than 
a half that of Kansas. 

Though Nebraska is a young State, with over 
4,000,000 acres of government land in the state 
not taken up vet, the yield of cereals in one recent 
year in Nebraska was, wheat, 48,002,603 bushels; 
oats, 58,474,370 bushels, and 263,551,772 bushels of 
corn, being third in rank in the ,corn-producing 
States. 



DEVELOPMENT IN MANUFACTURING. 

But while the rich soil of the State will always 
make Nebraska an agricultural State, it is already 
becoming a good deal of a manufacturing point 
as illustrated in the fact that in 1906 the annual 
value of manufactured products in the State in a 
late year was 154,918.220. To make that product, 
20,260 wage-earners were employed to whom was 
paid $11,022,149. 

Omaha, the metropolis of the State, has one of 
the most complete establishments in the United 
States for smelting, separating and refining ores, 
of gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc, brought here 
from mining regions on the line of the Union Pa- 
cific and other railroads. Other industries include 
machine shops, distilleries and manufacturers of 
brick, steam engines, etc. In South Omaha are the 
extensive stock yards of the Union Pacific Railroad, 
occupying a large tract of land. 

Omaha is the third largest pork-packing city in 
the world, with immense packing houses having 
plants valued at over if2,500,000. 

ELEVATORS, SALT, LEATHER, FURNITURE. 

Lincoln, a great railroad center, has foundries 
and grain elevators, extensive manufactures of salt, 
also leather, furniture, bricks and tiles. Other 
cities in the State are rapidly developing manu- 
facturing institutions, among these Kearney, Ne- 
braska City and Hastings, all places of importance, 
while Beatrice, in the southeastern part of the 
state, has large quarries. 

A GREAT COMING INDUSTRY. 

The manufacture of sugar from the sugar beets is 
evidently destined to be one of the large industries 
of the state, and to make this an absolutely safe 
enterprise the United States government is entering 
upon an extensive system of adding to the produc- 
tive power of the western part of the stale by irri- 
gation. The following- is the outline of the plan 
mapped out, which will affect Scotts Bluff, Banner 
and Cheyenne counties in western Nebraska, 

NORTH AND SOUTH PL.4TTE RIVERS. 

There are two important rivers in the western 
part of this state. One. the North Platte, which 
enters Nebraska at Scotts Bluff county, and flows 
eastward across the entire state, a distance of over 
400 miles, emptying into the Missouri River at 
Plattsmouth, some fifteen miles south of Council 
Bluffs. 

The other river is the South Platte, which comes 
in from Colorado, enters Nebraska in Deuel county, 
flows eastward and .joins the North Platte River 
at the town of North Platte in Lincoln Countj. 

IRRIGATION IN NEBRASKA. 

Examination has shown that a considerable body 
of land can be irrigated by holding the North 
Platte in certain natural reservoirs in eastern 
Wyoming and by the construction of an interstate 
canal 25,000 acres of sandy land can be reclaimed 
in Wyoming and 900,000 acres in Nebraska. 

The head-gate for this interstate canal will 
be at a point about midway between Guernsey 
and Fort I.,aramie in Wyoming on the North 
Platte River and the canal will extend 150 miles 
into Nebraska to the vicinity of Bridgeport in 
Cheyenne County. 

The lands benefited by this government irriga- 
tion project in Nebraska lie in Sioux, Scotts Bluff, 
Banner and Cheyenne Counties. By examination 
of our counties having government land therein it 
will be seen that a large amount of government 
sandy land is in Cheyenne, Scotts Bluff and Sioux 
Counties and a barren soil all along this 1.50 nviles 
of irrigation canal will become highly fertile. 

The particulars about the opening of this land 
by the government to settlement, cost of land, etc., 
can be learned by addressing the Government Land 
Department, Alliance, Boxbutte County, Nebraska. 



128 



Nebraska Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



Ask also about other irrigation schemes In Ne- 
braska. It is claimed that in 1895 the State a* 
that time had 2,219 miles of irrigating canals, 
built or under construction. 

THE DENVER 3I.\RKETS. 

A study of railroad maps v.ill show that this 
newly reclaimed land will, by the Burlington and 
Union Pacific railways be but a short distance 
from Denver, which market will call for all the 
fruits, melons and early vegetables that can be 
raised in those counties. 

Xatiirall.v, as sugar beet raising is coming into 
practice in Nebraska, this irrigated land will be 
a sure producer of this product. 

It may interest the reader to know that mechan- 
ical devices have been so perfected in harvesting- 
beets that a team, driven by the side of a row of 
beets, so drives an appliance under the beets so 
as to lift the vegetable from the ground, top it 
and carry it by an endless apron to a wagon by 
the side of the machine. Thence, fresh from the 
ground, with the soil still clinging to them, and 
without a toucli of human hand, they pass on 
through the factory, froin one process to another, 
until in eighteen hours' time they come out white 
sugar ready for the market. 

MAY BE CENTER OF SUGAR PRODUCTION. 

With a favorable climate for growing the beet, 
with a fertile soil adapted to its production, with 
all the latest modern appliances for the conver- 
sion of the juices of the beet into sugar, it is 
possible that Nebraska may become the center for 
the beet sugar industry of the United States. 

We advise the land-seeker to write to the United 
States Department of Agriculture for Bulletin No. 
257, entitled "Soil Fertility," and Bulletin No. 
52. entitled "Sugar Beet," and after a study of 
these write to Scyler, Colfax Co., managers of the 
sugar beet colony at Grand Island, Hall County, 
and Norfolk, Madison County, asking what induce- 
ments they offer to growers of beets. It should 
be unnecessary for vis to say here that in order 
to get a prompt answer it is always wise to en- 
close with a letter a prepaid return envelope. 

ALWAYS DEMAND FOR SUGAR. 

There will be a never-ceasing call for syrups 
and sweets, whether made as a glucose from corn, 
from fruits, sorghum, from maple trees, from flow- 
ers by bees, from sugar cane or sugar beets, it 
always will be in demand and will sell; with what 
profit depends upon management in the production 
of the article. 

The land seeker who will hunt down the sugar 
beet, go into and raise it, may certainly have a 
prosperous future. 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING 
TO NEBRASKA. 

Altitude. Highest at White River summit, in 
Dawes County, 4,876 feet. 

Climate. Omaha, average in January, 19 above; 
July, 74. Highest, 106; lowest, 32 below. Aver- 
age innup.l rain/.ai!, 31.7 inches. 

Dimensions. Extreme breadth from east to wtst, 
415 miles. Extreme length from north to south, 
■^0.5 miles. Area, 77,510 square miles. 

History. Was originally a part of the Louisi- 
ana Purchase ceded by France to the United States 
in 1803. Visited by Lewis and Clark; in 1804-5. 
Platte Valley explored by Major Long, for United 
States Government in 1820. First settlement by 
whites at Bellevue, Sarpy County, 1847. Nebraska 
Territory organized in 1854. Admitted to Union 
in 1867. Bellevue first capital. Seat of govern- 
inent removed to Omaha in 1855; to Lincoln in 
1867. 

Lakes in Nebraska. /^"es Miles 

Long. Wide. 

Clear Lake, Cherry Co 1 lA S/i 

Cottonwood Lake, Holt Co 1 ij 

Dad's Lake, Cherry Co 3 >/.......! 'A 

Freshwater Lake, Cherry Co 1 .".'!..... i/4 

Marsh Lake, Cherry Co 2. . . . . . . A .'. 

Moon Lake, Brown Co i. ...... .1 .'. 

Pelican Lake, Cherry Co 2 1.. 

Red Deer Lake, Cherry Co 2........1. 

Swan Lake, Holt Co 1% ....... yj 

Twin Lake, Brown Co 1% y. 

Willow Lake, Brown Co 1 ....!...! lA 



DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF TREES IN NE- 
BRASKA. 

Native Forest Trees. Of forest trees the leading 
variety is the Cottonwood which grows luxuriantly 
on river bottoms, and many uplands. The ash- 
leaved maple, soft maple, elms, various species of 
ash, lindens and willows are in various parts of 
the state about equal in abundance. The most 
valuable tree is the black walnut, which grows luxu- 
riantly. The red cedar is abundant in some sec- 
tions. Spruce and pine are found on tributaries 
of the Niobrara and Loup, and in the extreme west- 
ern part of the state. Shrubs are well represented 
Wild fruits abound, among which plums and grapes 
are most conspicuous. The grapes are limited 
to timber belts. The smaller wild fruits are widely 
distributed over the state. Grasses and corn are 
the principal products. Corn, especially, is a rarely 
failing crop. Eastern Nebraska is eminently 
adapted to the growth of apples, grapes, plums and 
cherries do equally well. Peaches are successfully 
grown south of the Platte. 

Mining. The mineral wealth of the state con- 
sists mainly of bituminous black and lignite coal 
in the beds, with a little iron. Valuable beds of 
liinestone, yellowish gray sandstone and red free- 
stone. Also good brick and pottery clay, and re- 
markably pure salt. 

CAN MAKE ENTRY OF 640 ACRES, 

In 1904 Congress passed an act known as the Kin- 
kaid Bill, under the terms of which large tracts of 
public lands in northwestern Nebraska, reached by 
the line of the Chicago & North-Western Railway, 
were thrown open to settlement. The principal fea- 
ture of the Kinkaid Bill is that the applicant may, 
in the territory named, make entry under the home- 
stead laws of 640 acres (one square mile) instead of 
160 acres of land. The purpose of this is to enable 
the hoinesteader to use his land profitably for graz- 
ing purposes. 

There, are large quantities of these unallotted pub- 
lic lands in Nebraska, situated in the northern part 
of the state, through which the Chicago & North- 
Western Railway passes directly. The lands affected 
have been open to the hoinesteader in lots of 160 
acres for many years, but have not been heretofore 
taken up to any great extent because of the fact 
that a quarter-section is not sufficient to use profit- 
ably for cattle-raising purposes. 

The rainfall in this part of the state is not suffi- 
cient for successful farming except by the advanced 
methods of scientific dry fanning, and it is on this 
account that the Kinkaid Bill has been passed, with 
the result that a Nebraska cattle ranch, one mile 
squ.ire, absolutely free, is the offer which the Gov- 
erument makes to every man or head of a family in 
the United States. 

From the 8,500,000 acres of these lands, any one 
desiring to become possessor of a section of grazing 
land should have no trouble in finding a tract suit- 
able to his taste, and now that the practical merits 
of dry-farming methods have become established 
clearly, the value of these lands for agricultural pur- 
poses has become much greater than ever before. 

As an example of the quality of the lands. Rock 
County actually ships more hay to market via The 
North-Western Line from the town of Newport than 
is shipped to market from any other one point any- 
where in the world; whil^ one of the finest potato- 
raising districts in the West has its shipping center 
at Gordon, in Sheridan County. 

Such towns as O'Neill, Long Pine, Valentine, Rush- 
viile, Chadron and Lusk are well equipped with 
stores, banks, schools and churches, and the whole 
region is well populated. 

Public lands in Nebraska in counties reached by 
the North-Western Line, that are subject to settle- 
ment under the liomestead laws under the Kinkaid 
bill: 

Holt, 12,000 acres. 

Rock, 4,000 acres. 

Keya Paha, 38,040 acres. 

Sheridan, 164,286 acres. 

Sioux, 417,620 acres. 

Boyd, 700 acres. 

Brown, 81,450 acres. 

Cherry, 1,015,582 acres. 

Dawes, 9,000 acres. 

Every man or unmarried woman, over the age of 
21; every married man under the age of 21; every 
widow, every minor orphan child of a deceased sol- 
dier, or any person who is the head of a family by 
adoption of a minor child, not already owning more 
than 160 acres of land and who is a citizen of the 
United States, may homestead 640 acres of this land, 
for the same fee charged by the Government for 
160 acres in other states. The amount of this fee 
is $14. 



129 



NEVADA 



STATE AND THE 16 COUNTIES OF NEVADA 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 

of 

NEVADA COUNTIES 

I.o- 



ca- COUNTIES 

tion 


Pop. 
1910 


1. 

2. 
3 


Washoe. 

. . . . Humboldt. 
Elko. 


.17,434 
. 6,825 
. 8,133 


4. 
5 


Storey. 

Ormsby . 


. 3,045 
. 3,089 


6. 

7 


Douglas. 

.... IjVon. 


. 1,895 
. 3,568 


8. 
9 


Churchill . 

Lander. 


. 2,811 
. 1,786 


10. 
11. 
1" 


Eureka. 

...White Pine. 
Mineral. 


. 1.830 
. 7,441 


13. 
14. 
15 


. . . Esmeralda. 

Nye. 

Lincoln. 


. 9,695 
. 7,513 
. 3,489 


16 


Clark. 


. 3,821 




Total 


.81,875 


Nei 


ada Cities and Vil- 
lagres with 1910 
Populations. 



Toicns Loca. Pop. 

A 

Atlanta 15. ... 209 

* Austin 9. . .1,215 

B 

Bannock 9 250 

Battle Mountain.9. . . . 360 

Bauvard 3 208 

Beattv 14 302 

Black Horse. . .11. ... 390 

Blair 13 560 

Buckskin 6 296 

C 

Cnliente 15. . . . 598 

♦Carson City 

(capital) 5... 2,466 

Cherrv Creek . .11 350 

Columbia 13... 1,099 

D 

*Dayton 7. . . . 576 

Delamar 15. . . . 709 

East Ely 11. ..1,560 

*Elko 3... 1.677 

*Ely 11. • .2,055 

Empire 5. . . . 327 

♦Eureka 10... 1,609 

F 

*Fallon 8 741 

Farrell 3 268 

G 

Gardnerville ...6 210 

'Genoa 6. . . . 434 

Glenbrook 6. . . . 233 

Golconda 2 890 

*Goldfield 13... 4,838 

Gold Hill 4. . .2,078 

Granite 13 302 

H 

*Hawthorne ..12... 1,099 

I 
Imlay 2. . . . 250 



M-l^-^^^^SJ ^ ^^(^^^M'Q ; 




Ni;V.VI)A (ITIKS 

Towns Loca. Pop. 

J 

Jarbridge 3 390 

1, 

*Las Vegas. .. .16.. .1,500 

Lida 13 224 

Lovelocks 2... 1,660 

Luckyboy 12 899 

M 

McGill 11. . .2,209 

Manhattan ....14 730 

Mazuma 2 208 

N 
Nelson 16 250 

O 

Owyhee 3. . . . 506 



.\NI> VILI.AtiK.S AVITH 1910 POPULATIONS. 



Loca. Pop. 



Panaca 15. 

Paradise Valley. 2. 

Pinegrove 13 . 

*Pioche 15. 

Pioneer 14. 

R 

Rawhide 12. 

*Reno 1. 

Rhyolite 14. 

Round 

Mountain . . .14. 



Schurz 12. 

Searchlight . . .16. 
Silver City 7. 



. 350 
. 690 
. 200 
1,060 
1,260 



. . 5,090 
.10,867 
. . . 808 

. . . 633 



633 
387 
342 



Loca. Pop. 



Sparks 1. . .2,506 

Stillwater 8 216 



*Tonopah 14. . .3,906 

Tuscarora 3. . . . 308 



Verdi 

♦Virginia City 



.1. 
.4. 



. . 566 
.3,244 



W 

Wadsworth .... 1 ... 1,309 

Wellington 7 2«0 

Wells 3 254 

*Winnemucca ..2... 1,786 

Y 
Yerington 7 . . . . 683 



NEVADA 



Down on the western slope of the Rocky Moun- 
tainb lies a great state called Nevada. In the far- 
away-back, in the past, many thousands of years 
ago," when the earth was gradually cooling, the 
interior heat, in finding vent on the earth's surface, 
sputtered up through this portion of the earth's 



crust, and finally left immense elevations, known 
as the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains. 

Naturally, when elevations are made there are 
Aalleys between, and with plenty of room on this 
part of the globe, the valleys are broad. Out of 
the tops of these elevations volcanic fires threw 



130 



Nevada Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



lava which, during the many centuries that these 
mountain chimneys emitted ashes, settled into the 
depressions and elevated the floors of the valleys 
until, in the final cooling of the whole region, these 
valleys are vast plateaus, elevated 4,000 feet above 
the sea. 

MOUNTAINS STEAL THE MOISTURE. 

As clouds cross the elevations the mountains 
arrest their progress, cause precipitation of cloud 
moisture which, in the cold upper air, turns to 
sncw. Thus the tall mountains, absorbing the 
moisture from passing clouds, nothing or little of 
moisture is left for rainfall in the valleys. 

Such is the topography and such are the atmos- 
pheric conditions lu many portions of the Rocky 
Mountain region. Tall mountains covered with per- 
petual snow which melting in the suinmer sun- 
shine causes the continual and rapid flow of great 
rivers in the valleys, while lowlands suffering from 
lack of moisture remain a desert waste. 

This whole area occupied by Nevada was ceded 
to the United States by Mexico iu 1S4S and set- 
tled by Mormons who, in i>assing across the coun- 
try had found tracts of land that they deeined 
favorable for agriculture. 

The valley lands of Nevada are from one mile 
to twenty-five miles wide, the most of them easily 
cultivated and wonderfully productive. One of the 
largest of these valleys is in the western part of 
the state, and mostly in Churchill County,. This is 
knoMTi as the Carson Sink Valley covering an area 
of several hundred thousand acres. 

This valley is the bed of a great lake, long since 
dried up. There is no outlet to the valley and the 
water which empties on to the plain from the Sierra 
Nevada Mountains, sinks into the sands of the des- 
ert or are lost by evaporation. 

WHY AIR IS SO CLEAR IN NEVADA. 

The clouds having given up their moisture and 
been dispelled on the mountains thus leaves a per- 
fectly clear atmosphere and bright sunshine for 
more than 300 days in the year. The result is 
extraordinary growth of all agricultural products, 
if water can be supplied; but water must be abun- 
dant or evaporation will leave the land barren. 

EXTENSIVE SYSTEM OF IRRIGATION, 

Seeing the effect of irrigation on a small scale, 
some of the enterprising citizens of tlie State in- 
duced the general government to turn the Truckee 
River into the Carson River, and holding the waters 
of the combined streams in lakes and large reser- 
voirs, irrigate the great plain in the Carson Sink 
Valley, comprising 3.i)0,000 acres, 340,000 of which 
acreage yet belongs to the government. Some 58,000 
acres of this irrigated land is owned by the rail- 
roads and private parties who want to sell then- 
lands and bring in settlers. See the Nevada- 
Truckee-Carson Project in our chapter on irrigation. 

This Truckee-Carson Government irrigation proj- 
ect is one of the largest ever undertaken, and will, 
when fully completed, cost the governinent about 
$9,000,000; but the great amount of land which will 
be reclaimed and the prices at which it will sell, 
will fully pay the cost. 

The Chamber of Commerce at Fallon, Nevada, and 
the Southern Pacific Railroad Company are send- 
ing out particulars as to this large area of land 
just opened to the public. 

From one of the circulars being sent out we quote 
the following: 

UNCLE SA3I'8 NINE MILLION DOLLAR FARM. 

"Is he going to farm it himself? Oh, no; as soon 
as he has turned the water on it from the big reser- 
voirs he has been building, he is going to give it 
away to the people of the United States. 

"How can you get a part of it? Just as easy — 
if you are a citizen and he has not already given 
you a liomestead in another place, you need simply 
tell the agent at the land office in Carson or the 
agent for the big farm at Fallon, that you want 
eighty acres of good land. Pick out the eighty 
acres first that you want and tell him just where 
it is. Then pay him eight dollars for papers show- 
ing that Uncle Sam has agreed to give you that 
land if you begin living on it within six mouths and 
make it a home for the next five years. 

"Is that all that Uncle Sam charges? That is all 
for the land — eight dollars. For the water that he 
puts on the land to make things grow, he charges 
you .$2.60 per acre every year for ten years. Then 
the water and land belong to one another and both 
belong to you. After the tenth year the only charge 
will be a few cents per acre to keep up the ditches 
and reservoirs. 



"Where is this new farm that Uncle Sam is giving 
away? 

"It is in Western Nevada, mostly in Churchill 
County, south of the Southern Pacific's main line. 

"Ma,ybe you'd like to vvorR for wages part of your 
time? 

"If so, you don't have to hunt work; it will be 
looking for you down every road. 

WAGES PAID TO WORKMEN, 

"Uncle Sam would like five hundred more men 
to work on the irrigation system during the next 
two years. Then there are plenty of new-comers 
who would like to hire help; may be to clear, level 
and check land, to plant or care for crops, to build 
houses, or to drive teams. The wages paid are as 
follows: 

"Carpenters, per day, $4; bricklayers, per day, 
$.■5.50; painters, per day, $4.50; masons, per day, 
$4.50; blacksmiths, per day, $4; cabinet makers, per 
day, $5; teamsters, per day, $2.50; common labor- 
ers, per day, $2.25; farm hands, per day, with board, 
$2; farm hands, per month, with board and lodg- 
ing, $45. 

"Then, for variety's sake, you can find work in the 
mines if you wish — though mining with a plow and 
a hoe may be most profitable in the long run. 

"Fallon, the principal town, is county seat of 
Churchill County and has already more than a thou- 
sand people. Here are a high school, "graded schools, 
churches, two newspapers, a bank, several .stores, 
three hotels, restaurants, etc. Hazeu has three hun- 
dred people and a hotel and restaurant. Stillwater, 
fourteen miles northeast of Fallon, has a hotel, 
stores and a good school. There are postoffices at 
Leetville, .St. Clair and Hill. 

"There are openings now for a flour mill, grain 
warehouse, and many other industries in demand in 
a new country. 

"It requires but very little imagination to see this 
great plain thickly settled with a people having 
every rural comfort — a valley of waving fields and 
great orchards, turnpikes lined with trees, homes 
bright with flowers and such green lawns as only 
land of ever-living water can own, streams flowing 
as silver ribbons everywhere. 

"The Carson Sink Valley which now has a popula- 
tion of less than 2,000 people will within a compara- 
tively few years have 100,000 people, and 300,000 
acres of desert land will have been converted into 
rich and valuable farms, by the magic of irrigation. 

"Address all communications to J. W. .Sitton, Sec- 
retary Churchill County Chamber of Commerce, Fal- 
lon, Nevada." 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
NEVADA. 

With History of the Great Comstock Gold and 
Silver JMines. 

Altitude. Highest point, Wheeler Peak in White 
Pine County, 13,030 feet high. 

Climate. At Winnemucca, average temperature in 
January, 28 above zero. Average July temperature, 
72. Extremes, highest, 104; lowest, 28 below. Aver- 
age annual rainfall, 8.5 inches. 

Dimensions. Extreme length of state north to 
south, 485 miles. Extreme breadth, 315. miles. 

History. Territory ceded by Mexico to the United 
States in 1848. First settlers, 1848, in Carson Valley. 
Comstock lode discovered in 1S5U by Grosh Brothers 
from Maine. One brother froze to death in the Sier- 
ras, the other died of blood poisoning from injuring 
his foot with a rusty pick. The spot where the 
niain shaft to the Virginia mine was sunk was lo- 
cated by Pat McLaughlin and Pete O'Riley. While 
washing out some pay dirt, Henry Comstock hap- 
pened along and seeing the glint of color in the 
rocks, dismounted from his pony and coolly informed 
the workers that they were trespassing upon his 
farm and using the water from his stream because, 
forsooth, he owned all the land thereabouts by 
right of agricultural location. This was pure fiction 
and a monumental bluff, but the overanxious discov- 
erers promptly donated him a two-thirds interest 
in the greatest mineral discovery in America. Corn- 
stock was a lank, lean, cadaverous, untutored and 
unwashed Canadian possessed, according to John L. 
Cowan, who, in writing up "the romance of mining 
strikes," of neither honor, brains or industry. He 
afterwards went crazy and committed suicide. 
O'Riley died in an insane asylum. McLaughlin got 
down and out and did odd jobs about the camp for 
a time, and then drifted out to California where 
he died in a poorhouse. In the meantime the Com- 
stock, the most valuable silver bearing lode in the 
world, for a long time yielded a profit of $10,000,000 
a year. Nevada was admitted to the Union in 1SG4. 



131 



NEW HAMPSHIRE 



STATE AND THE 10 COUNTIES OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 

of 



NEAV HAMPSHIRE 
COUNTIES. 



Lo- 
ca- 
tion 



COUNTIES 



Pop. 
I'JIO 



1 Coos.. 30,753 

3 Grafton. .41,653 

3 Carroll. .16,316 

4 Sullivan. .19,337 

5.... Merrimack. .53,335 

6 Belknap. .21,309 

7 Strafford. .38,951 

8 Cheshire. .30,659 

9 Hillsboro.l?6,073 

10.. Rockingham. .53,188 

Total 430,573 



CITIES AND VILL.AGES 

OF 

NEW H.4MPSHIRE. 

AVith 1910 Populations. 



Toirnf: 



Loca. Pop. 



A 

Acworth 4. . . . 350 

Alexandria 3. . . . 630 

Alstead 8. . . . 500 

Alton 6. . . . 403 

Alton Bay 6. . . . 260 

Amherst 9... 1,109 

Andover 5. . . . 350 

Antrim 9 990 

Ashland 3. . .1,289 

Ashuelot 8 374 

Atkinson 10. . . . 442 

Auburn 10 683 

B 

Barnstead 6. . . . 280 

Harrington Sta. 7.... 550 

Barrington 7 308 

Bartlett 3. . . . 713 

Bath 2 906 

Bedford 9... 1,148 

Belmont 6... 1,294 

Bennington . . . .9. . . . 667 

Benton 2 209 

Berlin 1. .11,780 

Bethlehem 3... 1,061 

Blackmount ... 2 608 

Hoscawen 5 . . . 1,35.5 

Bow 5 317 

Bow Mills 5 380 

Bradford 5. . .. 805 

Brentwood . . . . 10. . . . 557 
Bridgewater . . .2. . . . 244 

Bristol 3... 1,690 

Brookfield 3 296 

Brookline 9 606 

C 

Campton 2. . . . 503 

Canaan 2 . . . 1,066 

Candia 10 460 

Candia Village 10. . . . 260 
Canterbury . . . .5. . . . 621 
Cen. Barnstead 6. . . . 309 

Center Conway 3 300 

Center Harbor 6. . . . 390 
Cen. Sandwich 3.... 503 

Center Stafford 7 350 

Center 

Tuftonboro. .3 260 

Charlestown 4. . .1,660 

Chester 10 809 

Chesterfield ....8.... 281 

Claremont 4... 7,529 

Clarksville 1. . . . 307 

Colebrook 1... 1,876 




tup 

NASHUA^, '---. ^frN^^^^l^** V 



NEW H.VMPSHIKE CITIES AND VIUI..AGES WITH 1910 POPULATIONS. 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Columbia 1 . . . . 590 

Concord 

(Capital). . .5. .21,497 
Contoocook . . . .5. . . . 952 

Conway 3. . .3,413 

Conway Center 3. . . . 200 

Coos 1 590 

Cornish Flat . .4. . . . 450 

Croydon 4 372 

D 

Dalton 1 392 

Danbury 5 506 

Danville 10. . . . 290 

Davisville 5.... 266 

Deerfield 10. . . . 462 

Deerfleld Cent. 10. . . . 350 

Derry 10... 2,066 

Dorchester 2. . . . 250 

*Dover 7.. 13.247 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Doverpoint 
Drewsville 
Dublin . . . . 
Dummer . . 
Dunbarton 
Durham . . 



E 

East Alstead . 
East Andover . 
East Barringt'n 
East Candia . . 
East Concord . 
East Deering . 
East Derrv 
East Grafton . 
E. Hampstead 
East Jaffrey . . 
East Kingston 
Easton 



.1,069 
. . 296 
. . 620 
. . 349 
. . 451 
. . 996 



. . 260 
. 350 
. . 550 
. . 409 
. . 509 
. . 286 
. . 583 
. 348 
. . 350 
.1,741 
. . 496 
. . 390 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



East Rochester 7.. 
East Sullivan . .8. , 
East Swanzey ..8., 
East Tilton ...6.. 
E. Washington 4.. 
East Weare ....9., 

Enfield 2. , 

Enfield Center 2., 

Epping 10. , 

Epsom 5. , 

Errol 1. . 

*Exeter 10. 

F 
Fabyan House i., 
Farmington ....7. 

Fitzwillian 8. . 

Fitzwil'm Depot 8. , 
Francestown . . .9. 
Franconia 2. . 



.1,066 
. . 287 
. . 308 
. . 299 
. . 299 
. . 408 
. . 945 
. . 809 
.1,109 
. . 320 
. 305 
.4,897 

. . 250 
.2,621 
. . 450 
. . 508 
. . 693 
. . 669 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column. Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located; Third Column. Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

132 



New Hampshire Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Franklin 
Freedom 
Fremont 



G 



. .3. 
.10. 



Gaza 

Georges Mills, 

Gilford 

Gilmanton 

Iron Work! 

Gilsum , 

Goffs Falls 

Goffstown . . . . 

Gonic 

Gorham 

Goshen 

Gossville 

Grafton 

Grantham . . . . 

Grasmere 

Greenfield . . . . 
Greenland . . . . 
Greenville . . . . 
Groveton 



.6,133 
. . 550 
. . 749 

. . 244 

. 2»6 
. . 466 



H 

Halcyon 5. 

Hampstead ...10. 
Ham'ste'd Sta. 10. 

Hainpton 10. 

Ham'ton Falls 10. 

Hancock 9 . 

Harrisville .... 8. 

Haverhill 2. 

Henniker 5. 

Hill 5. 

Hillsboro 9. 

Hillsboro 

Lower Vil'ge 9. 

Hinsdale 8. 

Holderness . . . .2 . 

Hollis 9. 

Hookset 5. 

Hopkinton 5. 

Hudson 9. 

Hudson Center 9. 



. . 366 
. . 590 
. . 269 
, 2,579 
. . 460 
.1,797 
. . 245 
. . 368 
. . 396 
. . 274 
. . 490 
. . 605 
. . 507 
.1,608 
. 1.809 

. . 350 
. . 323 
. . 250 
.1,209 
. . 560 
. 2,609 
. . 606 
. 3.948 
.1,357 
. . 603 
.1,608 

. . 590 
.2,309 
. . 612 
. . 860 
.1,655 
. . 600 
.1,096 
. . 261 



Intervale 3. 

J 

Jackson 3. 

Jefferson 1. 

K 

*Keene 8. 

Kensington . . .10. 

Kingston 10. 

L 

*Laconia 6. 

I^akeport 6. 

*Lancaster .... 1 . 
Landaff 2. 



296 



690 



10,068 
. . 524 
. . 1,096 

.10.183 
. .2,256 
. . 3,054 
, . . 568 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Langdon 4. 

Lebanon 2. 

Lee 7. 

Lee Station . . .7. 

Lincoln 2. 

Lisbon 2 . 

Littleton 2. 

Lochmere 6. 

Londonderry ..10. 

Loudon 5. 

Lyman 2. 

Lyme 2. 

M 

Madbury 7. 

Madison 3. 

Madison Sta. . .3. 
Manchester ... .9. 

Marlboro 8. 

Marlboro Depot 8. 

Marlow 8. 

Mason 9. 

Melvin Village 3. 

Meredith 6. 

Meriden 4. 

Merrimack 9. 

Middleton 7. 

Milan 1. 

Milford 9. 

Milton 7. 

Milton Mills ..7. 

Monroe 2. 

Montview 2 . 

Moultonboro . . .3. 
Moultonville ...3. 
Mountainview .3. 
Mount Vernon .9. 
Mount Whittier 3. 

N 

*Nashua 9. 

New Boston . . .9. 
New Castle ...10. 
New Durham ..7. 

Newfields 10. 

New Hampton .6. 
New Ipswich . .9. 
New London . . 5. 
New Market... 10. 

♦Newport 4. 

Newton 10. 

N. Charlestown. .4. 
North Chatham. 3. 
N. Chichester .5. 
North Conwav 3. 
North Danville 10. 
N. Hampton ..10. 
N. Haverhill ..2. 
North Salem . .10. 
N. Sanbornton 6. 
North Stratford 1. 
North Sutton... 5. 



. . 339 
.5.718 
. . 250 
. . 250 
. . 490 
.1.821 
.3,059 
. . 206 
.1,358 
. . 890 
. . 426 
. . 906 



. . 336 
. . 220 
. . 360 
70,063 
.1,224 
. . 360 
. . 488 
. . 358 
.. 313 
. . 709 
. . 609 
. . 508 
. . 390 
. . 635 
. S.939 
. . 825 
. . 890 
. . 402 
. . 402 
. . 651 
. . 396 
. . 306 
. . 453 
.. 390 

26,005 
.1,002 
. . 581 
. . 575 
. . 590 
. . 706 
.. 811 
. . 606 
.3,348 
.3,765 
. . 750 
. . 20(» 
. . 200 
. . 499 
. 1,400 
, . . 269 
. . . 306 
. . 690 
. . 490 
. . 509 
.. 508 
. . 290 



Tuivnn 



Loca. Pop. 



North Walpole 8. 
North Weare ..9. 
Northwood ...10. 
Northwood 

Narrows .... 10. 
N. "Woodstock .2. 
Nottingham . .10. 

O 

Orford 2. 

Orfordvllle ... .2. 
*Ossipee 3. 



.1,709 
. . 606 
. . 604 

. . 302 
, . . 409 
. . 590 

. . 608 

, . . 290 

. . 308 



Parkhill 8. 

Pelham 9. 

Penacook 5. 

Percy 1 . 

Peterboro 9. 

Piermont 2. 

Pike 2. 

Pittsburg 1. 

PittsHeld 5. 

Plainfield 4. 

Plymouth 2. 

Portsmouth ...10. 
Potter Place ..5. 

B 

Raymond 10. 

Reeds Ferry . .9. 

Riclimond 8. 

Rindge 8. 

Rochester 7. 

Rumney 2. 

Rumney Depot 2. 

Rye 10. 

Rye Beach ...10. 



Salem Depot . .10. 

Salisbury 5. 

Salisbury Hghts 5. 
Salmon Falls . .7. 
Sanbornville . . .3. 

Sandown 10. 

Sandwich 3. 

Scott 1. 

Seabrook 10. 

Shelburne 1. 

Silver Lake . . .3. 

Snowville 3. 

Somersworth ..7. 
South Acworth 4. 
S. Charlestown 4. 
South Danville 10. 
S. Hampton ..10. 

South Lee 7. 

S. Lyndeboro ..9. 
S. Tamworth ..3. 
Ppoftord 8. 



. . . 290 
. . . 875 
. .3.990 
. . . 309 
..2,027 
. . . 637 
. . . 580 
, . . 587 
. .2,079 
. . . 464 
. .1,927 
.11,269 
. . . 380 



.1,100 
. . 405 
. . 897 
. . 390 
.8,868 
. . 360 
. . 240 
.1,090 
.1,100 



.. 709 
. . 208 
. . 209 
.1,701 
. . 509 
. . 406 
. . 409 
.. 220 
. 1,202 
. . 283 
.. 306 
. . 215 
.6,704 
. . 250 

'. '. 215 
. . 297 
. . 250 
. . 516 
. . 460 
. . 350 



Toivns 



Loca. Pup. 



Stark .... 
Strafford . 
Stratford . 
Stratham . 
Sugar Hill 
Sunapee 
Suncock 

Surry 

Sutton . . . . 
Swanzey . . 



..1. 

. .7. 

. .1. 

.10. 

..2. 
...4. 
. ..5. 
. . .8. 
. . .5. 
. . .8. 



. . 306 
. . 450 
. . 466 
. . 718 
. . 306 
. . 696 
.3,088 
. . 2,50 
. . 490 
. . 309 



Tamworth 3. 

Temple 9. 

Tilton 6. 

Troy 8. 

Twin Mountain 1. 

U 

Union 3. 

Unity 4. 



. . 592 
. . 313 
.1,209 
.1..527 
. . 260 



. 409 

. . 472 



W 

Walpole 8. 

Warner 5. 

Warren 2. 

Washington ...4. 

Weare 9. 

Webb 8. 

Webster 5. 

Wentworth ... .2. 
W. Brentwood 10. 
W. Campton . .2. 
W. Chesterfield 8. 
W. Claremont .4. 
West Epping 10. 
W. Hampstead 10. 
West Lebanon 2. 

West Milan 1. 

Westmoreland .8. 
West Ossipee . .3. 
West Peterboro 9. 
West Rindge ..8. 
W. Rochester . .7. 
West Rumney .2. 
W. Springfield 4. 
W. Swanzey . . .8. 
West Thornton 2. 

Westville 10. 

Whitefield 1. 

Wilmot 5. 

Wilmot Flat ...5. 

Wilton 9. 

Winchester . . . .8. 

Windham 10. 

Windham 

Depot 10. 

Wolfboro Falls 3. 

Wolfboro 3. 

Woodstock 2 . 

*WoodsviIle . . .2. 



. 2.068 
. . 833 
. . 699 
. . 264 
. . 390 
. . 306 
. . 496 
. . 617 
. 250 
. . 306 
. . 850 
. . 598 
. . 441 
. . 250 
. . 590 
. . 590 
. . 375 
. . 306 
. . 506 
. . 390 
. . 460 
. . 240 
. . 219 
. . 770 
. . 452 
. . 300 
.2,006 
. . 396 
. . 303 
.1,596 
.1,908 
. . 341 

.. 200 
. . 380 
.1,690 
. . 206 
.1,709 



NEW HAMPSHIRE 



The "Granite State," Famous for Its Wliite Mountains, Abandoned Farms, Summer Homes 

and Picturesque Kesorts. 



This State, famous for its granite stone, which 
early gave it the name, "Granite State," distin- 
guislied lor its Dartmouth College, its White Moun- 
tains and its Merrimac River, which turns the 
greatest number of mill wheels of any river in the 
world — with its Winnipescogee Lake, covering 72 
squP-re miles, up in Belknap County (see County 
0) and Sunape Lake (area, 11 square miles) in 
Merrimack County, a county remarkable for hav- 
ing within its border^ over 300 lakes and ponds, 
60 rivers, 190 brooks and 290 mountains. 

MOST PICTURESQUE REGION IN THE WORLD. 

As a whole. New Hampshire, with its inoun- 
tains, rivers, brooks and groves of maples, willows, 
elms and evergreens, is the most romantie and 
beautifully picturesque region on the American 
Continent. 

For delightful summer residence the entire state 
is becoming celebrated. Pitch tent almost any- 
where and the visitor has sublime mountain view, 
a little lake close by, an active, rippling, bub- 
bling brook, with speckled trout, running across 
the farm. 

A writer well acquainted with New Hampshire 
says: "The fascination of the state with a family 
coming here to spend a summer will so grow upon 
them that they may wish to remain permanently, 
winters, as well as summers. If so, the home- 
seeker may buy a little farm, abandoned by the 
family that has gone west and left their comfort- 
able farm dwelling; their fine apple orchards, maple 



sugar groves — a snug, beautiful home with land 
enough to produce a living — all this offered for 
sale so cheap the land seeker will be surprised. 
Let him enter some employment for business ex- 
ercise in the adjoining village, and when winter 
arrives with its snows, as the rural mail carrier 
brings the news from all the outside world, he sits 
down at evening with his family before the blazing 
hickory logs, giving a charming fire and heat, 
from the open fire place in the home. Add to this 
mealy potatoes, maple syrup, apples and hickory 
nuts, honey, pure cream, the sweetest butter and 
fresh eggs, all produced on his own property and — 
what more does he want?" 

DEAL IN ABANDONED FARMS. 

He may want a more active business possibly, 
soiTiething more extensive to occupy his mind than 
he finds in the little nearby village. For larger 
employment he buys the neighboring abandoned 
property, triins the orchards, fertilizes and re- 
claims the land, paints the houses and adds such 
attraction to the premises as modern ideas and 
taste will suggest. He may follow by selling. 

.'\ltitude. Highest in the State, Mount Washing- 
ton. 6,285 feet. 

Climate. Manchester, average January tempera- 
ture, 22 degrees above zero; July, 69 degrees. 
Highest, 96 degrees; lowest, 11 degrees below zero. 
Average annual rainfall, 41.9 inches. 

Dimensions. Length, north to south, ISO iniles. 
Breadth, from east to west, from 45 to 100 miles. 



133 



NEW JERSEY 



STATE AND THE 21 COUNTIES OF NEW JERSEY 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 




of 






NEW JERSEY 




COUNTIES 




ca- 






ca- 


COUNTIES 


Pop. 


tion 




1910 


1 . 


Warren 


.43.187 


2 


Sussex 


.26,781 


3, 


Morris 


.74,704 


4. 


Passaic 


215,902 


5. 


Bergen 


138,002 


(i. 


. . Hunterdon 


.33,569 


7. . 


.... Somerset 


.38,820 


«. 


Union 


140,197 


!). 


Essex 


512,886 


10. 


Hudson 


537,231 


11 . 


Mercer 


125,657 


12. 


. . . Middlesex 


114,426 


1H. 


. . Monmouth 


.94,734 


14. 


. . Burlington 


. 66,565 


15 




21,318 


16. 


Camden 


142,029 


17. 


. . . Gloucester 


.37,368 


1«. 


Salem 


.26,999 


1!>. 


. Cumberland 


.55,153 


'Z». 


Atlantic 


.11,894 


'Zl. 


. . . Cape May 
Total 1 


.19,945 




537,167 









Cities and Villages of 

New Jersey with 1910 

Populations. 



Toions 



Loca. Pop. 



Absecon 20. 

Adclphia 13. 

Allainuchy 1 . 

Allendale 5. 

Allenhurst ... .13. 

Allentown 13. 

Alliance 18. 

Alloway 18. 

Alpha 1. 

Alpine 5. 

Andover 2. 

Annandale 6. 

Ardena 13. 



Arlington 

Asbury 1. 

Asburv Park. . .13. 

Ashland 16. 

Atco 16. 

Athenia 4. 

Atlantic Cilv. . .20. 
Atlantic High- 
lands 13. 

Audubon 16. 

Avalon 21 . 

Avon 13. 

B 

Barnegat 15. 

Barnsboro 17. 

Basking Ridge.. 7. 

Bayhead 15. 

Bayonne 10. 

Bayville 15. 

Beachhaven ...15. 
Beemerville . . . .2. 
Beesley's Point. 21. 

Belford 13. 

Belleville 9. 

Belmar 13. 

*Belvidere 1 . 

Bennett 21. 

Ber'genfield 5. 

Berkley Heights.8. 

Berlin 16. 

Bernardsville ...7. 



. .. 781 
. . . 450 
. . . 260 
. . . 937 
. . . 306 
. . . 634 
. . . 406 
. . . 663 
. . . 760 
...377 
. . . 884 
. . . 375 
. . . 506 
. .3,066 
. . . 575 
.10,150 
. . . 320 
. . . 606 
. . . 608 
.46,150 

..1,645 
..1,343 
. . . 230 
...426 

..1,066 
. . . 206 
. . . 640 
. . . 281 
.55, ,545 
. . . 200 



.. 250 
. . 350 
.. 250 
.5,907 
.1,433 
.1,764 
..225 
.1,991 
. . 362 
. . 890 
. 1,062 




CITIES AND Vn^LAGES OF NEW JERSEY WITH 1910 POPULATIONS. 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Bethlehem 6.. 

Beverly, 14. . 

Birmingham ..14.. 
Bivalve 19. . 

Blackwells Mills.7.. 
Blackwood ... .16. . 

Blairstown 1 . . 

Bloomfield 9.. 

Bloomingdale ..4.. 



1,761 
2,140 
. 215 
. 200 
. 225 
. 609 
. 896 
15,070 
. . 333 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Bloomsbury . 
Blue Anchor. 

Bogota 

Boonton .... 
Bordentown . 
Boundbrook ... .7 
Bradley Beach. 13 
Branchville ... .2 
Bridgeboro ... .14 



. .6. 
.16. 
. .5. 
..3. 
.14. 



. . 660 
. . 250 
.1,125 
. 4,930 
.4,250 
.3,970 
.1,807 
. . 663 
. . 275 



Tuicns 



Loca. Pop. 



Bridgeport . 
Bridgeport . 
*Bridgeton . 

Brielle 

Broadway . 
Erookdale 
Brown Mills 
Brown town . 
Buddtown . . 



. .14 275 

. .17 638 

. .19. .14,209 

. .13 360 

1 209 

. . .9 250 

. .14 390 

. .12 206 

. .14 250 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column. Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located; Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

134 



Cities and Villages of New Jersey with 1910 Populations 



Touns 



Loca. J'l'p. 



Burlington ....14. 

Burrsville 15. 

Butler 3. 

Buttzville 1. 



.8,336 
. . 290 
.2,265 
, . 366 



Caldwell 9. 

Call ton 6. 

•Camden 16. 

Cape May 21. 

Cape May C. H.21. 

Carlstadt 5. 

Carmel 19. 

Carpentersville .1. 

Carteret 12. 

Cassville 15. 

Cedar Brook.. . .16. 

Cedargrove 9. 

Cedarville 19. 

Changewater ...1 
Chapel Hill. 
Chatham . . . , 
Chatsworth 
Cheesequake 
Chosilhurst . 

Chester 

Chews 

Cln-cmie .... 
Clarksboro . 
Clarksburg . 
Clayton .... 
Clementon . 
Clermont . . . 

Cliffside . 

Cliffside Pari- 

Clifton 

Clinton 

Closter 

Colesville . . 
CoUingswood 
Colonia 



..13. 

...3. 

..14. 

. .12. 
. ..16. 

. . .3. 
, ..16. 

. .12. 
, . .17. 
,..13. 
. ..17. 
.. .16. 
...21. 

...5. 
:. . .5. 

. . .4. 
6. 



.16. 
.12. 
Columbia 1 . 



Columbus 

Como 

Coytesville 
Cranbury . , 
C ran ford . . 
Cresskill . , 
Crosskeys . 
Crosswicks 



D 



Dayton 12 

Deal Beach. . . .13 

Delair 16 

Delanco 14 

Dela wanna 4 

Delaware 1 

Delford 5 

Delmcnt 19 

Demarest .5 

Dennisville ....21 

Denville 3 

Dias Creek 21 

Dividing Creek. 19 



.19. 
.20. 
. .3. 
..5. 
. .5. 
.13. 



Dorchester 

Dorothy 

Dover 

Dumont 

Dundee Lake 
Dunellen .... 

E 

East Creek 21 . 

East Millstone. .7. 
East Newark. . .10. 

East Nutley 9. 

East Orange. . . .9. 
East Rutherford. 5. 
Eatontown ... .13. 
Edgewater ... .5. 
Edgewater 

Park 14 . 

Egs Harbor 

City 

•Elizabeth 
Ellisdale . . 

Elm 

Elmer 

Elwood 20 

Emerson 5 

Englewood 5 

Englewood Cliffs. 5 
English Creek. .20 
Englishtown ..13 

Erma 21 

Essp-x Falls 9 

Ewan 17 

F 
Fair Haven . . . .13 
lairton 19 



...20. 
. . . .8. 
. . .13. 
. . .16. 
U 



..2,236 
. . . 506 
.94,538 
. .2,471 
. .1,008 
..3,807 
. . . 750 
. . . 201 
. .5,066 
. . . 262 
. . . 466 
. . . 569 
..1,278 
. . . 203 
. . . 208 
..1,874 
. . . 958 
. . . 290 
. . . 246 
. .1,409 
. . . 409 
. . . 399 
. . . 262 
. . . 250 
..1,926 
. . . 562 
. . . 360 
..2,128 
..3,394 
. . . 500 
. . . 836 
. .1,483 
. . . 290 
. .4,795 
. . . 296 
292 
.' . .* 535 
. . . 225 
. . . 750 
. .1,428 
. . 2,854 
. . . 550 
. . . 250 
. . . 566 

. . . 350 
. . . 273 
. . . 230 
. . . 750 
. . . 702 
. . . 406 
. .1,005 
. . . 560 
. . . 560 
. . . 860 
. . . 627 
. . . 250 
. . . 791 
. . . 326 
. . . 206. 
. . 7,468 
. .1,783 
. . . 420 
..1,990 

. . . 411 

. . . 356 
. .3,163 
. . . 760 
.34,371 
. .4,275 
. .1,206 
. .)2,655 



.2.181 
73,409 
. . 350 
. . 221 
.1,167 
. . 366 
. . 767 
.9,924 
. . 410 
. . 350 
. . 468 
. . 225 
. . 442 
. . 250 



.1,066 
.. 506 



Towiia 



Loca. Pop. 



Fairview 

Fanwood 

Far Hills 

Farmingdale . 
Fieldsboro . . . 

Flanders 

*Flemington . 

Florence 

Florham Park. 

Folsom 

Fords 

Forked River. 



. .5. 
..8. 
..7. 
.13. 
.14. 
. .3. 
. .6. 
.14. 
. .3. 
.20. 
.12. 
.15. 



Fort Lee 5. 

Franklin 

Furnace 2. 

Franklin Park. 12. 
Franklinville .17. 

•Freehold 13. 

Frenchtown ....6. 
Freneau 13. 



G 

Garfield , 

Georgetown . . 
German Valley. 
Gibbsboro . . . . , 
Gibbstown . . . , 
Glassboro . . . . , 

Glendola 

G!en Gardner. 
Glen Ridge. . . . 
Glenrock .... 
Glenwood .... 
Gloucester City 

Goshen 

Grantwood . . . 
Green Creek. . 
Greenwich . . . 

Grenlock 

Griggstown . . , 
Groveville .... 
Guttenberg 

H 

•Hackensack . , 
Hackettstown . 
Haddonfield . . . 
Haddon 

Heights 

Hainesburg . . . . 
Hainesport . . . . 
Hainesville 

Haledon 

Haleyville 

Kamburg 

Hamilton 

Hamilton 

Square 

Hammonton . . . 

Hampton 

Hanover 

Hanover Neck. 

Hardwick 

Harlingen 

Harmony 

Harrington . . . . 

Harrison 

Harrisonville . . 
Hasbrouck 

Heights . . . . , 

Haworth 

Hawthorne . . . . 

Hazlet 

Pleislerville . . , 

Helmetta 

Herbertsville . , 

Hewitt 

Hibcrnia 

High Bridge. . . 
Highland Park. 

Highlands 

Highlands of 

Navesink . . . . 
High Point . . . . 
Hi,ghtstown . . . 

Highwood 

Hillsdale 

Hilton 

Hoboken 

Hohokus 

Holland 

Holly Beach... 

Holmdel 

Homestead . . . . 

Hope 

Hopewell 

Hudson Heights 

Hurffville 

I 

Irvlngton 

Island Heights. 



2,441 
. 471 

. 360 
. 416 
. 480 
. 501 
2,693 
1,282 
. 558 
. 232 
. 750 
. 560 
4,472 

1,066 
. 221 
. 390 
3,233 
. 984 
. 290 

.10,213 
..1,118 



. . . 308 
, . . 22ft 
..2,706 
. . . 250 
. . . 600 
. .3,260 
. .1,055 
. . . 360 
. .9,462 
. . . 580 
. . 1,502 
. . . 360 
. .1,200 
. . . 266 
. . . 362 
. . 320 
.5,647 

,14,0.50 
.2,715 
, .4,142 

.1,453 
. . 360 
. . 566 
. . 326 
.2,560 
. . 322 
.. 866 
. . 25«» 



, . . 425 
. .5.088 
. . . 914 
, .5,366 
. . 213 
...470 
. . . 280 
. .1,110 
...377 
.14,498 
. . . 320 



.2,155 

. . 588 
.3,460 
. . 208 
. . 414 
. . 661 
. . 262 
. . 206 
.1,389 
.1,545 
.1,517 
.1,215 



.1,386 
. . 560 
.1,879 
. . 460 
. . 945 
. . 216 
70,324 
. . 488 
.1,706 
.1,901 
.1,066 
. . 350 
. . 350 
.1.073 
.1,502 
. . 280 



.11,877 
, . . 313 



Loca. Pop. 



Jamesburg . 
Janvier . . . . 
•Jersey City. 
Jobstown . . . 
JuUustown . 

] 

Keansburg . 
Kearney Jet. 

Kenvil 

Keyport . . . . 
Kingsland . . 
Kingston . . . 
Kingwood . . 
Kresson . . . . 



. .12. 

..17. 

. .10. 
, ..14. 
,. .14. 



.13. 
.10. 
..8. 
.13. 
. .5. 
. .7. 
. .6. 
.16. 



La Fayette . 
Lake Como . 
Lakehurst . . 
Lakewood . . 
Lambertville 
Lanoka .... 
Laurel Springs. 16. 

Lawnside 16. 

Lawrence Sta. .11. 
Lawrenceville. .11. 

Layton 2. 

Lebanon 6. 

Ledgewood 3. 

Leeds Point . . .20. 

Leesburg 19. 

Lenardo 13. 

Leonia .5. 

I..iberty Corner.. 7. 
Lincoln 12. 



.13. 
.15. 
.15. 
..6. 
.15. 



.13. 
. .6. 
.14. 



Linden 

Llndenwold 
Llnwood . . . 
Little Falls. 
Little Ferry. 
Little Silver 
Livingston . 

Lodl 

Long Branch 
Lower 

Squankum 
Ludlow .... 
IjUinberton . 
Lyndhurst . 
Lyons Farms. . . .8 

M 

McAlfee 2 

Madison 3 

Magnolia 16 

Mahwah 5 

Malaga 17 

Manahawkln . ..15 
Manalapan . 
Manasquan . 
Mantua .... 
Maple Shade 
Marlboro . . . 



. .2,075 
. . . 208 
J67,779 
. . . 290 
. . . 998 

. . . 309 
.18,659 
. . . 341 
..3,554 
. . . 809 
. . . 308 
..1,375 
. . . 390 

. . . 709 
. . . 225 
. . . 979 
..3,096 
..4,657 
. . . 262 
. . . 225 
. . . 320 
. . . 250 
. . . 360 
...315 
. . . 360 
. . . 406 
. . . 366 
. . . 662 
. . . 280 
. .1,486 
. . . 260 
. . . 209 
. . . 610 
. . . 308 
. . . 602 
. .4,660 
. .2,541 
. . . 426 
..1,412 
..4,138 
. 13,298 

. . . 2.50 

. '. '. 850 
. . 1,3.50 
. . . 463 



.13. 
.13. 
.17. 
.14. 
. .13. 



Marlton 14. 

Marmora 21 . 

Matawan 13. 

Maurice River.. 19. 
Maurlcetown . .19. 
•Mays Landing. 20. 

May wood 5. 

Medford 14. 

Mendham 3. 

Menlo Park. . . .12. 
Merchantville 
Metuchen . . . 
Middletown . 
]\Iiddle Valley. 



.16. 

.12. 

.13. 

.3. 



Midland Park . .5. 

Midvale 4. 

Milford 6. 

Millburn 9. 

Milllngton 3. 

JFilltown 12. 

Millville 19. 

Milton 3. 

Minotola 20. 

Blonmouth 
Beach . . 
Monmouth Jet. 12 
Montague . . . 
Mnntclair . . . 
Montvale .... 
Montville .... 
Moonachie . . 
Moorestown . 
JTnrris Plains. 
•Morristown 
Mountainside 
Mountainview 



13. 



. .9. 
. .5. 
. .3. 
, . .5. 
.14. 
. .3. 
. .3. 
. .8. 
. .4. 



. . . 260 
..4,658 
. . . 606 
. . . 550 
. . . 409 
. . . 808 
. . . 390 
. .1,582 
. . . 750 
. . . 290 
. . . 496 
. . . 760 
, . . 202 
. . 1 ,646 
..2,116 
. . . 554 
. .1,359 
. . . 889 
. .1,260 
..1,129 
. . . 350 
. .1,996 
. .2,138 
. . . 409 
. . . 299 
..2,001 
. . . 420 
. . . 667 

'. '. T'360 
. .1.584 
.12,451 
. . . 362 
. . . 562 



. . . 485 
. . .466 
. . . 208 
.21,550 
, . . 522 

. . 685 
. . . 638 
. .2,809 

. . 445 
,12,507 
. . . 362 

. . 411 



'J'owns 



Loca. Pop. 



Mt. Arlington 
Mt. Bethel... 
Mt. Ephraim 
Mt. Freedom 
*Mt. Holly 
Mt. Hope . 
Mt. Laurel 
Mt. Olive . . 
Mt. Tabor . 
Mullica Hill 



..3.. 
. .7.. 
.16.. 
. .3.. 
.14. . 
. .3.. 
.14. . 
. .3. . 
..3. , 
.17. 



277 
306 
302 
202 
,750 
352 
250 
,221 
,506 
590 



National 



N 
Park. 17. 



3. 
.13. 
.13. 
..7. 
..3. 
..8. 



Naughright 

Navesink . . . 

Neptune City 

Neshanic . . . 

Netcong . . . 

Netherwood 

•Newark . . . 

New Bedford 

Newbridge . 

•New 

Brunswick 

New Durham 

New Egypt . . 

Newfield .... 

Newfoundland 

New German- 
town 

I'Jew Gretna 

New Market 

New Milford 

Newport . . . 

New Providence. 8 

•Newton 2 

North Arlington. 5 

North Branch...? 

No. Caldwell 

Northfield . . 

No. Hacken- 
sack 

No. Haledon 

No. Paterson 

No. Plainfield 

Northvale 



. . . 325 
. . . 299 
. . . 622 
. . . 488 
. . . 362 
..1,532 
. . . 941 
347,469 

'. . '. 525 



No. Wlldwood..21 



Norwood 
Nutley 



O 



Oakhurst 
Oakland . . . 

Oaklyn 

Oaktree .... 
Ocean City. . 
Ocean Grove 
Oceanic .... 
Oceanport . . 
Ocean View. 
Oceanville . . 
Ogdensburg 
Old Bridge. . 
Oradell .... 
Orange . . . . 
Osbornsville 
Oxford 



Palisade 
Palisades Par 
Palmyra . . . 
Park Ridge. 
Parslppany . 
Passaic .... 
•Paterson . . 
Pattenburg . 
Paulsboro . . 
Peapack . . . 
Pedrlcktown 
Peetzburg . . 
Pemberton . 
Penn Grove. 
Pennington . 
Pennsvllle . . 
Pensauken . 
Penwell .... 
Perrinville . 
Perth Amboy 
Petersburg 
Philllpsburg 
Pinebrook . 
Pitman . . . 
Pitman Grove 

Plainfield 8. 

Pleasant Mills. .20. 
Pleasantville . .20. 
Point Pleasant. 15. 

Pointville 14. 

Pomeranla ... .20. 
Pompton Lakes. 4. 
Pompton Plains. 3. 



.13. 
.10. 
.15. 
.17. 
. .3. 

..6. 
.14. 
.12. 
. .5. 
19. 



.9. 
.20. 



.5. 



23,388 
, .4,060 
, . . 890 
, . . 509 
, . . 564 

. . 306 
. . . 950 
. . 509 

!!i,017 
. . . 873 

.4,467 
, . . 437 

. . 250 
, . . 595 

. . 866 



. . 350 
. . 749 
.1,288 
.6,117 
. . 460 
. . 833 
. . ,564 
.6,009 



..13. 
. . .5. 
. .16. 
..12. 
. .21. 
. .13. 
..13. 
. .13. 
. .21. 
..20. 
...2. 
. .12. 
. . .5. 
. ..9. 
. .15. 
. ..1. 



. . . 506 
. . . 568 
. . . 653 
. . . 200 
. .1,950 
..3,066 
. . . 608 
. . . 408 
. . . 209 
. . . 369 
. . . 562 
. .1,062 
. . . 809 
.29,630 
. . . 596 
..2,040 



. ..5. 
k..5. 
..14. 
. .5. 
.. .3. 
.. .4. 
. ..4. 
.. .6. 
. .17. 
...7. 
..19. 
. . .5. 
..14. 
. .18. 
. .11. 
. .18. 
..16. 
.. .1. 
. .13. 
. .12. 
. .21. 
. . .1. 
. . .3. 

17. 

17. 



. . . 250 
. .1,411 
. .1,650 
. .1,401 
. . . 206 
..54,773 
125,600 
... 309 
. .2,121 
. . . 247 
. . . 660 
. . . 367 
. . . 797 
. .2,118 
. . . 722 
. . . 466 
. . . 526 
. . . 2.50 
. . . 260 
.32,121 
. . . 375 
.13,903 
. . . 272 
..1.950 
.2,506 
.20,550 
. . . 208 
. .4,390 
. . . 745 
. . . 380 
. . . 390 
. .1,060 
. . . 320 



135 



Cities and Villages of New Jersey with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Port Eliza- 
beth 19.. 

Port Monmouth.13. 

Port Morris 3. . 

Port Murry 1. . 

Port Norris. . . .1}). . 
Port Republic. .20. . 

Pottersville 7., 

Princeton II 



Prospect Park 

Q 

Quakertown . . 
Quinton 

R 

Rahway 

Ramsey 

Rancocas . . . . 

Raritan 

Readington . . . 

Reavil'le 

Red Bank.... 

Richfield 

Ridgefield . . . . 
Ridgefleld Par! 
Ridgewood . . . 
Riegelsville . . 

Ringoes 

Ringwood 

Manor 

Rio Grande. . . 

Risley 

River Edge . . 
Riverside . . . . 

Riverton 

Rivervale . . . . 
Roadstown . . . 
Rochelle Park. 
Rockaway . . . . 
Rocky Hill. . .. 

Roebling 

Roosevelt . . . . 

Roseland 

Roselle 

Roselle Park. . 
Rosenhayn . . . . 

Rumson 

Rutherford . . . 



..4. 



. .6. 
.18. 



.14. 

. .7. 
..6. 
. .6. 
.13. 
. .4. 



. . 550 
. . 650 
. . 556 
. . 304 
. 1,509 
. . 450 
. . 280 
.5.136 
.2,719 

. . 250 
.1,307 

.9,337 
.1,667 
. . 325 
.3,672 
.2,776 
. . 360 
.7,398 
. . 201 
. . 966 
.2,850 
.5,416 
. . 562 
.. 325 



..4. 
.21. 
.20. 

'.il! 
.14. 

. .5. 
.19. 
..5. 
. .3. 
. .7. 
.14. 
.12. 
..9. 
. .8. 
. .8. 
.19. 
.13. 
. .5. 



. . 207 
. . 241 
. . 209 
. . 375 
.4,069 
.1,788 
. . 350 
. . 218 
. . 360 
.1,902 
. . 502 
. . 750 
.5,786 
. . 486 
.2,725 
.3,138 
. . 662 
.1.419 
.7,015 



Loca. Pup. 



Saddle River. . 

* Salem 

Sayreville . . . . 
Scotch Flains. 

Scullville 

Sea Bright. 



18. 
12. 
.8. 
20. 
.13. 



Sea Isle City. . .21. 



Seaville 

Seacaucus 

Sergeantsville 



.21. 
.10. 
. .6. 



Sewaren 12 



17. 
13. 

18. 
19. 
.9. 
13. 



Sewell .... 
Shady Side. 
Sharptown 
Shiloh .... 
Short Hills 
Shrewsbury 

Sicklerville 16 

Silver Lake 9 

Silverton 15 

Singac . .4 

Smiths Landing.20 

Smithville 14 

Sonaers Point. . .20 
*Somerville ... .7 

So. Amboy 12 

Southard 13 

So. Boundbrook.7 

So. Branch 7 

So. Dennis 21 

So. Orange 9 

So. Pemberton.l4 
So. Plainfield. . .12 
South River. 
So. Seaville. 
So. Vineland 

Sparta 2 

Spotswood . . . .12. 

Springfield 8 

Spring Lake 

Beach 13 

Springtown 1 

Stanhope 2 

Stanley 3 

Stanwick 14 

Steelmanville . .20 
Stewartsville . . .1 



.12. 

, .21. 

.19. 



. . 483 
.6,614 
.4,155 
.1,099 
. . 250 
.1,220 
. . 551 
. . 345 
.4,740 
. . 260 
. . 250 
. . 260 
. . 806 
. . 225 
. . 402 
. . 350 
. . 422 
. . 229 
. . 250 
. . 290 
. . 207 
. . 490 
. . 654 
. . 604 
.5,099 
.7,007 
. . 406 
.1,024 
. . 206 
. . 308 
.6,014 
. 771 
. . 308 
.4,772 
.. 498 
.. 560 
.. 606 
. . 623 
.1,072 

.. 853 
. . 306 
.1,021 
.. 203 
.. 408 
. . 490 
.. 518 



Loca. Pop. 





3 


. . . 540 


Stockholm . . . 




. . . 425 


Stockton .... 


..6. 


. . . 605 


Succasunna . . . 


..3. 


. . . 604 


Summit 


. .8. 


. . 7,590 


Sussex 


..2. 


..1,212 


Swainton 


.21. 


. . . 309 


Swedesboro . . 


.17. 


..1,477 


T 






Tansboro .... 


.16. 


. . . 480 


Tenafl:y 


. . 5 . 


..2,759 


Three Bridges. 


. .6. 


. . . 390 


Tinton Falls.. 


.13. 


. . . 200 


Titusville .... 


.11. 


. . . 366 


*Toms River. . 


.15. 


..1,806 


Totowa Borouf: 


'h.4. 


..1,130 


Townley .... 


..8. 


. . . 309 


Town of Union. 6. 


.17,005 


Trenton 






(capital) . . . 


.11. 


.96,815 


Tuckahoe .... 


.21. 


..1,099 


Tuckerton . . . 


.15. 


..1,268 



Union 8... 4,315 



Van Hiseville. 
Vauxhall . . . . 

Ventnor 

Vernon . . . . , 

Verona , 

Vienna 

Vincentown . 
Vineland ... 



.15. 
. .8. 
.20. 

".'.9'. 
. .1. 
.14. 
.19. 



w 

Waldwick 5. 

Wallington 5. 

Wallpack Center.2. 

..4. 

.15. 

. .1. 



Wanaque 
Waretown . . 
Washington 
Waterford 

Works . . . 
Wavne 



.. 316 

.. 666 
. . 491 
. . 208 
.1,675 
. . 390 
. . 990 
.5,282 



. . 950 
.3,448 
. . 208 
. . 490 
. . 5!)0 
.3.567 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



.16. 

. .4. 



Wayside 13. 



, . . 380 
. . 203 

. . . 208 



.10. . 
.17.. 

. .9. . 
.21. . 



Weehawken . 
Wenonah . . . 
W. Caldwell. 
W. Cape May 
W. CoUings- 

wood 

West Creek. . 
Westfield .... 
W. Freehold. 
W. Hoboken.. 
West Long 

Branch .... 
W. Milford. .. 
AVestmont . . . 
W. Moorestown.l4. 
W. New York. .10. 
West Orange. . 
West Paterson 
West Point 

Pleasant . . . 
West Portal. . 
Westville .... 
Westwood .... 
Weymouth . . . 

Wharton 

Whippanv .... 

Whitehill 

White House 

Station 

Whitesville . . . 
Wilburtha .... 
Wildwood .... 
Williamstown. . 

Windsor 

Winslow 

Woodbine .... 
Woodbridge . . 
*Woodbury . . . 
Woodcliff Lake 
"Wood Lynne. . 
"R^ood ridge . . . 
Woodstown 
Wortendyke . . 
Wrightstown 



.16., 
.15. 
. .8. 
.13. 
.10. 

.13. 
. .4. 
.16. 



.9 
. .4.. 

.15.. 
. 6. . 
.17.. 
.5. . 
.20.. 
..3. . 
. .3. . 
.14. . 

..6.. 
.15. . 
.11.. 
.21. . 
.17.. 
.11. . 
.16. . 
.21. 
.12. 

17. 

.5. 

16. 

.5. 

18. 



.14. 

Wyckoff 5. 



.4,508 
. . 645 
. . 494 
. . 844 

.. 606 
. . 507 
.6,420 
. . 206 
35,403 

.. 879 
.. 206 
. . 275 
.2,800 
13,.560 
10,980 
. . 40G 

. . 283 
.1,761 
. . 820 
.1,870 
. . 972 
.2,983 
. . 961 
. . 459 

. . 350 
, . . 208 
. . . 209 
, . . 898 

.1,500 
. . . 360 
, . . 250 
..2,399 
. .7,631 
. .4,642 
. . . 470 
. . . 506 
..1,043 
. .1,613 
. . . 450 
. . . 220 
. . . 352 



.11 350 



NEW JERSEY 

Closely on the Edge of New York and Philadelphia, Great Markets for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. 



By virtue of its location New Jersey is a very 
important State. It has the Atlantic Ocean on the 
east and the Delaware River and Bay on the west 
side. It receives the surplus population of New 
York in the northern portion of the State and gets 
the overflow of people from Philadelphia in the 
south end of the State. 

EASY TO GO ANYWHERE FROM NEW JERSEY. 

It is easy to go anywhere from New Jersey. The 
State is covered with a network of railways. Steam 
and trolley lines lead to steamboat landings, whence 
people journey by water to all parts of the earth, 
while railroad lines radiate from New York and 
Philadelphia in all directions. 

In the purchase of land and settlement in this 
State the home seekers will not fail to observe thus 
the superior facilities for transportation to the 
great markets. 

AN EXCELLENT REGION FOR TRUCK FARBnNG 

It is clearly evident that this must be an ideal 
region in which to engage in truck farming:. While 
the soils in different parts of the State greatly differ 
in natural strength it is found that even on the 
extremely poorest land certain crops do well, and 
even the sand barrens, as they were called, have 
been found well adapted to fruit and vegetable 
gardening. 

In natural fertility the central part of the State is 
best, but experience is proving that excellent crops 
are being grown on the oak and pine land in the 
southern part of the State, the result of intelligent 
cultivation. 

Considering the great nearby markets it is well 
to engage in producing that which can be taken into 
the towns in the early mornings perfectly ripe and 
fresh. 

FRESH FOODS ALWAYS IN IMMEDIATE DEMAND 

Good milk and cream is always in demand; fresh 
eggs are always wanted. Vegetables just taken from 



the soil find ready bu.vers. Perfectly ripe fresh 
strawberries will make a reputation for the growers 
in a short time. Blackberries, peaches, melons and 
tomatoes are much more highl.v valued when they 
can come into the market fresh from the vines. 

This certainly is a great advantage in belialf of 
New Jersey, the whole of the State having a soil 
on which can easil.v be grown all those products in 
the immediate vicinity of the hundreds of thou- 
sands of people who are ready to buy. 

There are always certain people who want to go 
West, the result being that properties in the East- 
ern States are vacated and farms, including some- 
times 20, 50 and a hundred acres are thrown on 
the market at a price often far below what it would 
cost to erect the buildings. 

To show how cheaply such properties may bo 
bought we pursue the plan of selecting from ad- 
vertisements a sample list of cheap small farms 
which we publish herewith. See advertisements, 
with our description of some of the Eastent 
States, which we copy to give readers to under- 
stand what is in the market and for sale. Very 
full lists can usually be obtained by application to 
the Secretary of State. 

Originally we Iiad not thought of giving the name 
'of a real estate dealer, the public being of the 
opinion, we thought, that this work was simply 
a.i advertising medium for real estate, but subse- 
quent consideration convinced us that our work 
would be much more valuable to the land-seeker 
were we to give, with description of land, prices at 
which thev could be bought and of whom they 
could be obtained. Hence our real estate mention 
of various properties for sale, through a study of 
which the reader can learn from whom the lands 
we mention can be bought. 

In our description of lands. States and localities 
we aim to give also the opportunities existing in 
that region for getting employment outside of cul- 
tivating the soil. Hence we dwell considerably on 
the manufacturing facilities and other enterprises 
going forward in every section of the country. 



136 



New Jersey Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



OPPOKTUNITIES FOR KMPLOYMENT IN NEW 
JERSEY. 

We may mention right here that New Jersey 
affords common labor and skilled mechanics 
superior opportunities for getting employment, and. 
aside from cultivating the land, various members of 
the household may obtain vv'ork and get good wages 
in neighboring factories. As proof of this, statis- 
tics of one of the recent years show $71.5,000,170 
invested here in manufacturing, employing 266.336 
wage earners, to whom was paid that year $128,- 
lOS.SOl. 



Our space does not permit us to enumerate the 
many br.anches of manufacture going forward in 
New Jersey. We can only briefly say here are 
made hats, here are extensive silk and glass works, 
brass and iron works, hardware, machinery, leather, 
jewelry and celluloid goods being made in great 
variety, besides pottery, drugs and chemicals. 
Besides being the foremost city in America in the 
manufacture of silks, Paterson is widely renowned 
for its cotton, woolen, velvet, paper nrills and loco- 
motive works. 



New Jersey Health and Pleasure Resorts 

SEVERAL, or THE MOST POPULAR PLEASl'RE RESORTS ARE IN NEW JERSEY. 



Barnegrat City Beach, N. J. — On the New Jersey 
seacoast, three miles from Barnegat City, and four- 
teen miles from Barnegat Bay station on the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad (by steamer) this new summer 
resort invites visitors by its beautiful location, its 
numerous cottages and its still and surf bathing, 
hunting, fishing, boating and other recreations. 

Long: Branch, N. J. — Twenty-eight miles south of 
New York is Long Branch, an old town which for 
many years was one of the most popular of the 
summer resorts in the United States. The ocean 
beach here is admirably adapted to bathing, a fact 
appreciated by the people of New York, as seen 
in the great number of New Yorkers who come here 
from the metropolis regularly, daily and annually, 
for pleasure, rest and recreation. With the estab- 
lishments of numerous manufacturing industries 
and the development of various resorts near New 
York, Long Branch is not spoken of as a pleasure 
resort so much as formerly. It retains, however, a 
large number of permanent residents in the old 
town about a mile back from the beach. 

Pleasure Resorts. — Parties wishing to establish 
other resorts in New Jersey, may wish to know 
of the following: 

Lakes in New Jersey. ^n^es MUes 

Budd's Lake, Morris Co 1 Vu % 

Denham Lake, Morris Co % % 

Dundee Lake, Passaic Co 2 % 

Green Pond, Morris Co 3 1 . . 

Greenwood Lake, Passaic Co !• 1 . . 

Hopatcoug Lake, Morris Co 7 3.. 

Splitrock Lake, Morris Co 2 % 

Spring Lake, Monmouth Co % y^ 

Ocean Beach, N. J. — Eight miles south of Long 
Branch, near Shark River, and half a mile from 
the ocean, is located this recent acquisition to the 



watering-places of New Jersey, which is principally 
ri-markable for good fishing facilities. 

Ocean City, N. J. — Not many years ago, near 
Great Egg Harbor, opposite Somers Point, the 
Methodists established a pleasant religious resort, 
bearing the above name. It has a beach 7 miles 
long, smooth and hard, and handsome residences, 
abundant flowers and local celebrities, for attrac- 
tions. 

Atlantic City, N. J. — Between Long Branch and 
Cape May, on what is known as Absecom Beach, is 
located this attractive resort for invalids and tour- 
ists. Such are the advantages of its situation on 
the seacoast, that both suminer and winter it re- 
ceives many visitors. During the warm weather 
there is safe and delightful surf bathing, with 
notable facilities for sailing and fishing; while in 
the colder seasons the mild temperature, sunny 
skies and pleasant surroundings, make a sojourn 
there extremely agreeable. Atlantic City Is a pleas- 
ant town, with handsome hotels, pretty cottages and 
wide and shady streets, suitable for long drives, and 
possesses very desirable accommodations for the 
throngs who visit it. The ease with which it may 
be reached from Philadelphia and New York add 
much to its popularity as a seaside resort. 

Cape May, N. J. — For particular excellence in 
whatever pertains to a delightful seaside watering 
place. Cape May has become justly celebrated. All 
that nature has left undone, the improvement of 
the age has supplied, for the health, comfort and 
enjoyment of old and young. The beach ranks 
among ihe finest anywhere for the purposes of 
bathing, promenading or driving, while the city 
itself, with its broad avenues lying between lines 
of shade-trees, and abounding in handsome resi- 
dences, hotels and ornamental grounds, invites thou- 
sands of gay and cultured people from all parts of 
the Union, to enjoy its beauties. 



New Jersey Manufacturing Cities 



Very plainly on our map of New Jersey are seen 
the locations of Hoboken, Jersey City, Perth Am- 
boy, Trenton and Camden, all residence towns for- 
merly, and suburbs of New York and Philadelphia. 

These towns have permitted the incoming of fac- 
tories, and have increased in population accord- 
ingly, as seen by reference to our list of New 
Jersey cities. 

Hoboken, N. J. — This city is only a quarter of 
a mile from New York with which it is closely 
connected by ferries. Originally a residence lo- 
cality it is now noted for its lead pencil factory, 
iron foundries, paper mills, silk worlis and other 
factories. 

Jersey City. — This town is situated on the West 
side of Hudson River, a mile from New York, with 
which city it is connected with ferries. Among its 
factories are watch-making, glass works, breweries, 
sugar refining, foundries and numerous other in- 
dustries. 

Perth Amboy, N. J. — This city was formerly called 
by the Indians Ambo. About 1680 it was settled by 



a colony from Scotland who gave the name Perth to 
the place, in honor of the earl of Perth, one of 
the colony proprietors. The Indian name was so 
much used, however, that finally the place taking 
both names, was named Perth Amboy. The place 
is noted for its manufacture of flre brick, stone- 
ware and pottery. 

Trenton, N. J. — Settled about 1680, this place 
was named in honor of William Trent, speaker of 
the house of assembly, in 1720. Was selected as 
the capital of the state in 1790, and Incorporated 
as a city in 1702. This city is widely known for 
its manufacture of crockery. 

Camden, N. J. — Situated on the left bank of the 
Delaware River, opposite the city of Philadelphia, 
with which city it is connected by several ferries. 
There are several iron foundries here, chemical 
and glass works, besides other factories. The town 
is handsomely located on a plain and is a beautiful 
residence city for great numbers of people from 
Philadelphia. 



CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO NEW JERSEY. 



Altitude. Highest point in New Jersey, Kittatinny 
Mountain, in Sussex Co., 1,.527 feet. 

Cities. Having 10,000 population in 1900, outside 
of county seats: Hoboken, Hudson Co., 59,304; 
Bayonne, Hudson Co., 32,722; Atlantic City, Atlantic 
Co., 27,838; Passaic, Passaic Co., 27,777; Orange, 
Essex Co., 24,141; West Hoboken, Hudson Co., 
23,094; East Orange, Essex Co., 21,506; Perth 
Amboy, Middlesex Co., 17,699; Plainfleld, Union Co.. 
15,369; Union, Union Co., 15,187; Montclair, Essex 
Co., 13.902; Kearney, Hudson Co., 10.896; Harrison, 
Hudson Co., 10..-.96; Millville, Cumberland Co., 10,583; 
Phillipsburg. Warren Co., 10,052. 

Climate. Healthful and less extreme heat and 



less extreme cold than states inland. Average 
annual mean temperature, 51.94; winter, 31.22; 
summer, 72.01; extremes. Cape May, highest 96, 
lowest 7 below; yearly rainfall, 47.2 inches. 

Dimensions. Extreme length of State, 160 miles; 
extreme width, 70 miles. 

History. Earliest settlements by the Dutch at 
Bergen, 1617-20; by the Swedes on Delaware River, 
1683: Fort Nassau, on Delaware, erected by the 
Dutch, 1655; country passed to English, with New 
York, 1664; became Royal Province, 1702; one of 
the original 13 States; adopted State constitution 
1770; present constitution 1844; became a member 
of the Union 1787. 



137 



NEW MEXICO 



STATE AND THE 26 COUNTIES OF NEW MEXICO 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 

of 



NEW MEXICO 
COUNTIES 



I.o- 






ca- 


COUNTIES 


Pop. 


tion 




1910 


1 


..San Juan. 


. 8,504 


2 


Rio Arriba. 


.16,719 


3 


Taos. 


.13,008 


4 


. . . Colfax. 


.16,460 


5 


.... Union. 


.11,404 


6 


McKinley . 


.12,963 


7 


.San Doval. 


. 8,579 


8 


..Santa Fe. 


.14,770 


9 




.12,611 


10 


•^an Miguel. 


.23,930 


11 


. Valencia. 


.13.330 


12 


Bernalillo. 


.23,606 


13. . . . 




.10.119 


14... 


Guadalupe. 


.10,927 


15 


Quay. 


.14,912 


IG 


.... Curry. 


.11,443 


17 


. . Socorro. 


.14,761 


18.... 


. . Lincoln . 


. 7,822 


19 


. .. Cliaves. 


.16,850 


20 


Roosevelt . 


.12,064 


21 


. . .. Grant. 


.14,813 


22 


.... Sierra. 


. 3,536 


23 


.... Luna. 


. 3,913 


24 


.Dona Ana. 


.12,893 


25 


.... Otero. 


. 7,069 


26.... 


Eddy. 


.'13,400 


To 


tal . 


327,301 



NEW MEXICO CITIES 
AND VILLAGES 

Towns Loca. Pop. 

A 

Abiquiu 2 590 

Acoma 11. . . . 838 

Alameda 12. . . . 490 

*Alamogordo ..25... 3,500 
*Albuquerque .12. .11,020 

Alcalde 2 309 

Algodones 7 . . . . 272 

Anthony 24. . . . 250 

Anton Chico. . .14. . . . 847 
Arroyo Hondo. .3. . . . 48.5 

Arrovosceo 3. . . . 408 

ft.rtesia 26... 1,883 

Atrisco 12 531 

* Aztec 1 509 

B 

Bayard 21 200 

Belen 11 673 

Bent 25 366 

•Bernalillo 7. . . . 786 

Beulah 10 200 

Bibo 11 300 

Bland 7 615 

Bloomfield 1. . . . 346 

Bonito 18 300 

C 

*Carlsbad 26... 1,736 

Carrizozo 18.... 750 

Casaus 14. . . . 206 

Central 21 508 

Cerro 3 560 

Chacon 9. . . . 266 

Chama 2. . . . 399 

Chamberino . . .24. . . . 597 

Chamita 2. . . . 404 

Chaperito 10 373 

Chilili 13 498 

Chimayo 8 319 

Cimarron 4 . . . . 940 

Clarkville 6. . . . 350 

*CIayton 5. . . . 970 

Cleveland 9. . . . 615 




NEW MEXICO CITIES AND \T[LLAGES WITH 1910 POPULATIONS. 



Loca. Pop. 



Cloudcroft . . . 


.25. 


.. 250 


*Clovis 


.16. 


. 3,355 


Cochiti 


..7. 


.. 545 


Colmor 


. .4 


. . 232 


Cooks 


.23. 


.. 504 


Cooney 


.17. 


. . 260 


Cordova 


. .2 


. . 350 


Corona 


.18. 


.. 309 


Costilla 


..3. 


. . 599 


Covote 


. .2. 


. . 366 


Cubero 


.11. 


. . 343 


Cuchillo 


.22. 


. . 360 


Cuervo 


.14. 


.. 360 


D 






Dayton 


.26. 


.. 280 


*Deming 


.23. 


.1,864 


Des Moines. . . 


..5. 


.. 208 


Dexter 


.19. 


. . 243 


Dona Ana. . . . 


.24, 


. . 748 


Dorsey 


. .4, 


.. 217 


E 






Elida 


.20. 


.. 327 


Elizabethtown 


..4. 


.. 577 


El Rito 


2 


.. 644 


Endee 


.15. 


. . 288 


Espanola . . . . 


. .2. 


. . 550 


*Estancia . . . . 


.13. 


.. 517 


F 






Fair View. . . . 


.22. 


.. 232 


Farmington . . 


. .1. 


. . 785 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

Fierro 21 763 

Flora Vista 1 336 

Folsom 5. . . . 484 

Fort Bayard... 21 530 

Fort Stanton. . .18. ... 290 

Fort Sumner... 14 496 

Fort Wingate. . .6. . . . 526 

French 4. . . . 290 

Fruitland 1 450 

G 

Galisteo 8 726 

Gallina 2. . . . 357 

♦Gallup 6... 2,304 

Gardiner 4 965 

Gila 21 350 

Glorieta 8. . . . 250 

Golden 8 323 

Guadalupita 9. . . . 292 

Guique 2 490 

H 

Hagerman . . . .19. . . . 449 

Heaton 6. . . . 363 

*Hillsboro 22... 1,032 

Hodges 3 390 

I 

Isidor 14 296 

Isleta 12. ..1,085 

J 

Jarales 11 848 



Loca. Pop. 



.Temez 


. .7. 


.. 525 


Jemez Springs 


..7. 


.. 266 


K 






Kelly 


17 


. . 616 


Kingston 


.22. 


.. 284 


L 








«» 


. . 570 


Laguna 


.11. 


.1,583 


Lajoya 


.17. 


. . 342 


Lake Arthur. 


.19. 


. . 344 


Lake Valley. . 


. 33 . 


. . 215 


Lakewood 


.26. 


.. 250 


La Luz. . . . 




.25. 


.. 444 


La Mesa. . . 




.24. 


.. 302 


Laplata . . . 




..1. 


. . 221 


Largo .... 




. .1. 


.. 450 


*Las Cruces. . 


.24. 


.3,836 


r^as Palomas. . 


.22. 


. . 225 


*Las Vegas. . . 


.10. 


.3,755 


La Vegas. . 




.10. 


.3,179 


Lemitar . . 




.17. 


. . 428 


Liberty . . . 




. .1. 


.. 250 


'Lincoln . . 




.18. 


.1,065 


Lordsburg 




.21. 


.1,109 


*Los Lunas 




.11. 


.. 458 


Lucero 




. .9. 


. . 208 


Lumberton 




o 


. . 465 


Luna 




.17. 


. . 260 


M 






Madrid . . . 




. .8. 


.. 422 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

138 



New Mexico Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



;'(/;. 



Magdalena ... .17. 

Manzano 13. 

Maxwell City.... 4. 

Mayhill 35. . 

Melfose 16. 

Mesilla 24 . 

Miera 5. 

Milligan 17. . 

Mimbres '21. . 

Mogollon 17. , 

Monticello 22. , 

Jlontoya 15. . 

*Mora 9. . 

Mountain Paili.25.. 

N 
Nara Visa 15 . . 

O 

Ocate 9. . 

Organ 24. . 

Orogrande . . . .25. . 
P 

Pajaiito 12. . 

Paraje 17 . . 

Park View 2. . 



. . 909 
. . 64a 
. . 271 
. . 28« 
.1,066 
.1,2:4 
. . 4r.o 
. . ?06 
. . 295 
. . 599 
. . 391 
. . 308 
.1,290 
. . 317 

. . 290 



. 200 
. 259 
. 460 

. 388 
. 282 
. 811 



Tonus 



Loca. Pop. 



. .10. 
. .11. 



Pecos . . 
Peralta 

Petaca 2. 

Picaeho 18. 

Pinos Altos. . . .21 . 

Placitas 7. 

Polvadera 17. 

*Portales 20. 

Puerto de Ijuna.l4. 
Putnam 1 . 



. 530 
, . 561 

. 341 
. . 384 
.1,118 

. 206 

. 417 
.1,292 

1,097 
. . 200 



Q 

Questa 3. 

R 

Ranclies of Taos. 3. 

*Raton 4. 

Pved River 3. 

Rincon 24. 

*Roswe]l 19. 

Roy 9. 

Ruidoso 18. 



.17. 
17. 



650 



.1,407 
.4.539 
. . 208 
. . 276 
.6,172 
. . 460 
. . 348 



460 
543 



Towii.-i 



Loca. Pop. 



Sandoval 7. . . . 

San Felipe 7. . . . 

San Idlefonso. . .8. . . . 

San Jon 15. . . . 

San Jose 10. . . . 

San Juan 2. . . 1, 

San Lorenzo. . .21. . . . 
San Marcial. . . .17. . .1, 

San Mateo 11. . . . 

San Pedro 8. . . . 

San Rafael. . . .11 . . . . 
Santa Ana. ... 7. . . . 

Santa Clara 8. . . . 

Santa Cruz 8. . . . 

Santa Domingo . 7 ... . 
Santa Fe (Capi- 
tal) 8. . .5 

Santa Rita 21. . .1, 

*Santa Rosa. . .14. 

Sapello 10. 

-awyer 11. 

Seama 11. 

♦Silver City. . . .21. 

* Socorro 17 . 

Springer 4. 



.1 



613 
492 
363 
225 
606 
362 
329 
018 
322 
451 
698 
212 
268 
674 
809 

,072 
874 
660 
351 
560 
218 
217 
560 
538 



Loca. Pop. 



Tajique 13. 

*Taos 3. 

Tecolote 10. 

Texico 16. 

*Tierra Ama- 

rilla 2. 

Tome 11. 

*Tucumcari ...15. 

Tularosa 25. 

Tyrone 21. 



Valencia . 
Vallecitos 
X'ariadero 
Vaughn . , 



. 318 
. 521 
. 508 
. 409 



. . . .10. 
14. 



. . 844 
. . 985 
.2,526 



. 455 

. 617 

. 309 

, . 808 



W 

Wagon Mound. .9. 

Watrous 9. 

Weed 25. 

White Oaks. . .18. 



. 895 

. 244 

. . 514 

. 390 



Zuni 6. . .1,309 



NEW MEXICO 



Contains the Oldest House in the United States 

In the writing of New Mexico we realize that we 
have set aside a very small space to do justice to 
a state 14 times larger than Massachusetts, a region 
of the country containing the oldest house in the 
United Slates, at Santa Fe, tlie oldest settlement 
and oldest resident civilization. 

In the preijaration of this volume we early began 
collecting literature relating to New Mexico, and in 
a brief time our desk was filled with books and 
pamphlets descriptive of the minerals, the health 
resorts, the antiquities, the agricultural possibilities, 
the irrigation scheines going forward, the easj' 
terms, on small weekly payments, by which lands 
could bo bought from the irrigation companies, 
and the profits in fruit raising and farming. 

EXTENSIAE IRRIGATION PROSPECTS HERE. 

Over the immense area of tiiis State there are 
many miouutains, between which lie broad, level 
valleys of rich soil. As the annual rainfall is 
usually too light for agricultural requirements, ex- 
tensive irrigation systems under control of private 
corporations and the general government are being- 
developed. 

HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF ACRES 
RECLAIMED. 

Thus hundreds of thousands of acres of desert 
lands in New Mexico are being reclaimed and made 
profitable for the settlers. 

All farmers do not depend on these general plans 
of irrigation. They buy cheaper lands, sink wells, 
put in a gasoline engine, construct a reservoir and 
irrigation system of their own and demonstrate that 
they can be Independent of drouth and have a 
certainty of crops. 

WOULD PAY EASTERN FARMERS TO STUDY IR- 
RIGATION HERE. 

It would well p.iy maniy an Eastern larmer, who 
is never sure what his crop will be, because of 
uncertain rainfall, to visit these self-irrigated farm- 
ers, study their systems, return East and put theil 
methods into practice on their own farms. 

From llie literature sent out from the irrigation 
Associations, from the railroad coinpanies, and the 
Bureau of Iinmigration, located at Santa Fe, N. M., 
the reader can obtain a large amount of statistics 
and information which will be useful. 

From a book entitled "The Land of Sunshine," 
we condense the following: 

A LAND OF OPPORTUN^TIES. 

"New Mexico Is a land of opportunities. The 
major part of its wealth is latent, the bulk of its 
natural resources is undeveloped. There are three 
hundred acres of land to each inhabitant, and only 
one acre out of every three hundred is under culti- 
vation. Few of the almost three hundred mining 
districts have been thoroughly prospected, much less 
systematically developed. 

FOR THE CAPITALIST. 

Capital is invited, for money is a prime requisite 

nowadays for the development of resources. Good 
returns upon carefully invested capital are certain 
in a greater measure than in any other part of the 

T'nion. 



Oldest Settlement and Oldest Resident Civilization. 
FOR THE MANl FACTURER. 

Manufacturers are needed to make use of the raw 
material that New Mexico can and does furnish in 
large quantities. It has grazing upon its thousand 
hills six million sheep of improved grades, there- 
fore it produces the raw material for many woolen 
mills. Thus in other industries. 

FOR THE HUSBANDMAN. 

Farmers are urged to come to till the fertile soil 
under the most favorable conditions, and with home 
markets that pay better prices than can be ob- 
tained anywhere else. Only a quarter of a million 
of acres are under cultivation, and most of these 
only in forage plants or in products that demand 
little attention; four times that area is immediately 
available for agricultural purposes. 

FOR THE MINER. 

A great field for the miner! New Mexico lies in 
the same mineral zone as Colorado, with the dif- 
ference that Colorado has been well prospected, 
while in New Mexico, although mining is an old 
industry, there are many virgin mineral districts 
and even the oldest mining sections have been in- 
completely prospected and but little developed. 

FOR THE BUSINESS MAN. 

The business men of New Mexico have most of 
them come from the east and it seems that, without 
exception, they have do le exceedingly well. 

FOR 3IECHANICS. 

AYhile New 3Iexico is no manufacturing com- 
monwealth, yet mechanics are needed in the building 
trades, in the coal mines, in the railroad shops, 
or to go into business for themselves on a small 
scale. 

FOR THE HEALTH SEEKER. 

Health seekers are invited. New Mexico does 
not intend to shut the door upon them. Physicians 
the world over recognize that its climate offers 
the best, and in most circumstances the only con- 
ditions under which those suffering from lung, 
throat and nervous trouble can be cured. 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS. 

Altitude. Highest peak. Las Truchas, in Rio Ar- 
riba County, 13.306 feet. 

Climate. At Santa Fe, mean temperature, 53; 
average temperature, January, 28 degrees above 
zero; July, 68 degrees above zero. Highest, 97 
degrees above zero; lowest, 14 degrees below zero. 
Average annual rainfall, 14.2 inches. 

Dimensions. Extreme length of State, north to 
south, 3ti0 miles; extreme width, east to west, 3.jO 
miles. 

History. Spanish exploration, under Coranado, 
1.541. Eastern two-thirds of territory originally 
formed part of Texas, all east of the Rio Grande 
having been claimed by the republic. A portion 
of the territory ceded by Mexico to the United 
States in 1848 and a strip of the Gadsen purchase 
secured in 18.53 adopted a constitution in 18.50 and 
since that time has been seeking admission to the 
Union. 



139 



NEW YORK 



STATE AND THE 61 COUNTIES OF NEW YORK 

With Their Boundaries 




1. . St. Lawrence 

2 Franklin 

3 Clinton 

4 Jefferson 

5 Lewis 

6 Herkimer 

7 Hamilton 

8 Essex 

9 Niagara 

10 Orleans 

11 Monroe 

12 Wayne 

13 Oauga 

14 Oswego 

15. . . . Ononadaga 

J6 Madison 

17 Oneida 

18 Fulton 

19 Warren 

80 Saratago. 

21... Washington 



. .85,005 
..45,717 
. .48,230 
. .80,297 
. .24,849 
. .56.350 
. . 4,378 
. .33.458 
. .92,036 
. .82,000 
.283,212 
. .47.778 
. .67,106 
. .71,664 
.200,298 
. .39,289 
.154,157 
. .44,.534 
. .32.223 
.611,917 
. .50,179 



Loca. County 

23 Erie 

23 Genesee. 

24 Wyoming, 

25. . . . Livingston. 

26 Ontario, 

27 Yates, 

28 Seneca, 

29 Tompkins. 

30 Cortland. 

31 Chenango 

32 Otsego. 

33... Montgomery. 

34 Schoharie. 

35... Schenectady, 

,S6 Albany, 

37 Ren.sselaer. 

38... Chautauqua, 
39... Cattaraugus, 

40 Allegheny, 

41 Steuben. 

42 Schuyler, 



528,985 
.37,615 
.31,380 
.38,037 
.52,286 
. 16,642 
.26,972 
.33,647 
.29,249 
.35,575 
.47.216 
.57.567 
.23.855 
.88.235 
173,666 
122,276 
105,126 
.65.919 
.41.412 
.83,362 
.14,004 



Loca. 



County Pop. Loca. 



43 Chemung. 

44 Tioga. 

45 Broome. 

46 Delaware. 

47 Greene. 

48 Columbia. 

49 Sullivan. 

50 Ulster. 

51 Dutchess. 

52 Orange. 

53 Putnam. 



662 
624 
809 
661 
214 
658 
808 
769 
861 
,751 
665 



County Pop. 



54 Rockland. .46,873 

55... Westchester. 283,055 

56 Bronx 

57 Richmond. .85,969 

58 Kings 1,634,351 

59 Queens. 284,041 

60 Nassau. .83,930 

61 Suffolk. .96,138 



Total 9,113,614 



New York Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Accord 

Adams 

Adams 

Adams 

Addison 

Adrian . . . 

Afton 

Akin . . . . 
Akron . . . 
Alabama . 
Albany 

(capital ) 
*Albion . . 
Alburg . . . 
Alden . . . . 
Alexander 



Basin. 
Center 



.50. . 
. .4.. 
.11. . 
. .4. . 
.41. . 
.41. . 
.31. . 
.33. . 
22 
.'23! '. 



. 375 
1,458 
. 274 
. 650 
2,004 
. 500 
. 729 
. 606 
1,677 
. 227 



.36.100,2.53 
. 10. . .5,016 

.2 363 

.22 828 

.23 212 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Alexandria 

Bay 4... 1,899 

Alfred 40 759 

Allaben 50. . . . 250 

Allegany 39. . .1,286 

Allenshill 26. . . . 220 

Allentown 40. . . . 655 

AUigerville .. . .50. . . . 250 

Almond 40. . . . 606 

Altamont 36 674 

Altay 42 206 

Altmar 14. . . . 360 

Alton 13 350 

Altona 3 250 

Amagansett ...61.... 608 

Amawalk 55 290 

Amenia 51... 1,306 



Towns 


Loca. 


Pop. 


Thicns 


Loca. 


Pop. 


Amityville . 


. . .61. 


. .2,517 


Arkport .... 


.41. 


. . . 460 


Amsterdam 


. ..33. 


.31,267 


Arkville .... 


.46. 


. . . 430 


Ancram . . . . 


.. .48. 


..1,332 


Arkwright . . 


.38. 


. . . 886 


Andes 


...46. 


. . . 414 


Arlington . . . 


.51 . 


. . . 750 


Andover . . . 


. ..40. 


. .1,336 


Armonk .... 


..55. 


. . . 265 


Angelica . . . 


. ..40. 


. .1,056 


Ashford 


.39. 


. . . 306 


Angola 


...32. 


. . . 898 


Ashland .... 


.47. 


. . . 780 


Antwerp . . . 


4. 


. . . 974 


Ashville 


.38. 


. . . 406 


Apalachin .. 


. . . 44 . 


. . . 460 


Athens 


.47. 


.1.956 


Aquebogue . 


. .61. 


. . . 320 


Athol Springs 


. .22. 


. . . 380 


Aquetuck . . 


...36. 


. . . 250 


Atlanta 


.41. 


. . 294 


Arcade 


. ..24. 


..1,294 


Attica 


.24. 


..1.869 


Arden 


...52. 


. . . 290 


At wood 


..50. 


. . . 209 


Ardsley . . . . 


. ..55. 


. . . .537 


*Auburn .... 


.13. 


. 34 686 


Arena 


...46. 


.. 208 


Augusta 


.17. 


.1.3.54 


Argyle 


.. .21. 


. . . 331 


Aurelius .... 


.13. 


. .1.548 


Arietta .... 


7. 


. . . 295 


Aurora 


.13. 


. . . 493 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

140 



New York Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Au Sable Chasm. 3. . 
Au Sable Forks. 8. . 
Averillpark . . .37. . 

Avoca 41. . 

Avon 25. . 

Awostiug 50. . 



.3,399 
.2,500 
. . 450 
.1,057 
.2,083 
. . 508 



B 

Babcockhill . . . 17 . . . 2,600 

Babylon 61. . .2,357 

Bacon Hill ...20.... 290 
Bainbridge ... .31. .. 1,159 
Baiting Hollow.61 . . . . 250 

Baldwin 60... 2,596 

Baldwinsville .15... 3, 099 
Ballston Lake. 20. ... 200 
*Ballston Spa . .20. . .4,138 
Bangor Station. .2. . . . 490 

Bangor 2. . .2,184 

Barker 9. . . . 441 

Barre Center. . 10. ... 208 
Barry town . . . .51. . . . 490 
Barryville . . . .49. . . . 380 

Barton 44. . . . 208 

*Batavia 23.. 11,613 

*Bath 41. . .3.884 

Battenville ....21.. 275 

Bayport 61 750 

Bay Shore ... .61. . .3,842 

Bayville 60 590 

Beaver Dams. .42. . . . 509 
Beaver Falls. . . .5. . . . 900 

Bedford 55. . . . 390 

Bedford Sta- 
tion 58. 

Beckman 51. 

Beckmantown ..3. 
Belfast 40 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Briarcliff 

Manor 55 

Bridge- 

hampton . . . .61 
Bridgeport . . . . 16 
Bridgewater ..17 

Brier Hill 1 

Brighton 2 

Brighton . . . 
Broadalbin .. 
Broekport . . . 

Brocton 

Bronxville . . 
Brooktield . . 
Brook Haven. 
'Brooklyn 



.11 

..18. 
. .11. 

. .38. 

..55. 

. .16. 

. .61. 

.58 1 

Brookton 29, 

Brookview ... .37, 
Broome Center.34. 

Brownville 4. 

Brushton 2. 

Buchanan 55. 

*Buffalo 22. 

Burdett 42. 

Burke 2. 

Burlingham . . .49. 
Burlington 

Flats 32. 

Buskirk Bridge.21. 

Busti 38. 

Byron 23. 



... 950 

..1,394 
. . . 426 
... 245 
. . . 266 
... 794 
... 846 
..1,933 
. .3,579 
..1,181 
. .1,863 
... 395 
... 350 
,634,351 
... 362 



..1,054 
... 854 
... 598 
... 390 
423,705 
. . . 382 
. . 1,875 
... 266 

... 309 
... 321 
. . . 390 
. . . 350 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Belle Isle 

Bellville 

Bellevue 

Bellmore 

Bellona . 

Bellport 

Bellvale . 

*Belmont 

Belmont Center 

Belvidere 40. 

Bennington . . .24. 

Benson 7. 

Benson Mines. . . 1 .' 

Bergen 23. 

Berkshire 44. 

Berlin 37 



. .15. . 

4.. 

22. . 

60. . 

27. . 

61. . 

52. . 

.40. . 



Berne 

Bethel 

Bethlehem 
Center . . . 

Bidwell .... 

Big Creek . . 

Big Flats. . . 

Big Tree. .. 

*Binghamton 

Binnewater 

Bishopville 

Black River 

Blasdell ,,. 

Blauvelt 54. 

Bleecker ig. 

Bliss 24! 

Bloomingburg. .49. 
Bloomingdale « 
Bloomington 
Bloomville . . 
Blue Point. . . 
Bohemia .... 

Bolivar ^„ 

Bolton 19 

Bolton 

Landing ... .19 
Bombay 2 



36. 
.49. 

.36. 
.11. , 
.41. . 
.43. . 

'45; : 

.50.. 
.40.. 
. .4. . 
22. . 



.50. 
.46. 
.61. 
.61. 
.40. 



Boonville 

Boquet 

Border City . 
Borodino .". . . 

Boston 

Bouckville . . 
Bowmansville 
Bradford . . 

Brainard 37. 

BrainardsvHle . .2' 
Branchport . 
Brandon .... 

Brant 

Brasher Falls 
[Breakabeen 
Breesport 
Brentwood ...... 

Brewerton . . . .1^ 

Brewster 53 



.17. 

.8. 
.28. 
.15. 
. 22 
'16.' 

41 ; 



. .27. 

2 

];22; 
. .1. 
.34. 
.43. 

.61. 



. . 609 

. . 255 

.1,889 

. . 990 

. . 326 

. . 344 

. . 490 

... 680 

... 250 

... 419 

... 350 

..1,094 

. . . 380 

. . . 200 

, . . 390 

... 215 

. . 996 

. . 637 

.1,160 

.1,677 

.1,915 

.. 215 

.4,451 
. . 208 
. . 590 
. . 666 
. . 208 
48,443 
. . 490 
.2,139 
. . 916 
.. 849 
.. 350 
. . 527 
.. 499 
. . 550 
.. 382 
. . 466 
.. 350 
. . . 506 
... 390 
. .2,318 
..1,561 

. .1,363 
. .1,386 
. .1,794 
. . . 250 
. . . 296 
. . . 209 
..1.278 
. . . 250 
. . . 366 
. . . 620 
. . . 280 
. . . 280 
. . . 273 
. . . 920 
. . . 2.50 
. . . 666 
. . . 209 
. . . 506 
. . . 250 
. . . 625 
.1,396 



Cadosia 

Cairo 

Caledonia . . . 

Callicoon . . . 

Callicoon 
Center .... 

Calverton . . . , 

Cambridge . . 

Camden 

Cameron 

Camillus .... 

Campbell . . . . 

Canaan 

Canajoharie . . 

*Canandaigua 

Canaseraga . . 

Canastota . . . . 

Candor 

Caneadea . . . . 

Canisteo 

Cannonsville . 

*Canton 

Cape Vincent. 

Capron 

Carlisle 

Carman 

*Carmel 

Caroline 

Caroline 

Center 

Carrollton 

Carthage 

Cassadaga . . . 

Cassville 

Castile 

Castle Creek. . 

Castleton . . . . 
Castorland . . . 
Catharine .... 

Catlin 

Cato 

Caton 

*Catskill 

Cattarau.gus .. 
Caughdenoy . . 

Cayuga 

Cayuta 

Cazenovia .... 
Cedar Hill. ... 
Cedarhurst ... 
Cedarvale . . . . , 

Celeron 

Cementon 

Center Cam- 
bridge 

Center Lisle. . . 
Center 

Moriches . . . . 
Centerport . . . . 
Centerville 

Station 

Central Bridge. 
Central Islip. . . 
Central Park.. . 
Central Square. 
Central Valley. 
Ceres 



. .46. 
..47. 
. .35. 
. .49. 

..49. 
. .61. 
. .21. 
..17. , 
. .41. , 

.15.. 

.41. , 

.48.. 

.33. . 

.26.. 

.40. . 

.16. . 

.44. . 

.40.. 

.41. . 

.46. . 

. .1. . 

. .4. . 

.17. . 

.34.. 

.35.. 

.53. . 
.29.. 

.29.. 

.39.. 

. .4. . 

.38.. 

.17.. 

.24.. 

.45.. 

.37.. 

..5. . 

.42. . 

.43.. 

.13. 

.41. 

.47. 

.39. 

.14. 

.13. 

.42. 

.16. 

.36. 

.60. 

.15. 

.38. 

.47. 

.21. 
,45. 

61. 

61. 

49. 
.34. 
61. 
60. 
14. 
52. 
40. 



.. 509 
. . 573 
.1,240 
.. 880 

.. 250 

. . 210 

. 1,528 

.2,170 

.1,217 

. . 763 

. . 480 

. . 215 

.2,273 

.7,217 

. . . 754 

..3,247 

. . . 737 

. . . 450 

. .2,254 

. . . 300 

..3,701 

..1,155 

. . . 608 

.1,091 

, . . 450 

. . . 660 

. . 200 

.. 266 

! 3,563 
.. 428 
. . 226 
.1,040 
. . 220 
.1,396 
. . 360 
.1,268 
.. 912 
. . 374 
.1,215 
.5,296 
.1,165 
. . 250 
. . 348 
. . 383 
.1,861 
. . 206 
. . 762 
. . 226 
. . 619 
. . 606 

. . 357 
. . 225 

.1,017 

. . 487 

. . 862 
. . 426 
. . 436 
. . 530 
. . 429 
. . 820 
. . 350 



Chadwicks . . 

Chafee 

Champion ... 
Champlain . . , 

Chapin 

Chappaqua . . , 
Charleston . . 
Charlotte . . . , 
Charlotteville 
Chateaugay . , 
Chateaugay 

Lake 

Chatham 

Chatham 

Center 

Chaumont . . . . 
Chauncey . . . . 
Chautauqua . . 

Chazy 

Chazy Lake. . . 

Chelsea 

Chemung . . . . 
Chenango 

Bridge 

Chenango 

Forks 

Cherry Creek. 
Cherry Valley 

Cheshire 

Chester 

Chestertown 
Chichester . . . 

Chili 

Chittenango .. 
Chittenango 

Falls 

Churchville . . 

Cicero 

Cincinnatus . . 

Clare 

Clarence 

Clarence 

Center 

Clark Mills. . . 

Clarkson 

Clarksville . . . 
Claverack . . . . 
Claverhouse . . . 

Clayton 

Clayville 

Clemons 

Cleveland .... 

Clifton 

Cnfton 

Springs 

Clinton 

Clinton 

Corners . . . . , 
Clintondale . . . , 
Clinton Hollow. 
Clinton Mills . . 
Clintonville . . . 

Clyde 

Clymer 

Cobleskill ... 
Cochecton 

Center .... 
Coeymans ... 
Coeymans 

Hollow .... 
Cohocton .... 

Cohoes 

Cold Brook . . 

Golden 

Cold Spring . . 
Cold Spring 

Harbor 

Cold Water . . 

Collins 

Collins Center. 
Columbiaville 
Columbus .... 
Commack .... 

Conesus 

Coneville .... 
Conewango . . . 
Conewango 

Valley 

Congers 

Connelly 

Constable .... 
Constableville 
Constantia . . . 
Cooks Falls . . 
Coopers Plains. 
*Cooperstown 
Cooperstown 
Junction . . . 

Copake 

Copake Falls . 



.17. 

.22. 

..4., 

..3. 

.26. 

.55. 

.33. 

.11. . 

.34.. 

..2.. 



. .2. 
.48. 

.48.. 
. .4. . 
.55. . 
.38. . 
. .3.. 
. .3. . 
.51. . 
.43. . 

.45.. 

.45. . 
.38. . 
.32. . 
.26. . 
.52. . 
. 19. . 
.50. . 
.11. . 
.16. . 

.16. . 
11. . 
15. . 

30.. 
.1. . 

22.. 



. . 375 
. . 226 
.2,668 
. 1,380 
. . 360 
. . 733 
. . 933 
.1,938 
.2,777 
.1,045 



. . 220 
.2,251 



.. 223 
.. 708 
. . 206 
. . 520 
.2,835 
. . 206 
. . 226 
. . 392 

.. 250 

. . 520 
. . 606 
. . 792 
. . 204 
.1.210 
.1,965 
. . 606 
.2,109 
. . 678 

. . 222 
. . 565 
. . 490 
.1,033 
. . 329 
. . 560 



.32. 
.17. 
.11. 
.36. 

48. 

11. 
. .4. 
.17. 
.21. 

14. 
.11. 

26. 
17. 

51. 

50. 
51. 
.. .3. 
. .3. 
. .12. 
.38. 
..34. 

..49. 
.36. 

.36.. 
..41. 
.36. 
. .6. 

.22. 
.53. 

.61. 
.11. 
.22. 
.22. 
.48. 
.31. 
.61. 
.35. 
..34. 
.39. 

.39. 
.54. 
.50. 
. .3 . 
.'.'5." 
.14. 
.46. 
.41. 
.33. 

.32. 
.48. 
.48. 



. . 490 

. . 606 

. . 390 

. . 406 

. . 402 

. . 436 

.1,941 

. . . 649 

... 331 

... 687 

... 250 

. .1,608 
. .1,236 

... 320 
. .1,096 
... 336 
. .1,543 
. . . 244 
. .2,695 
. . . 454 
. .2,088 

.1,174 
..4,364 

. . . 410 

. . . 838 
.24,709 
. . . 358 
. . . 463 
.2,549 

. . . 981 
. . . 260 
, . . 220 
. . 350 
, . . 330 
, . . 390 
. . 360 
. . 536 
. . 734 
. . 220 

.. 202 
.. 730 
. . 850 
.1,355 
. . 407 
.. 241 
. . 401 
.. 301 
.2,484 

. . 4.50 
.. 200 
. . 301 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Copenhagen 
Copiague . . 
Corbettsville 

Corfu 

Corinth . . . . 
Corning . . . . 
Cornwall 
Cornwall 

Landing . 
Cornwall on 

Hudson . . 
*Cortland . . 
Cossayuna . 

Covert 

Cowelsville . 
Coxsackie . . 
Craterclub . 
Creek Locks 
Crescent . . . 
Croghan . . . . 
Cropseyville 
Croton Falls 
Croton on 

Hudson . . 

Crown Point 

Crown Point 

Center . . . . 

Crugers 

Cuba , 

Cutchogue . . 
Cuylerville . . 



Dahlia . . . . 

Dalton . . . . 

Damascus . 

Danby .... 

Dannemora 

Dansville . 

Darien .... 

Davenport . 

Dayton . . . . 

Deansboro . 

Debruce 

Deerfield . . 

Deerhead . 

Deer River 

Deferiet 

De Kalb 
Junction 

De Lancey , 

Delanson . . , 

Delavan 

*Delhi 

Del mar 

Delphi Falls 

Dempster . . 

Denning . . . 

Depauville . 

Depew 

Deposit . . . . 

Derby 

Derrick . . . . 
De Ruyter . 

Dexter . . . . 
Dickinson . . 
Dickinson 

Center . . . 
Dobbs Ferry 
Dodgeville 

Dorloo 

Dover Plains 
Downsville . 
Dresden . . . . 
Dresden 

Station . . 
Dryden .... 

Duane 

Duanesburg 
Dundee .... 
Dunkirk . . . 
Durham . . . 
Durhamville 



D 



5. 

...61. 

...45. 
...23. 
. . .20. 
. . .41. 
...53. 

. . . 53 . 

the 

...53. 

...30. 

, ..31. 

...28. 

. .24. 
...47. 

8. 

. ..50. 

. .20. 
. ...5. , 

..37. , 
. ..55. , 

. .55.. 
. . .8. . 

.. .8.. 
..55. . 
.40.. 
...61.. 
. .25.. 

.49.. 

.25.. 
..45.. 
..29.. 
...3.. 
..25. . 
..23 
.46. 

.39. 
..17. 

.49. 
.17. 



. . . 585 
. . . 546 
, . . 201 
, . . 413 
.2,166 
13,730 
.2,651 

.. 303 

.1,301 
11.504 
. . 311 
.1,954 
. . 203 
.2.494 
.. 301 
. . 502 
. . 315 
. . 621 
. . 208 
. . 451 

.1,806 
.1,891 

. . 201 
. . 213 
.1,556 
. . 851 
. . 254 



. ..1. 
.46. 
..35. 
. .39. 
. .46. 
..36. 
. .15. 
. .14. 
. .50. 
. . .4. 
. .22. 

.45. 

.22. 
,. .2. 

.16. 

. .4. 

..2. 



..3. 

.55. 
. .6. 
.34. 

.51. 

.46. 
..37. 

.21. 

.39. 
..2. 
.35. 
.37. 
.38. 
.47. 
.17. 



. . . 201 
. . . 536 
. . . 301 
..1,341 
..1,146 
. .3,938 
. . . 201 
. . . 401 
. . . 501 
. . . 251 
. . . 250 
. . . 691 
. . . 303 
. . . 201 
. . . 803 



. . . 451 
. . . 302 
. . . 451 
. . . 751 
. .1,736 
. . . 401 
...231 
. . . 501 
. . . 897 
. . . 351 
. .3,921 
. .1,864 
. . . 251 
. . . 351 
. . . 538 
. . 1,005 
. .1,763 

.1,664 
.3.455 
.2,685 
. . 201 
.. 797 
. . 551 
. . 345 



£ 



37. 
16. 
37. 
10. 
22. 



Eagle Bridge 
Eagle Harbor 
Eagle Mills . 
Earlville .... 
East Aurora. 
East Avon . . . .25. 
East Bethany .23. 
East 

Bloomfiel,d 
East Branch 
East 

Chatham . 
East Durham 
East Florence 
East 

Greenbush . 



..26.. 
. .46. . 

. .48. . 
. .47. . 
..17. ., 



. . . 251 
. . 709 
. . . 372 
. .2,467 
. .1,228 
.17,231 
...275 
. . 731 



. . 301 
. . 315 
. . 501 
. . 874 
.2,781 
. . 251 
. . 201 

.1,941 
. . 301 

. . 224 

. . 251 

. 201 



47... 2.036 



141 



New York Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



.61., 



.50. 
.61. 



205 
;,001 

9S)9 

401 
401 



46 301 



East 

Groveland . .25 
East Hampton. 61 
East Hartford .21. 
East Islip . . . 
East 

Kingston . . 
East Marion 
East 

Meredith . . 
East 

Moriches . . . .61. 
East Nassau ..37. 
East 

Northport ...61. 
East Oldfleld . .23. 

Easton 21. 

East 

Onondaga. . .15. 

East Otto 39. 

East 

Palmyra ... .12. 

East Parli 51. 

East 

Patchogue . .61. 
East 

Pembroke ...23. 

Eastport 61 . 

East Quoque . .61. 
East 

Randolph ...39. 
East 

Rochester . . .11. 
East 

Rockaway . .60. 
East Schodack.37. 
East 

Setauket 61. 

East 

Springfield ..32. 
East 

Syacuse 15. 

Eastwood 15. 

East 

Worcester 

Eaton 16. 

Ebenezer 



.. 593 
.2,398 



. . 201 



.32. 



Eddyville 
Eddyvile . 

Eden 

Edinburg 

Edison . . 

Edmeston 

Edwards 

Eggertsville 

Egypt . . 

Elba .... 

Elbridge 

*EIizabethtown .8. , 

Elkbrook 

Ellenburg 

EUenburg 

Center 
Ellenville 
Ellicottville 
Ellington . 
Ellisburg . 

Elma 

Elm hurst . 

*Elmira 

Elmira 

Heights . 
Elmsford 
Emerick . . 
Emeryville 
Empire . . . 
Enderlin . . 
Endicott . . 
Enfleld 

Center . . 
Ephratan . 
Erieville . , 
Erin . . j. . 
Erwin .... 
Esopus . . . 
Esperance 

Essex 

Essex Station. 
Etna ... 
Euclid . . 
Evans . . 



Fabius 
Fairfield 
Fairground 
Fair Haven 
Fairport . . 
Falconer 
Fallsburg . 




Townn 



Loca. Pop. 



33.. 



.39. 
.60. 
.22. 

!28! 
.15. 
. .4. 
.14. 
.40. 
.38. 
. .1. 



Farmersville 
Farmersville 

Station . . , 
Farmingdale 
Earn ham 

Faust 

Fayette 
Fayetteville 
Felts Mills . 
Fernwood .. 
Fillmore . . . 
Findley Lake 

Fine 

Firthcliff . 
Fishers . . 
Fishers 

Island . 
Fishkill .. 
Fishkill on 

the Hudson 
Fishs Eddy 

Flagg 

Fleischmanns 
Fleming . . 
Floral Park 
Florence . . 
Florida . . . 

Floyd 

Fly Creek . 
* Fonda . . . 
Forestburg 
Forcstport 
Forestville 

Forks 

Fort Ann 21 

Fort Covington.. 2 
Fort Covington 

Center 2 

Fort Edward . .21 
Fort Hunter ..33 
Fort Miller ...21 
Fort Montgom 



.26. 

.61. 
.51. 

.51. 
.46. 

. .8. 
.46. 
.13. 
.60. 
.17. 
.52. 
.17. 
.32. 
.33. 
.49. 
.17. 
.38. 



ery .... 
Fort Plain 

Station 
Fowlerville 
Frankfort 
Franklin . 
Franklin Falls 
Franklin 

Springs . . . . 
Franklinville 

Fredonia 

Freehold 
Freeman . 
Freeport . 
Freetown 

Corners 
Freeville 
Fremont 

Center . 
Frewsburg 
Friendship 
Fulton . . . 
Fulton Chain 
Fultonham 
Fultonville 

G 

Gabriels . . . 

Gaines 

Gainesville . 

Galena 

Gallupville . 
Gansevoort 
Garbutt .... 
Garden City 
Gardenville 
Gardiner 

Garfield 

Garnerville 
Garoga .... 
Garrattsville 
Garrison . . . 
Gasport 
Geneseo 
Geneva .... 

Genoa 

Georgetown 
Germantown 
Gerrv .... 
Getzville .. 
Gibson .... 
Gilbert ... 
Gilbertsvllle 
Gilboa .... 

Gile 

Glasco .... 

Glen 

Glen Cove 
Glenfield .. 



52. 

. .33. 
. . 33 . 
..25. 
.. .6. 
. .46. 
2. 



.17. 

.39. 
.38. 
.47. 
.41. 
.60. 

.30. 
.29. 

.49. 
.38. 
.40. 
.14. 
. .6. 
.34. 
.33. 



. . 275 

. . 201 
.1,567 
. . 541 
. . 301 
. . 251 
.1,481 
. . 401 
. . 203 
. . 401 
. . 401 
. . 303 
. . 301 
. . 201 

. . 301 
... 516 

.3,902 
. . 235 
. . 201 
. . 201 
.1,076 
.1,225 
. . 251 
. . 555 
. . 923 
. . 251 
.1,101 
. . 714 
. . 507 
. . 721 
.3,201 
. . 436 
. . 854 

. . 877 
.3,763 
. . 701 
. . 301 

. . 215 

.2,763 
. . 708 
. . 382 
.3,303 
. . 473 
.1,496 

. . 353 
. 1 ,568 
.5,285 
. . 241 
. . 501 
.4,836 

. . 539 
. . 318 



..2,168 
. . . 801 
..1,218 
.10,481 
. . . 201 
..1,998 
. . . 813 

...201 
...201 
. . . 327 
. . . 865 
. . . 258 
. . . 203 
. . . 224 
. .. 57> 
. . . 701 
. . . 352 
. . . 401 
..1,301 
. . . 449 
...225 
. . . 501 
. . . 375 
. .2,067 
.12,446 
. . . 451 
. . . 896 
...801 
. . . 303 
. . . 501 
. .. 278 
. . . 200 
. . . 445 
..1,435 
. . . 201 
. .1,501 
..2.191 
. . 7,501 
. . . 251 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



.51. 
.6!). 
.26. 
. .4. 
.19. 
.15. 
.35. 

.60. 
.18. 
.61. 
.26. 
.52. 
. .1. 
.39. 
.37. 
.49. 



Glenham 
Glen Head . 
Glenlock ... 
Glenpark 
Glens Falls. 
Glenside . . . 
Glenville . . . 
Glenwood 

Landing . 
Gloverville . 
Good Ground 
Gorham 
*Goshen . . . 
Gouveneur . 
Gowanda 
Grafton ... 
Grahamsville 
Granby Center. 14 
Grande Gorge .46 
Grand Island 
Grandview . . 
Granville .... 
Grapevine . . . 
Grassy Point 
Great Bend . 
Great Neck . 
Greatneck 

Station 
Great Valley 

Greece 

Greene 

Green Island 
Green Lawn 
Greenport 
Greenville 
Greenwich . . 
Greenwood 



.54. 
.21. 
.47. 
.54. 
..4. 
.60. 

.60. 
.39. 
.11. 
.31. 
.36. 
.61. 
.61. 
.47. 
.21. 
.41. 

Griffin Corners. 46. 
.29. 



.25. 
.36. 



Groton 
Groveland 

Station 
Guilderland 
Guilderland 

Center 36. 

Guilford 31. 

H 

Hadley 

HagaiTian . . . 
Hagerraan . . 
Hague 

Haines Falls 
Hale Eddy .. 
Halesite .... 

Hall 

Halsey Valley. 44 
Hamburg . 
Hamden . . 
Hamilton . 
Hamlet . . . 
Hamlin . . . 
Hammond 
Hammonds- 
port .... 
Hampton . 
Hancock 
Hannawa Falls 



.20. 

.33. 
.61. 
.19. 
.4/. 
.46 
.61. 
.26. 



, .46. 
. .16. 
.38. 
. .11. 
,..1. 



.41. 

.21. 

.46. 

. .1. 

Hannibal 14. 

Hannibal 

Center 14. 

Hardenburg' ...50. 

Harford 30. 

Harford Mills. .30. 
Harpersville . .45. 
Harriettstown ..3. 

Harrison 55. 

Harrjisville 
narrower . . . , 
Hartford . . . , 
Hartland . . . , 
H&rt Lot .... 
Hartsdale .... 
Hartwick .... 

Hastings 

Hastings upon 
Hudson .... 
Hauppauge . 
Haverstraw 
Hawkinsville 
Hawthorne . 
Hecla Works 
Hector .... 
Hemlock . . . 
Hempstead 
Henderson . 
Henderson 

Harbor .. 
Henrietta . . 
Hensonville 
*Herkimer . 
Hermitage . 



, . .5. 
..33. 
..21. 
...9. 

.15. 
..55. 

.33. 

.14. 

.55. 
..61. 
. .54. 

.17. 
..55. 
..17. 
..43. 
..25. 
..60. 
4. 



..4. 
.25. 

.47. 
. .6. 
.24. 



801 

677 

515 

522 

15,243 

. 301 

4,178 

. 351 
0,643 
1,011 
. 301 
3.081 
4,128 
2,013 
. 501 
. 301 
2,038 
. 251 
1,101 
. 356 
3,921 
. 251 
. 701 
. 301 
1,985 

. 201 
. 210 
. 251 
1,275 

4,737 
. 401 
3,089 
. 351 
2,314 
1,083 
. 403 
1,261 

. 253 
3,541 

. 218 
.402 

. 351 
. 875 

. 250 
1,054 
1,509 
. 200 
. 560 
..339 
. 300 
2,134 
. 375 
1,689 
. 209 
. 350 
. 404 

1,254 
. 675 

1,329 
. 390 

..330 



. 250 
. 784 
. 679 
. 200 
. 450 
4,113 
1,485 
. 921 
. 250 
. 763 
. 350 
. 330 
. 706 
. 663 
. 306 

4,552 
. 266 
5,669 
. 333 
. 350 
. 32C 
3,888 
. 320 
4,964 
. 340 

. 290 
. 293 
. 230 
7,.520 
. 226 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

Herman 1. . . . 587 

Heuvelton 1 500 

Hewitville 1 259 

Hewlett 60 511 

Hicksville 60... 2,509 

High Falls 50 790 

Highland 50... 1,300 

Highland 

Falls 52... 2,470 

Highland Mills. 53 560 

Hillburn 54. . .1,090 

Hillsdale 48 560 

Hilton 11 637 

Himrod 27 310 

Hinckley 17 666 

Hindsburg 10 222 

Hinsdale 39 208 

Hoag Corners .37.... 257 

Hobart 46 544 

Hogansburg . . .2. . . . 353 

Holbrook 61 201 

Holcomb 26 226 

Holland 23 763 

Holland 

Patent 17 337 

Holley 10... 1,679 

Homesville 31 350 

Homer 30. . .3,695 

Honeoye 36. . . . 426 

Honeoye Falls .11... 1,169 

Hoosick 37 363 

Hoosick Falls .37... 5,533 

Hope 7 317 

Hopewell 

Junction 51 330 

Hopkintcn 1 20G 

Horicon 19... 1,114 

Hornby 41 940 

Hornell 41.. 13,617 

Horseheads 43... 1,778 

Howard 41... 1,530 

Howells 52 250 

Hubbardsville .16 460 

*Hudson 48.. 11,417 

♦Hudson Falls. 21. ..5,189 

Hughsonville . .51 682 

Huguenot Park. 57 450 

Hulberton 10 463 

Hume 40 385 

Hunter 47 408 

Huntington .. .61. . .5,030 
Huntington 

Station 61 226 

Hurley 50 463 

Hurleyville 49 520 

Huron 12 266 

Hurstville 36... 1,793 

Hyde Park ...51 786 

I 

Idlewiia 52... 1,093 

Ilion 6... 6,588 

Indian Falls ..23.... 258 
Indian Lake ...7... 1,049 

Interlaken 28 693 

Inwood 60... 1,929 

Ionia 26 210 

Ira 13 XiOO 

Irona 3 290 

Irondequoit ... 11 ... . 209 

Iron villa 8 330 

Irving 38 390 

Irvington 55... 2,319 

Ischua .39 350 

Islip 61... 2,206 

Italy 27... 1,206 

*Ithaea 29.. 14,802 

J 

Jamesport . . . .61. . . . 341 

Jamestown 38. .31,297 

Jamesville . . . .15. . . . 495 

Jasper 41... 1,365 

Jay 8... 1,985 

Jeddo 10 350 

Jefferson 34... 1.304 

Jeffersonville . .49 324 

Jericho 60 450 

Jerusalem ....36 250 

Jewett 47 200 

Jewettville ... .22 300 

Johnsburg ... .19. . .2,364 

Johnson 52.... 226 

Johnsonburg . .24. . . . 420 
Johnson Creek. .9. . . . 220 
Johnsonville . .37. . . . 550 
*Johnstown .. .18. .10,447 

Jordan 15 978 

Jordanville 6 250 

Junius 28 908 



14? 



New York Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pup. 



.47. 
.41. 
.55. 
.50. 



Kaaterskill 
Kanoua . . 
Katona . . 
Katrine . . 

Keene 8 

Keene Valley... 8 

Keeseville 8 

Keddall 10 

Kelleys 35 

Kendall Mills.. 10 

Kenmore 22 

Kennedy 



Kenwood 16. 



Kerhonkson 
Killawog . . . 
Kill Buck . . 
Kinderhook 
King Ferry. 
Kings Park. 
*Kingston . . 
Kirkville . . . 
Kirkwood . . 



.50. 

.45. 
, .39. 

.48. 

.13. 
, .61. 
, .50. 

.15. 

.45. 



Knapp Creek. .39. 



Knapps 
Knowlesville 

Knox 

Knoxboro . . 
Kripplebush 



.1. 

, .10. 

.36. 

.17. 

.50. 



Lackawanna . .22. 

Lacona 14. 

La Fargeville . . .4. 
La Grangeville.51. 
Lake George... 19. 
Lake Grove.... 61. 
Lake Hunt- 
ington 49. 

Lake Katrina. .50. 
Lake Placid.... 8. 
*Lake Pleasant. 7. 

Lake View 22. 

Lakeville 25. 

Lake wood ..,.88. 

Lancaster 22. 

Langford • 22. 

Lansing 14. 



. . . 890 
. . . 290 
..1,409 
. . . 566 
..1,258 
..1,258 
. .1,835 
. . . 460 
. . , 650 
. , . 330 
..1,020 
. . , 662 
, . , 622 
. , . 350 
. . , 362 
. , , 250 
, . . 698 
. , . 320 
, .1,090 
.25,908 
. . . 250 
. . 290 
. . 226 
. , 360 
..321 
.1,174 
,, 262 
. . 229 



.14,549 
. . . 443 
,. 475 

. . , 200 
, . . 632 
. . , 462 



Larchmont 

La Salle 

Lassalleville 

Laurens 

Lawrence . . . 
Lawrenceville 
LawyersviUe 
Lebanon Spgs..48 
Lee Center. . . .17 

Leeds 47 

Le Fevre Falls. 50 

Liebhardt 50 

Leicester 25 

Leon 39 

Leonardsville ,16 
Le Roy . . , 
Lestershire 
Levant .... 

Lewis 

Lewiston . . 
Lexington , 
Liberty . , . 
Lillydale . . 

Lima 

Limestone . 
Lincklaen . 
Lincolndale 
Lindenhurst 
Lindley . . . 
Linlithgo 



.55 
..9. 
.18. 
.32. 
.60. 
. .1. 
34. 



..23. 
,.45. 
.38. 
...8. 



.47. 
..49. 
.38. 
.25. 
.39. 
.31. 
.55. 
.61. 
.41. 
.48. 



Linlithgo Sta..48. 



Lisle 

Little Falls. 



.45. 
.6. 



Little Genesee. 40. 



♦Little Valley. 
Liverpool . . . . 
Livingston . . . 
Livingston 
Manor 



Livingstonville.34. 



Livonia 
Livonia Center. 

Lobdell 

Locke 

*Lockport 



Locust Valley. .60. 



Lodi 
Long Eddy 
Long Lake. 
Loomis . . . . 
Lordville . . 
Loraine ... 
Loudonville 



.28. 
.49. 
,.7. 
.49. 
.46. 
. .4. 
.36. 



. ,, 326 
. . . 562 
.,1,632 
. , . 494 
, . , 596 
.,,476 
...564 
.,4,361 
... 218 
. , . 262 
,.1,958 
..1,299 
,,,326 
. , . 242 
..1,189 
. , , 398 
. . . 250 
. , , 530 
. . , 325 
. , , 309 
. , , 302 
. . . 290 
. , . 304 
. . , 250 
. , , 350 
,.3,771 
. .3,77.) 
. . . 762 
..1,049 
...713 
. . . 362 
..2,072 
. . . 250 
. . , 866 
. . . 684 
. . . 250 
. . . 200 
..1.575 
.,1,174 
. . . 266 
. , , 208 
. . . 329 
.12,273 
, . . 2.50 
..1,368 
..1,388 
. . . 245 

..1,086 
. . 326 
. . . 823 
. . . 226 
. . . 253 
. .1.079 
.17,970 
. .. 448 
. . . 4<)5 
. . . 766 
..1,233 
...226 
. . . 2?6 
. . . 390 
. . . 556 



2'uwns 



Loca. Pop. I Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Louisville 1. , 

•Lowville . . . .• .5. . 

Loyd 50.. 

Ludlowville . . .29. . 

Luzerne 19. . 

T^uzon 4;(. , 

Lycoming 14. . 

Lynbrook 6.>. . 

Lyndowville ..10.. 

♦Lyons 12. . 

Lyonsdale 5. . 

Lyons Falls 5. . 

Lysander 15. . 

M 

McConnellsville.l7. . 
McDonough . . .31. . 
McGraw 30. 



McLean 
Macedon .... 

Machias 

Macomb .... 

Madalin 

Madison .... 

Madrid 

Madrid Spgs. 
Mahopac .... 

Maine 

Maiden Bridg' 
Maiden on Hud 



. .29. , 
. .12. , 
..39.. 
,. .1., 
..51. 
..16., 
. ..1. , 
.. .1.. 
..53., 
..45., 
?.48.. 



.50. 
.14. 

2 
.55'. '. 
.26. , 
.60., 
.53., 
.15., 
..4.. 
.34. , 
.61. , 
.30. 
.15. 
.46. 
.22 
!l2'. 
.50. 
. .5. , 
. 32 . , 
.46. , 
.60., 
..1. 
..1. 
Matoon 1. , 



son 

Mallory 

•Malone .... 
Mamaroneck 
Manchester , 
Manhasset . , 
Manitou . . . , 
Manlius . . . , 
Mannsville . . 
Manorkill . . , 
Manorville . , 
Jlarathon . . , 
Mar-^ellus . . , 
Margaretville 

Marilla 

Marion 

Marlboro .... 
Martinsburg 
Maryland . . , 
Masonville . 
Massapequa , 
Massena ... 
Massena Spgs. 



.51. 

.61. 

.53. 

.18., 

.38. 

.46. 



Matteawan 
Mattituck 
Maybrook 
Mayfleld , 
♦Mayville 
Maywood 
Mechanicsville. .20. 
Mecklenburg . .42 

Meco 

Medford Sta 
Medina , , . . 
Medusa .... 
Mellenville , 

Jlelrose 37. 

Melville 61. 

Memphis 15 



.18., 

.61., 

.10. 

.36. 

.48., 



Mondon 
Meridian , . 
Merrick . . . 
Mexico 
Middleburg 
Middle Falls. . .21 
Middlefield ....32. 
Middle Gran- 
ville 21. 

Middle Grove.. 20. 
Middle Hope. . .52. 
Middle Island. .61. 
Middleport 
Middlesex , 
Middletov/n 
Middleville 
Milford ... 
Millbrook . 
Millerton . 
Millgrove . 
Mill Port.. 

Mills 

Milton .... 
Mina 



.11. , 
..13., 
..60. , 
. .14., 

. 34 . , 



. . .9. 
,.27. 
, .52. 
. ..6. 
,.32. 
,.51. 
.51. 



.43. 
.30. 
.50. 
.38. 



.1,553 
.2,940 
,. 263 
.. 263 
.1,371 
.. 553 
. . 203 
.2,051 
. . 647 
.4,460 
. 1,451 
.. 759 
.. 305 



. . 260 
, , 323 
, , 931 
. . 460 
. , 536 
. . 662 
.1,245 
.1,041 
. . 309 
. . 950 
. . 250 
. . 450 
, . 409 
, , 210 

, . 244 

, . 256 
.6,467 
.5,699 
. . 881 
.1,062 
. . 250 
.1,314 
. . 330 
. . 250 
. . 550 
.1,079 
. . 917 
. . 669 
. . 462 
. , 836 
. , 920 
. . 326 
. , 220 
, , 350 
. . 543 
.2,951 
. . 206 
. . 222 
.6,727 
.1,290 
. . 250 
. . 590 
.1,122 
. . 460 
.6,634 
. . 460 
. . 200 
. . 250 
.5,603 
. . 250 
. . 564 
. . 360 
. . 266 
. . 222 
. . 204 
. . 326 
. . 530 
.1,233 
.1,114 
. , 430 
. . 243 



Minaville 33. 



Minden 

*MineoIa 

Minerva 

Mineville 

Minisink 

Minoa . . 



. 33 . 
.60. 



,..723 
, . . 250 
, . . 350 
, . . 285 
..1,530 
. . . 350 
.15,313 
, . . 625 
..511 
.1,136 
, . . 858 
. . 262 
. . 506 
. . 290 
, .1,209 
.1,135 
, . . 256 
.4,591 
.1,981 
.1.013 
.1,844 
. . 300 
. . 320 



Mitchellville . .41. 

Model City 9. 

Modena 50. 

Mohawk 6. 

Moira . . , 



. .53. 

,.54. 

, .42. 

.13. 



Monroe . . 
Monsey . . 
Monterey 
Montezuma . . 
Montgomery 
♦Monticello . . 
Montour Falls. 
Montrose .... 

Mooers 

Mooers Forks. 

Moravia 

Morehouseville 

Moriah 

Moriches 

Morley 

Morris 

Morrisonville . 
Morristown 

Morrisville ... 

Morton Corners.22 

Moscow 25. 

Mossyglen 41. 

Mottville 15. 

Mountain Dale. 49. 

Mountainville .53. 

Mt. Kisco . . 

Mt. Morris. 

Mt. Sinai.. 

Mt. Upton. 

Mt. Vernon 

Mt. Vision 

Mumford 

Munnsville 



.49. 
.42. 
.55. 
. .3. 
..3. 
.13. 
.7. 
..8. 
.61. 
. .1. 
.33. 
..3. 
..1. 
.16. 



.55. 
.25. 
.61. 
.31. 
.55. 
.32. 
.11. 
.16. 



N 

Nanuet , 

Napanoch 

Naples 

Narrowsburg . . 

Nassau 

Natural Bridge. 

Naifmburg . . . . 

Nelliston 

Nelsonville . . . . 

Neversink 

New Albion . . . 

Newark 

Newark Valley. 

New Baltimore. 

New Berlin . . . . 

New Bremen. . 

New Bridge. . , 

Newburgh 

*New City. . . . 

Newcomb .... 

Newfane 

Newfleld 

New Hamburg 

New Hampton 

New Hartford. 

New Haven. . . 

New Hyde 
Park 

New Lebanon. 

New Lislion. . . 

New Paltz. . . . 

Newport 

New Rochelle. 

New Scotland. 

New Suffolk .. 

Newtonfalls . . 

Newtonville . . 

New Windsor. 

New Wood- 
stock 

*New York. . 

New York 
Mills 

Niagara Falls 

Niagara 
University . 

Nichols 

Nicholville . . 

Nile 

Nineveh .... 

Niobe 

Niskayuna . . 

Nivprville . . . 

Norfolk 

Northampton 

North Argyle 

No. Bangor. . 

North Bay. . . 

No. Blenheim 

No. Boston. . 

North Branch 



54. 
50. 
26. 

4;>. 

37., 
. .4., 
. .5. , 
.33., 
.53. 
.49. 
.39. 
.13. 
.44. 
.47. 
.31. 
. .5. 
. .1. 
.52. 
.54. 



29. 
51. 
52. 
17. 
14. 

60. 
48. 
32. 
50. 

.6. 
55. 
36. 
61. 

.1. 
36. 
52. 

.16. 
56.4, 

.17. 
..9. 



... 308 
... 290 
... 250 
..2,079 
..2,473 
,,1,195 
, . . 336 
...276 
... 350 
...941 
..1,941 
..1,208 
. . . 204 
... 560 
... 226 
..1,324 
...216 
..5,717 
... 204 
. , . 530 
... 533 
. , , 350 
, , , 540 
... 562 
...201 
... 304 
, , , 293 
... . 601 
. . . 362 
. . . 450 
..2,802 
,.2,782 
.. . 275 
... 350 
.30,919 
... 251 
... 455 
... 401 

... 701 
, , . 650 
,.1,093 

. . 401 
, , , 529 
... 401 
...201 
...737 
... 765 
.,,301 
,, . 201 

.6,227 
,..925 
, . . 734 
..1,114 
..1,975 
... 201 
.27,805 
. . . 450 
... 554 
... 501 
. . . 354 
. . . 590 
... 260 
..1,195 
. . . 296 

..1,001 
. . . 460 
...201 
..1,230 
... 583 
.28,867 
..3,015 
. . . 251 
. . . 401 
. . . 250 
. . . 614 

. . . 338 
766,883 

. .2„552 
.30,445 



. . . 533 
. . 302 

, . . 290 
. . 450 
. . 290 

, . 1,445 
. . 219 
.1,500 
.2,604 
. . 208 
. , 480 
. . 350 
. . 528 
.. 209 
.. 250 



Loca. Pop. 



No. Brookfield.16. . 



No. 
No. 
No. 



.11. 
,.41. 

..22, 
.,19. 
,,.8, 



,13, 



.48. 
.21, 



.37. 
. .8. 
.24. 
. .1. 
.31. 
.55. 



.61. 
.12. 



North Chill. 
No. Chocton, 
No. Collins. . 
North Creek. 

No. Elba 

No. Evans 22, 

North Fair 

Haven ..... 
North Ger- 

mantown . . 
No. Granville 

Hannibal. .14. 
Hebron . . . .21. 
Hoosick. . 
No. Hudson . . . 
North Java. . . 
No. Lawrence. 
No. Norwich . . 
North Peham. 
No. Petersburg. 37. 
No. Pharsalia. .31. 
Northport 
North Rose.. 
North Salem 
No. Stockholm..!. 
No. Syracuse. .15. 
No. Tarrytown .55. 
No. Tonawanda. .9. 

Northville 18. 

♦Norwich 31. 

Norwood 1. 

Nunda 25. 

Nyack 54. 

O 

Oakfield 

Oaks Corners. 
Ocean Side. . . . 

Odessa 

Ogden 

Ogdensburg . . 

Olcott 

Old Chatham. 
Old Forge .... 
Old Holbrook. 
Old Westbury. 

Olean 

Olivebridge. .'. 
Olmstedville . 

Oneida 

Oneida Castle. 
Oneida Valley. 

Oneonta 

Onondaga .... 
Onondaga 

Valley 

Onoville 

Ontario 

Ontario Center 
Oppenheim . . . 
Orangeburg . . 
Orchard Park. 

Orient 

Oriskany 

Oriskany Falls 

Orleans 

Orleans Four 

Corners .... 

Orwell 

Ossian 

Ossining 

♦Oswego 

Oswego Center 

Otego 

Otisville 

Otto 

Ouaquaga 

♦Ovid 

Owasco 

♦Owego 

Oxbow 

Oxford 

Oyster Bay.. 



.23. 
.26. 
.60. 
.42. 
.11. 
. .1. 
. .9. 
.48. 
.6. 



.6!. 
.60. 
.39. 
.50. 
. .8. 
.16. 
.17. 
.16. 
.32. 
.15. 

.15. 
.39. 

12. 

12. 

18. 
54. 

.61'. 
.17. 

14. 

26. 

.4. 
14. 



.55. 
.14. 
.14. 
.32. 
.52. 
.39. 
.45. 
.28. 
.13. 
.44. 
..4. 
.31. 
.60. 



Pagebrook ....31. 
Painted Post. . .41. 
Palatine Bridge. 33. 



Palermo 
Palisades . . . . 

Palmyra 

Pamella Four 
Corners . . . . 

Panama 

Paris 

Parish 

Parishville . . . 

Parkston 

Patchogue . . . 



14. 
.54. 
.12. 

..4. 
.38. 
.17. 
.14. 
. .1. 
.49. 
.61. 



Pattens Mills. .21. 



350 
. . . 303 
. . . 350 
. . . 730 
, , , 450 
.,3,001 
. . , 390 

. . . 360 

, , , 360 
, , , 63(T 
...236 
. . . 301 
. . . 491 
. . . 505 
. . . 390 
. . . 598 
. . . 865 
..1,311 
. . . 293 
. . . 260 
..2,096 
. . . 463 
. . . 2^6 
. . . 363 
. . . 399 
. .5,421 
.11.955 
..1,130 
..7,422 
..1,993 
. . 1,043 
..4,619 

..1,236 
. . . 369 
. . . 563 
. . . 330 
. .1,876 
.15,998 
. . . 250 
. . . 390 
. . . 465 
. . . 201 
. . . 250 
.14,743 
. . 290 
. . . 206 
..8,317 
. . . 399 
. . . 406 
..9,491 
, . . 250 

. . . 590 
. . . 609 
. . . 490 
. . . 306 
..1,258 
. . . 390 
. . . 869 
. . . 808 
..1,206 
. . . 832 
... 220 

..2.433 
..1,029 
. . . 780 
.11,480 
.23,368 
, . . 250 
...676 
. . . 2,50 
. . . 490 
, . . 260 
, . . 5P4 
. . . 260 
, .4,633 
, . . 250 
..1,654 
,.3,692 



. . 250 
.1,234 
. . 393 
.1,301 
. . 362 
.2,268 

. . 202 
. . 837 
. . 226 
. . 490 
. . 713 
. . 250 
.3,824 
, . 250 



143 



New York Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

Patterson 53 860 

Pavilion 23 430 

Pawling 51 848 

Peakville 46 206 

Pearl River. .. .54. . .1,560 

Peconic 61. . . . 606 

Peekskill 55.. 15,245 

Pelham 55 681 

Pelham Manor. 55.... 852 

Pembroke 23 350 

Pendleton 9 250 

Penfield 11 760 

Pennellville ...14 250 

*Penn Yan 27... 4,597 

Perkinsville ...41.... 460 

Perry 24.. .4,388 

Perrysburg ... .39 360 

Perrys Mills. . ..3 280 

Perry ville 16. . . . 226 

Perth 18 676 

Peru 3.. .2,354 

Peruville 29. . . . 250 

Peterboro 16 330 

Petersburg . . . .37 . . . . 460 

Pharsalia 31 ... . 972 

Phelps 26. . .1.354 

Philadelphia ...4.... 842 

Philmont 48. . .1,813 

Phoeuica 50. . . . 316 

Phoenix 14... 1,642 

Piercefield 1 750 

Piermont 54... 1,380 

Pierrepont 1... 1,953 

Pierrepont 

Manor 4. . . . 252 

Piffard 25 250 

Pife 24 422 

Pine Bush 52 560 

Pine City 43 260 

Pine Hill 50 417 

Pine Plains. .. .51. . .1,500 

Pine Valley 43 208 

Pittsford 11. . .1,205 

Plainville 15 350 

Plattekill 50 260 

*Plattsburg 3.. 11,138 

Pleasant Plains.51. . . . 489 

Pleasant Valley.51 427 

Pleasantville . .55. . .2,207 

Plessis 4. . . . 240 

Poestenkill . .. .37 360 

Point Chau- 
tauqua 38 262 

Poland 6 332 

Pompey 15... 2, 381 

Pompey Center. 15. . . . 250 

Ponds 11 860 

Poolville 16 250 

Portage 25. . . . 450 

Port Byron .. .13. . .1,085 
Port Chester. . .55. .12,809 
Port Crane . . . .45. . . . 530 
Port Dickinson .45. ... 437 
Porter Corners. 20. ... 210 
Port Ewen ... .50. . .1,211 

Port Gibson . . .26 460 

Port Henry 8... 2,266 

Port Jefferson 

Station 61 . . .2,156 

Port Jervis 52... 9, 564 

Portland 38 506 

Port Leyden ...5 764 

Portville 39 758 

Port Wash- 
ington 60... 3,066 

Potsdam 1... 4,036 

Pottersville . . . .19. . . . 320 
*Poughkeepsie..51. .27,936 
Prattsburg ... .41 ... . 684 

Prattsville 47. ... 384 

Preble 30 847 

Presho 41 302 

Preston 31 . . . . 260 

Preston Hollow. 36 250 

Princetown . . . .35. . . . 653 

Prospect 17 278 

Protection . . . .22. . . . 260 

*Pulaski 14... 1,788 

Pulteney 41. . .1,384 

Pultneyville . . .12 250 

Purdy's Station. 55. . . . 230 

Putnam 21. . . . 505 

Pyrites 1 260 

Q 

Quaker Bridge. 39. ... 220 
Quaker Street. .35. . . . 420 
Quarayville ...50.... 350 

Queens 59.284,041 

Queensbury . . . .19. .16,781 
Quogue 61. . . . 260 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



R 

Ramapo 54. . . . 566 

Randallsville . .16. . . . 250 

Randolph 39... 1,298 

Ransomville . . . .9. . . . 522 

Rathbone 41 973 

Ravena 36... 1,260 

Raymondville ...1....726 

Readburn 46 220 

Reading Center.42. .. 1,412 
Red Creek . . . . 12. . . . 457 

Redfield 14. . . . 792 

Red Hook 51 960 

Red House 39 560 

Redwood 4. . . . 560 

Remsen 17. . . . 421 

Rensselaer ... .37. . 10,711 
Rensselaer Falls.l. . . . 443 
Rensselaerville .36... 1,628 

Reserve 22.... 622 

Result 47 239 

Rexford 20 426 

Reynoldsville ..42 290 

Rhinebeck ... .51 ... 1,548 

Rhinecliff 51 690 

Richburg 40. . . . 451 

Richfield 32 250 

Richfield Spgs. .32. .. 1,503 

Richford 44 350 

Richland 14 468 

♦Richmond ... .57. .85,969 
Richinond Hill .59. . .1,890 

Richmondville. .34 599 

Richville Station.l . . . . 307 

Ridgeway 10 390 

Rifton 50 745 

*Riverhead .. .61 ... 2,500 
•Rochester ....11.218,149 

Rock City Falls.20 220 

Rock Glen 24 260 

Rockland 49. . . . 366 

Rockland Lake. 54. . . . 550 
Rock Rife . . . .46. . . . 290 
Rock Stream. . .27. . . . 220 
Rockville 

Center 60... 3,667 

Rockwood 18. . . . 326 

Rocky Point. . .61. .. .260 

Rodman 4. . . . 206 

Rome 17. .20,497 

Romulus 28. . . . 202 

Ronkonkoma ..61.... 230 

Roosevelt 60... 1,026 

Roscoe 49 . . . 1,020 

Rose 12. . . . 990 

Roseboom 32 ... . 200 

Rosendale 50... 1,125 

Roseton 52... 2, 062 

Roslyn 60. . .2,847 

Rossie 1. . .1,192 

Rossler 22. . . . 250 

Rotterdam ... .35. . .4,198 
Rotterdam Jet . 35. . . . 360 
Rouses Point. .. .3. ..1,638 

Roxbury 46. . . . 499 

Ruby 50 285 

Ruralgrove . . . .33. . . . 225 

Rush 11. . . . 299 

Rushford 40 598 

Rushville 27 463 

Russell 1 399 

Russia 3. . . . 251 

Rye 55... 3,964 

S ■ 

Sacket Harbor. .4. ... 868 
Sag Harbor. .. .61. . .3,418 
St. Bonaventure.39. . . . 399 
Saint Huberts. . .8. . .1,211 
Saint James ... 61 ... . 351 
Saint Johns. . . .54. . . . 299 
Saint Johnsville33. . .2,536 
Saint Regis 

Falls 2. . .1,324 

Saint Remy. . . .50. . . . 251 
Salamanca . . . .39. . .5,792 

Salem 25. . .1,251 

Salisbury 6 230 

Salisbury Center6 298 

Salisbury Mills.52 351 

Salt Point 51 266 

Sammonsville .18. . . . 301 
Samsonville . . .50. . . . 222 

Sanborn 9 278 

Sandlake 37. . . . 488 

Sandusky 39 301 

Sandy Creek. . .14. ... 617 

Sangerfleld . . .17 226 

Sanitaria 

Springs 45. . . . 200 

Santa Clara. . . .2. . . . 299 



Towns Loca. 


Pop. 


Towns Loca. 


Pop. 


Saranac 


..3. 


. .4,983 


South Byron. . 


23... 


. 251 


Saraunac Lake 


2. 


..3,834 


South 






Saratoga 






Cambridge . 


21... 


. 201 


Springs .... 


.20. 


.12,693 


South Clyde. . . 


.12. .. 


. 269 


Sardinia 


.22. 


. . . 499 


South Colton. . 


..1... 


. 251 


Saugerties . . . 


.50. 


. .3,929 


South Corinth. 


.20. .. 


. 201 


Sauquoit . . . .\ 


.17. 


. . . 596 


South Dayton. 


.39.. . 


. 601 


Savannah .... 


.12. 


...521 


South 






Savona 


.41. 


. . . 587 


Edmeston . . 


.32. .. 


. 201 


Sayville 


.61. 


. .3,927 


South 






Scarsdale .... 


.55. 


. . . 633 


Fallsburg . . 


.49. . . 


. 401 


Schaghticoke 


.37. 


. . . 765 


South Glen 






•Schenectady 


.35. 


72,826 


Falls 


.20. . . 


2,247 


Schenevus 


.32. 


.. 576 


South 






Schodack 






Harthford . . 


.21... 


. 318 


i^anding . . . 


.37. 


.. 399 


South Horicon 


. 19 . . . 


1,582 


•Schoharie . . . 


.34. 


. . . 996 


South 






Schroon Lake 


.8. 


.1.214 


Jamesport . . 


.61. .. 


. 301 


Schuyler Falls 


. .3. 


..1,642 


South Lansing 


.29. . . 


. 501 


Schuyler i^ake 


.32. 


. . . 351 


South 






Schuylerville . 


.20. 


..1,614 


Mlllbrook .. 


.51. .. 


. 201 


Scio 


.40. 


. . . 811 


South New 






Scipioville . . . 


.13. 


. . . 200 


Berlin 


.31... 


. 401 


Scotia 


.35. 


..2,957 


South Nyack . . 


.54. . . 


2,068 


Scott 


.30. 


. . . 708 


Southold .... 


.61. . . 


1,501 


Scottsburg . . . 


.25. 


...299 


South 






Scottsville . . . 


.11. 


. . . 784 


Onondaga . . 


.15. .. 


. 251 


Scriba 


.14. 


..2,241 


South Otselic. . 


.31. .. 


. 301 


Scriba 


.14. 


. . . 200 


Southport . . . 


.43. .. 


. 251 


Sea Breeze. . . 


.11. 


. .1,998 


South Wales. . 


.22. . 


. 301 


Sea Cliff 


.60. 


. . 1,694 


Southwest 






Seaford 


.60. 


. . . 716 


Oswego .... 


.14... 


. 326 


Seaverton 


. .1. 


. . . 290 


Spafford 


.15.. 


1,131 


Selkirk 


.36. 


. . . 262 


Sparkill 


.54. . 


. 951 


Sempronius . . 


.13. 


. . . 594 


Sparrow Bush 


. 52 . . 


. 401 


Seneca Castle. 


.26. 


. . . 299 


Spencer 


.44. . 


. 569 


Seneca Falls. . 


.28. 


..6,588 


Spencerport . 


.11. . 


1,001 


Sennett 


.13. 


. .1,8.59 


Spencertown . 


.48. . 


. 315 


Setauket .... 


.61. 


. . . 599 


Split Rock. . . . 


.15.. 


. 301 


Shandaken . . 


.50. 


. . . 241 


Spragueville . 


. .1. . 


. 201 


Sharon 


.34. 


. .1,993 


Sprakers .... 


.33. . 


. 319 


Sharon Springs 34. 


. . . 459 


Spring Brook. 


.22.. 


. 201 


Shelby 


.10. 


. . . 299 


Springfield 






Sheldrake . . . 


.28. 


. . . 200 


Center 


.32. . 


. 275 


Shelter Island 


.61. 


. . . 401 


Spring Glen. . 


.50. . 


. 209 


Shelter Island 






Springs 


.61. . 


. 339 


Heights . . . 


.61. 


..1,199 


Spring Valley. 


.54.. 


2,353 


Sherburne . . . 


.31. 


. . . 961 


Springville . . . 


.22.. 


2,246 


Sheridan 


.38. 


...251 


Springwater . 


.25. . 


. 601 


Sherman 


.38. 


. . . 836 


Staatsburg . . . 


.51. . 


. 399 


Sherman Park 


.55. 


. . . 450 


•Stamford .... 


.46. . 


. 973 


Sherrill 


.17. 


. . . 301 


Stanfordville . 


.51.. 


. 399 


Shokan 


. 50 . 


. . . 401 


Stanley 


.26. . 


. 451 


Shortsvillo . . . 


.26. 


..1,112 


Starkey 


.27.. 


1,662 


Short Tract.. 


.40. 


. . . 510 


Starlake 


.1.. 


. 201 


Shrub Oak... 


..55. 


. . . 325 


Steamburg . . . 


.39.. 


. 251 


Shushan 


.21. 


. . . !>01 


Steele 


.28.. 


. 351 


Sidney 


.46. 


..2,507 


Stephentown . 


.37.. 


. 251 


Sidney Center. 


.46. 


. . . 462 


Stephentown 






Silver Creek. . 


.38. 


. .2,512 


Center 


.37.. 


. 200 


Silver Springs. 


.24. 


. . . 974 


Sterling 


.13.. 


. 351 


Sinclairville . 


.38. 


. . . 542 


Sterling Station 13. . 


2,221 


Skaneateles . . 


.15. 


..1,615 


Stillwater . . . 


.20.. 


1,004 


Skaneateles 






StittviUe 


.17.. 


. 351 


Falls 


.15. 


. . . 501 


Stockbridge . . 


.16.. 


. 301 


Slaterville 






Stockport .... 


.48.. 


. 701 


Springs .... 


.29. 


. . . 401 


Stockton 


.38.. 


. 601 


Slingerlands . 


.36. 


. . . 501 


Stone Ridge. . 


.50. . 


. 225 


Sloan 




. .1,259 


Stony Brook. . 


.61.. 


. 844 


Sloansville . . . 


'.si'. 


.. . 201 


Stony Creek. . 


.19. . 


. 910 


Sloatsburg . . . 


.54. 


..1,125 


Stony Point.. 


.54.. 


. 951 


Smithboro . . . 


.44. 


. . . 251 


Stottville .... 


.48. . 


. 721 


Smiths Basin. 


.21. 


...251 


Stratford .... 


.18.. 


. 652 


Smithtown . . . 


.61. 


. . . 301 


Streetroad . . . 


..8.. 


. 201 


Smithtown 






Strykersville . 


.24.. 


. 528 


Branch .... 


.61. 


. . . 528 


Stuyvesant . . . 


.48.. 


. 401 


Smithville . . . 


. .4. 


. . . 201 


Stuyvesant 






Smithville Flats31. 


. .1,318 


Falls 


.48.. 


. 925 


Smithville 






Suffern 


.54.. 


2,663 


South 


.60. 


. . . 601 


Summer Hill. 


.13.. 


. 669 


Smyrna 


.31. 


. . . 257 


Summit 


.34.. 


1,146 


Sodom 


.19. 


. . . 201 


Summitville . 


.49. . 


. 223 


Sodus 


.12 


. 1,201 


Swormville 


.22. . 


. 301 


Sodus Center. . 


.12. 


. . . 351 


Syosset 


.60. . 


. 401 


Sodus Point. . 


.12. 


. . . 701 


•Syracuse .... 


.15.13i,a4a 


Solon 


.30. 


. . . 541 


T 

Taberg 






Solvay 


.15. 


. .5,189 


.17.. 


. 331 


Somerset .... 


..9. 


. . . 301 


Taborton 


.37. . 


. 200 


Sonyea 


.25. 


. . . 301 


Tallman 


.54. . 


. 206 


Southampton . 


.61. 


. .2,509 


Tannersville . 


.47. . 


. 660 


South 

Amsterdam 
South Argyle. 


.33. 
.21. 


.31,267 
. . . 281 


Tappan 

Tarrytown . . . 
Taylor 


.54. . 
.55.. 
.30. . 


. 301 
5,601 
. 759 


South Berlin. 


.37. 


. . . 210 


Taylor Valley. 


.30.. 


. 806 


South 






Theresa 


..4.. 


. 932 


Bethlehem . 


.36 


501 


Thiells 


.54.. 


. 301 


South 






Thompsonville 


.49.. 


. 201 


Bloomfield . 


.26. 


... 200 


Thousand Island 




South Bristol. 


.26. 


. .1,104 


Park 


..4.. 


. 401 


South Butler. 


.12. 


... 351 


Throopsville . 


.13. . 


. 984 



144 



New York Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Thurman 19 833 

Ticonderoga . .. .8. . .3,475 

Tilly Foster 53 290 

Tioga Center. . .44 299 

Tivoli 51. . .1,034 

Toddsville 32 301 

Tompkins Cove 54 .. .1,201 
Tonawanda .. .22 .. .8,291 

Town Line 23 351 

Treadwell 46 275 

Trenton 17. . . . 317 

Trenton Falls. .17 289 

Trides Hill. . . .33 368 

Troupsburg ...41.... 235 
Trout Brook. . .46. ... 301 

Trout River 3. . . . 314 

*Troy 37.. 76,831 

Trudeau 8 325 

Trumansburg . 39 . . . 1,188 

Truthville . . . .31 201 

Truxton 30... 1,186 

Tuckahoe 55... 3, 772 

Tully 15 551 

Tunesassa . . . .39. . . . 201 
Tupper Lake. ...2. . .3,057 
Tupper Lake 

Junction 3 399 

Turin 5. . . . 349 

Turnwood 50. . . . 301 

Tuscarora 45. . . . 301 

Tuxedo Park . . .53 . . . 3,001 

Tyre 38 808 

Tyrone 42... 1,411 

U 

Unadilla 32. . .1,175 

Unadilla Forks 33. .. 1,009 

Union 45. . .1,544 

Union Center. .45. ... 301 
Union Grove. . .46. . . . 301 
Union Springs.. 13. ... 798 

Unionville 53 351 

Upper Jay 8 501 

Upper Nyack. ..54. . . . 591 

Urbana 41... 3,517 

♦Utica 17.. 74,419 



Valatie 48... 1,319 

Valhalla 55 690 

Valley Cottage. 54 280 

Valley Falls. . .37. ... 835 
Valley Stream. 60. . .2,709 

Valois 42 360 

Van Etten. . . . .43. . . . 476 
Vanhornesville. .6. . . . 350 

Varna 29 206 

Varysburg . . . .34. . . . 463 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Vermilion ... .14. 
Vernon 17. 

Vernon Center. 17. 

Verona 17. . 

Verplanck . . . .55. , 

Versailles 39. , 

Vesper 15. . 

Vestal 45. . 

Vestal Center.. 45.. 

Veteran 50. , 

Victor 36.. 

Victory 13. , 

Victory Mills. ..30. , 

Virgil 30., 

Voorheesville ..36. , 



.. 220 
. . 451 
.. 210 
.. 301 
.. 999 
. . 290 
.. 216 
.2,076 
.. 301 
. . 401 
. . 881 
.1,316 
. . 748 
. . 301 
.. 533 



W 



Waddington . 
Wading River 

Walden 

Wales Center 
Wallace . . . . 
Wallkill .... 
Walton .... 
Walworth 

* VVampsville 
Wantagh 
Wappingers 

Falls 

Warner .... 
Warnerville . 
Warrensburg 

* Warsaw . . . 
Warwick . . . 
Washington 

Hollow . . . 
Washington 

Mills 

Washington- 

ville 

Wassaic 

Waterford . . 
*Waterloo . . . 
Water Mill.. 
Waterport . . 
*Watertown . 
Waterville . . 
Watervliet . . 
*Watkins . . . 
Watts Flats. 
Waverly .... 
Wawarsing . . 
Wayland . . . . 
Webb Mills.. 
Webster .... 
Weedsport . . 
Wegatchie . . 

Wells 

Wells Bridge. 



..1. 
.61. 
.52. 

.41 ! 
. 50 . 
.46. 
.12. 
.16. 
.60. 



.51. 
.15. 
.34. 
.19. 
.24. 
.52. 

.51. 



.. 731 
.. 397 
.4,004 
. . 290 
..334 
. . 790 
.3,102 
. . 451 
.. 212 
.. 710 

.3,195 
. . 590 
.. 363 
.2,109 
.3,206 
.2,218 

.. 251 



.17 301 



. . . 301 
. . . 251 
. .3,345 
. 3,931 
. . . 301 
. . . 321 
.36,730 
. .1,410 
.15,074 
. .3,817 
. . . 400 
. .4,855 
. . . 302 
..1,393 
. . . 306 
..1,032 
..1,344 
...310 
. . . 935 
. . . 260 



.51. 
.30, 
.38. 
.61. 
.10. 
..4. 
.17. 
.36. 
.43. 
.38. 
.44. 
.50. 
.41. 
.43. 
.11. 
.13. 
. .1. 
..7. 
.33. 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Wellsburg 43. 

Wellsville 40. 

West 39. 

West Bethany. 33. 
West 

Bloomfield . .36. 

Westburg 13. 

Westburg 60. 

West Camp. . . .50. 
West Carthage.. 4. 

West Chazy 3. 

West Coxsackie47. 

Westdale 17. 

West Danby. . ..29. 
West Eaton... .16. 
West Edmeston 33. 
Westernville . .17. 
West Falls.... 32. 

Westfield 38. 

West Fort Ann 21. 
West Fulton. . .34. 
West Galwav..l7. 
West Granville. 21. 
West Hampton. 61. 
West Hampton 

Beach 61. 

West 

Haverstraw .54. 
West Hebron.. 31. 
West Hurley... 50. 

West Kill 47. 

West Ley den. . .5. 
West Milton. . .30. 
West Monroe. .14. 
Westmoreland .17. 
West Nyack. . .54. 

Weston 42. 

AVest Oneonta..32. 
Westons Mills. .39. 
West Point.... 53. 

Westport 8. 

West Rush 11. 

West 

Salamanca . .39. 
West Sand 

Lake 37. 

West 

Saugerties . .50. 
West Sayville. .61. 
West 

Stephentown.37. 
West Stockholm. 1. 

Westtown 53. 

West Union... .41. 
West Valley... 39. 

Westville 2. 

West 

Walworth . . .12. , 
West Webster.. 11. , 
West Winfield..6., 



. . 432 
.4,382 
. . 201 
. . 315 

. . 301 
. . 351 
. . 387 
. . 251 
.1,393 
. . 351 
. . 501 
. . 311 
. . 313 
. . 511 



.. 311 
. . 399 
.3,985 
.. 306 
.. 311 
. . 312 
. . 311 
.. 448 

.. 251 

.2,360 
.. 311 
.. 531 
. . 320 
. . 612 
. . 211 
. . 914 
. . 351 
. . 231 
. . 311 
. . 299 
. . 511 
.1,213 
. . 693 
. . 330 

. . 532 

. . 311 

. . 306 
. . 931 

. . 381 
. . 311 
. . 311 
.1,112 
. . 461 
.1,146 

. . 398 
..311 
. . 736 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



WesthersHeld 

Springs 34 206 

Wevertown . . ..19. . . . 225 

Wheeler 41. ..1,114 

Wheelers 14. . . . 311 

Whippleville ...3.... 206 

White Creek... 31 560 

Whitehall 31.. .4,917 

White Lake. . ..49. . . . 798 
White Lake 

Corners 17. . . . 351 

♦White Plains. 55.. 15,949 
Whiteport . . . .50. . . . 690 
Whitesboro ... 17. . .3,375 
White Sulphur 

Springs 49. . . . 351 

Whitesville ...40.... 398 

Whitfield 50 314 

Whitney Point .45. ... 744 

Willard 38. . . . 200 

Willet 30 685 

Williamson ...12.... 651 
Williamstown .14.... 954 
Williamsville ..22... 1,105 

Willow 50. . . . 200 

Willowemoc . ..49. . . . 251 
Willowvale . . ..17. . . . 490 

Willsboro 8 . . . 1,629 

Willseyville ...44.... 561 
Wilmington ....8.... 575 

Wilson 9. . . . 655 

Windham 47.... 351 

Windsor 45. . . . 637 

Windsor Beach. 11. ... 411 

Winthrop 1....351 

Wiscoy 40. . . . 265 

Wolcott 12... 1,316 

Wolcottsburg . .22. . . . 245 
Wolcottsville ...9.... 811 
Woodbourne . ..49. . . . 351 

Woodbury 60.... 366 

Woodhull 41.... 316 

Woodstock . . ..50. . . . 351 
Worcester ... .32. . .1,211 

Worth 4. . . . 728 

Wrights 

Corners 9. 

Wurtsboro ... .49. 
Wyoming 24. 



Yaphank 61. 

Yonkers 55. 

York 25. 

Yorkshire 39. 

York\ille 17. 

Youngstown ....9. 
Youngsville . . .49. 

Z 
Zurich 12. 



. . 211 

.. 478 
. . 536 

.3,151 
79,803 
. . 513 
. . 390 
.. 691 
. . 555 
.. 375 

.. 300 



NEW YORK STATE 



Having: the Advantage of Age, Experience, Central Location, Ocean Shipping, Port of Landing, and 

Superior Transportation Facilities. 



Examination of location, in a study of New York 
State, reveals why this is the foremost state in the 
Union in several respects, lirst, it is a large state, 
second it is an old state, third it has a healthy 

climate and fertile soil, and fourth, in means of 
transportation it is so accessible for immigration, 
and so favorably situated to reach all the best 
markets, with agricultural and manufactured pro- 
duction it is not surprising that there is a large 
population to the square mile. 

In fact, the surprise is that there is not a greater 
density of population. With every natural advan- 
tage, in productive soil, rivers, canals and railroads, 
with highly favorable climate, with a rapidly in- 
creasing population calling for every agricultural 
product which can be raised, it is clearly evident 
that land must become much more valuable than 
it now is in all portions of the state. 

ADVANTAGE OF LARGE POPULATION. 

Density of population largely determines real 
estate values. A small store space on Broadway, 
New York, or on State Street, in Chicago, will bring 
a large annual rental because so many thousands 
of people go by that store every day. It is true 
that goods may not increase in price, but the great 
number called for with some profit on each article 
sold is what brings the ultimate large profit, in 
the aggregate. 



Thus the vast increase in population throughout 
New York State means a greater and greater 
demand for food and a consequent greater profit 
because of the larger business. 

Only about one-half of the State of New York 
is under cultivation at the present time. And this 
with eight millions of people. When three milions 
more are added to the population and there is a 
third greater demand, the land to supply that 
demand for food must yet be a good deal more 
valuable. 

COMPETING WITH WESTERN LANDS. 

It is true that the opening of new western lands 
will increase the volume of foodstuff, but it will 
always cost a certain percent of income to trans- 
port goods, and the nearer to market the products 
are produced, the greater the saving on transpor- 
tation, the greater the profit on farm products, and 
the more valuable is nearby land. 

ADVANTAGE OF BEING NEAR »IARKETS. 

With fertility of soil kept up, with all the up-to- 
date appliances in use for growing crops, it is not 
possible to conceive that far awa.v land can be 
w-orth as much as that which is nearer to market. 
The nearby farmer is ahead of the western agricul- 
turist all the time in cost of transportation, and 
therein largely lies his profit. 



145 



New York Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



Before going West it is well for the land seeker 
to come into communication with real estate m.arket 
conditions near him. 

It may be well to buy a small place near a man- 
ufacturmg city, go into intensive farming, culti- 
vate very thoroughly a small tract of land, raise 
what the people want, get it to market fresh and 
in the best possible condition. 

It seems folly for people to leave conditions which 
are as good at home as abroad, to go far away 
into a new land among strangers, when it is pos- 
sible to do as well or perhaps better in the imme- 
diate vicinity of where they have always lived. 

Another factor to be considered is the immense 
amount of manufacturing going forward in this 
state. If the family is large and the farm is 
small it is often of advantage to have opportunity 
for some members of the household to work in a 
nearby factory while others till the farm. 

What New York in manufacturing is, compared 
with the four greatest manufacturing states in 
the Union, is seen by the number of wage-earners 
which' each state employs. Thus, Illinois had in a 
recent census, 379,436; Massachusetts, 488,309; 
Pennsylvania, 763,382, while New York had 8.56,- 
947, or nearly 100,000 more wage-earners employed 
than Pennsylvania. 

ONE-HALF OF THE STATE YET CULTIVATED. 

New York's annual payroll to workmen in manu- 
factories was $430,014,851. But this is only the 



beginning. With the harnessing of waters in the 
one hundred and thirty rivers in the State, witn 
the developinent of electric power, as yet only 
commenting, we may imagine that New York, with 
only half its land surface under cultivation, will 
find room and opportunity for thousands of other 
land-seekers right here, within the boundaries of 
the State. 

In a journey throughout the State investigation 
shows that New York stands first in dairy prod- 
ucts and in number and value of nurseries. Broom 
corn has long been the staple of the Mohawk Val- 
ley, Iiops have been an important crop in Oneida, 
Madison, Otsego and Schoharie Counties. Wayne 
County produces more dried fruit than any county 
in the State, and is also famous for its oil of pepper- 
mint. Grapes are successfully grown in the lake 
region of the central part of the State, in the Val- 
ley of the Hudson, below the Highlands, and in tiie 
north shore of Long Island. 

Maple sugar is an important product in north- 
ern and central New York ; and fruits, including 
apples, peaches, pears and strawberries are largely 
grown in the western counties north of the water- 
shed; while peaches are an important crop in 
Ulster County. Large tracts of land in the vicinity 
of New York City, and particularly on Long Island, 
are devoted to market gardening and dairying, and 
the inhabitants supply milk, butter, cheese, eggs, 
vegetables, and small fruits to the markets of the 
metropolis. 



HEALTH AND PLEASURE RESORTS IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK, 
BEAUTIFUL PICTURESQUE VIEWS. 



Another feature of New York which many people 
forget, and a multitude of people know nothing 
about, is the scenic attractions of the State. As 
their beauties become known they are visited by- 
thousands of tourists annually and great wealth is 
coming to the State from that source. We could fill 
a volume descriptive of New York pleasure resorts, 
but content ourselves with mention of only a few 
interesting points, thus: 

FIVE COUNTIES IN ADIBONDACKS. 

Adirondack Mountains, N. Y. Northeastern New 
York, comprising the Counties of Hamilton, Frank- 
lin. Essex and Clinton, is now known to sportsmen 
and pleasure-seekers as the Adirondacks. A chain 
of mountains extends through the counties named, 
from northeast to southwest, on an elevated plateau, 
or ridge, which is nearly 2,000 feet higher than 
the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. Five of these 
mountains are remarkable for their height. Mount 
Marcy, the tallest, rises 5,337 feet above the sea- 
level; Mounts St. Anthony and McMartin are each 
estimated to be 5,000 feet, and Mounts Emmons and 
Mclntyre, 4.000 feet above it. Owing to the irregu- 
larity of the mountain chain, and the consequent 
elTect upon the country, the scenery is grand and 
romantic. The rivers Au Sable and Saranac, origi- 
nating in the recesses of the mountains, flow into 
Lake Champlain, on the east, while the Cedar and 
Boreas rivers, uniting with the headwaters of the 
Hudson, empty into that stream. There are numer- 
ous other rivers and creeks throughout the Adi- 
rondack region, with several ponds and lakes of va- 
ried magnitude, which add much to the grandeur 
and excellence of this famous resort. Game and 
fish are found within its borders. On the mountains 
abound groves and forests of ash, birch, beech, ma- 
ple, hemlock, spruce, cedar, tamarack, fir and white 
pine trees. Rapids and falls in the streams, which 
are principally navigable for light boats, add diver- 
sity to the rugged surroundings. Tourists are con- 
veyed by boats and footpaths to the numerous 
places of summer resort. Timber and iron ore form 
the principal staple productions of the Adirondack 
region, which is accessible by several railroad and 
water routes. 

LINE OF STEAMERS IN ADIRONDACKS. 

Blue 3Iountaln Lake. In the Adirondack fN. Y. ) 
Region, at the base of Blue Mountain, rising to a 
height of 3,824 feet, lies this beautiful sheet of 
water, which forms one of the finest attractions 
of this great resort. A line of steamers makes 
daily trips through this and the neighboring lakes, 
Raquette, Eagle and Utowana, a distance of twenty 
miles, and even twenty miles further, passing 
through Forked Lake and Long Lake to Saranac. 
Blue Mountain Lake is 3% miles long and 2 miles 
wide; Eagle Lake, 2 miles long and % mile wide; 
Utowana Lake, 3 miles long and 1 mile wide. 



DESCRIPTION OF NIAGARA FALLS. 

Niagara Falls, N. Y. By act of Congress, in 
1885, this great cataract became a national public 
park. The river is 33 miles long. Lake Erie is 
334 feet higher than Lake Ontario, into which the 
river empties. Within a mile above the falls the 
descent is 52 feet. The total width of the river at 
Goat Island is 4,750 feet. The height of the water- 
fall on the American side is 164 feet, and on the 
Canadian side about 150 feet. The new Niagara 
Suspension Bridge is 1,300 feet long, and 190" feet 
above the river. Its towers are each 100 feet high. 
Tne stairway beside the inclined railway has 290 
steps. Goat Island was so named from goats placed 
there about the year 1790 by Mr. John Stedman, 
who left them so uncared for during one winter 
that they died of exposure. There are seventeen 
islands in the river, near each other, above the 
Falls, all owned by the estate of Peter B. Porter, 
to whom the property was ceded by the State of 
New York in 1818. The height of the river bank 
at the Biddle Staircase is 185 feet. The old 
Suspension Bridge, 2 miles below the Falls, has 
a floor for the railway CO feet wide, and the track 
is 258 feet above the river. The length of the 
bridge from the center of the towers at each end 
is 822 feet. The height of the towers on the Ameri- 
can side is 88 feet, and on the Canadian side, 78 
feet. The width of the river at the whirlpool is 
300 feet, and its estimated depth is 250 feet. 

PLACID WATERS WITH 1,693 ISLANDS. 

Alexandria Bay, N. Y. At the approach of the 
St. Lawrence River, a short distance east of Kings- 
ton, Can., the tourist enters Alexandria Bay, quite 
as frequently designated "The Lake of the Thou- 
sand Isles," and which extends down the St. Law- 
rence forty miles, with a breadth of five miles. 
The scenery on this lake is among the finest on the 
continent. Scattered here and there, everywhere 
throughout the placid waters, lie 1,692 islands, of 
every conceivable size and shape; some being mere 
rocky projections above the surface; others, nearly 
as small, covered with verdure, while others, of 
larger size, are luxuriant in shade trees and grassy- 
plats, and often lying in most attractive clusters. 
One is 12 miles in length and 2 miles wide. The 
beautiful color of the leaves and grass is attributed 
to the bountiful supply of water surrounding the 
islands. Lighthouses, indicating the frequent changes 
in the channel of the stream, add greatly to the 
picturesque diversity of the scenery; and on other 
islands have been erected elegant residences, with 
ornamental grounds. Hotels abound at several 
points, and boating, fishing and hunting offer variety 
and pleasure to the seeker of rest and recreation. 

BUGGED AND ROMANTIC DEEP GORGE. 

Watkins Glen, N. Y. Eighty rods from Watkins 
Station, near the head of Seneca Lake, a vast gorge 



146 



New York Picturesque and Interesting Places to Visit 



in a tall, rocky bluff, 500 feet high, through which 
Hows a noisy mountain stream, forms the glen, 
extending a distance of about 3 miles. The scenery 
is rugged and romantic in the deep gorge, with 
cascades and towering rocks, a dark pool, narrow 
footpaths, hemlock trees, difficult stairways and a 
balcony overhanging the gorge; solitude and gran- 
deur distinguish the place, and the admirer of na- 
ture may here view it in its wildest phases. Promi- 
nent objects are the Mountain House, a chalet cot- 
tage, an iron suspension bridge across the gorge, an 
art gallery. Glen Cathedral (amphitheater 1,000 feet 
long). Rainbow Falls, Pluto Falls, Omega Falls, 
etc. Other glens in the vicinity present additional 
charms for the tourist. 

CHASM NEARLY TWO MILES LONG. 

Au Sable Chasm. Among the many remarkable 
features of the Adirondack region in New York, as 
described above, is a natural chasm in the Pots- 
dam sandstone, through which the Au Sable river 
Hows frortl the northern termination of the Adiron- 
dack Mountains toward Lake Champlain. This 
channel is in some places nearly two hundred feet 
deep, and overshadowed by cedar trees and tali 
precipices of varied shapes. At one point the chan- 
nel is only ten feet in width, while at another it 
expands to fifty feet. The chasm is nearly two 



miles long, and the dark and raging waters dash 
madly down shallow rapids, cascades and fall's, 
leaping in one place a distance of twenty feet, and 
at another, sixty feet — the whole forming a scene 
that rivals the famous cataracts of mountain 
streams in Switzerland. The surroundings are as 
remarkable as the chasm itself, embracing views of 
mountain ranges and peaks, and Lake Champlain. 
The pleasure-seeker in this locality may enjoy fine 
drives and rambles, fresh air and good fishing 
stations. 

SOarE OF THE FINEST SCENERY IN AMERICA. 

West Point, N. Y. The early history of the 
Union is intimately connected with this beautiful 
place on the west bank of the Hudson River, 52 
miles north of New York City. In the Revolution- 
ary War, the neighborhood bristled with forts 
built by Colonial troops. .Vbove the river at an 
altitude pf 600 feet may still be seen the ruins of 
Fort Putnam, and from that deserted fortress the 
tourist may view some of the finest scenery in 
America. The Government Military Academy and 
grounds, where so many great warriors have been 
educated, are finely located and ably maintained. 
Kosciusko's Monument is a prominent feature at 
this delightful resort. 



LARGE AND SMALL LAKES IN NEW YORK STATE. 



LAKES IN NEW YORK. ^ong^. wide^ 

Amber Lake, Hamiltcn Co 2 1/2 

Ballston Lake, Saratoga Co , 3 '. . . 1 

Beaver River Lake, Lewis Co 2 1 

Black Lake, St. Lawrence Co 20 2 

Blodgetfs Pond, Wyoming Co %.,.... % 

Blue Mountain Lake, Hamilton Co 3'^ 2 

Brant Lake, Warren Co 5 Vi 

Buonaparte Lake, Lewis Co , . . 5 3 

Canandaigua Lake, Ontario Co 15...% to 11/2 

Cayuga Lake, Cayuga Co 28.... 1 to 31/2 

Catamount Lake, St. Lawrence Co.... 1 Vi 1 

Catlin Lake, Essex Co..^ 3 1/2 

Chautauqua Lake. Chauta iqua Co IS.... 1 to 3 

Chasy Lake, Clinton Co 3 1% 

Crooked Lake, Yates Co 18.. 1% 

Cranberry Lake, St. Lawrence Co 9 3 

Cross Lake, Onondaga Co 5 , Vi 

Eagle Lake, Hamilton Co 2 Vj 

Fern Lake, Clinton Co , 1 Yz 

Greenwood Lake, Orange Co 12 1 

Harris Lake, Essex Co 2 % 

Horseshoe Pond, _ St. Lawrence Co.,... 1% % 

Indian Pond, St." Lawrence Co 1 % 

Java Lake, Wyoming Co % % 

.Tourdan Lake, St. Lawrence Co 2 ,..1 

Lett's Lake. Kalkaska Co 2 1 

Lincoln Lake, Mason Co 4........ % 

Little Clam Lake, Wexford Co 3 1 

Loon Lake, Iosco Co . . 2 1 

Loon Lake, Oakland Co 1/2 % 

Long Lake, Kalamazoo Co 2. , % 

Lower Saranac Lake, Franklin Co.... 6 2 



LAKES IN NEW YORK. ^^g^ ^fae. 

Massewepie Lake, St. Lawrence Co... 2.' i^ 

Minnewaska Lake, Ulster Co ,. Yz % 

Mohonk Lake, Ulster Co 1/2 % 

Mud Lake, St Lawrence Co 11/2 y^ 

Oneida Lake, Oneida Co , 20. . . .4 to 7 

Onondaga Lake, Onondaga Co. j % 

Oswegatchie Lake, Lewis Co 2%.%tol 

Otisco Lake, Onondaga Co ...., 7 % 

Oisego Lake, Otsego Co 7% 1% 

Owasco Lake, Cayuga Co 11 1 1^ 

Ov/azena Lake, Madison Co 3 1 

Rich Lake. Essex Co 1 %...... % 

Round Lake, Saratoga Co 1 1 

St. Regis Lal^e, Franklin Co 4 % 

Saratoga Lake, Saratoga Co . . . 7. 3 

Schroon Lake, Essex Co , 10 1 % 

Schuyler Lake, Otsego Co 5 1^2 

Seneca Lake, Seneca Co 36 2 

Silver Lake, Wyoming Co.. 3 1 

Silver Lake, Clinton Co 2 % 

Skaneateles Lake, Onondaga Co 15 1% 

Spitfire Lake, Franklin Co IVa IVa 

Sylvia Lake, St. Lawrence Co IVg % 

Taylor Pond, Clinton Co 11/2 Vz 

Topper's Lake, Hamilton Co 6........ 2 

Trout Lake, Warren Co 2 % 

Trout Lake, St. Lawrence Co: 2. ...... . % 

Upper Chateaugay Lake, Clinton Co.. 3 1 % 

Upper Saranac Lake, Franklin Co 7 1 

Utawara Lakes, Hamilton Co 3 1 

Yellow Lake, St. Lawrence Co 4 % 



HISTORY, CLIBIATE AND HIGHEST ALTITUDE IN NEW YORK STATE. 



Altitude. Highest, Mount Marcy, in the Adiron- 
dack Mountains, Essex County, 370 feet. 

Climate. Length of season from blooming of ap- 
ple trees to first killing frost, 174 days; though on 
Long Island it is twelve and one-half days longer 
and in St. Lawrence County twenty-two days shorter. 
The average summer temperature at Albany is 70.43 
degrees, at Buffalo 67.73, at New York 76.62. The 
average winter temperature at Albany is 25.26, at 
Buffalo 26.28, at New York 31.93. Average yearly 
temperature of State, "46.49. Average annual fall 
of rain and snow. State, 40.93 inches; at New York 
43.24 inches. Warmest temperature at Albany, 100 
above; coldest, 24 below; at New Y'ork, warmest, 
100 degrees .above; coldest, 6 degrees below. 

Dimensions. Extreme length from north to south. 
310 miles; extreme breadth, from east to west, 320 
miles. 

History, Was one of the thirteen original states. 
Admitted to Union in 1788. Northern part of State 
explored by Champlain, 1609. ' New York Bay and 
Hudson river up as far as Albany visited by Hud- 
son in 1609. A fort built by the Dutch on Manhat- 
tan Island in 1613. Manhattan Island was bought 
of the Indians by Peter Minuet, the first Dutch 
governor, for 60 guilders, about ,$24. named New 
Amsterdam and settlement made thereon in 1623. 



Suffered from Indian wars, 1641. Captured bv the 
English 1664, recaptured by the Dutch 1673. Charter 
granted by Charles II to Duke of York, covering 
Manhattan Island and other territory, and name of 
New Amsterdam changed to New York. Robert Ful- 
ton's first steamboat voyage to Albany, 1807. In 
1812 steam ferry to Long Island opened and was 
introduced in 1825. Erie Canal opened and first 
boat from Buffalo, 1825. Croton Aqueduct com- 
pleted in 1842. First city railroad built in 1852 and 
Chrystal Palace opened in 1853. Tweed Ring bro- 
ken in 1871 ahd Brooklyn Bridge opened in 1883. 
Railroads, miles of, in State, 8,336.30. 

ATTRACTIVE LAKE AND RESORT, 

Saratoga Springs, New Yorlt. Widely known as 
a fashionable health resort and occasional aquatic 
display on the lake. See population 12,693. Located 
32 miles northwest of Albany. Contains 28 springs, 
all powerfully charged with carbonic acid gas. Re- 
garded as valuable aids in curing cutaneous and 
liver diseases, dyspepsia and chronic affections of 
the bowels. Large quantities of the waters, es- 
pecially of the Congress, Empire and Hathorn 
Springs, are bottled and exported. Depth of High 
Rock Spring from top of the rock Is 32 feet. 



147 



NORTH CAROLINA 



STATE AND THE 100 COUNTIES OF NORTH CAROLINA 

With Their Boundaries 







S WORTH CMINA 



LOCATION AND 1910 rOITLATIOXS OF NORTH CAROMNA COl NTIKS. 



Loca, County 

1 Ashe. 

3 Alleghany. 

3 Surry. 

4 Stokes. 

5. . Rockingham. 

6 Caswell. 

7 Person . 

8 Granville. 

9 Vance. 

10 Warren. 

11 Halifax. 

13.. Northampton. 

13 Hertford. 

14 Gates. 

15... Perquimans. 
16. . . Pasquotank. 

17 Camden . 

18 Currituck. 

19 Watauga. 

20 Wilkes. 

21 Yadkin. 

22 Forsyth. 

23 Guilford. 

24 Alamance. 

25 Orange. 

26 Durham. 



Pop. 



.19,074 
. 7,745 
.29,70.5 
.30,151 
. 36,442 
.14,858 
.17,356 
.25,102 
.19,425 
.20,266 
.37,646 
.23,323 
.15,436 
.10,455 
.11,054 
.16,693 
. 5,640 
. 7,693 
.13,556 
.30.282 
.15,428 
.47,311 
.60,497 
.28,713 
.15,064 
.35,266 



Loco. County 

27 Franklin. 

28 Nash. 

29.. .. Edgecomb. 

30 Marten. 

31 Bertie. 

32 Chowan. 

33 Mitchell. 

34 Avery. 

35 Caldwell. 

36 Alexander. 

37 Iredell. 

38 Davie. 

39 Davidson. 

40 Randolph. 

41 Chatham. 

42 Wake . 

43 Johnson. 

44 Wilson. 

45 Greene. 

46 Pitt. 

47 Beaufort. 

48... Washington. 

4!) Tvrell. 

50 bare. 

51 Hyde. 

52 Madison. 



Pop. 



.24,692 
.33,727 
,32,010 
.17,797 
.23,039 
.11,303 
,17,245 



,20,579 
,11,592 
,34,315 
.13,394 
,29,404 
,29,491 
,22,635 
,63,229 
.41.401 
.28,269 
.13,083 
.36,340 
.30,877 
.11,062 
, 5,219 
, 4,841 
. 8,840 
.20,132 



Loca. County 

53 Yancey. 

54 McDonald. 

55 Burke. 

56 Catawba. 

57 Rowan. 

58 Swain . 

59 Haywood. 

60.... Buncombe. 

61 Graham. 

62 Cherokee. 

63 Clay. 

64 Macon . 

65 Jackson. 

66. . Transylvania. 

67. . . . Henderson. 

68 Polk. 

69. .. . Rutherford. 

70 Cleveland. 

71 Lincoln. 

72 Gaston . 

73... Mcklenburg. 

74 Babarrus. 

75 Stanly. 

76... Montgomery. 

77 Moore. 

78 Lee. 



Pop. 



.12,072 
.13,588 
.21,408 
.27,918 
.37,521 
.10,403 
.21,020 
.49,798 
. 4,749 
14,136 
. 3,909 
,12,198 
,12,998 
. 7,191 
.16,262 
. 7,640 
.28,385 
.29,494 
.17,132 
.37,063 
.67,031 
.26,240 
.19,909 
.14,967 
.17,010 
,11,376 



Loca. County Pop. 

79 Harnett. .22,174 

80 Wayne. .35,698 

81 Lenoir. .22,769 

82 Craven. .25,.594 

83 Jones. . 8,721 

84 Pimlico.. 9,966 

85 Union. .33,277 

86 Anson . .25,465 

87 Richmond. .19,673 

88 Hoke 

89 . . . Cumberland . . 35,285 

90 Sampson. .29,982 

91 Duplin.. 25,442 

92 Onslow. .14,125 

93 Carteret. .13,776 

94 Scotland.. 15,363 

95 Robeson. .51,945 

96 Bladen. .18,006 

97 Pender. .15,471 

98 Columbus. .28,020 

99. New Hanover. .32,037 
100 . . . Brunswick . . 14,433 

Total 2,206,056 



North Carolina Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Aberdeen . 
Advance . . 
Ahoskie . . . 
*Albemarle 
Altamahaw 
Andrews . . 
Angier . . . . 
Ansonville 

Apex 

* .\shboro . . 
•Asheville . 



A 

77. 

38. 

13. 

75 . 

...24. 
.... 62 . 
... 79. 



.. 794 
.. 283 
. . 924 
.2,166 
. . 366 
. . 936 

86 . . ! .' 486 

. .42 681 

..40... 1,865 
. .60. .18,762 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Atlantic ... 
.\ulander . . . 

.Aurora 

Avon 

Ayden 

Aydlett 

1 

*Bakersville 
Bath 

Battleboro . 
*Bayboro . . 



. .93. 
. .31. 
. .47. 
. .50. 
.. .46. 
..18. 



.33. 

,.47. 
. .28. 
. .84. 



. . 524 
. . 543 
, . 440 
, . 409 
, . 990 
, . 309 



416 
283 
211 
370 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



♦Beaufort 93. 

Bee Log 53. 

Bee Tree 60. 

Belhaven 47. . 

Belmont 72., 

Benson 43. , 

Bessemer City. 72., 

Bethel 46.. 

Biscoe 76. . 

Black Creek... 44.. 
Black Moun- 
tain 60.. 



.2,483 
. . 308 
. . 306 
. . 863 
.1,176 
. . 860 
.1,529 
. . 469 
. . 265 
. . 219 

. . 311 



Loca. Pop. 



Bladenboro .. .96. , 

Bluemont 60. , 

Blowing Rock. .19., 



Boardman 
Boonville . . . 

Bostic 

* Brevard . . . 
Bridgeton . . . 
Bridgewater . 
Brookford 
*Bryson City. 
Buffalo City. . 



.98., 
.21. 
.69.. 
.66. 
.83, . 
.55. . 
..56. . 
.58. . 
.50.. 



276 
200 
261 
796 

283 
209 
919 
348 
280 
725 
612 
200 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
ns Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population, Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

148 



North Carolina Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Tvwns 



Loca. Pop. 



Bines Creek.... 79. 

*Burgaw 97. 

Burlington ... .24. 
*Burnsville . . .53. 
Bu.xton 50. 



C 

Cameron 

Canton 

Capelsie 

Caroleen 

* Carthage . . . . 

Cary 

Casar 

Castalia 

Catawba 

Cedarfalls .... 
Central Falls. . 
Cerro Gordo. . . 
Chadborun . . . 
Chapel Hill... 
♦Charlotte . . . 
Cherryfleld . . . 
Cherryville . . . 
China Grove. . 
Chinquapin . . . 
Claremont . . . . 

Clarkton 

Clayton 

Cleveland 

Cleveland Mills. 

Cliffside 

*Clinton 

Clyde 

Colington 

♦Columbia . . . . 

Como 

♦Concord 

Connellys Spgs. 

Conover 

Contentnea . . . . 

Conway 

Cooleemee . . . . 

Cordova 

Cornelius 

Cove City 

Cranberry 

Creedmoor . . . . 

Creswell 

Cronly 

Cullasaja 

Cumberland 
Cumnock . 
♦Currituck 



. . 249 
. . 956 
.4,808 
.. 423 
.. 366 



.77. 
.59. 
.76. 
.69. 
.77. 
.42. 
.70. 
.28. 
.56. 
.40. 
.40. 
.98. 
.98. 
.25. 
.73. 
.66. 
.72. 
.57. 
.91. 
.56. 
.96. 
.43. 
57. 
70. 
.69. 
.90. 
,59. 
,50. 
49. 
13. 
,74. 
55. 
56. 
45. 
12. 
38. 
87. 
73, 
83. 
34. 
.8. 
48. 
98. 
64. 
89. 
78. 
18. 



D 



Dallas . . 
♦Danbury . . 
Davidson ... 

Davis , 

Day Brook. . , 

Denton 

Denver 

Dillsboro 
♦Dobson .... 

Dover 

Draper 

Drexel 

Duke 

Dunn 

♦Durham .... 

E 

Earleys 

East Durham. 

East Kings 

Mountain. . . .78 

East Lake . . . .50 

East Laurin- 
burg 

East Lumber- 
ton 

East Monbo. . 

East Spencer. 

"Edenton 



73. 
...4. 
. .73. 
..93. 
..53. 
. .39. 
..71. 
..65.. 
. . .3. . 
. .82.. 
. ..5.. 
. .55.. 
..79.. 
..79.. 
..36.. 



.13. 
.26 



.94. 



.95. 
.37. 
.57. 
.32. 

♦Elizabeth City.l6.' 

Elkin 

Elk Park 

Ellenboro .... 

Elm City 

Elmgrove .... 
Elon College.. 

Enfield 

Engelhard .... 
Hlvergreen .... 



3. 
.34. 
.69. 
.44. 
.41. 
.24. 
.11. 
.51. 
.98. 



Fair Bluff. 
Fairfield . . 
Fairmont . 



.98. 
.51. 
.39. 



... 259 
..1,393 
. . . 490 
..1,893 
... 863 
... 383 
... 392 
...319 
. . . 333 
...333 
. . . 590 
. . . 333 
..1,342 
..1,149 
.34,014 
. . . 308 
. .1,153 
. . . 853 
. . . 395 
...297 

!'.i,4ii 

. .. 436 
. . . 463 
..1,096 
..1,101 
. . . 344 
. . . 369 
. . . 848 
. . . 390 
..8,715 
. . . 566 
...431 
. . . 346 
...337 
..3,060 
. . . 650 
. . . 833 
. . . 308 
. . . 496 
. . . 334 
. . . 339 
, . . 289 
. . . 350 
. . . 320 
, . . 230 
. . 860 

.1,065 
. . 490 
.1,056 
. . 250 
. . 309 
.. 320 
.. 383 
.. 277 
. . 360 
.. 737 
.1,000 
.. 300 
.. 500 
.1,833 
18,341 



. . 360 
.1,508 

. . 383 
. . 606 

. . 577 

. . 881 
. . 350 
.1,739 
.3,789 
.8,412 
. . 886 
. . 337 
. . 293 
. . 590 
. . 260 
. . 226 
.1,167 
. . 390 
. . 348 



441 

660 
433 



To tens 



Loca. Fop. 



Fairmont ... 

Faison 

Faith 

Fallston 

Farmville . . . . 
♦Fayetteville . 
Flat Rock. . .. , 
Forest City. . . 
Fort Landing. 
Four Oaks. . . . 
♦Franklin . . . . 
Franklinton .. 
Franklinville . 
Fremont 

G 



.95. 
.91. 
.57. 
.70. 
.46. 
.89. 
.67. 
.69. 
.49. 
.43. 
.64. 
.37. 
.40. 
.80. 



Garner . . . 
♦Gastonia . . 
♦Gatesville . 

Gibson 

Gibsonville . 

Gilkey 

Glen Alpine 
Gold Hill .. 
♦Goldboro . . 
Goldston . . . 
♦Graham 

Granite Falls. . .35. 
Granite Quarry. 57., 
♦Greensboro . . .33. 
♦Greenville . . . .46. 

Grifin 

Grifton 

Grimesland . . 

Grover 

Guilford Col- 
lege 

Gulf 

Gum, Neck 



. .43. 
..73. 
,.14. 
..94. 

.33. 

.69. 

.55. 
, .57. 

.80. 

.41. 

.24. 



.50. 
.46. 
.46. 
.70. 



H 

♦Halifax 

Hamilton .... 

Hamlet 

Harbinger 
Hardin Mills. 
Harkers Island 

Harlow 

Harmony 

Hatteras 

Haw River. . . . 
Hazelwood . . . 

Helton 

♦Henderson . . . 
♦Hendersonville 
Henrietta .... 

♦Hertford 

Hickory 

Hiddenite 

Highland Park 
Highlands .... 

Highlands 

Highpoint . . . . 
Highshoals . . . , 

♦Hillsboro 

Hollysprings. . . 
Hookerton . . . , 
Hooverhill . . . . 
Hot Springs . . . 

Howard 

Hudson 

Huntdale 

Huntersville . . 



Icemorlee 



..85. 



♦Jackson . . . . 
♦Jacksonville 
James City . . 
Jamesville . . 
Jarvisburg . . 
Jonesboro 
Jonesville 



.13. 

.93. 
.83. 
.30. 
.18. 

.77. 
.31. 



Juniper 50. 



Kannapolis ....74. 

Kelford 31. 

♦Kenansville ..91. 

Kenly 43. 

Kernersville ...33. 
Kings Moun- 
tain 70. 

♦Kinston 81. 

Kittrell 9. 

Kitty Hawk .. .18. 
Knotts Island.. 18. 



, . . 730 
. . . 519 
. . . 808 
. . . 390 
, . . 816 
.7,045 
, . . 308 
. 1,593 
. . 366 
. . 329 
. . 379 
. . 809 
.. 566 
.. 951 



. . 284 
.5,759 
. . 303 
. . 830 
.1,163 
. . 330 
.. 308 
.. 304 
.6,107 
. . 340 
.3,504 
.. 381 
. . 363 
15,895 
.4,101 
.. 300 
.. 391 
. . 330 
.. 209 



.33.. 
.41., 
.49., 



326 
300 
896 



.11. 


.. 314 


.30. 


.. 452 


.87. 


.3,173 


.18. 


.. 52!i 


.72 . 


.. 23fl 


.93. 


.. 290 


.93. 


.. 310 


.37. 


.. 29C 


..50. 


.. 69fl 


.24. 


.1,390 


..59. 


.. 428 


..1. 


.. 236 


..9. 


.4,503 


.67. 


.3,818 


.39. 


.1,856 


.16. 


.1,841 


.56. 


.3,716 


.36. 


.. 350 


.73. 


. 1,560 


.56. 


.. 487 


.64. 


. . 267 


.33.. 


.9,525 


.73.. 


.1,602 


.35.. 


.. 857 


43.. 


.. 261 


.45.. 


.. 204 


.40.. 


. . 220 


.53.. 


.. 443 


.19.. 


.. 220 


.35.. 


.. 411 


.33.. 


., 380 


.73.. 


.. 591 



398 



. . 537 
. . 505 
.1,337 
. . 398 
. . 490 
, . 799 
, . 380 
. . 280 



. . 566 
. . 316 
. . 370 
. . 736 
.1,138 

.3,218 
.6,995 
, . 342 
. . 350 
. . 892 



Loca. Pop. I Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



La Grange. . . . 
Lake Comfort. 
Lake Landing 

Landis 

Lasker 

Lattimore . . . . 
Laurel Hill. .. 
'Laurinburg . . 
Lawndale . . . . 
Leaksville . . . . 

Leasburg 

Leechville . . . . 

♦Lenoir 

Lewara 

Lewiston 

♦Lexington ... 

Liberty 

Lilesville 

♦Llllington . . . 

Lilly 

♦Lincolnton . . 

Linnville 

Littleton 

Long Island. . . 
Longview .... 
♦Louisburg . . . 

Lowel 

Lucama 

♦Lumberton . . 
Lynn 

M 

McAdenville . . 

Madison 

Magnolia 

Maiden 

Manly 

Manns Harbor. 

♦Manteo 

♦Marion 

Marlborough. . 
♦Marshall .... 

Mars Hill 

Marshville . . . 
Matthews .... 

Ma.xton 

Mayesworth . . 

Mayodan 

Maysville .... 

Mebane 

Merry Oaks. . . 
Middlesex .... 
Middle Swamp 

Milton 

♦Mocksville. . . 

♦Monroe 

Mon Swamp. . . 
♦Montezuma. . . 
Mooresville 
Morehead City 
♦Morganton . . 

Mortimer 

Morven 

Mountain 

Island 

Mt. Airy 

Mt. Gilead ... 

Mt. Holly 

Mt. Olive 

Mt. Pleasant.. 

Mt. Tabor 

Moyock 

Murfreesboro . 
♦Murphy 

N 
♦Nashville . . . , 
♦Newburn .... 
New London. . , 

Newport 

♦Newton 

No. Charlotte., 
No. Wilkesboro. 
Norwood 



.81. 
.51. 
.51. 
.57. 
.12. 
.70. 
.94. 
.94. 
,70. 
,.5. 



.47. 
.35. 
.87. 
.31. 
.39. 
.40. 
.86. 
.79. 
..7. 
.71. 
.34. 
.11. 
.56. 
.56. 
.27. 
.72. 
.44. 
.95. 
.68. 

.72. 
. .5. 
.91. 
.56. 
.77. 
.50. 
.50. 
.54. 
.46. 
.52. 
.53. 
.85. 
.73. 
.95. 
.72. 
..5. 
.83. 
.24. 
.41. 
.28. 
.96. 
..6. 
.38.. 
.85. 
.49. 
34.. 
.37. 
.93. 
.55. 
35.. 
.86. 

.72., 
. .3. 
.76. . 
.72. , 
.80. . 
.74.. 
98. . 
,18. . 
,13.. 
.62., 



Oak City., 
Ocracoke 
Old Fort , 
Oldtrap .. 

Olin 

Oriental . , 
♦Oxford . . 



O 



75. 
93. 
56. 
73. 
20. 
.75. 

.30. 
.51. 
.54. 
.17. 
.37. 
.84. 
..8. 



Pantego 47. 

Parkewood ....42. 

Parkton 95. 

Parmele 30. 



..1,007 

. . . 360 

. . . 330 

. . . 226 

..1,203 

,..367 

. . . 350 

.3,333 

. . . 350 

.1,137 

. . 390 

. . 350 

.3,364 

, . . 474 

. . 363 

.4,163 

. . 474 

. . 386 

.. 380 

. . 390 

.3,413 

.. 350 

.1,152 

.. 300 

.. 343 

.1,775 

.. 876 

. . 366 

.2,230 

.. 390 

.. 893 
.1,033 
.. 653 
.. 664 
.. 220 
.. 36i) 
. . 408 
.1,519 
. . 325 
.. 803 
.. 301 
.. 449 
. . 396 
.1,321 
.. 200 
. . 874 
. . 345 
. . 693 
. . 769 
. . 467 
. . 220 
. . 419 
.1,062 
.4,082 
. . 203 
. . 354 
.3,409 
.3.039 
.3,713 
, . 361 
. . 498 

. . 346 
.3,844 
. . 723 
. . 526 
.1,071 
. . 753 
. . 418 
. . 300 
. . 809 
. . 977 



.. 750 
.9,961 
. . 313 
.. 321 
.2,316 
.1,500 
. 1,903 
. . 938 

. . 251 

. . 680 
. . 778 
. . 390 
. . 309 
. . 645 
.3,018 

, . 334 

, . 290 
. . 219 

, . 272 



Peachland 


.86. . 


.. 232 


Pee Dee 


.86, 


.. 6i8 


Pembroke . . . . 


95 


. . 258 


Pikeville 


.80. 


. . 310 


Pilot Mountain 


.3. 


. . 652 


Pine Level . . . 


.43. 


. . 394 


Pinetops 


.29.. 


. . 211 


Pinetown 


.47. 


.. 412 


Pineview 


.79. . 


.. 263 


Pineville 


. 73 . , 


. . 688 


Pinnacle 


. ,4.. 


. . 402 


♦Pittsboro . . .. 


.41 


.. 503 


♦Plymouth ... 


.48. . 


.2,165 


Point Harbor. 


.18 


. . 290 


Polkton 


.86 


.. 287 


Polloksville . . 


.83 


. . 227 


Pomona 


.33 


. . 560 


Poplar Branch 


.18 , 


.. 200 


Powells Point. 


.18 


. . 466 


Princeton .... 


.43 


.. 354 


Princeville . . . 


.29 


.. 627 


Proctor 


..58.. 


.. 290 


Pungo 


.47.. 


.. 309 



B 

♦Raeford 

Raleigh 

(capital) . . . 

Ramseur 

Randleman . . . 
Red Springs . . 
Reidsville .... 

Rodhiss 

Richfield 

Richlands .... 
Rich Square. . 
Ridgeway .... 
Roanoke 

Rapids .... 
Roberdell .... 
Robersonville . 
♦Rockingham. . . 
Rocky Mount. 
Rocky Mount 

Mills 

Rocky Point.. 

Roper 

Rosehill 

Rowland 

♦Roxboro . . . . , 

Roxobel 

Roj-al Cotton 

Mills 

Ruffln , 

Rural Hall . . . 
Rutherford . . . 
•Rutherfordton 

S 



.88. 

.42. 
.40. 
.40. 
.95. 
. .5. 
.35. 
.75. 
.93. 
.12. 
.10. 

,11. 

,87. 
,30. 
87.. 
39. 

38. 
97. 
48. 
91. , 
95. , 
7. 



31.. 

42.. 
.5. . 
22. . 
55. . 
69.. 



. • 580 

19,218 
.1,013 
. 1,950 
. 1,089 
.4,838 
.. 370 
.. 210 
. . 445 
.. 367 
.. 350 

.1,670 
423 

'. '. 616 
.3,155 
.. 805 

.. 480 
. . 390 
.. 819 
. . 364 
.. 787 
.1,435 
.. 491 



. . 437 
. . 350 
. . 309 
. . 208 
.1,062 



Saginaw 

Saint Helena. 

Saint Pauls. . 

Salem 

♦Salisbury 

Saluda 

Sandy Ridge. 

♦Sanford .... 

Scotland 

Scranton 

Seaboard . . . 

Selma 

Sevensprings 

♦Shelby .... 

Shelmerdine 

Shore 

Silver City. . 

♦Smithfield 

♦Snowhill .. 

Sound 

South Biltmore.60. 

South Creek... 47. 

Southern Pines.77. 

South Mills.. ..17. 

♦Southport ...100. 

Southside . . . 

South Wades 
boro 

South Wash- 
ington .... 

Spencer 

Spray 

Spring Hope. 

Stanley 

Stantonsburg 

Star 

♦Statesville . 

Steeds 

Stoneville . . . 
Stony Point 



.34. 

.97. 

.95. 

.22. 

.57.. 

.68., 

..4.. 

.77.. 
Neck. 11.. 

51.. 

12. . 

43.. 

.80. . 

.70.. 

.46. . 

.21.. 

.41.. 

.43.. 

45.. 

48.. 



..71. 

..86. 

..97.. 
.57., 
. ..5.. 
..28.. 
..72.. 
..44.. 
..76.. 
,.37., 

.76. . 
. . .5. . 

.36. 



Stovall 8. 



.. 300 
.. 350 
.. 419 
.5,533 
.7,153 
.. 335 
.. 350 
.3,383 
.1,736 
.. 300 
.. 380 
.1,331 
. . 308 
.3,127 
. . 400 
.. 308 
. . 895 
.1,347 
.. 450 
.. 300 
. . 238 
. . 826 
. . 542 
. . 390 
.1,484 
. . 290 

. . 203 

. . 206 
.1,915 
.6,066 
.1,346 
. . 321 
. . 304 
. . 239 
.4,599 
. . 290 
. . 404 
. 330 
. . 305 



149 



North Carolina Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pup. 



Stubbs 70 

Stumpypoint . .50 
Sugar Grove... 19 

Sunbury 14 

Swansboro ... .93 
Svvepsonville . .24 
Sylva 65 



Tamarack 
*Tarboro . . . , 
*Taylorsville 
ThomasviUe 

Tillery 

•Trenton 

Trinity . 

•Troy 

Tryon 

Tuckertown 
Tyner 



.19. 

.29. 

.36. 

.39. 
, .11. 

.83. 
, .40. 

.76. 

.68. 

.76. 

.33. 



306 
206 
260 
208 
390 
441 
698 



. . 247 
.4,129 
. . 662 
.3,877 
. . 269 
. . 331 
. . 333 
.1,0.55 
. . 760 
. . 260 
. . 590 



Loca. Pup. 



Valdese 55. 

Valmead 35. 

Vanceboro ... .82. 
Vandemere . . .84. 

Vaughan 10. 

Voss 77. 



W 

•Wadesboro . . 
Wakefield . . . . 
Wake Forest. . 
Walkertown 

Wallace 

Walnut 

Walnut Cove.. 
Wanchese . . . . 
•Warrenton . . 

Waxhaw 

•Washington . 



208 
466 
391 
296 
420 
373 



.86. 


.3,376 


.42. 


.. 287 


.42. 


. 1,443 


.22. 


.. 460 


.91. 


.. 444 


.52. 


.. 215 


. .4. 


.. 480 


. 50 . 


.. 803 


.10. 


.. 807 


.85. 


.. 602 


.47. 


.6,211 



Loca. Pup. 



Watha 97. 



. . 85 . 

.59. 

.60. 

.65. 

.. .11. 

..42. 

.5. 



Waxham 

* Waynesville 
Weavervllle . 
•Webster . . . 
Weldon .... 
Wendell . . . 
•Wentworth 
West Durham. .26. 
West Hickory. 
West Lumber- 
ton 

Whitakers . . 
Whiteplains . 
•Whiteville . 
Whitney .... 
Whittier .... 

* Wilkesboro 

* Williamston 

* Wilmington 



.95. 
.29. 
..3. 
.98. 
.75. 
.58. 
.20. 
..30. 
.99. 



. . 204 
. . 602 
.2,011 
. . 442 
. . 301 
.1,999 
. . 759 
. . 252 
.2,007 
. . 846 

. . 231 
. . 755 
. . 251 
.1,368 
.1,502 
. . 216 
. . 799 
.1,574 
25.748 



Tuivns 



Loca. Pop. 



• Wilson .... 

* Windsor . . 

Winfall 

Wingate . . . 
•Winston- 
Salem .... 

Winterville 
•Winton . . . 
Woodard . . . 
Woodland .. 
Woodleigh . 
Worthville . 
Wysocking . 

•Tadkinville 
•Yanceyville 
Youngsville 

2 
Zebulon .... 
Zephyr 



.44. . .6,717 

.31 684 

.15 289 

.85 353 



.33 

.46 

.13. . 

.31.. 

.12.. 

.18.. 

.40.. 

.51.. 

.21.. 

..6.. 
.27. 

.42.. 
. .3. . 



.17,167 
. . . 484 
. . . 624 
. . . 303 
. . . 321 
. . . 303 
. . . 393 
. . . 801 

432 
338 
43T 

483 
303 



NORTH CAROLINA 



A State in Which Was Made the First Settlement in the United States. A Region ^Tiere a Colony Was 
Established, Every Member of Which Disappeared and Was Never Heard of Afterwards. 



A publication entitled "The Sketch Book of North 
Carolina" is sent to us by the North Carolina Depart- 
ment of Agriculture and for the advantage of land 
seekers in "The Old North State" we quote freely 
from its pages. 

The first settlement in the New World was made 
in North Carolina. 

In 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh sent out two boats 
to explore as much as possible of this continent 
and the first land sighted was on the coast of North 
Carolina, near Cape Fear. Aft(>r beating along the 
coast about a week they anchored in Ocracock In- 
let, near a beautiful island called by the Indians 
Wohokon. 

PRAYER AND THANKS. 

At midday on the 13th of July, 1584, after a 
prayer of thanks that the flag of England was about 
to float over broader realms, Captain Amadas took 
• possession of the land in these words: 

"We take possession of this island in the right 
of the Queen's most excellent majesty, as rightful 
Queen and Princess of the same, to be deliv.Med 
over to the use of Sir Walter Raleigh, according 
to Her Majesty's grant and letters patent under 
Her Highness' great seal." 

The Indians gave them welcome and tried to 

make their stay comfortable. After acquirin.? as 
much information as possible the expoilition le- 
tiirn-»d to Ei'gland, taking along as curiosities of 
the new land t'vo Indians, potatoes and smoking 
tobacco. Queen Elizabeth was greatly pleased with 
the report of Raleigh's captains and named the land 
Virginia, in honor of herself, the "Virgin Queen." 

A COLONY SENT BY RALEIGH. 

Raleigh the next year sent out a colony of lOS 
men to make a permanent settlement. These colon- 
ists landed on Roanoke Island, on the 26th of July, 
l.'J85. There they built a few cabins, fortified them 
and called their new home the "City of Raleigh." 
Becoming reduced in numbers and finding the In- 
dians hostile, this colony returned to England with 
one of the exploring expeditions sent out by Sir 
Francis Drake, who visited them with a large fleet. 
There the first English settlement in the new world 
was abandoned and the City of Raleigh left ten- 
antless. 

Not discouraged, Raleigh sent out another fleet 
containing 150 men, women and children. These 
colonists brought with them farm tools and came 
determined to make fihemselves a home in the new 
country. John White was the governor of this 
colony. 

Among these colonists was Eleanor Dare, daughter 
of Governor White. On the 18th of July, Mistress 
Dare gave birth to a daughter, the first English- 
speaking child born in America. In honor of the 
colony, this child was named Virginia Dare. After 
a stay on the island. Governor White felt impelled 
to return to England to get supplies for the col- 
onists, and to try to enlarge their numbers. Upon 
representations of White, unwearied Raleigh again 



loaded two ships to take aid to the Roanoke col- 
onists. But for one reason or another, White was 
long delayed. When at last he reached Roanoke, 
not a sign of the colonists that he had left there 
could be seen. Three years had passed between 
his going and his coming, and on his return he 
found the City of Raleigh as overgrown and deso- 
late as it had been at his first visit. Upon a tree 
the single word "Croatan" had been rudely carved. 
Before White's sailing for England, he had directed 
the settlers to carve upon a tree the name of any 
place that they might find it necessary to move to. 
No trace of the lost colonists was ever found, and 
White returned to England. It is said that Raleigh 
sent out at least five separate expeditions to search 
for the lost colony. WMth their disappearance, at- 
tempts at colonization of that part of the coast 
ceased. 

The attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh having sig- 
nally failed, no further attempts at colonization 
were made for three-quarters of a century. In 
1029, a charter was granted by Charles I of Eng- 
land to Sir Robert Heath of the Southern part of 
Virginia, latitudes 31 degrees to 36 degrees, under 
the name, in honor of that king, of Carolina. As 
Heath did nothing under it, a renewal was granted 
in 1663 to eight Lords Proprietors, and an en- 
largement to 36 degrees 30 seconds and 29 degrees, 
two years afterwards. The first permanent settle- 
ment in the limits of North Carolina was called 
the County of Albemarle. The Lords Proprietors 
appointed Governors of Albemarle, and then Gov- 
ernors, or Deputy Governors, of North Carolina until 
1728. Seven of them then sold their interests to the 
Crown, Lord Carteret, afterwards Earl Granville, 
yielding the right of government, but retaining his 
one-eighth interest in the land of all Carolina. In 
1744 he obtained a grant in severalty of about one- 
half of North Carolina, next to the Virginia line. 
The colony was therefore under the Crown from 
1728 to the Revolution. 

Its topography may be best conceived by picturing 
to the mind's eye the surface of the State as a 
vast declivity, sloping down from the summits of the 
Smoky Mountains, an altitude of nearly 7.000 feet, 
to the level of the Atlantic Ocean. The Smoky 
Mountains constitute a part of the great Appala- 
chian chain which here attains its greatest height: 
the greatest indeed, in the United States, east of 
the Rocky Mountains. This slope is made up of 
three wide extended terraces — if that term may 
be allowed: the first a high mountain plateau — 
distinguished as the Western or Mountain Section; 
the second, a submontane plateau, distinguished 
as the Middle Section or the Piedmont Plateau re- 
gion: the third, the Atlantic plain, distinguished as 
the Low Country or the Coastal Plain region, and 
that part from the head of the tides downward as 
the Tidewater section. From the first to the sec- 
ond section there is a sharp descent through a few 
miles only of not less than 1,500 feet: from the 
middle to the low country a descent of about 200 
feet: through the two latter, however, there is a 
constant downward grade. 

THE MOUNTAIN REGION. 

Broadly considered, the mountain section may be 
treated as a high plateau bounded on the east by 



150 



North Carolina Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



the irregular chain known as the Blue Ridge, ex- 
tending across the State in a general direction from 
northeast to southwest, until, reaching the south- 
eastern border of Henderson County, it turns to the 
west and forms for a long distance part of the 
southern boundary of the State, passing at length 
by a southwest projection into the State of Georgia, 
and again reuniting with the chain of the Smoky 
Jlountains, to which it had made near approach on 
its entry into North Carolina in the counties of 
Ashe and Watauga. 

The average elevation of the Blue Ridge is nearly 
4,000 feet, though on the southern and northern 
extremities it drops to 3,000 feet; its lower gaps 
being a little above 2.000 feet over the main level 
of the Piedmont country. 

The western boundary of this division is that 
long chain known under the various names of the 
Iron, the Smoky, and the I'naka Mountains, and 
forming the dividing line between North Carolina 
and Tennessee and enclosing with marked deflnite- 
ness the plateau of Western North Carolina. The 
area of this division approximates 6,000 square 
miles. The plateau is the culminating region of 
the Appalachian system, and contains not only its 
largest masses, but also its highest summits. The 
elevation of some of the peaks is as follows: 

Mitchell's Peak, C,711; Clingman's Dome, 6,660; 
Mount Buckley, 6,599; Mount Love, 6,443. 

In all there are forty-three peaks of 6,000 feet 
and upwards. There are eight.v-two mountains 
which in height exceed 5.000 feet, and an innumer- 
able number exceeds 4,000 feet. The general con- 
tour of all these mountains is gentle, the summits 
generally presenting smooth, rounded outlines. The 
mountains are covered with deep rich soil, and 
clothed with massive forests to their tops. There 
is little hazard in saying that there is nowhere in 
any of the other States an equal area of land cov- 
ered with timber trees of such various kinds, and 
of such value. The walnut, tulip trees (poplars), 
and oaks attain a size that would hardly be credited 
by one who had not seen them. The preservation 
of this magnificent forest is due to the fact that it 
has hitherto been inaccessible to transportation. 
Within the past few years much of it has been 
brought into connection with the markets of the 
world. One railroad line passes entirely through 
this section and another branching off at Asheville, 
and leading to the extreme southwest of the State, 
is now completed. Into the northwestern part of 
the State also a railroad has been completed and 
others projected. 

DIFFERENT SOILS AT DIFFERENT 

ELEVATIONS. 

On the various levels of this great State may 
be found a soil adapted to varied agricultural pro- 
ductions, and a delightful climate', as attested by 
the many pleasure and health resorts in the State. 

We urge those who would acquaint themselves 
with the possibilities in this State to address the 
Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C, for the 
sketch book of the State. 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS. 

Altitude, Highest, Mt. Mitchell, in the Appala- 
chian range of mountains, extreme western part of 
the State, 6,711 feet. 

Climate. Average January temperature at Char- 
lotte, 51 degrees above. At Wilinington, 47. Aver- 
age July temperature at Charlotte, 79; at Wil- 
mington, 7S. Warmest at Charlotte, 102; at Wil- 
mington, 103. Coldest at Charlotte, 5 degrees below 
zero; at Wilmington, 5 degrees above zero. Average 
annual rainfall at Wilmington, 54.3 inches. 

Dimensions. Extreme breadth, east and west, 520 
miles. Extreme length, north and south, 200 miiles. 
Area, 52,250 square miles. 

History. One of the thirteen original States to 
adopt the National Constitution and enter the 
Union, in 1789. Colonization and some dwellings 
erected on Roanoke Island in 1584-7, through col- 
onists sent out from England by Sir Walter Raleigh, 
but colony abandoned. (See account in general de- 
scription.) First permanent settlement made at Al- 
bemarle, 1053. The Carolinas were made one prov- 
ince in 1(')65 by grant of charter by Charles II. 
About 1700 the province divided into North and 
South Carolinas, and separate governments were 
organized, followed by larpre immigration of Scotch 
and Scotch-Irish. From 1729 up to the Revolution 



North Carolina was ruled by successive governors 
appointed by the English king. 

LIVE STOCK, COTTON AND BICE, 

Three-fourths of the inhabitants of the state are 
engaged in agricultural pursuits, cotton and rice 
being staple products of the eastern part of the 
state, live stock, buckwheat and other north tem- 
perate zone products pertain to the mountain 
region. In one section or another of the state 
may be found every agricultural product grown 
between the Great Lakes and the Gulf, except the 
orange. Indian corn occupies the largest acreage 
and this and the other cereals are common to all 
sections. Cotton is raised in two-thirds of the 
counti's. It is the ehief market crop of the eastern 
and of the southern half of the middle region. In 
the northern part of the state tobacco replaces cot- 
ton as a market crop. 

THE FISHING INTEREST. 

The fisheries of the eastern rivers and sounds 
are large and profitable, and give employment to 
several thousand persons. There are about 3,000 
miles of railway in the state. There are 1,000 miles 
of waterway open to steamboat navigation, includ- 
ing rivers, bays, sounds and canals. 

THE MINING INTERESTS OF NORTH CAROLINA. 

Mining has long given occupation to a portion of 
the population. Gold was first discovered in 1819 
and between that date and 1850 many gold and 
copper mines were opened in the middle and west- 
ern sections. In the last few years minmg indus- 
tries have received a new impulse. Iron ores are 
mined on a considerable scale for export and sev- 
eral new gold and copper mines have been opened, 
and the amount of the various mining industries is 
increasing very notably. Mica mining began sev- 
eral years ago in the mountain region and has 
grown to a considerable importance, much the 
larger part of this material found in commerce be- 
ing produced here. 

FOREST TREES IN LARGE VARIETY. 

Native Forests. The whole area of the state was 
originally forest-covered and about two-thirds of 
it is yet in primitive condition. The great variety 
of soils together with the wide range of climate, 
gives rise to a remarkably rich and varied flora. 
The important trees are the oak, pine, maple, 
hickory, magnolia and birch. Among the trees are 
many valuable and popular cabinet woods, such as 
walnut, holly, cherry, ash, cedar, birds-eye maple, 
sycamore, etc. These forests are rapidly increasing 
in value as those of the northern states disappear 
and as the demand for timber increases. 

THE LAND OF THE SKY. 

One of the most beautiful regions on the earth is 
Western North Carolina. In this delightful portion 
of the State are numerous elevated plateaus, nes- 
tling among mountains and running streams. On 
one of these charming uplands, 2,000 feet in eleva- 
tion above sea level, with the Blue Ridge Moun- 
tains in the distance, are Mount Mitchell, Mount 
Guyot and Clingman's Dome. There are so many 
of these mountain elevations, which cause the 
beholder to look up, this region has been fittingly 
named the "Land of the Sky." 

It is here on one of these levels amid nature's 
diversified scenes, with mountain, plain, streams 
and beautiful southern trees, where the charming 
City of Asheville, North Carolina, is located. This 
is a town of 20,000 people, which has thrice that 
number in the tourist season of the year. 

It was natural that George W. Vanderbilt, who 
had traveled extensively and knew the ^beautiful 
regions of the earth, should buy 100,000 acres a 
short distance from Asheville, and here, with un- 
limited wealth at command, he has laid out and 
developed "Biltmore," one of the most notable and 
attractive country estates in the world. With its 
costly residences, surrounded by broad lawns and 
luxuriant gardens, with its roads rivaling the most 
perfect boulevards, it represents an investment of 
over $6,000,000. 

"Asheville has acquired by reason of its wonder- 
ful climate and from the reputation of its superb 
hotels, a popularity and a progressive spirit quite 
beyond the usual limitations of towns of much 
laiger size. Its broad asphalted streets, plentifully 
sha'ded, its substantial public buildings and luxu- 
rious homes mark it a place of wonderful endow- 
ment and public spirit. 



151 



NORTH DAKOTA 



STATE AND THE 49 COUNTIES OF NORTH DAKOTA 

With Their Boundaries 




(DlOMilMSOlM or CAMAiA 

i 21 i 22 I 






37 

BISMARCK 



\ 38^ 



39 

T"' 



■-^*^sf "^o ^'f ^«#hs^#*r-i^ w*^'^ 




U.iL.i._*S.^-« ^, 49 
! 46 



LOCATION AND 1910 POPULATION OF NOKTH DAKOTA COUNTIES 



Loca. 


County 


Pop. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5.... 


Divide. 

Burke. 

.. Renville. 
. . Bottineau. 
... Rolette. 


.'17.295 
. .9, .558 


6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 


. . . Towner. 
.. Cavalier. 
. . Pembina. 
.. Williams. 
Mountrail . 
Ward. 


. 8,963 
.15.659 
.14,749 
.20,249 
. 8,491 
.42,185 


12 

13 


. . McHenry . 
. . . . Pierce. 


.17,627 
. 9,740 



Loca. County 

14 Benson. 

15 Ramsey. 

16 Walsh. 

17 McKenzie. 

18 Dunn. 

19 Mercer. 

20 McLean. 

21 Sheridan. 

22 Wells. 

23 Eddy. 

24 Foster. 

25 Nelson. 

26. . .Grand Forks. 



Pop. 



,12,681 
.15,199 
.19,491 
, 5,720 
. 5.302 
, 4,665 
.14,598 
. 8,103 
.11,814 
. 4,800 
. 5,313 
.10,140 
.27,888 



Loca. County 

27 Griggs. 

28 Steele. 

29 Traill. 

30 Oliver. 

31 Billings. 

32 Stark. 

33 Bowman. 

34 Hettinger. 

35 Adams. 

36 Morton 

37 Burleigh. 

38 Kidder. 

39 Stutsman. 



Pop. 



, 6,274 
, 7,616 
.12,545 
. 3,577 
,10,186 
.12,504 
. 4,668 
. 6,557 
, 5,407 
25,289 
,13,087 
, 5,962 
,18,189 



Loca. County Pop. 

40 Barnes. .18,066 

41 Cass.. 33,935 

42 Emmons . . 9,796 

43 Logan. . 6,168 

44 Lamoure. .10,724 

45 Ransom. .10,345 

46 Mcintosh.. 7,251 

47 Dickey. . 9,839 

48 Sargent . . 9,202 

49 Richland. .19,659 

Total 577,056 



Cities and Villages of North Dakota with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Antler 4. . 

Abercrombie ..49., 
Adams 16. 



Almont . . . 
Anamoose 
Aneta . . . . 
Ardoch . . . 
♦Ashley . . 

Balfour 



B 



.36.. 

.12. 
, .25. . 
,.16., 

.46.. 

.12. 



Bantry 12. 



. 342 
. . 299 

. 338 
, . 401 
, . 669 
, . 654 
, . 271 
, . 682 

, . 399 
, . 201 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Barlow . . . 
Barton . . . . 
Bathgate . . 
Beaulieu . , 
Belfleld ... 
Berthold . . 
Berwick . , 
Binford . . . 
Birdsell . . . 
♦Bismarck 
(capital) 
♦Bottineau 



.24. 
.13. 
. .8. 



252 
202 
328 
7... 1,003 

32 401 

454 
251 
275 
444 



..11. 
..12. 
..27. 
..36. 



.37... 5,443 
. .4. . .1,331 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



•Bowbells 2 

Bowdon . . 
♦Bowman 
Brinsmade 
Buffalo . . . 
Burlington 
Buxton . . 



.33. 
.14. 
.41. 
.11. 
.29. 



C 



.29. 

. .7. 



Caledonia 
Calvin . . , 

♦Cando 6. 

Carpjo 11. 



. . 651 
. . 302 
. . 481 
. . 203 
. . 241 
. . 201 
. . 401 

. . 251 
, . 301 
.1,332 
, . 257 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



.. .24., 

41. 

22., 

8. 

49. 



*Carrington 
Casselton . . 
Cathay .... 
Cavalier . . , 
Christine . . 
Churchs Ferry. 15. 

Clifford 29.. 

Cogswell 48. 

Columbus 2. , 

♦Cooperstown. .27. . 

Courtenay 39. . 

Crary 15. 



.1,217 
.1,553 
. . 225 
. . 652 
. . 202 
. . 457 
. . 201 
. . 418 
. . 225 
1,019 
. . 539 
. . 279 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located; Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

152 



Cities and Villages of North Dakota with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pup. 



*Crosby 
Crystal . 



20G 
37« 



D 

Davenport 41 . 

Dawson 38. 

Dazey 40. 

Denhoff 31. 

Deslacs 11 . 

"Devils Lake... 15. 
♦Dickinson . . . .33. 

Dogden 20. 

Donnybrook ...11. 

Doyon 15. 

Drake 12. 

Drayton 8. 

DuDseith 5. 



. 226 
. 201 
. 265 
. 318 
. 251 
5,157 
3,679 
. 321 
. 297 
. 202 
. 348 
. 587 
. 776 



Edgeley . . 
Ed in burg . 
Edinore . . 
Egeland . . 
*Ellendale 
Enierado 
Enderlin . 
Ernest . . . 



E 



. 749 
. 301 
. 344 
. 266 
1,389 
. 325 
1.541 
. 353 



Fairmount ....49. 

* Fargo 41 . 

♦Fessenden ....22. 

Fingal 40. 

Finley 28. 

Flaxton 2. 

Forbes 47 . 

Forest River... 16. 

*Forman 48. 

Fort Yates ... .36. 
Fullerton 47. 

O 

Gackle . . 

Galesburg 

Gardner . . 

Garrison 

Geneseo . 

Gilby ... 

Gladstone 

Glasston 

Glenburn 

Glen Ullin. 

Goodrich . 

Giaceville 

•Grand Forks .26. 

Grandin 41. 



.43. 
.29. 
.41. 
.20. 
.48. 
.26. 
.33. 
. .8. 
. .3. 
.36. 
.21. 
.33. 



.. 387 
14,331 
713 
351 
516 
301 
221 
233 
352 
351 
206 



. . 301 
. . 225 
. . 203 
. . . 406 
, . . 201 
. . . 301 
, . . 203 
. . . 401 
, . . 268 
...921 
...411 
..2,229 
,12,478 
. . . 302' 



Loca. Pop. 



Granville 12. 

Gwinner 48. 



H 



Hamilton 
Hampden 
Hankinson 
Hannaford 
Hannah . . 
Hansboro . 
Harvey . . 
Hatton . . . 
Havana . . 
Hebron . . 
*Hillsboro 
Hope . . . . 
Hunter . . . 



.15. 
.49. 
.27. 
..7. 
. .6. 
.22. 
.39. 
.48. 
.36. 
.39. 
.38. 
.41. 



* Jamestown ...39. 

K 

Kathryn 40. 

Kenmare 11. 

Kensal 39. 

Kief 12. 

Kindred 41. 

Knox 14. 

Kulm 44. 



*Lakota .. 
*La Moure 
*Langdon 
Lankin 
Laiisford . 
Earimore . 
Leeds .... 
Lidgerwood 
*Linton . 
'Lisbon . 
Litchville 



.25. 
.44. 

, . .7. 

.16. 
.. .4. 

.26. 

.14. 
, .49. 
..42. 

.45. 

.40. 



M 



*McCIusky 
McHenry 
McVille . 
Maddock 
*Mandan 
Manvel . 
Mapleton 
Marmarth 
Martin . . 



.21. 
.24. 
.25. 
.14. 
.36. 
.26. 
.41. 
.31. 
.21. 



. 455 
. 301 



. . 213 
. . 235 
. 1,503 
. . 341 
. . 501 
. . 303 
.1,443 
. . 666 
. . 221 
. . 597 
. 1,239 
. . 909 
. . 365 



.4,358 

. . 251 
.1,437 
. . 456 
. . 221 
. . 302 
. . 331 
. . 643 



.1,023 
. . 939 
.1,214 
. . 341 
. . 456 
. 1,224 
, . 682 
.1,019 
. . 614 
.1,758 
. . 484 



. . 517 

. . 398 
. . 311 
. . 374 
.3,873 
. . 201 
. . 207 
. . 791 
. . 251 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Max 20. 

Maxbass 4. 

Mayville 29. 

Medina 39. 

Mekinock 36. 

Michigan 25. 

Milnor ...48. 

Milton 7. 

* Minnewaukan .14. 

•Minot 11. 

Minto 16. 

♦Mohall 3. 

Monango 47. 

Munich 7. 



N 

*Nat5oIeon 43. 

Neche 8. 

*New Rockford.23. 
New Salem . . .36. 

Nome 40. 

North Minot . . .11. 
North wood ....36. 

O 

Oakes 47. 

Oberon 14. 

G:t;a 7. 

OiTiemee 4. 

Osnabrock 7 . 



P 

Page 41. 

Park River 16. 

*Pembina 8. 

Perth 6. 

Petersburg ....35. 

Pingree 39. 

Pisek 16. 

Plaza 10. 

Portal 2. 

Portland 29. 

B 

Ray 9. 

Reynolds 26. 

Richardton ....33. 

Rolette 5. 

*Rolla 5. 

*Rugby 13. 

Rutland 48. 

Ryder 11. 

S 

St. John 5. 

St. Thomas 8. 



. . 385 
. . 241 
. 1,073 
. . 343 
. . 201 
. . 449 
. . 641 
. . 411 
, . 513 
.6,188 
. . 701 
. . 493 
. . 338 
. . 225 



. . 301 
. . 538 
. . 803 
. . 621 
. . 218 
. . 433 
. . 763 

.1,499 
. . 302 
. 20i 
. . 332 
.. 253 



. . 479 
.1,011 
. . 719 
. . 221 
. . 353 
. . 251 
. . 312 
. . 224 
. . 491 
. . 561 



. . 4.36 
. . 413 
. . 647 
. . 408 
.1,587 
.1,631 

'.'. 338 

. . 424 
. . 513 



Towns Loca. 


Pop. 


Sanborn 


.40. . 


. . 391 


Sarles 


..7. . 


.. 346 


Sawyer 


.11.. 


. . 327 


Scranton 


. 33 . . 


.. 214 


Sharon 


.28.. 


.. 304 


Sheldon 


.45.. 


.. 358 


Sherwood 


. . 3 . . 


.. 338 


Shevenne .... 


.33. . 


.. 451 


Souris 


. .4. . 


.. 267 


Spiritwood . . . 


.39. 


.. 207 


'Stanley 


.10.. 


.. 818 


Starkweather. 


15.. 


. . 246 


♦Steele 


.38. 


.. 501 


Strasburg .... 


.43. 


.. 273 


Sykeston 


.22. 


.. 276 


T 






Thompson . . . 


.26. 


.. 351 


Tioga 


..9. 


.. 203 


Tolley 


..3. 


.. 251 


Tolna 


.25. 


.. 309 


Tower City . .. 


.41. 


. . 452 


*Towner 


.13. 


. . 691 


Turtle Lake . . 


.20. 


.. 201 


U 






Underwood . . . 


.20. 


.. 422 


Upham 


.12. 


.. 296 


V 






* Valley City.. 


.40. 


.4,606 


Velva 


.13. 


.. 837 


Verona 


.44. 


.. 235 


W 






*Wahpeton . . 


.49. 


.2,467 


Walcott 


.49. 


.. 251 


Wales 


..7. 


.. 225 


Walhalla 


..«. 


.. 592 


Walum 


.27. 


.. 201 


Warwick 


.14. 


.. 201 


♦Washburn . . . 


.30. 


.. 657 


Westhope .... 


.4. 


. . 592 


Wheatland . . . 


.41. 


.. 501 


White Earth. . 


.10. 


.. 264 


•Williston .... 


..9. 


.3,124 


Willow City .. 


..4. 


.. 623 


Wilton 


.20. 


.. 437 


Wimbledon . . . 


.40. 


.. 571 


Wishek 


.46. 


.. 433 


Wyndmere . . . 


.49. 


.. 439 


Y 






York 


.44. 


.. 431 



NORTH DAKOTA 



Facts About the Celebrated Red River of the North, Devil's Lake, the Many Mines of Lignite 

Coal and Other Features of Interest. 



Up in the northern part of the United States, 
directly south of the Canadian Dominion, and ex- 
tending from Minnesota on the East to Montana 
on the West, covering a distance of 360 miles, lies 
North Dakota. 

AN INLAND SEA. 

About midway in the State, from east to west, 
is a grassy upland which is supposed to have been 
the western shore line in some prehistoric time 
when the whole region hereabouts was covered with 
an inland sea, extending from Oklahoma up to 
Lake Winnipeg. In the very bottom of this im- 
mense lake was the Red River of the North and 
Lake Winnipeg. 

Through upheavals in the centuries of the past 
this lake was drained, leaving a few water basins 
remaining, like Devil's Lake in North Dakota and 
Lake Winnipeg in Canada, and a few streams flow- 
ing very slowly, among them being the Red River 
of the North and its tributaries. 

FERTILE SOIL OF THE RED RIVER REGION. 

Naturally with the draining of this great inland 
lake there was left in the bottom an exceedingly 
fertile soil which is a characteristic of the Eastern 
Dakota lands. 

The valley of the Red River of the North has a 



wide reputation because of its great crops of wheat. 
This valley, including the part located in Minne- 
sota, comprises a tract 250 miles long with a width 
of from 50 to 100 miles, and is almost a level plain, 
with a descent of from one to two feet to the mile, 
sloping to the north, in which direction the river 
runs. 

The first permanent white settlement in the ter- 
ritory occupied by the present State was made in 
1780 near Pembina, which locality at the present 
time, is a short distance south of the Canadian 
line on the Red River. 

EARLY SETTLE]MENT OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

In 1810 Lord Selkirk built a fort near Pembina, 
supposing the region to be on British soil. The 
Pembina settlement grew in population and. iso- 
lated from all outside civilization, was an honest 
rural community with distinctive peculiarities in 
dress and manners. 

When St. Paul, Minnesota, was established in 
1841, and goods were brought up the Mississippi 

River for wholesale distribution to settlers in the 
northwest, it was one of the great curiosities to see 
the immense two-wheeled wooden ox-carts, which 
came down from Pembina with the inhabitants of 
the region, who exchanged their furs and wheat 
for modern products to take back into the Pembina 
region. 



153 



Physical Advantages of North Dakota 



From N. Dak. Bulletin. 



The geographical location of North Dakota is 
favorable — to the north are the great Canadian 
I'rovinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba — the north- 
ern state line of North Dakota forming part of 
the International Boundary Line between ourselves 
and our good friend and neighbor, Canada. Di- 
rectly south of North Dakota is her sister state — 
South Dakota — like most sisters their characters 
are entirely different. West — is Montana, the first 
of the Northwestern Rocky Mountain States. Minne- 
sota (Land of the sky-blue-water) lies due east. 
Surrounded by large prosperous commonwealths, 
North Dakota's condition and characteristics are 
not on all fours with her neighbors. North Dakota 
possesses many strong, well defined differences and 
advantages. 

NORTH DAKOTA'S SIZE. 

North Dakota is the fourteenth state in size, — 

the area in square miles is 70,79.5 — including 000 
square miles of water surface. In acres the land 
area amounts to 44,736,477 — if divided into farms 
of 160 acres this big state would contain 279,602 
farms. North Dakota is about 25 per cent larger 
than Illinois (56.C50 square miles), — Iowa (.56,023 
square miles)- — and nearly twice as large as In- 
diana (36,3.50 square miles). Michigan contains 
only 58,195 and Little Old New York, — once thought 
to be a huge commonwealth, — contains only 49,170 
square miles. Compare this to North Dakota's 
70,795 square miles. North Dakota is rectangular 
in shape and is 360 miles wide (east and west), 210 
miles long (north and south). These figures give 
some idea of the tremendous stretch of the wide 
prairies of this vigorous young state. 

THE GENERAL PHYSIC.\T. FEATURES OF 
NORTH DAKOTA. 

North Dakota has no mountains, few hills, no 
forests and little broken land. The larger part of 
the surface of this big State is either fiat or 
slightly rolling prairie. Hundreds of little lakes dot 
the country east of the Missouri River. Devils 
Lake, near the city of that name, is a very large 
lake. Several other good sized lakes are near by. 
Turtle Mountains are the highest hills and are about 
400 feet high. Other "Mountains" are as much as 
300 feet high. 

There are four great divisions of land in North 
Dakota. First — the land east of the outer rim of 
the plateaus of the Missouri River. Second — the 
land south and west of the Missouri River's 
plateaus. Third — the rough butte broken portion 
south and west of the Missouri River. Fourth — the 
renowned and fertile Red River Valley. 

LOCATION OF THE FAMOUS RED RIVER 
VALLEY. 

Starting at the eastern edge of the State next 
to Minnesota, you find the Red River and the 
broad, flat Red River Valley — which has an altitude 
of approximately 1,000 feet and averages 50 miles 
in width. Soil authorities say the soil in the Red 
River Valley is unexcelled in fertility — in tlie world. 
The Red River flows northward and forms the 
North Dakota-Minnesota state line. 

THE ROLLING PRAIRIES T^'EST OF THE RED 
RIVER VALLEY. 

The valley of the Red River is separated from 
the rest of the State by a series of high ridges, 
named the Manitoba Escarpment. West of these 
ridges the prairie is slightly rolling and slowly 
rises (about two and one-half feet a mile) until 
the edge of the Plateaus of the Missouri River are 
reached. Here the land rises about 300 feet in 40 
miles. Some of the land on this plateau is badly 
broken, but the greater part rises in long, rolling 
swells, studded with little hills, ridges and coulees. 
Much good bottom land is located on the flats of 
the Missouri, the Little Missouri and the Tellow- 
stone Rivers. On the east side of the Missouri 
River's plateaus and north of the Missouri River 
you find flat and slightly rolling prairies. 

WHY NORTH DAKOTA'S SOIL MAKES FARMERS 
RICH. 

That worn out phrase "rich black soil" no longer 
means anything. Pick up any newspaper or farm 
journal and every farm offered for sale from Maine 
to California has a "rich black soil." What the 
man who makes his living direct from the Innd 
needs to know is whether it will produce paying 



crops and whether the climate above the land will 
allow him to live in health and conifort. Given 
these two vital conditions, he don't care a snap 
whether the color of the soil is gray, black or 
brown. What will it produce and why? — is what 
he wants to know. A short history of how Nature 
formed and favored North Dakota will quickly 
show why the land is fertile and pays good cash 
dividends. The color of the soil in this state hap- 
pens to be Mack — whether it is rich or not you can 
best judge by the evidence of actual farmers given 
herein. 

HOW MOUNTAINS OF ICE MADE THE LAND 
LEVEL. 

Nature once put North Dakota in cold storage. 

Then by using a huge ice plow and tremendous 
pressure the high hills of old North Dakota were 
planed away. The broken valleys were filled up. 
The flattened prairies of today are the result. 
Centuries ago, glaciers, miles high, and larger than 
those now in Glacier Park, Montana, or in Alaska, 
formed near the Arctic Circle. This was in the 
Ice Age. As it grew colder, more ice formed and 
hundreds of glaciers, forming a solid ice sheet 
started to move and grind their way to North 
Dakota. Near far off Labrador and the Arctic 
Circle were great ledges of limestone, cliffs of 
granite and large quartz deposits. These were 
picked up and dragged along. By the time this ice 
sheet reached North Dakota it was miles high. 
The pressure on the surface of the soil was hun- 
dreds of tons to the square yard. Soft rock, like 
limestone, was ground to powder by the pressure 
and the friction. The soil was harrowed and 
ground to powder and millions of tons of this 
pulverized limestone and other rock were mixed 
with it. 

WHERE THE ICE SHEET FORMED. 

The ice sheet reached a high ridge of land just 
this side (east) of the Missouri River. Before 
this ridge could be ground down — glaciers only 
move from a few inches to one or two feet a day — ■ 
the Ice Age ended. It became warmer. The ice 
sheet melted. Large lakes were formed. Old river 
beds, like the Missouri's were overflooded. Grad- 
ually the lakes were drained by old and new rivers. 
Where these lakes had been the lake bottom was, 
of course, almost as flat as a floor. The valley 
of the Red River and the valley of the Mouse River 
are the two most striking examples, in North 
Dakota, of ancient lake bottoms. Elk River Valley 
in Traill, Steele and Grand Forks counties, the 
larger parts of Sargent and Dickey counties, are also 
old lake bottoms. 

Don't overlook the important fact that the Ice 
Sheet stopped in North Dakota because when the 
ice melted all the soil it was carrying was dropped. 
This is called by scientists, "glacial drift," and 
makes fertile soil. It is fertile because it has been 
ground as fine as wheat (sometimes as fine as 
flour) and well mixed with limestone and granite, 
etc. (limestone soils grow the most wheat), that 
Is, it is not only mixed with mineral fertilizers, but 
is in good mechanical condition. Then the soil is 
deep. The Red River Valley was covered to an 
average depth of 300 feet. 

This left four different surfaces in the State: 
First. — level prairies, covered by the ice sheet, 
which became ancient lake bottoms when the ice 
melted. 

Second, — rolling prairies, dotted with numberless 
little lakes, and a few low, rounded hills. 

Third, — the plateau region west of the Missouri 
River, never covered by ice. owing its fertility to 
other sources, well drained by rivers, with no lakes 
and many moderately high, flat-topped hills. 

Fourth. — the wrongly named Bad Lands. As the 
Bad Lands are outside the Great Northern -counties 
of North Dakota, space will not be taken to discuss 
them. 

There are no mountains in North Dakota. There 
are no forests. The high hills can be counted on 
your fingers. 

The greater part of North Dakota is flat or rolling 
prairie. The land is read.v for the plow. No stones 
hamper the farmer. No stumps cumber the ground. 
The soil is covered by a heavy growth of native 
grass on which that wild native beef, the buffalo — 
grew fat. 



154 



North Dakota Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



GREAT CHANGES AMONG THE PEOPLE. 

As llie years have passed the Red River regions 
of the North have undergone great clianges. Tlie 
Indians have sold their lands and gathered upon 
reservations; their children are educated in Indian 
scliools, and are up in the aolive walks of life 
among the whites. The old Pembina fort is no 
longer a necessity. The original Pembinians are 
largely scattered, and, excepting an occasional cart, 
which is preserved as a curiosity, very little re- 
mains of the original odditites of old Pembina. 

In the meantiine, white settlers have taken up 
the lands in the Red River Valley, the first great 
farms being divided into smaller tracts, all of the 
new settlers being highly prosperous. 

The State as a whole is an immense stretch of 
level and rolling prairie land and river valleys, with 
numerous small lakes. Even the Red River Valley 
is not yet thickly settled and land throughout the 
State can be had from $5 to $30 per acre. 

By application to the Secretary of State of North 
Dakota the remainder of the government land 
which is yet left in the State can be known. That 
wiiich now remains unappropriated is agricultural 
and grazing land. 

THICKNESS OF SOIL. 

The soil of Central Dakota is a black loam, vary- 
ing from two to three feet in thickness; it has a 
clay subsoil which retains the moisture of the win- 
ter and early spring in reserve for summer use, and 
its fertility throughout the entire State is remark- 
able. The Red River Valley has ample rainfall 
which gradually decreases toward the west, until 
the elevations in the middle of the State are 
reached, beyond which irrigation is required. From 
the Turtle and Pembina Mountains along the Ca- 
nadian boundary line towards the south, the descent 
is gradual to Devils Lake, in Ramsey County. 

THE CELEBRATED DEVILS LAKE. 

This lake, a picturesque sheet of water with no 
visible means of outlet, has an elevation of 1,434 
feet above sea level. Its length is nearly 50 miles, 
and its gi-eatest width is from 12 to 15 miles. On 
its north shore is located the Dakota Chautauqua 
assembly grounds and on the south side of the lake 
Is an Indian industrial school. 

AVhile North Dakota is essentially a prairie State, 
the native timber covers some 460,000 acres dis- 
tributed mostly along the Red River of the North 
and on the border of various lakes. The govern- 
ment in various ways is rewarding settlers for the 
planting of trees, and thus large areas have been 
planted with rapidly growing trees, • the effect of 
which will be to attract rainfall in the western part 
of the state and break the blizzard winds which 
are liable to prevail in the winter months. 

As a whole, the climate of this State is remark- 
ably healthy. The atmosphere is dry and stimu- 
lating. The sunshine is brilliant and the skies are 
generaly clear. 

The winters are sometimes severe, but as forests 
are planted and winter protection provided com- 
plaints of blizzards become less. The summers and 
autumns are peculiarly delightful. 

LARGE YIELDS OF SUPERIOR WHEAT. 

As may be expected, . with a highly fertile soil in 
a prairie country, the crop yield is immense. The 
State is noted for its large yield of A No. 1 wheat, 

while in other cereals, flax and all root crops, espe- 
cially potatoes, the yield is abundant. 

Next to agriculture the raising of live stock is 

attaining great importance and the breeding of fine 
grades of horses and cattle is occupying a great 
deal of attention. The estimated area of grazing 
lands is 40,000,000 acres. Naturally, closely allied 
to stock raising is the dairy business and this is 
coming considerably fast, as shown in the statistical 
returns relating to creameries and their products 
of butter and cheese. 

THE STATE WELL WATERED BY RIVERS. 

Tlie State is quite well watered by rivers. The 
Missouri River enters in the northwest part at Fort 
Euford. runs southeastward and leaves the State 
in Emnions County, having traversed the region for 



300 miles and been fed by numerous rivers in the 
.State, among them being the Little Missouri, Knife, 
Heart and Cannon Ball Rivers. 

The entire country next the Missouri River is 
underlaid with lignite coal. In fact, a large share 
of the entire area of the State shows the out- 
cropping of lignite, which is excellent for heating 
and gas making. Many farmers have this coal on 
their farms and some fifty coal mines are opened 
in the State for commercial purposes. 

GREAT ABUNDANCE OF LIGNITE COAL. 

So abundant is this fuel as to cause the United 
States Government to investigate and consider the 
use of lignite in the steady production of power 
for pumping and irrigating the arid lands in the 
western part of the State. 

A singular feature of Southwestern North Dakota 
are the so-called "Bad Lands," a region of the 
country following the Little Missouri River, cov- 
ering an area of about one hundred miles in length 
by twenty-five in width. This land, once a level 
plain, has been cut by the branches of the Little 
Missouri, and the action of fire from burning lignite 
coal seams, forming a labyrinth of gullies, buttes 
and figures of all sorts in which a person travel- 
ing among them may easily get lost. 

RAILROAD FACILITIES. 

Two great trunk lines of railway cross the State 
from east to west, the Great Northern and the 
Northern Pacific. East of Medora, where the North- 
ern Pacific crosses the Missouri River, the buttes 
are of blood red color. In places the petrified 
stumps and trunks of trees are brought to the sur- 
face and at a number of places coal veins are still 
burning beneath the surface of the ground, sending 
forth smoke through the fissures in the earth. This 
is especially a grazing region. The whole country 
is covered with grass and is regarded as one of the 
best cattle districts in the "West. A special merit 
of the "Bad Lands," according to one writer in 
describing the country, is that stock can be shel- 
tered in the ravines during the winter. 

For a highly fertile soil, abundant crops, rapidly 
bringing wealth to farmers, the land-seeker should 
not forget to carefully investigate the opportunities 
which offer in North Dakota. 

CONDENSED EttPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
NORTH DAKOTA. 

Altitude. Highest in the State at Summit, Billings 
County, near the Montana border. 

Climate. Generally healthy, clear skies, brilliant 
sunshine; winters cold but dry. Summer days, 
though warm, are followed by cold nights. The 
snowfall is comparatively light and the only dis- 
agreeable winds (blizzards) are those from the 
Northwest. Average annual teinperature. at Bis- 
marck, is 39.4 degrees above. The extremes are 
106, highest, and 44 below zero, the lowest. Aver- 
age January temperature, 4 above. July, 67. Aver- 
age annual rainfall (rain and melted snow), 18.4 
inches. 

Dimensions. Length of State, north to south, 210 
miles; width, east to west, 360 miles. Area, 70,705 
square miles. 

History. First permanent settlement made by 
French Canadians at Pembina, Pembina County, 
in 1780. The State formed a part of the Louisiana 
Purchase of 1803. Exploring expedition of Lewis 
and Clark spent the winter of 1804-05 among the 
Mandan Indians, near the present site of Bismarck 
on the Missouri River. Lord Selkirk erected a fort 
at Pembina in 1812. Dakota Territory, including 
parts of Wyoming and Montana, organized in 1S6L 
Area reduced in 1868. Admitted to Union in 1880. 

GROWING SEASON IN NORTH D.4KOTA. 

Average number of days required for different 
crops to mature. 

Wheat 05 to 106 Millet SI to 112 

Oats 88 to 102 Speltz 91 to 92 

Barley 82 to 94 Corn ., about 100 

Flax S3 to 95 

Figures taken from Government Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, Bulletin No. 52, at Fargo. 



155 



OHIO 



STATE AND THE 88 COUNTIES OF OHIO 

With Their Boundaries 









21. J „ ,^:---L._«ijl;J<_"_.i'^!-.-J"3 



h'"1.24j.2_5i26^27i28 

34 r., ,-■ ? jj 



33 



NCI 



I — ^•'— g 81 7s4[_S5 f— >---, sb ij--a.^. 

59 60 !^.— r— r 65>g\,^68 I eg 



■^54! 55 ^-^--i 56 ' " • " 




82 



-iJ3_l 85 

I 84V-'87, 



(>^ 







s«t, ^ 



V 



^ 



4^' 



MAP©r 
OHIO 



LOCATION AND 1910 POPULATIONS OF OHIO COUNTIES. 



Loca. County Pop. 

1 Williams. .25,198 

2 Fulton. .23,914 

3 * Lucas. 192,728 

4 Ottawa. .22,360 

5 Erie.. 38,327 

6 Lorain. .76,037 

7 Cuyahoga. 637,425 

8 Geauga. .14,670 

9 Lake. .22,927 

10 Ashtabula. .59,547 

11 Defiance. .24,498 

12 Henrv. .25,119 

13 Wood. .46.3.S0 

14...;. Sandusky. .35,171 

15 Seneca. .42,663 

16 Huron. .34,206 

17 Medina. .23,598 

18 Summit. 108,253 

19 Portage. .30,834 

20 Trumbull. .52,766 

21 Paulding. .22,730 

22 Putnam. .29,972 

23 Hancock. .37,850 



Loca. 



County Pop. Loca 



24 Wyandot. 

25 Crawford. 

26 Richland. 

27 Ashland. 

28 Wayne. 

29 Stark. 

30. .... . Mahoning. 

31... Columbiana. 

32 Van Wert. 

33 Allen. 

34 Hardin. 

35 Marion. 

36 *Morrow. 

37 Knox. 

38 Holmes. 

39 ... Tuscarawas. 

40 Carroll. 

41 Jefferson . 

42 Mercer. 

43 Auglaize. 

44 Darke . 

45 Shelby. 

46 Logan. 



.20,760 
.34,036 
.47,667 
.22,975 
.38,058 
122,987 
116,151 
.76,619 
.29,119 
.56,580 
.30.407 
.33,971 

'.30',i8i 
.17,909 
.57,035 
.15,761 
.65,423 
.25,536 
.31,246 
.42,933 
.24,663 
. 30,084 



County Pop. 



47 Union 

48 Delaware 

49 Licking 

50 Coshocton 

51 Harrison 

52 Miami 

53.... Champaign 

54 Madison 

55 Franklin 

56. . . Muskingum 

57 Guernsey 

58 Belmont 

59 Preble 

60. . . Montgomery 

61 Clark 

62 Greene 

63 Fayettd 

64 Pickaway 

65 Fairfield 

66 Perry 

67 Morgan 

68 Noble 

69 Monroe 



. .21,871 
. .27,182 
. .55,590 
. .30,121 
. .19,076 
. .45,047 
. .26,351 
. .19,902 
.221,567 
. .57,488 
. .42,716 
. .76,856 
. .23,834 
.163,763 
. .66,435 
..29,733 
. .21,744 
. .26,158 
. .39,201 
. .35,396 
. .16,097 
. . 18,601 
. .24,244 



Loca. County Pop. 

70 Butler. .70,271 

71 Warren. .24,297 

72 Clinton. .23,630 

73 Highland. .28,711 

74 Ross. .40,069 

75 Hocking. .23 650 

76 Vinton. .13,096 

77 Athens. .47,798 

78... Washington. .45,422 

79 Hamilton. 460,732 

80 Clermont. .29,551 

81 Brown. .24,833 

82 Adams. .24,755 

83 Pike.. 15,723 

84 Scioto. .48,466 

85 Jackson. .30,791 

86 Lawrence . . 39,488 

87 Gallia. .25,745 

88 Meigs. .25,594 

Total 4,767.121 



156 



Ohio Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Puj). 



Aberdeen 81. 

Academia 37. 

Ada 34. 

Addison 87. 

Addyston 79. 

Adelphi 74. 

Adena 41. 

Agosta 35. 

*Akron 18. 

Albany 77. 

Alexandria . . ..49. 

Alger 34. 

Allensville 76. 

Alliance 39. 

Alvordton 1. 

Amanda 65. 

Amboy 10. 

Amelia 80. 

Amesville 77. 

Amherst 6. 

Amsterdam ...41. 
Andersonville .74. 

Andover 10. 

Anna 45. 

Annapolis 41. 

Ansonia 44. 

Antiquity 88. 

Antwerp 21. 

Apple Creek. . ..28. 

Arcadia 23. , 

Arcanum 44. , 

Archbold 2. , 

Arion 84. . 

Arlington 23.. 

Arlington 

Heights 79.. 

*Ashland 27.. 

Ashley 48. . 

Ashtabula ....10.! 

Ashville 64. . 

Athalia 86. . 

*Athens 77. . 

Attica 15. . 

Atwater 19. . 

Augusta 40. . 

Augusta 

Station 40.. 

Aultman 29. . 

Aurora Station. 19. . 
Austinburg ....10.. 
Austintown . . .30! '. 

Ava 68. . 

Avon Lake 6. . 

Axline 56. . 



. . . 568 
... 300 
. .2,465 
. . . 200 
. .1,543 
... 407 
. . . 570 
... 304 
.69,067 
. . . 546 
. . . 414 
. . . 730 
. . . 290 
. 15,083 
. . . 403 
. . . 484 
. . . 360 
...417 
...267 
. .3,106 
..1,141 
. . . 200 
. . . 903 
. . . 460 
. . . 260 
. . . 656 
, . . 309 
..1,187 
. . . 466 
. . . 380 
.1,361 
.1,083 
. . 300 
.. 798 

.. 468 
.6,795 
. . 706 
18,266 

.' '. 326 
.5,463 
.. 719 
.. 360 
.. 330 

.. 250 
. . 609 
. . 660 
.. 393 
. . 269 
. . 506 
.1,098 
. . 450 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Bachman 60. 

Bainbridge . . ..74. 
Bairdstown . . .13. 
Bakersville ...50 

Baltic 39. 

Baltimore . . . ..65. 

Bantam 80.' 

Barberton 18. 

Barnesville . . .58. 

Barnhill 39. 

Barry ville ....29. 

Bartlett 78. 

Barton 58. 

Bascom 15.' 

Basil 65. 

*Batavia 80. 

Batemantown .37. 

Batesville 68. 

Bay Junction. . .5 

Bays 13. 

Beach City.... 39. 

Beach Park 6. 

Beallsville ... .69. 

Beaver 83^ 

Beaverdam ....33. 
Bedford .... 7 

Bell .'73' 

Bellaire 58^ 

Bellbrook 63 

Belle Center. . .46. 
*Bellefontaine .46. 
Belle Valley... 68. 

Bellevue 16. 

Bellville 36. 

Belmont 58. 

Belmore 33 ] 

Beloit .' .30. 

Belpre 73! , 

Benton 38. , 



. . . 200 
. . . 883 
. . , 240 
. .. 290 
. .. 377 
. .. 551 
. . . 290 
..9,410 
..4,333 
. . . 506 
. . . 390 
. . . 308 
. . . 800 
...375 
. . . 504 
..1,034 
...392 
. . . 283 
. . . 450 
...330 
...671 
, . . 290 
. . 564 
. . 386 
. . 455 
.1,783 
. . 266 
13,946 
. . 383 
. . 889 
.8,238 
. . 689 
.5,209 
.1,056 
. . 572 
. . 398 
. . 510 
. 1,249 
. . 362 



Benton Ridge. .33. 

Bentonville . . .82. 

Berea 7. 

Bergholz 41. 

Berlin 38. 

Berlin Center. .30. 

Berlin Cross 

Roads 85. 

Berlin Heights. .5. 

Bertha 84 

Bethel 80! 

Bethesda 58. 

Bettsville 15. 

Beverly 78 

Bexley 55] 

Bidwell 87. 

Bigprairie . . . .38. 

Bigsprings . . . .46. 

Birmingham . . .5. 

Bladensburg . ..37. 

Blanchester ...72. 

Bloomdale . . . .13.' 
Bloomingburg .63. . 
Bloomington ..73., 

Bloomville ....15' 

Bluestone 7 

Bluffton 33. 

Bolivar 39. 

Boston is! . 

Botkins 45. . 

Bowerston ....5l!! 
Bowersville . ..63. , 
'Bowling- 
Green 13., 

Braceville ....30.. 

Bradford 52. , 

Bradner 13. . 

Bradrick 86! ! 

Brandon 37.. 

Brandt 53. . 

Brecksville . . . .7. . 

Bremen 65. . 

Brewster 39. . 

Briceton 31. . 

Bridgeport ....58.. 

Briggsdale 55.. 

Brilliant 41. . 

Brimfield 19! ! 

Brinkhaven . . .37. . 
Bristolville ...30.. 
Broadway ... .47 
Broadwell . . . .77! ! 
Brookfield . . . .30. . 
Brookville . . ..60! ! 
Broughton .31.. 

Brownhelm ....6.. 
Brownhelm 

Station 6. . 

Brownsville . ..49! ! 

*Bryan 1. . 

Buchtel 77 

Buckeye City.. 37!! 

Buckland 43.. 

*Bucyrus 35. . 

Buena Vista... 84.. 

Burbank 38 

Burghill 30!!! 

Burgoon 14. . , 

Burkettsville ..44.!. 
Burlington . . .86. . ! 

Burton 8. . , 

Burton City . . ..38! ! ! 

Butler 36 

Byer 85!!! 

Byesville 57. . . 

Byhalia 47. . ! 



. . 353 
. . 350 
.3,609 
.1,011 
. . 375 
. . 303 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



. . . 330 
. . . 554 
. . . 360 
.1,201 
. .1,036 
.. 486 
. . 730 
. . 683 
. . 590 
. . 303 
.. 300 
. . 392 
.. 308 
.1,813 
.. 603 
. . 610 
.. 213 
.. 754 
.. 350 
.1,953 
.. 567 
.. 389 
.. 579 
. . 514 I 
. . 397 I 

.5,333 
. . 300 
.1,844 
. . 890 
. . 250 
. . 292 
. . 340 
.1,366 
. . 935 
. . 200 
. . 296 
.3,974 
. . 263 
. . 743 
. . 506 
. . 341 
,1,330 
, . 225 

. 362 

. 990 

1,187 

. 226 

1,409 



. . 233 
. . 350 
.3,641 
.1,180 
. . 369 
. . 304 
.8,133 
. . 330 
. . 351 
. . 460 
. . 335 
. 336 
. 390 
. 650 
. 290 
. 730 
. 360 
3,156 
. 350 



Cable 53. 

*Cadiz 51. 

Cairo 33. 

*Caldwell ....68. 

Caledonia 35. 

California . .. .79. 
'Cambridge . . .57. 

Camden 59. 

Cameron 69! 

Camp Dennison 79. 
Canal Dover. . .39. 
Canal Pulton. ..39. 
Canal 

Lewisville . ..50. 
Canal 

Winchester ..55. 

Canfield 30. 

Cannelville 56 



. . . 360 
..1,971 
. . . 450 
..1,430 
. . . 563 
. . . 450 
.11,337 
. . . 899 
. .. 363 
, . . 365 
.6,621 
,..978 

, . . 369 

.. 740 

. . 685 
. . 451 



*Canton .... 
Carbondale . 
Carbon Hill. . 
Cardington . . 

Carey 

Carlton 

Carroll 

*Carrollton . 
Carthage . . . , 
Carthagena . , 

Cassella 

Casstown . . . . 

Castalia 

Catawba .... 
Catawba 

Island 

Cecil 

Cedarville . . . 

*Celina 

Centerburg . . 
Centerville . . 

Ceylon 

Chagrin Palls. 
Chambersburg 
Chandlersville 
*Chardon . . . . 
Charlestown . 

Chatfleld 

Chathaim . . . . 
Chauncey . . . 
Cherry Valley. 
Chesapeake . . 

Cheshire 

Chesterhill ... 
Chesterville . . 

Cheviot 

Chicago 

Chickasaw . . . 
*ChilIicothe . . 

Chilo 

Christiansburg. 

Churchill 

'Cincinnati . .. 
*Circleville . . . 

Claridon 

Clarington . . . 

Clark 

Clarksburg ... 

Clarksfleld 

Clarksville . . . . 
Clay Center... 
'Cleveland ... 

Cleves 

Clifton 

Clinton 

Clinton 

Clough Pike... 

Clyde 

Coalburg 

Coal Grove. . . . 

Coal Run 

Coalton 

Coldwater . . . . 

Colebrook 

College Corner. 
College Hill.. 

Collins 

Collinsville . . 
Columbiana . . 
COLUMBUS 

(Capitol) . . 
Columbus 

Grove 

Commercial 

Point 

Condit 

Conesville 
Conneaut .... 

Conover 

Continental . . 

Convoy 

Coolville 

Copley 

Cornersburg . . 

Corping 

Cortland 

'Coshocton 
Covington .... 
Cranenest .... 

Crescent 

Crestline 

Creston 

Cridersville . . 
Crooksville . . . 
Croton 



..4. 
.31. 
.63. 
.43. 
.37. 
.60. 
..5. 
..7. 
.60. 
.56. 
..8. 
.19. 
.25. 
.17. 
.77. 
.10. 
.86. 
.87. 
.67. 
.36. 
.79. 
.16. 
43. 
74. 
80. 
53. 
30. 



... 863 
... 390 
. .1,059 
..3,493 
... 723 
... 353 
... 390 
.1,931 
... 309 
... 300 
.1,542 
. . 660 
.. 270 
.1,260 
.. 821 
.. 250 
.. 541 
.. 360 
.. 410 
.. 229 
.1,930 
.2,950 
. . 309 
14,508 
.. 260 
.. 380 
. . 390 
'9.363,591 
64... 6,744 
806 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



J9..50,217 Crown City. 

.77 536 Crystal Spring. 39. 

• 75.... 660 Cumberland ..57 

.36... 1,349 Curtice 4" 

.24.. .3,335 Custar is' 

.87. . . . 328 Cuyahoga Falls.l8. 

!!^!:!i,fi^ ^^^"^^ 1^- 

.79... 3,618 D 

.42 399 Dalton . . 

• 43.... 366 Damascus 31 

.53 365 Danville 37 

.5 520 Darbyville ....64 

.61 234 Darrtown 70 

'Dayton 60 

Deavertown ...67 

Decatur 81 

Deerfleld 19 

Deer Park ... .79 

'Defiance 11 

Degraff 46 

'Delaware . . . .48. 

Delhi 79. 

Dellroy 40. 

Delphos 33! 

Delta 3. 

Dennison 39! 

Dent 79. 

Derby 64! 

Derwent 57. 

Deshler I3. 

Deunquat 34. 

Dexter 88. 

Dexter City. .. .68. 

Diamond 19. 

Dillonvale 41. 

Dixon 32. 

Doanville 77. 

Dodgeville ... .10. 
Dodsonville . . .73. 

Dola 34. 

Donnelsville . ..61! 

Dover 7. 

Doylestown ...28! 

Dresden 56. 

Drill 58. 

Dublin 55. 

Dunbridge 13. 

Duncan Palls. .56. 

Dundas 76. 

Dundee 39! 

Dunglen 41. 

Dunkirk 34. 

Dupont 22. 

East Cleveland. .7. 
East Fairfield. .31. 
East Greenville.39. 
East 

Lewistown . .30. 
East Liberty. . .46. 
East Liverpool. 31. 
East Or well.... 10. 
East Palestine. .31. 
East Rochester.31. , 
East Sparta. . ..29. , 
East 

Springfield . .41. , 
East 

Youngstown .30.. 

'Eaton 59.. 

Edenton 80. . 

Edgerton 1. . 

Edison 36. . 

Edon 1. . 

Eifort 86 ! 

Elba 78. . 

Eldorado 59 

Elida 33.. 

Elizabethtown..79. . 

Ellsworth 30.. 

Elmore 4. . 

Elmwood Place. 79!! 

'Elyria 6. . 

Empire 41. . 

Englewood ....60!! 

Enon 61. . 

Epworth 26. . 

Etna 49. 

Euclid 7. . 

Euphemia 59.. 

Evansport ... .11. . 
F 

Fairfield 63.. 

Pairhaven 59. . 



69. 
50. 
74., 
16. , 

73., 
.4. . 



784 

. 330 

, 558 

363 

435 

, . 300 



7.560,663 
79... 1,433 
.. 339 
. . 305 
.. 450 



63 



14..,2,8ia 

20 390 

86... 1,759 
78 230 



85. 

43. 

10. 

70. 

79. 

16. 

70. , 

31., 



.1,114 
. . 960 
.1,060 
. . 379 
.1,979 
.. 360 
.. 360 
.1,583 



. . 395 
. . 400 
.. 609 
. . 400 
. . 345 
.4,020 
.. 709 

... 609 
. . . 490 
... 373 
...333 
. . . 300 
116,577 
.. . 323 
. . . 300 
. . . 484 
. . . 360 
..7,337 
. .1,083 
..9,076 
. .. 872 
...373 
. .5,038 
..1,689 
..4,008 
. . . 200 
. . . 290 
. . . 563 
..1,515 
...269 



.. 233 
.. 250 
.1,519 
. . 326 
. . 708 
. . 220 
. . 225 
. . 262 
. . 202 
. . 309 
. . 877 
.1,549 
. . 390 
. . 239 
. . 360 
. . 350 
. . 263 
. . 250 
. . 230 
.1,109 
. . 334 



..9,179 
. . . 360 
. . . 420 

...230 
. . . 593 
.20,387 
. . . 704 
. .3,537 
. . . 250 
. . . 250 



55.181,511 
23... 1,802 



.64.. 
.48. . 
.50. . 
.10.. 
.53.. 
.33 
33!! 
.77. . 
.18.. 
.30. . 
66.. 
20. . 

50. . .9,603 
52... 1,848 

.69 290 

58... 1,060 
25... 3,807 

28 970 

43 536 

66. ..3,038 
49 414 



. . 234 
. . 213 
. 490 
. 8,319 
. . 200 
.1,074 
. . 741 
. . 370 
. . 343 
. . 350 
.1,564 
61'.; 



. . 300 

.4,972 
.3,187 
. . 278 
.1,073 
.. 387 
.. 678 
. . 363 
. . 350 
. . 331 
. . 447 
.. 330 
. . 666 
. . 937 
.3,433 
14,835 
. . 509 
. . 250 
.. 249 
. . 200 
. . 300 
.1,953 
. . 300 
. . 350 

. . 292 
. . 260 



3 NumbTr^of"°thP ^ronntv*°wT'''^"% ^''■?* Column. Names of Towns; Second Col 
^i„,^ ^ ,T ® County Where Town is Located: Third Column Population of 
Uion. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indica^S County Seat 



umn. Number the Same 
1910. Loca. Means Lo- 



157 



Ohio Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Fairmount 7 . . . . 320 

Fairport 

Harbor 9. . .2,263 

Fail-view 57 346 

Farmer 11. . . . 320 

Farmersville ..60.... 437 

Fayette 2. . . . 915 

Fayetteville ...81 310 

Felicity 80 578 

Fernbank 79. . . . 305 

♦Findlay 23.. 14,858 

Fivemile 81 260 

Flat Rock 15 250 

Fletcher 52.... 376 

Floodwood . . ..77. . . . 450 
Florencedale . .41. . . . 300 

Florida 12 234 

Flushing 58 868 

Folger 6. . . . 420 

Footville 10 250 

Foraker 34. . . . 250 

Forest 34... 1,285 

Forestville 79 282 

Fort Jennings.. 22. .. . 330 
Fort Recovery ..42. . .1,183 

Foster 71. . . . 315 

Fostoria 15... 9,597 

Frankfort 74 ... . 734 

Franklin 71...2,6o.a 

Franklin 

Square 31. . . . 362 

Franklin 

Station 50. . . . 350 

Frazeysburg . ..56. ... 614 
Fredericksburg.;, o. . . . 507 
Fredericktown ..3 J. . . 1,021 

Freeport ;" 1 . . . . 624 

•Fremont 14... 9,939 

Fresno .50 2:)0 

Frost 77 316 

Fulton 36 32.5 

Fultonham . . ..56. . . . 835 



Townn 



Loca. Pop. 



Gahanna .... 


.55. . 


.. 276 


Galena 


.48.. 


.. 513 


Gallon 


.25. 


.7,214 


*Gallipolis . . . 


.87.. 


. 5,560 


Galloway . . . . 


.55. . 


. . 3o« 


Gambler 


.37. 


.. 637 


Garfield 


.30.. 


.. 250 


Garrettsville . 


.1.). 


.1,001 


Gates Mill 


. .7. 


. . 360 


Gaysport .... 


.56. . 


. . 230 


Geneva 


.10.. 


.3,496 




..4.. 


. . 817 


Georgesville 


.55. 


.. 306 


•Georgetown . 


.81. 


. 1,580 


Germano 


.51. 


.. 390 


Germantown . 


. 6<1 . 


.1,778 


Gettysburg . . 


.44. 


.. 320 


Gibsonburg . . 


.14. 


.1,864 


Gilboa 


~2 


.. 345 


Giliespieville . 


.74. 


.. 225 


Gilmore 


..39. 


.. 375 


Girard 


.20. 


.3,736 


Glencoe 


..58. 


. . 375 




79. 


1,741 


Glenmont . . . . 


.o.S. 


. . 269 


Glenmore . . . . 


.32. 


.. 300 


Glenroy 


..85. 


.. 890 


Glouster .... 


.77. 


.3,527 


Glynwood . . . . 


.43. 


. . 206 


Gnadenhutten 


.39. 


.. 560 


Gomer 


..33. 


.. 320 


Good Hope. . . 


..63. 


.. 375 


Gore 


..75. 


. . 490 


Goshen 


.80. 


.. 306 


Grafton 


...6. 


. . 9.55 


Grand Rapids 


.13. 


.. 574 


Grand River. 


..9. 


.. 303 


Grandview . . 


..78. 


.. 489 


Granville . . . 


.49. 


.1,394 


Gratiot 


.49. 


.. 250 


Gratis 


.59. 


...410 


Green Camp. 


..^5. 


. . . 308 


Greenfield . . 


.73. 


..4,228 


Greenford . . . 


..30. 


.. 260 


Greensburg . 


.30. 


. . . 230 


Greenspring . 


..15. 


. .. 833 


Greentown . . 


..39. 


. . . 350 


♦Greenville . . 


..44. 


. . 6,237 


Greenwich . . 


.16. 


. . . 876 


Greiton 


.13. 


. . . 260 


Gresham 


..7. 


.. 520 


Groesbeck .. 


.79. 


. . . 350 


Grove City. . . 


..55. 


. .. 837 


Grnveport . . . 


...55. 


. . . 643 


Grover Hill. . 


.21. 


. . . 676 



Gustavus 20. . . . 250 

Gypsum 4 660 

H 

Hallsville 74 200 

Hamden 76... 1,019 

Hamersville . ..81. . . . 376 
•Hamilton . . ..70. .35,279 

Hamler 12 596 

Hamlet 80. . .. 250 

Hammansburg..l3. . . . 360 
Hammondsville.41 .... 406 

Hampden 8 290 

Hanging Rock. .86 663 

Hanover 49 331 

Hanoverton ...31 317 

Harlem Springs. 4'). . . . 250 

Harpster 24 239 

Harriettsville ..63 250 

Harrisburg . . ...^,5. . . . 386 

Harrison 71)... 1,368 

Harrisonville ..8S 361) 

Harrisville ....51 364 

Harrod 33 474 

Harshman 69 36? 

Hartford 20. . . . 410 

Hartsgrove ...10 806 

Hartshorn 6 J 350 

Hartwell 79...2,R'J3 

Harveysburg . .71 . . . . 3^9 

Haskins 13 391 

Havana 16. ... 269 

Haviland 31 333 

Havdenville . ..7.5. . . . 436 

Hayesville 2 7 490 

Hayesville ....64 388 

Hazelwood 7:) 463 

Hebron 4') 677 

Helena 14 305 

Hemlock 66. . . . 452 

Hendrysburg ..58. . . . 450 

Hepburn 34 350 

Heslop 78 366 

Hessville 14 350 

Hicksville 11... 3,395 

Higby 74 305 

Higginsport ...81.... 417 

Highland 73 372 

Hillgrove 44 350 

Hilliards 55 370 

•Hillsboro 73... 4,296 

Hinckley I <'.... 375 

Hiram 1'). . . . 422 

Hockingport ..77. . . . 225 

Holgate 12... 1,035 

Holland 3 266 

Hollansburg . .44. . . . 287 

Hollister 77 526 

Hollowav .f^S 786 

Holmesville ...3! 320 

Homer 4') 468 

Homeworth ...31.... 490 

Hopedale 51. . . . 391 

Houston 45. . . . 250 

Howard 37 360 

Hoytsville 13 404 

Hubbard 20... 1.699 

Hudson 18. . .1,021 

Hume 33 220 

Huntington ....6 650 

Huntsburg 8 866 

Huntsville 46 328 

Huron Junction. . 5. . .1,756 

I 

Iberia 36 222 

Independence . .7. . . . 994 

Irondale 41... 1,136 

•Ironton 86.. 13,147 

Ivorydale 79 518 

J 

•Jackson 85... 5,468 

Jackson Center.45. . . . 685 
Jacksontown ..49. . . . 328 
Jacksonville ..77... 1,285 
Jamestown .. .62. . .1,133 

Jasper 83. . . . 250 

•Jefferson 10... 1,461 

Jeffersonville .63. . . . 716 

Jenera 23 259 

Jeromesville ..27. ...314 

Jerry City 13 4.58 

Jersy 49 200 

Jerusalem . . . .69. . . . 242 

Jewett 51 917 

Jobs 75 763 

Johnson 18. . . . 366 

Johnsonville . .30. . . . 632 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Johnstown . . ..49. . . . 805 

Johnsville 60 262 

Joyce 39 203 

Junction 21 .... 336 

Junction City . .66. . . . 811 
Justus 29 360 

K 

Kalida 32 770 

Kamms 7. . . . 375 

Kansas 15. . . . 320 

Kelleys Island. .5. . .1,017 

Kenmore 18... 1,501 

Ivennedy 79. . . . 300 

Kensington ...31.... 400 

Kent 19... 4,488 

•Kenton 34... 7,185 

Kilbourne 48 202 

Kilgore 40 360 

Killbuck 38 423 

Kimberly 77 266 

Kimbolton . . . .57. . . . 277 

Kings Creek. ...53 233 

Kings Mills. . ..71. .. . 750 

Kingston 74. . . . 813 

Kingsville 10 666 

Kinsman 30. . . . 960 

Kinsman 

Station 20 326 

Kipling 57 320 

Kipton 6 250 

Kirkersville . ..49 350 

Kirtland 9 206 

Kunkle 1 450 

Kyles Corners. . 30. ... 335 

L, 

LaFavette 33.... 500 

Lafayette 54 418 

LaGrange 86 464 

Lagrange 6. . . . 528 

Lakeside 4 362 

Lakeview 46. . . . 578 

Lakewood 7.. 15, 181 

•Lancaster ... .65. .13,093 

Lansing 58 366 

Larue 35.... 772 

Latty 21 339 

Laura 52 ... . 302 

Laurel 80 226 

Laurelville . . ..75. . . . 457 
Leavittsburg . .20. . . . 392 

•Lebanon 71.. .2,698 

Leesburg 73 838 

Leesville 35. . . . 200 

Leesville Cross 

Roads 25 290 

Leetonia 31... 3,665 

Leipsic 22. . .1,173 

Lemoyne 13. . . . 303 

Letart Falls... 87 560 

Levanna 81. . . . 363 

Lewisburg . . . .59. . . . 672 

Lewis Center. .48 330 

Lewistown 46 290 

Lewisville 6d 391 

Lexington . . . .36. . . . 654 

Liberty 60 325 

Liberty Center. 12 647 

Lightsville 44 366 

Lilly Chapel. . ..54. ... 426 

•Lima 33.. 30,508 

Limestone 4. . . . 360 

Linden Heights.55. . . . 991 

Lindenville . ..10 808 

Lindsey 14 ... . 501 

Linndale 7. . . . 512 

•Lisbon 31... 3,034 

Litchfield 17 330 

Little Hocking. 78 350 

Lockbourne . . .55. . . . 307 

Lockland 79... 3,439 

Lock wood 30 362 

Lodi 17... 1,015 

•Logan 75... 4,850 

•London 54. . .3,530 

Longstreth . . ..75. . . . .500 

Lorain 6.. 28,883 

Loraine 45. . . . 439 

Lore City 57 609 

Londonville .. .37. . .1.804 

Louisville 29... 1,678 

Loveland 80... 1,421 

Lovell 24 569 

Lowell 78 381 

Lowellville . . . .30. . .1,.506 

Lower Salem. ..78 287 

Lucas 36.... 373 

T.,ucasburg . . . .57. . . . 436 
Lucasville 84. . . . 356 



Toivns 



Loca. Pop. 



Luckey 13 530 

Ludlow Falls. .52 360 

Luhrig 77 422 

Lykens 25 360 

Lynchburg 73 923 

Lyons 2. . . . 408 

M 

•McArthur 76... 1,107 

McClainville . ..58 200 

McClure 13 . . . . 54 7 

McComb 33 . . . 1,0«8 

*McConnelsviUe.67.. .1,831 

McCuneville . . .66 363 

McCutchenville.34 350 

McDermot ....84 238 

McGuffey 34 491 

Macedonia . . . .18. . . . 562 

aiacksburg 78 454 

Madeira 79 550 

Madison 9. . . . 863 

Madisonville ..79... 5,193 

Magnolia 39. . . . 556 

Maholm 66 390 

Maineville 71 245 

Malinta 13 345 

Mallet Creek. ..17 350 

Malta 67 971 

Malvern 40. . . . 753 

Manchester .. .82 ... 1,966 
•Mansfield ...' .36. .30,768 

Mantua 19. . . . 721 

Marblehead . . . .4. . .1,172 

Marengo 36 283 

Maria Stein 42. . . . 560 

•Marietta 78.. 13,933 

•Marion 35.. 18,333 

Mark Center... 11 306 

Marlboro 39 351 

Marseilles 34. . . . 225 

Marshallville ..38 394 

Martin 4 406 

Martinsburg ..37.... 353 
Martins Ferry ..58. . .9,133 
Martinsville ...73.... 354 
•Marysville .. .47. . .3,576 

Mason 71. . . . 737 

Massillon 39.. 13,879 

Maumee 3... 3, 037 

May field 7 560 

Maynard 58.... 420 

Mecca 20 350 

Mechanicsburg.53 — 1,446 
Mechanicstown.40. . . . 350 

•Medina 17... 2,734 

Medway 61. . . . 350 

Melbern 1 360 

Melmore 15. . . . 250 

Melrose 31 817 

Mendon 43. . . . 631 

Mentor 9 733 

Mercer 42. . . . 320 

Mermill 13 360 

Mesopotamia ..20.... 820 

Metamora 2.... 475 

Miami 79. . . . 400 

Miamisburg .. .60. . .4,271 

Middle Bass 4.... 300 

Middlebranch .39 360 

Middleburg 46 388 

Middlefield 8 6-JO 

Middle Point. ..33 607 

Middleport 88... 3,194 

Middletown .. .70. .13,153 

Midland 73 327 

Midvale 39 675 

Midway 11 483 

Milan 5 696 

Milford 80... 1,321 

Milford Center. 47 685 

Millbury 13 376 

Miller 86 350 

Miller City 32 318 

•Millersburg ..38... 2,020 

Millersport ....65 359 

Millerstown ...53.... 379 
Millersville . . ..14. . . . 360 
Milnersville .. .57. . .3,066 

IMilton Center. .13 350 

Mineral 77. . . . 313 

Mineral City .. .39. . .1,032 

Mineral Ridge. .30 759 

MInersville 88 980 

Minerva 39... 1,396 

Mingo 53 300 

Mingo Junction. 41. . .4,049 

Minster 43... 1,585 

Misco •. .66 290 

Mogadore 18 438 

Momeneetown .. .3. . . . 398 



158 



Ohio Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Jlonclova 3. 

Monday 75. 

Monfort 79. 

Monroe 70. 

Monioe Center. 10. 
Monioeville . . .16. 
Montezuma ...42. 
Montgomery . .79. 
Montpelier 1. 



...8. 

.35. 

.58. 

.71. 
..80. 

.79. 



.23 



Montville 

Morral 

Morristown 
Morrow .... 
Moscow .... 
Mount Airy. 
Mount 

Blanchard 
Mount Carmel..80. 
M.uint Corv. . . .23. 
Mount Eaton. ..38. 
Mount 

Ephriam . . ..68. , 
*Mount Gilead.36., 
Mount Healthy.79.. 
Mount Liberty. 37.. 
Mount Grab. . .81. . 
Mount 

Pleasant . . . .41. . 
Mount Sterling. 54. , 
*Mount Vernon. 37., 
Mount Victory ..34. , 
Mount 

Washington .79.. 
Mownystown ..73.. 

Moxahala 66. . 

Munroe Falls.. 18.. 

Munson 17 . . 

Murray 75. . 

N 



. . 250 
.. 420 
.. 526 
.. 255 
. . 262 
.1,152 
. . 228 
.. 797 
.2,759 
.. 660 
.. 334 
. . 274 
. . 382 
.. 327 
.. 497 

. . 451 

. . 206 
. . 290 
.. 208 

. . 225 
.1,678 
.1,799 
. . 200 
. . 539 

. . 701 
.1,071 
.9,087 
. . 740 

. . 574 
. . 326 
. . 466 
. . 326 
. . 200 
.1,386 



* Napoleon . . . 


.12. 


..4,907 


Nashville .... 


.38. 


. . . 269 


Navarre 


.29. 


..1,357 


Negley 


.31. 


. . . 430 


Nclsonville . . 


.77. 


..6,082 


Nevada 


.24. 


. . . 889 


Neville 


.80. 


. . . 290 


New Albany. . 


.55. 


...215 


New Antioch. 


.72 . 


. . . 226 


*Newark 


.49. 


.25,400 


New Athens. . 


.51. 


. .. 376 


New Bavaria. 


.12. 


. . . 490 


New Berlin . . . 


.29. 


. . . 865 


New Boston. . 


.84. 


..1,858 


New Bremen. 


.43. 


..1,586 


New Buffalo.. 


. 30 . 


. . . 200 


Newburg .... 


..7. 


..5,813 


New 






Burlington . 


.72. 


. . . 320 


New Carlisle. 


.61. 


..1,058 


New Castle. . . 


.50. 


. . . 390 


New 






Comerstown 


.39. 


..2,943 


New Concord. 


..56. 


. . . 683 


New Dover. . . 


.47. 


. . . 250 


New Garden. . 


.31. 


. . . 206 


New 






Hampshire 


.43. 


. . . 360 


New Holland. 


.64. 


. . . 804 


New Hope. . . . 


.59. 


...228 


New Knoxville.43. 


. . . 487 


New Lebanon 


,60 


. . . 202 


*New 






Le.\ington . 


.66. 


..2,559 


New London. . 


.16. 


..1,557 


New Madison. 


.44, 


. . . 628 


New 






Marshfleld . 


77 


. . . 490 


New • 






Martinsburg. 


.63 


...220 


New 






Matamoras 


.78 


. .. 711 


New 






Middletown 


.3x1 


.. 200 


New MoorefleId.61 . 


. . 225 


New Paris. . . . 


.59. 


.. 870 


New 






Petersburg 


.73 


.. 220 


*New 






Philadelphia 


..39 


.8,542 


New Pittsburg 


.75 


. . 330 


Newport 


.78, 


.. 360 


New Richland 


.46 


.. 220 


New Richmond.80. 


..1,733 


New Riegel... 


.15 


.. 368 


New 






Springfield . 


.30 


.. 460 


New 






Straitsville . 


66 


.2,242 


Newton Falls. 


.20. 


.. 757 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



..31. 
..44. 

..20. 
..18. 
..49. 

..13. 

..79. 

..20. 
. .20. 

,.7. 



Newtown 79 

New Vienna. ..73 
New 

Washington. .25 
New 

Waterford 
New Weston 

Niles 

Nimisila .... 
Norman .... 
North 

Baltimore 
North Bend. , 
North 

Bloomfield 
North Bristol 
North Dover. 
North Fairfield.16 
North 

Georgetown .31 
North 

Hampton . . .61 
North 

Industry . . ..29 
North Jackson.30 
North 

Kingsville 
North 

Lawrence 
North 

Lewisburg 
North Lima 
North 

Madison 9 

North 

Olmstead 
North 

Ridgeville 
*Norwalk 
Norwood . . 
Nottingham 
Nova 



10., 

29., 



..53. 
...30. 



,.7. 



. .6. 
..16. 



.20. 
..4. 
.85. 
.79. 
.21. 
. .6. 



Novelty 8. 

O 

Oakfield 

Oakharbor . . 

Oak Hill 

Oakley 

Oak wood .... 

Oberlin 

Ohio City.... 

Old Fort 

Olive Branch. 
Olive Furnace 
Olivesburg . . , 
Olmsted Falls 

Orient 

Orrville , 

Orwell 

Osborn 

Osgood 

Osnaburg .... 
Ostrander 

Otsego 

*Ottawa 

Ottoville 

Otway 

Owens 

Owensville . . , 

0.xford 

P 
♦Painesville 
Palestine .... 

Palmyra 

Paricoastburg 

Pandora 

Paris 

Parkman .... 

Parma 

Pataskala 
*Paulding 

Payne 

Peebles 

Pemberton . . . 
Pemberville . . 
Peninsula . . . 
Pennsville . . . 
Perintown 

Perry 

Perrysburg 
Perrysville . . . 

Perryton 

Petersburg . . . 
Pettisville .... 
Pharisburg . . . 
Phillipsburg 

Philo 

Pickerington . 



.32. 
.15. 
.80. 
.86. 
.36. 
..7. 
.64. 
.28. 
.10. 
.62. 
.44. 
.39. 
.48. 
.56. 
.33. 
.33. 
.15. 
.35. 
.80. 
.70. 



. . . 630 
. . . 793 

. . . 889 

. . . 509 
. . . 358 
. .8,361 
. . . 390 
. . . 300 

..2,503 
. . . 560 

. . . 780 
. . . 290 
. . . 2.30 
. . . 560 

. . . 240 

. . . 406 

, . . 250 
, . . 406 

. . . 430 

..1,150 

. . 793 
, . . 360 



. . . 330 

,.1,030 

. . . 430 
. . 7,858 
.16,135 
. .3,387 
. . . 350 
. . . 390 

. . . 330 
..1,559 
..1,148 
..1,639 
, . . 496 
..4,365 
, . . 860 
, . . 360 
...220 
. . . 250 
, . . 280 
, . . 394 
, . . 250 
.3,101 
. . 890 
. . 866 
-.314 
. . 448 
..431 
. . 250 
.2,182 
..477 
.. 234 
.. 660 
. . 406 
.3,017 



.39. 
. .8. 
..7. 
.49. 
.31. 
.21. 
.82. 
.45. 
.13. 
.18. 
.67. 
.80. 
..9. 
.13. 
.27. 
.49. 
.30. 

!47.' 
.60. 
.56. 
.65. 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



.5,501 
. . 216 
.1,066 
. . 336 
. . 562 
. . 360 
.3,066 
. . 303 
. . 820 
.2,081 
.1,207 
. . 921 
. . 309 
.1,006 
. .536 
. . 250 
. . 270 
. . 560 
.1,913 
. . 541 
. . 206 
. . 606 
. . 302 
. . 350 
. . 343 
. . 806 
. . 310 



. .m . 
. .44. 
.54. 
. .50. 
. .79. 

57. 

52. 



Piedmont 51 

Pierpont 10 

Piketon 83 

Pioneer 1 

Piqua .... 
Pittsburg . 

Plain City 

Plainfleld .... 
Plainville 
Pleasant Citv 
Pleasant Hill. 
Pleasant Plain. 71 
Pleasant Ridge. 79 
Pleasantville . .65 

Plymouth 26 

Poland 30 

Polk 27 

*Ponieroy 88 

Portage 13 

♦Port Clinton. . .4 
Port .Jefferson. 45 
* Portsmouth ..84. 
Port 

Washington 
Port William 

Powell 

Powhatan 

Point 

Prairie Depot. .13 
Proctorville 
Prospect 
Put-in-Bay 
Pyrmont . , 

Q 

Quaker City. . 
Quincy 

R 



.39. 

.73. 
..48. 

.58. 



. ..35. 
.. .4. 
-.60. 

..57. 
...46. 



.. . 375 
. . . 250 
... 668 
. . . 660 
.13,388 
... 340 
. .1,407 
...215 
. . . 350 
. . . 788 
. . . 571 
. . . 200 

.' . '. 608 
. .1,314 
. . . 367 
. . . 250 
..4,023 
. . . 450 
. .3,007 
. . . 233 
.23,481 

...421 
. . . 298 
. . . 250 

. . . 386 
..1,358 
...577 
. . . 945 
. . . 259 
. . . 306 

. . . 746 
. . . 594 



Raab 


..3. 


.. 250 


Racine 


..88. 


.. 540 


Radnor 


..48. 


.. 250 


Rainsboro . . . 


..73. 


.. 215 


Randolph . . . 


.19. 


.. 560 


Range 


.54. 


.. 250 


Rapids 


..19. 


.. 250 


Rarden 


..84. 


. . 350 


*Ravenna . . . 


..19. 


.5,310 


Rawson 


..23. 


.. 470 


Rayland 


.41. 


. . 300 


Raymond . . . 


..47. 


. . 546 


Reading .... 


.79. 


.3,988 


Redfield 


.66, 


. . 250 


Reedsville . . . 


.88. 


.. 250 


Reesville . . . . 


.72. 


. . 275 


Rehoboth . . . 


.66. 


.. 200 


Reily 


.70.. 


.. 316 


Reinersville . 


..67. 


.. 200 


Rendville . . . . 


.66. 


. . 623 


Republic 


.15. 


.. 475 


Reynoldsburg 


..55. 


.. 431 


Rhodes 


.41 , 


. . 321 


Richmond . . . 


.41.. 


.. 372 


Richmond Dal 


^.74 


.. 350 


Richville .... 


.39. 


. . 263 


Richwood . . . 


.47. 


.1,729 



Ridgeville 

Corners . . . 
Ridgeway 

Ripley 

Risingsun 
Rittman . . . . 
Rix Mills . . . . 
Robertsville 

Robins 

Rockbridge 
Rock Creek. . 
Rockford 



..12. 

.34. 
..81. 

.13. 



.56. 

.29.. 

.57. 

. 75. , 

.10. 

.42. 



Rockland 78.. 



Rockport 
Rockyridge . 
Rocky River. 

Rogers 

Rome 

Rootstown 

Roscoe 

Roseville 
Rosewood . . . 
Rossburg . . . 
Rossford . . . . 
Rossmoyne 

Roswell 

Roundhead 
Roxabell . . . . 
Royalton . . . . 
Rudolph . . . . 
Ruraldale 
Rushmore 
Rush Run . . 
Rushsylvania 



.7.. 
...4., 
...7., 
..31., 

.10.. 
..19.. 
..50. . 
, .56. , 
..53., 

.44.. 
..13. , 
. .79. . 
..39.. 

.34.. 
..74. . 
..65.. 
..13.. 

. 56 . . 
22 

'lii! ; 

.46.. 



. . 250 
. . 427 
.1,840 
. . 599 
. . 326 
. . 230 
. . 350 
. . 500 
. . 350 
. . 455 
.1,186 
. . 362 
.3,179 
. . 349 
.1,861 
. . 258 
. . 245 
. . 220 
. . 595 
.2,113 
. . 350 
. . 261 
.1,066 
. . 322 
.. 514 
. . 462 
. . 250 
. . 226 
. . 561 
. . 300 
. . 250 
. . 221 
. . 560 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Rushvilh' . 
Russellville 
Russia 
Rutland . . 



.65 257 

.81 438 

.45 350 

.88 563 



Sabina 

Saint Barnard 
*Saint 

Clairsville . . 
Saint Henry. . 
Saint Jolins. . 
Saint 

Louisville . . 
Saint Marys. . 
Saint Paris. . . 

Salem 

Salesville .... 
Salineville 

Sandrun 

* Sandusky . . . 
Sandyville . . . 
Santa Fe .... 

Santoy 

Sarahville 

Sardina 

Sardis 

Savannah . . . . 
Saybrook .... 
Sayler Park. . 

Scio 

Scioto 

Sciotoville . . . 

Scott 

Seaman 

Sebring 

Sekitan 

Selma 

Senecaville . . . 
Seven Mile. . . . 

Seville , 

Phadyside 
Shalersville . . 

Shandon 

Shancsville . . 

Sharon 

Sharonville . . 

Shawnee 

Shelby 

Shephard .... 
Sheridan .... 
Sherodsville . . 

Sherrits 

Sherwood . . . . 

Shiloh 

Shreve 

*Sidney 

Silverton .... 
Smithfield .... 
Smithville . . . . 

Sodom , 

Somerdale . . . , 

Somerset 

Somerton . . . . 
Somerville . . . . 

Sonora 

South 

Bloomfield . . 
South 

Bloom'gville. . 
South 

Charleston . . 
South Euclid. . 
Southington . . 
South Lebanon, 
South Newbury. 
South New 

Lynne 

South Point 

South Salem .. 
South Solon . . . 
South Vienna . 
South Webster 
South Zanes- 

ville 

Spencer 

Spencerville . . . 
Springboro . . . . 
Springdale . . . . 
♦Springfield ... 
Spring Valley . . 

Startle 

Stee! 

Sterling 

*Steubenvine . . 

Stewart 

Stewartsville . . 
Stillwater 



.73. 
.79. 

.58. 
.43. 
.43. 

.49. 
.43. 
.53. 
.31. 

.57. 
.31. 



..1,514 
..5,003 

. .1,398 
. . . 560 
... 350 

... 244 

..5,732 
..1,261 
..8,943 
. . . 265 
..2,403 
. . . 350 
.19,989 
...275 
.. . 262 
... 330 
. . . 281 
. . . 534 
...375 
. . . 362 
. . . 250 
...877 
... 958 
. . . 260 
. .1,303 
. . .472 
. . . 350 
. .2.104 
..1,120 
. . . 206 
...893 
. . . 340 
. . . 602 
..2,066 
. . . 222 
. . . 3.50 
. . . 334 
. . . 266 
... 713 
..2,280 
..4,903 
. . . 402 
. . . 260 
. . . 721 
. . . 206 
. . . 566 
. . . 555 
..1.016 
. .6,607 
. . . 459 
. . . 589 
...447 
. . . 350 
. . . 300 
. .1,286 
. . . 201 
. . . 349 
. . . 206 

...212 

...220 

. .1,181 
. . . 360 
. . . 200 
. . . 626 
..1,273 

. . . 326 
. .. 316 
...211 
. . . 420 
. . . 370 
. . . 499 

. . . 853 
. . . 560 
. .1,748 
. . . 355 
. . . 275 
.46,921 
. . . 443 
. . . 412 
. . . 500 
. . . 375 
.22,391 
. .. 339 
. . . 512 



159 



Ohio Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Stockdale 83. 

Stockport 67. 

Stony Ridge . . .13. 
Stoutsville ... .65. 

Strasburg 39. 

Streetsboro ... .19. 
StrongsviUe ... .7. 

Struthers 30. 

Stryker 1. . 

Sugar Creek . . .39. 
Sugar Grove ..65., 
Summerfield . . .68. . 
Summerford ..54. 

Sunbury 48. 

Superior 86. 

Swanton 2. 

Sweden 10. 

Sycamore 24. , 

Sycamore Val- 
ley 69. 

Sylvania 3. 

Syracuse 88. 



. . 250 
. . 438 
. . 301 
. . 430 
. . 835 
. . 200 
. . 250 
.3,370 
.1,026 
. . 389 
. . 368 
. . 489 
. . 200 
. . 485 
. . 260 
.1,058 
.1,501 
. . 853 

. . 977 
.1,002 
.1,256 



Tallmadge ... .18. 

Tarlton 64. 

Taylorsville ...73. 
Temperance- 

ville 58. 

Terrace Park ..79. 
Thomastown ..18. 

Thornville 66. 

Thurston 65. 

♦Tiffin 15. 

Tippecanoe ....51. 
Tippecanoe City 52. 

Tiro 25. 

♦Toledo 3. 

Tontogany ... .13. 

Toronto 41. 

Tracy 39. 

Tremont City .61. 

Trenton 70. 

Trimble 77. 

Trinway 56. 

Trotwood 60. 

Trowbridge ... .4. 

•Troy 52. 

Tuppers Plains 88. 
Tuscarawas ...39. 
Twinsburg ... .18. 



. . . 501 
. . . 302 
. . . 495 

. . . 266 
. . . 448 
.. . 212 
.. . 411 
. . . 306 
.11,894 
. . . 450 
..2,038 
. . . 321 
168,497 
.. . 314 
. .4,271 
. . . 462 
... 450 
. . . 564 
...711 
... 360 
. . . 348 
. . . 200 
..6,122 
. . . 220 
. .. 471 
. . . 250 



V 

Uhrichsville . . .39. 

Union 60. 

Union City . ■ . .44. 
Union Furnace. 75. 
Unionport . . ..41. 
Unioutown . . ..58. 

Unionville 9. 

Unionville 

Center 47. 

Uniopolis 43. 

Unity 31. 

♦Upper 

Sandusky . . .24. 

♦Urbana 53. 

Utica 49. 



.4,751 
. . 250 
.1,595 
. . 700 
. . 250 
. . 210 
. . 390 



.17. 
.23. 
.00. 
.23. 
.32. 
.22. 
.32. 
. .5. 
.59. 
.44. 
.14. 
.20. 
.74. 



Valley City. 

Vanburen 

Vandalia 

Vanlue 

♦Van Wert. . 
Vaughnsville 
Venedocia . . 
Vermillion . . 

Verona 

Vei-^ailles . . 
Vickery .... 

Vienna 

Vigo 

Vincent .... 
Vinton 



W 

Wabash 51. 

Waco 29. 

Wadsworth . . .17. 
Wainwright ...39. 
Wakeman . . . .16. 

Walbridge 13. 

Waldo 35. 

Walkers 31. 

Walnutrun .....54. 
♦Wapakoneta .43. 

Warner 78. 

♦Warren 20. 

Warrenton ....41. 

Warsaw 50. 

Warwick 18. 



. . 239 
. . 460 
. . 332 

.3,779 
.7,739 
.1,729 



. . 250 

. . 303 

. . 221 

. . 466 

.7,157 

. . 320 

, . . 247 

, .1,369 

, . . 250 

.1,580 

. . . 200 

. . 368 

. . 200 

. . 250 

, . . 324 



.300 

, . . 200 
.3,073 

, . . 350 
. . 930 

, . . 500 
. . 319 
. . 200 
. . 210 
.5,349 
. . 200 

.11,081 
. . 300 
. . 512 

. . . 200 



Towns Loca. 


Pop. 


Washington 


.57.. 


.. 366 


♦Washington 






C. H 


.63. 


.7,277 


Washington- 






ville 


.3J. 


. . 957 


Waterl'ord . . . 


.78.. 


.. 362 


Watertown . . . 


.78, 


.. 200 


Waterville . . . 


. . 3 . . 


. . 834 


♦Wauseon 


. 2 


.2,650 


♦Waverly .... 


.83. 


.1,883 


Waynesburg . , 


.29.. 


., 760 


Waynesville . . 


.71. 


.. 705 


Webster 


.44. 


. . 204 


Wellington . . 


. .6. 


.2.131 


Wellston 


.85. 


.6,875 


Wellsville . . . 


.31.. 


.7,769 


Welshfield . . . 


..8. 


.1,026 


West 






Alexandria . 


.59. 


.1,030 


West Andover 


.10. 


. . 366 


Westboro . . . 


.72. 


. . 350 


West Brooffield.29. 


. . 336 


West Cairo. . . 


.33. 


.. 386 


West 






Carrollton . 


.60. 


.1,285 


West Chester. 


.70. 


.. 302 


West 






Clarksfield 


.16. 


.. 260 


West Dover. . 


..7. 


.. 303 


West Elkton. 


.59. 


.. 230 


Westerville . . 


. 55 . 


.1,903 


West 






Farmington 


.20. 


. . 446 


West Jefferson.. 54. 


. 1,043 


West Lafayette. .50. 


. . 840 


West Leipsic. 


.22. 


. . 253 


West Liberty. 


.46. 


.1,288 


West 






Manchester 


.59. 


.. 445 


West Mansfield. 46. 


.. 913 


West Mecca. . 


.20. 


. . 260 


West 






Jliddletown 


.70. 


. . . 330 


West Milton.. 


..52. 


.1.205 


Westminster . 


. 33 . 


. . 200 


West Newton. 
Weston 


. 33 . 


. 236 


.13. 


. . 913 


West Park. . . 


..7. 


.. 320 


West Richfield 


.18. 


. . 250 


West Salem . . 


.28. 


. . 642 


West Sonera. 


.59. 


.. 209 



Loca. Pop. 



West Toledo.. 


..3. 


.. 250 


♦West Union. . 


.82.. 


.1,080 


West Unity. . . 


..1. 


. . 980 


Westview . . . . 


..7. 


. . 690 


West Wheeling 


..58. 


.. 250 


Weymouth 


.17. . 


.. 366 


Wharton .... 


.24. 


.. 485 


Wheelersburg 


.84. 


.. 250 


White Cottage 


.56. 


. . 362 


Whitehouse . 


..3. 


.. 506 


Wick 


.10. 


.. 200 


Wickliffe .... 


. .9. 


.. 530 


Wilberforce . 


.62. 


.. 380 


Wilkesville . . 


.76. 


. . 203 


Williamsburg 


.80. 


.. 948 


Williamsfleld 


.10. 


.. 290 


Williamsport 


.64. 


.. 536 


Willoughby . . 


..9. 


.2,072 


Wilow 


..7. 


. . 225 


Willshire . . . . 


.32. 


. . 653 


♦Wilmington . 


.72. 


.4,491 


Wilmot 


.29. 


.. 258 


Winchester . . 


.82. 


. . 937 


Windhani . . . . 


.19. 


.. 261 


Windsor 


.10. 


.. 766 


Winesburg . . . 


.38. 


.. 250 


Withamsville . 


.80. 


. . 382 


Woodington . . 


.44. 


. . 336 


Woodlawn 


.79. 


. . 250 


♦Woodsfield . . 


.69. 


.2,503 


Woodstock . . . 


.53. 


. . 310 


Woodville . . . . 


.14. 


.. 807 


♦Wooster . . . . 


.28. 


.6,136 


Worthington . 


.55. 


.. 547 


T^'^ren 


.32. 


.. 277 


Wyoming . . . . 


.79. 


.1,893 



Yellowbud . . . .74. 
Yellow Spgs. . . .62. 
♦Youngstown ..30. 



Zaleski 76. 

Zanesfield 46. 

♦Zanesville . . .56. 
Zoar Station. . .39. 



.8,776 



. . . 250 
. .1,360 
. 79,066 



...476 
. . . 250 
,28,026 
. . . 200 



OHIO 



The Mound Builders — The Struggles of Later Generations to Establish Conditions of Trosperity 

in the Wealthy State. 



Who the original land seekers were in all this 
portion of the continent is unknown. The earliest 
evidence of human intelligence among a people that 
occupied this land is seen in the earth mounds 
distributed in great number throughout the State. 
These people were evidently a religious, warlike 
race as shown in the relics found in their mounds, 
including stone altars, hatchets, hammers, arrows 
and ornaments of various kinds. 

LESS INTELLIGENT BUT IMORE W.\RLIKE. 

The races that came afterwards were less intelli- 
gent and more warlike than their predecessors, as 
seen in the Indian tribes which the early explorers 
of America found roam.ing over the country. 

In fact it is difficult to go anywhere or find any 
particular place on the American Continent that 
has not been traversed before by human beings. 

THE FIRST INDIANS HERE. 

The principal Indian tribes of the Ohio country 
when discovered by the French, were the Miamis, 
the Wyandots, the Shawnees, the Senecas and the 
Delawares. 

The Iroquois, to whom the Senecas belonged, 
claimed to have subdued all the territory between 
the AUeghanies and the Mississippi, but the Ohio 
Indians repudiated their sway and had, it appears, 
regained the lands from which they had been 
driven. 

By a treaty signed at Utrecht, a city in a prov- 
ince of the same name in the Netherlands, by 
representatives from France, Holland, Great Britain. 
Prussia, Portugal and Savoy, England obtained 
Gibraltar, Hudson Bay territories and Newfound- 



land. Through that concession England claimed 

the right to call the Iroquois her subjects and the 
English based their claim to the northwest territory 
on the pretended conquest of the Iroquois, as well 
as the charter of James I. to Virginia and of 
Charles II. to Connecticut. 

Assuming their right to possession English trad- 
ers had begun to compete with the French in the 
fur trade of the great lakes as early as 1684. 

THE FRENCH ALSO CLABIED THIS TERRITORY 

The French based their claim to the same terri- 
tory on the discoveries of Joliet, Marquette and 
LaSalle, though in so far as the Ohio River is 
concerned there is no conclusive evidence that 
La Salle ever saw it. 

The little settlement made at Sandusky, Fort 
Cadillac built at Detroit in 1701, and the allegiance 
of most of the Indian tribes, between Lake Erie 
and the Ohio River, practically gave France the 
control of the debatable ground. 

From that period up to the war of the revolution 
it was a struggle between the French and the 
English to get the support of the Indians, and even 
up to 1799 fear of the Indians checked immigration 
into this region. In the meantime pioneers from 
Massachusetts had founded Marietta in 1788. An- 
other colonv from New Jersey laid out the town 
of Losantiville in 1789, which name was soon 
changed to Cincinnati. 

In 1790 French emigrants founded Galllpolis, and 
in the same year the first colony from Virginia 
came in and established Massieville, now Man- 
chester. 



169 



Ohio Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



PERMANENT PEACE WITH THE INDIANS. 

Instigated, it was claimed, by the British, the 
Indians continued to maPce trouble until a per- 
manent peace was made in 1795, two-thirds of the 
state at that time being ceded to the whites. 

FOUNDING or THE WESTERN RESERVE. 

In 1792 500,000 acres in the western part of the 
Western Reserve, located in the northern part of 
Ohio, \/SLS set aside by Connecticut as compensation 
to those of her citizens whose property had been 
destroyed by the British during the revolution; 
and in 1792 the first settlement at Cleveland was 
made. 

Fear of the Indians yet checked immigration into 
the state and not until 1799 did the population 
reach 5,000, the number necessary to the establish- 
ment of a legislature. 

On Sept. 23, 1799, the first legislature met at 
Cincinnati, and on the 25th chose William Henry 
Harrison as its delegate to Congress. In 1800 
Indiana territory was set off, and in 1802 a consti- 
tutional convention, convened at Chillicothe, adopted 
a constitution, and in 1803 state officers were 
elected, Chillicothe and Zanesville being, at various 
periods, the capital of the state before it was 
permanently established at Columbus. 

In the war of 1812-15 the young state furnished 
three regiments to aid in carrying it on. In 1813 
General Harrison erected Fort Meigs on the Maumee 
and held it against two attacks of British and 
Indians under General Proctor. Major Croghan 
made a brilliant defense of a rude fort on the 
Sandusky, and Lieutenant, afterwards Commodore 
Perry, in Put-in-Bay, made his victory over the 
British fleet. 

FIRST STEA3IB0AT AND FIRST RAILROAD. 

In 1812 the first steamboat descended the Ohio 
River, and in 1825-33 the Ohio and Maumee canals 
were constructed, and in 1842 the first railroad be- 
tween Cincinnati and Springfield was opened. Free 
schools were established in 1826, and in 1843 the 
first regularly equipped public astronomical observa- 
tory in the United States was founded at Cincin- 
nati. Ohio gave 5,536 troops to the Mexican war, 
appropriated $1,000,000 for the defense of the Union 
in the Civil War, and sent 313,180 troops into the 
battlefield. The bounties paid to volunteer soldiers 
amounted to $23,557,373. 

About one-third the distance from the north to 
the southern part of the state is found the divid- 
ing ridge, north of which the streams flow to Lake 
Erie, and south of which the waters descend to the 
Ohio River. Lake Erie is 573 feet above the level 
of the sea, and yet so much below the dividing 
ridge, which extends from Trumbull County in the 
northeast part of the state to Mercer and Darke 
Counties in the southeast, that the Maumee, the 
Cuyahoga, the Black, the Sandusky, the Vermillion 
and the Huron rivers all emi)ty into this lake. 

The rivers flowing into the Oliio are the Mus- 
kingum, the Hocking, the Scioto and the Miamis. 
These rivers all run through highly fertile valleys, 
but it is not necessary to go to the valleys for 
rich land. The state is so nearly level, and has 
retained the fallen grasses so long upon its surface, 
as to produce a highly fertile soil, which like the 
other states of level surface make a wealthy popu- 
lation. 

RICH SOIL ONLY A PART OF OHIO'S AD- 
VANTAGE. 

But the productions of a rich soil are but a part 
of the immense resources of Ohio. From this 
state comes the well known Hocking coal, the coal 
area covers 10,000 square miles, limestone is quar- 
ried in 32 counties, and sandstone, from which 
come the celebrated Ohio grindstone, underlies one 
half of the entire area of the state. 

The whole of the southeast half of the state is 
underlaid with coal-bearing formations and the 
geological surveys show seven distinct veins of 
coal of superior quality for domestic use, or for 
making gas and smelting iron. The aggregate 
thickness of the coal beds which are convenient 
to work upon is about 50 feet. 

One of the interesting features of the passage 
on the Ohio River is the view of coal mine openings 
seen for hundreds of miles, the tunnels running up 
the slopes from the river directly into the coal 
beds. 

Iron is found in abundance in certain parts of 
the state, particularly in Perry, Gallia, Licking, 



Lawrence, Jackson, Vinton, Meigs, Athens and Hock- 
ing counties. Some of the ore is of superior quality 
and adapted to the finer class of castings. Clay in 
all its forms is found in large quantities, carbonate 
of lime, quick lime, and water cement are very 
largely manufactured. 

Natural gas is found in several sections of the 
state. The four oil districts yield nearly 20,000,000 
barrels per annum and give to the state some 
$17,000,000 annually. 

Ohio is noted for its large variety of valuable 
agricultural production, including wool, flax, milk, 
butter and cheese, and for stock raising, especially 
in the southern part of the state, while the upper 
part of the state, in the lake region, is celebrated 
for its grapes, there being thousands of acres in 
vineyards in that region. 

Ohio is distinguished for its large amount of 
cultivated land, the great crops including wheat, 
oats, potatoes, rye, buckwheat, hay and corn in 
immense quantities. Other products that deserve 
especial mention are maple sugar, honey, maple 
syrup and strawberries. 

The land seeker who desires to go into a manu- 
facturing state finds that region in Ohio. The pro- 
ductions include woodenware, agricultural imple- 
ments, steel, iron, optical and astronomical instru- 
ments, electric materials, electrical equipment of 
all kinds, refining of oils, safes, deposit vaults, time 
locks, cooperage, woodworking machinery, wagons, 
trucks, wheelbarrows, railroad cars, matches, win- 
dow glass, glassware, silks, cash registers, grist- 
mill products, clothing, furniture, distilled liquors, 
pressed' brick, fire brick, paving brick, drain tile, 
sewer pipe, and many other varieties of manufac- 
tured products, the result of being in the immediate 
vicinity of the raw material from which all these 
goods can be made. 

Besides the facilities for transportation 436 miles 
on the Ohio River, 230 miles of water frontage on 
Lake Erie, 100 miles of navigation on the Mus- 
kingum River, there are four canals in the interior 
of the state. 

CONDENSED IltfPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
THE STATE. 

Altitude. Highest in Logan County, near the 
middle of the western half of the state, 1,337 feet. 

Climate. Average annual at Cleveland 45.87; 
Cincinnati, 51.37. Average January, Toledo, 26; 
Cincinnati, 33. July average, Toledo, 74; Cincinnati, 
78. Extremes, Cincinnati, 105, and 17 below; To- 
ledo 102 and 16 balow. Annual rainfall, Cincinnati, 
39.9 inches; Toledo, 30.9 inches. 

Dimensions. Extreme length of the state north 
and south 205 miles. Extreme width east and west, 
230 miles. Area 41,000 square miles. 

AJVIERICAN ANTIQUITIES IN OHIO. 

Among interesting relics of a people that once 
lived in the Mississippi Valley and in Ohio, were the 
Mound Builders. Who they were, whence they 
came and when they disappeared nobody knows. 

Among these vestiges of a past age are numer- 
ous mounds in Ohio. One of them, is on the banks 
of the Little Miami River in Ohio, at Fort Hill, has 
a line of circumvallation nearly four miles in extent, 
varying in height, according to the natural strength 
of the point protected, from 10 to 20 feet, and 
embracing an area of several hundred feet. At 
Newark, Ohio, they cover an area of more than 
two miles square, and probably comprise upward of 
12 miles embankment from two to twenty feet in 
height. 

One of these, surveyed in 1846, on the hanks 
of brush Creek, in Adams County, Ohio, is in the 
form of a serpent over 1,000 feet in length, extended 
in graceful curves and terminating in a triple coil 
at the tail. 

These mounds were evidently burial places, and to 
appease the gods various objects were deposited in 
the graves, evidences existing of religious cere- 
monies and altars being tound with the skeletons 
of those who had been buried. 

Evidently great difference of opinion existed as to 
suitable position for placing of the bodies of the 
dead. Sometimes the body was laid horizontally, 
sometimes bent double. Often a number of bodies 
were piled in a common grave. Frequently a mound 
covered a solitary skeleton, while in another the 
dead laid in large numbers. 

In many districts incineration was the custom, 
and the ashes were collected and put in urns, some- 
times even in human skulls. 



161 



CKI.AHOMA 



STATE AND THE 77 COUNTIES OF OKLAHOMA 

V/ith Their Boundaries 






U-^ 



1^.%^' 



BEAVER o 



f^ -.. ->f.^^=^'''>^."'^'fc^^-^^' ^'-^'.^^^'s?^; ^;^;v^>.---^.^^^^ 



^ 



■\ 5 

( 



6'--' 



8 



BUF'TALOo 
3 ' 4 

'v_ 1 25 
24 r '->^ '"'." r ~ ~' 31 



' rr 91 23 

l-_ ' 28 I oGUTflRlE i 32 -I-'--** ^3G 1 37 

' V~"T42~'^^ L_-;,33_'-^3/'^f°M 
■" ( 41 I ooklAhoma eli.^iuo i ' a i -^ ^' 

38 J 39 h.45 146I47, ,J~"-^-^50r^ 

-,,-^:'„ 1;--.; J^?r^tVr;^.i" ■ e. ■- ^As 



.__ r 



>1v 



26 



OKLAH0^U 




LOCATION AND POPULATION OF OKLAHOMA COUNTIES. 



Loci. 



County Pop. 



1 Cimarron. 

2 Texas. 

3 Beaver. 

4 Harper. 

5 Woods. 

6 Alfalfa. 

7 Grant. 

8 Kay. 

9 Osage. 

10. . . Washington. 

11 Nowata. 

12 Craig. 

13 Ottawa . 

14 Ellis. 

15. . . Woodward, 

16 Major. 

17 Garfield. 

18 Noble. 

19 Pawnee. 

20 Tulsa. 



. 4,553 
.14,249 
.13,631 
. 8,189 
.17,567 
.18,138 
.18,760 
.26,999 
.20,101 
.17.484 
.14,223 
.17,404 
.15,713 
.15,373 
. 16,592 
.15,248 
.33,050 
.14,045 
.17.332 
.34.!)!i5 



Locn. County 

21 Rogers. 

22 Mayes. 

23 Delaware. 

24. . . Roger Mills. 

25 Dewev. 

26 Custer. 

27 Blaine. 

28 Kingfisher. 

29 I.ogan. 

30 Payne. 

31 Lincoln. 

32 Creek. 

33 Okmulgee. 

34 Wagoner. 

35 Muskogee. 

36 Cherf^kee. 

37 Adair. 

38 Beckham. 

39 Washita. 

40 Caddo. 



Pop. 



17,936 
13,596 
.11,469 
.12,861 
.14.132 
,23,231 
.17,960 
.18,825 
.31,740 
.23,735 
.34,779 
.26,223 
.21,113 
.22,086 
.52,745 
.16,778 
.10,535 
.19,699 
.25,034 
.33,685 



Loca. County 

41 Canadian . 

42 Oklahoma. 

43 Grady. 

44 McClain. 

45 Cleveland. 

46. Pottawatomie. 

47 Seminole. 

48 Okfu.=kee. 

49 Mcintosh. 

.50 Haskell. 

51 Sequoyah. 

52 Harmon. 

53 Greer. 

54 Kiowa. 

5.5 Jackson. 

56 Swanson. 

57 Tillman. 

58 Comanche. 

59 Stephens. 

60 Garvin. 



Pop. 



.23,301 
.85,232 
.30.309 
,15,6.59 
,18,843 
.43,595 
19,964 
.19,993 
,20.961 
.18,873 
.23,005 
.11,328 
.16,449 
.27,526 
.23,737 

! 18,650 
.41,489 
.22,233 
.26,345 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



01 Pontotoc. .24,331 

62 Hughes. .24,040 

63 Coal.. 15,817 

64 Pittsburg. .47,650 

65 Latimer. .11,321 

66 Le Flore. .29,127 

67 Jefferson. .17,430 

68 Carter. .25,358 

69 Murray. .12,744 

70 Johnston. .16,734 

71 Atoka. .13,808 

73 Love. .10,236 

72. . Pushmataha . .10,718 

74 Marshall. .11,619 

75 Brvan. .29,854 

76 Choctaw. .21,862 

77 McCurtain. .20,681 

Total 1,657.155 



Oklahoma Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



♦Ada .... 
Adair . . . 
Addington 
Afton . . . 
Agra .... 
Alabama 
Albion . . 
Alderson 
Alex .... 
Aline . . . 
Allen ... 
*AItus . . 
*Alva . . . 
Amabala 
Ames . . . 
*Anadarko 
*Antlers 
Apache . 
*Arapaho 



. .67. 
. .13. 

. . .31. 



. .48. 

..72. 

. .64. 

. . 43 . 
6. 

. .61. 
. . .33. 

5. 

. . .48. 
. . .16. 
. . .4<). 



.40. 
.26. 



.4,349 
. . 376 
. . 493 
.l,27i) 
. . 366 
. . 261 
. . 209 
. . 786 
. . 224 
. . 303 
. . 645 
.4,821 
.3,688 
. . 208 
. . 290 
.3.439 
.1,273 
. . 950 
. . 713 



Toitvi.s 



Loca. Pop. 



*Ardmore 

Ark 

Arnett . . . 
Asher . . . . 
*Atoka . . 
.\ugusta . . 



.8,618 
. . 202 
. . 511 
. . 381 
.1,968 
. . 490 



*Bartlesville 
•Beaver 
Bebee 
Beggs . . 
Bennington 
Berwyn . . 
Bessie . . 
Beulah . 
Bigheart 
Billings 
Binger . 
Bismark 



.10. 
. .3. 
.61. 
.33. 

.75. 
.68. 
.39. 
.21. 
. .9. 
.18. 
40. 
.77. 



.6,181 
. . 326 
. . 209 
. . 855 
. . 513 
. . 378 
. . 480 
. . 265 
. . 307 
. . .524 
. . 280 
. . 360 



Towns 



Loca. 



Pop. 



Bison 

Bixby 

Blackburn 
Blackwell . 

Blair 

Blanchard. 
Bluejacket 
Bokchito . . 
Bokoshe . . 

Boley 

Boswell . . . 
Boynton . . 
Braggs . . . 
Braman . . . 
Bridgeport 
Bristow . . . 
Britton. . . . 
Broken Arr 
Bromide . . 
Brooken 



17. 

20. 

19. 

8. 

55. 

44. 

12 . 

75. 

66. 

48. 

76. 

35. 

33. 

8. 

40. 

32. 

. . . .42. 
■ow.20. 
. . . .70. 
. . . . .=,0 . 



. . 290 
. . 384 
. . 335 
.3,266 
. . 508 
, . 629 
. . 508 
. . 535 
. . 483 
.1,334 
. . 828 
. . 679 
. . 239 
. . 339 
. . 428 
.1,667 
, . 696 
.1.576 
. . 202 
. . 200 



Loca. Pop. 



Buck 


64.. 


. . 590 


*Buffalo . . . 


4.. 


. . 282 


Byars 


44.. 


. . 487 


Byron 


6.. 


. . 286 



Cache .... 

Caddo 

Calvin . . . 
Cameron . 
Campbell 
Canadian . 
Caney .... 
Canton 
Canute . . . 
Capitol Hil 
Carbon . . . 
Carmen . . 
Carnegie . 
(^"■arnev . . . 



...58. 

75. 

62. 

66. 

51. 

... 64 . 

71. 

27. 

39. 

. . .42. 

64 . 

6. 

40. 

31. 



. . 317 
.1,143 
. . 570 
. . 206 
. . 316 
. . 481 
. . 293 
. . 703 
. . 250 
.1,361 
. . 390 
. . 883 
. . 8.35 
. . 260 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column. Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column. Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

162 



Oklahoma Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Carrier .... 
Cashion . . . 

Castle 

Catoosa . . . 
Cement . . . 
Centrahoma 
Centralia . . 
Cestos .... 
•Chandler . 

Chant 

Chattanooga 

Checotah . . 

Chelsea . . . 

♦Cherokee 

•Cheyenne 

*Chickasha 

Chilocco . . . 

Choctaw . . 

Choteau 

*CIaremore 

Clarksville 

Cleo 

Cleveland . 
Clinton . . . 
Coalg-ate . . . 
Colhert . . . 
Collinsville 
Comanche . 

Copan 

♦Cordell . . 
Cornish . . . 
Coweta . . . 
Cowlington 

Coyle 

Craig 

Crescent . . 

Cross 

Crowder . . 
Cumberland 
Cushing . . . 
Custer .... 



Dale 

Davenport 
Davidson . 
Davis . . . . 
Dawson . . 
Delaware 
Depew . . . 
Devol .... 
Dewey . . . 

Dill 

Dougherty 
Dover .... 

Dow 

•Duncan . 
•Durant 
Durwood . 
Dustin . . . 



.17. 
.28. 
.48. 
.21. 
.40. 
.63. 
.12. 
.25. 
.31. 
.50. 
.58. 
.49. 
.21. 
. .6. 
.24. 
.43. 
. .8. 
.42. 
.22. 
.21. 
.34. 
.16. 
.19. 
.26. 
.63. 
.75. 
.21. 
.59. 
.10. 
.39. 
.67. 
.34. 
.66. 
.29. 
.64. 
.29. 
. .8. 
.64. 
.74. 
.30. 
.26. 



.46. 
.31. 
.57. 
.69. 
.20. 
.11. 
.32. 
.58. 
.10. 
.39. 
.69. 
.28. 
.64. 
.59. 
.75. 
.68. 
.62. 



. . . 250 
. . . 289 
. . . 294 
. . . 404 
...770 
. . . 666 
. . . 387 
. . . 200 
..2,034 
. . . 882 
. . . 471 
. .1,683 
. .1,350 
. .2,016 
. . . 468 
. 10,320 
. . . 562 
. . . 242 
. . . 483 
..2,866 
. . . 388 
. . . 425 
. .1,310 
. .2.781 
. .3,255 
. . . 200 
..1,324 
. .1,301 
, . . 307 
. .1,950 
. . . 489 
.1,187 
, . . 378 
. . 413 
. . . 290 
, . . 903 
. . 220 
. . 529 
, . . 450 
.1,072 
. . 854 

. . 250 
. . 394 
. . 361 
.1,416 
. . 320 
. . 662 
.1,344 
. . 300 
.1,344 
. . 240 
. . 278 
..377 
. . 200 
.2.477 
.5,330 
.. 225 
.. 579 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



E 

Earl 

Earlsboro . . . . 

Edmond 

Eldorado 

Elk City 

Elmore City. . . 
*E1 Reno .... 

Emet 

♦Enid 

Enterprise . . . 

Erick 

Erin Springs . 
•Eufaula 



Fairfax 

Fairland 

•Fairview . . . . 

Fallis 

Fargo 

Faxon 

Fay 

Fitzhugh 

Fletcher 

Foraker 

Fort Cobb 

Fort Gibson . . 
Fort Reno . . . . 

Fort Sill 

Fort Towson . 

Foss 

Foyil 

Francis 

♦Frederick . .. . 
G 

Gage 

Gans 

Garber 



70. 


. . . 225 


46. 


. . . 388 


42. 


..2,090 


55. 


. . . 926 


38. 


..3,165 


60. 


. . . 266 


41. 


..7,872 


70 


. . . 590 


17. 


.13,799 


.5(>. 


. . . 560 


38. 


...915 


60, 


. . . 362 


49. 


..1,307 


.9. 


. . . 819 


13 


. . . 569 


16. 


. .2,020 


31. 


. . . 248 


14. 


...341 


.58. 


...215 


25. 


. . . 280 


«1. 


. . . 260 


58. 


. . . 374 


.9. 


...415 


40. 


. . . 382 


35. 


..1,344 


41. 


. . . 550 


.58. 


..2,500 


76. 


. . . 697 


39. 


. . . 525 


21. 


. . . 250 


61. 


...931 


57. 


..3,027 



H 



924 
351 
382 



Garvin . . . 
Geary . . . . 
Glencoe . . 
Gler.pool . 
Goltry . . . 

Gore 

Gotebo . . . 
Grandfleld 
Granite . . 
Grant . . . . 
Grayson . . 
♦Grove . . . 
Guertie . . 
♦Guthrie 

(capital) 
♦Guymon 

Haileyville 
Harrah . . 
Hartshorne 
Haskell .. 
Hastings . 
Hattenville 
Haworth . 
Headrick 
Heavener 
Helena . . . 
Hennessey 
Henryetta 
Hickory . . 

Hill 

Hinton . . . 
Hitchcock 
♦Hobart . . 
Hochatown 
Hoffman . 
♦Holdenvill 
♦Hollis . . . 
Homestead 
Hominy . . 
Hooker . . 
Howe .... 

Hoyt 

Hughart . 
♦Hugo . . . 
Hulbert .. 
Hunter . . 
Hydro . . . 



♦Idabel 

Illinois 

Independence. 
Indianola . . . . 

Ingersoll 

Inola 



.77. 
.27. 
.30. 
.20. 
..6. 
.51. 
.54. 
.57. 
.53. 
.76. 
.49. 
.23. 
.62. 

.29. 
..2. 



. . . 957 
..1,452 
. . . 373 
..1,509 
. . . 320 
. . . 390 
. . . 740 
. . . 830 
..1,229 
, .. 416 
. . 1,086 
. . . 888 
. . . 305 

.11,654 
.1,342 



.64. 
.42. 
.64. 
.35. 
.67. 
.13. 
.77. 
.55. 
.66. 
..6. 
.28. 
.33. 
.69. 
.66. 
.40. 
.27. 
.54. 
.77. 
.49. 
.62. 
.52. 
.27. 
..9. 

.66'. 
.50. 
.50. 
.76. 
.36. 
.17. 
.40. 



.77. 
.51. 
.26. 
.64. 
. .6. 
.21. 



.2,024 
. . . 356 
,.2,963 
. . . 857 
..727 
, . . 582 
. . 200 
..270 
. . 780 
. . 760 
.1,665 
.1,671 
. . 350 
.. 290 
. . 686 
..275 
.3,845 
. . 509 
. . 307 
.2,296 
.. 964 
.. 300 
.. 760 
.. 525 
. . 538 
.. 200 
. . 690 
.4,582 
.. 300 
.. 341 
.. 562 



.1,493 
. . 390 
, . 308 
. . 481 
. . 253 
. . 405 



Jefferson . . 

Jenks 

.Jennings . . 
Johnson . . 

Kanima . . . 
Kansas . . . 

Kaw 

Kemp 

Kendrick . 
Kenefic . . . 

Keota 

Keystone 
Kiefer .... 
Kildare . . . 
♦Kingfisher 
Kingston . . 

Kinta 

Kiowa . . . . 
Konawa . . 
Kosoma . . . 

Krebs 

Kremlin . . 



Lahoma . . . 
Lakemp ... 
Lamar . . . . , 
Lamont . . . , 
Langston 
♦Lawton . . 
Lebanon . . 
Leflore .... 
♦Lehigh ... 
Lenapah . . 
Lenora .... 
Lexington . 
Lincolnville 
Lindsay . . . 
Loco 



. .7. 
.20. 
.19. 
.44. 



281 
290 
361 
230 



.50. 


.. 208 


23. 


.. 220 


.8. 


.. 486 


75. 


.. 336 


31. 


.. 221 


75. 


.. 260 


.50. 


.. 220 


19. 


. . 273 


32. 


.1,197 


.8. 


.. 216 


28. 


.2,538 


74. 


.. 439 


.50. 


.. 326 


64. 


.1,021 


47. 


.. 761 


72. 


.. 260 


64. 


.2,884 


17. 


.. 253 



.17. 
. .3. 
.62. 
..7. 
.29. 
.58. 
.74. 
.66. 
.63. 
.11. 
.25. 
.45. 
.13. 
.60. 
.59. 



. . 275 

. . 390 
. . 360 
. . 635 
. . 339 
.7,788 
. . 202 
. . 326 
.1,880 
. . 412 
. . 250 
. . 768 
. . 300 
.1,156 
. . 350 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Lone Grove 
Lone Wolf 
Longdale 
Lookeba 
Loveland 
Lovell . 
Lowrey . 
Luther . . 
Lutie . . . 



..68. 
..54. 
. .27. 
. .40. 
..57. 
..29. 
..36. 
..42. 
..65. 



M 



♦McAlester . 
McCurtain . 
McLoud .... 
MacArthur 
♦Madill .... 
Manchester 
♦Mangum . . 
Manitou 
Mannsville . 
Maramec 
Marble City 
♦Marietta . . 

Mark 

Marlow .... 
Marshall . . . 

Maud 

Maysville . . 

Mead 

♦Medford 7. 



.64. 
,.50. 
..46. 

..24. 

.74. 
,..7. 

.53. 

.57. 
..70. 
, .19. 

.51. 

.73. 

!59! 
.29. 
.46. 
.60. 

.75. 



Meeker . . 
♦Miami . 
Midland . 
Midway . 
Millcreek 

Minco 

Mission Mines 

Moore 

Mooreland . . 

Morris 

Morrison 18 

Mounds 32 

♦Mountain 

Park 56 

Mountain View.54 
Moyers . 
Muldrow 

Mulhall 29 

♦Muskogee . . . .35 
Mutual 15 



31. 

13. 

61. 

63. 

70. 

43. 

13. 

45. 

15. 

33. 



,.72. 
.51. 



N 



Nardin . . . 
Nashville 
♦Newkirk 
Ninnekah 

Noble 

♦Norman . 
♦Nowata . 



Oakland . 
Oberlin . . 
Ochelata . 
Okarche . 
Okeene . . . 
♦Okemah 
♦Oklahoma 
♦Okmulgee 
Oktaha . . 
Olustee . . 
Oologah . . 
Orlando . . 
Orr .... 
Osage . . 
Otoe . . . 
Owasso 



Paden 

Panama 

Paoll 

♦Pauls Valley. 
♦Pawhuska 
♦Pawnee 
Peggs . . . 
Perkins . 
♦Perry . . 
Phillips . 
Piedmont 
Pittsburg 
Ponca 
Pond Creek 
Pontotoc 
Porter . . 
Porum . . 
♦Poteau . 
Prague . , 
Preston 
Price . . . 



.74. 
.75. 
.10. 
.41. 
.27. 
.48. 
.42. 
.33. 
.35. 
.55. 
.21. 
.29. 
.73. 
..9. 
.18. 
.20. 



.48. 
.66. 
.60. 
.60. 
. .9. 
.19. 
.36. 
.30. 
.18. 
.63. 
.41. 
.64. 
..8. 
..7. 
.70. 
.34. 
.35. 
,66. 
.31. 
..33. 
.47. 



. . 222 
.. 677 
. . 296 
..217 
. . 306 
. . 230 
. . 260 
.. 310 
. . 566 



.12,954 
. . . 526 
. . . 638 
. . . 300 
..1,564 
. .. 271 
..3,667 
...412 
. .. 515 
...224 
. . . 342 
..1,546 
. . . 302 
..1,965 
. . . 480 
. . . 503 
. . . 476 
. . . 250 
..1,110 
. . . 349 
. .2,907 
. . . 200 
. . . 296 
. . . 626 
. . . 706 
...226 
...225 
. . . 493 
. . . 387 
. . . 327 
. . . 701 

. . . 449 
, . . 855 
, . . 200 
,..671 
, . . 441 
,25,278 
. . . 264 



...277 

. . . 348 
..1,992 
...225 
. . . 403 
..3,724 
..3,672 

. . . 366 
, . . 206 
. . . 550 
. . . 403 
. . . 920 
..1,389 
,64,205 
..4,176 
, . . 324 
, . . 850 
. . 255 
, . . 340 

' .' '. 665 
. . 408 
..373 



. . 419 
.. 310 
. . 239 
.2,689 
.2,766 
.2,161 
. . 263 
. . 603 
.3,133 
. . 680 
.. 255 
. . 590 
.2,521 
.1,113 
. . 299 
.. 637 
. . 548 
.1,830 
.1,025 
. . 590 
.. 508 



Loca. Pop. 



♦Pry or . 
♦Purcell 
Purdy . 

Quapaw 
Quay . . 
Quinlan 
Quinton 



.22. ..1,798 
.44... 2,740 
.60 SOD 



.13 350 

.19 226 

.15 3.55 

.64 697 



R 



Ralston . 
Ramona . 
Randlett 
Ravia . . . 
Redfork 
Redoak . 
Redrock 
Reevesville 
Renfrow 
Rentiesville 
Ringwood 
Ripley . . . 
Rocky . . . 
Roff ...... 

Roland 
Romulus . 
Roosevelt 
Rush Springs. 
♦Ryan 



Salina . . . 

♦Sallisaw 
Saltfork . 
Sans Bois. 
♦Sapulpa . 
Sasakwa . 
Savanna . 
♦Sayre . . . 
Scipio 
Selling . . . 
Seminole . 
Sentinel . . 
Shattuck . 
Shawnee . 
Short .... 
Skedee . . . 
Skiatook . 
Snyder . . . 
Soper .... 
Sparks . . . 
Spencer . . 
Spiro .... 
Springer . 
Stanley . . 
Sterling . . 
Sterrett . . 
♦Stigler .. 
♦Stillwater 
Stilwell . . 
Stonewall 
Stratford . 
Springtown 
Stroud . 
Sugden 
♦Sulphur 
Sutter . 



.19.. 
.10. , 
.58.. 
.70., 
.20. . 
.65.. 
.18.. 
.35.. 
. .7. . 
.49.. 
,16.. 
.30.. 
.39.. 
.61.. 
.51.. 
.46. . 
.56.. 
.43. 



. . 597 
. . 725 
. . 574 
. . 556 
. . 350 
. . 398 
. . 378 
. . 306 
. . 207 
. . 411 
. . 271 
. . 368 
. . 378 
. 1,044 
. . 228 
200 
298 
823 



.67... 1,307 

.22 250 

.51... 2,479 

..7 226 

.50.. 
.32., 
.47.. 
.64.. 
.38.. 
.64. . 
.25. . 
.47.. 
.39. 



J08 
.8,283 
.. 241 
.. 266 
.1,881 
.. 306 
.. 352 
.. 476 
.. 857 
.14... 1,231 
.46. .12,474 



.51., 

.19. 

.20. , 

.56., 

.76., 

.31. 

.43. 

.66., 

.68., 

.73., 

.58. 

.75. 



!09 
.. 289 
. . 606 
.1,122 
.. 233 
.. 421 
.. 232 
.1,173 
.. 320 
.. 206 
.. 276 
575 



.50.. .1,583 



.30. 
.37. 
.61. 
.60. 
.71. 
.31., 
.67., 
.69., 
.66., 



3,444 
.1,039 
.. 494 
.. 685 
.. 260 
.1,230 
. . 331 
.3,684 
.. 350 



Taf t 

♦Tahlequah 
Talala .... 
Talihina . . 
♦Taloga . . . 
Tamaha . . 
♦Tecumseh 

Teller 

Temple . . . 
Terral .... 
Texhoma . . 
Texola .... 
Thomas . . . 

Tipton 

♦Tishomingo 
Tonkawa 
♦Tulsa . . 
Tupelo . . 
Tushka . 
Tuttle . . 



Valliant 
Vera . . . 
Verdark 
Verden 
Vian . . . 
♦Vinita 
Violet . . 
Vireton 



.35 352 

.36... 2,891 



Jl. 
.66., 
.25. , 
.50. , 



. 340 

, . 491 

. 468 

493 



.46. ..1,621 
.70 306 



.58. 
.67., 
. .2. 
.38. 



852 
573 

361 



.26... 1,371 

.57 441 

.70. . .1,408 
. .8. . .1.776 
.20. .18,182 

.63 387 

.71 380 

.43 794 



.77., 

.10. 

.35., 

.43. 

.51. 

.12. 

.46. 

.64. 



. . 656 
...313 
. . 208 
. . 524 
. . 794 
.4,082 
. . 291 
. . 208 



163 



Oklahoma Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 


Loca. 


Pop. 


W 






♦Wagoner . . . 


.34. 


.4,018 


Wainwright . 


.35. 


. . 250 


Wakita 


. .7. 


.. 405 


Walter 


..58. 


.1,377 


Wanette .... 


..46. 


.. 677 


Wann 


.11. 


.. 286 


Wapanucka . 


..70. 


.. 948 


Warner 


. .35. 


. . 291 


•Watonga . . . 


. .27. 


.1,723 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



.17. 
.67. 
.44. 

. .5. 
.26. 



Waukomis . 
Waurika . . . 

Wayne 

Way n oka . . 
Weatherford 
Webbers Falls. 35 

Welch 12 

Weleetka 48 

Weston 15 

West Tulsa. . . .20 



. . 533 
.2,928 
. . 332 
.1,160 
.2,118 
. . 380 
. . 684 
.1,229 
. . 590 
. . 306 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



*Westville 
Wetumka . 
•Wewoka . 
Whltefield . 
*Wilburton 
Wild Cat.. 
Williams . . 
Wister . . . . 
Woodville . 
Woodward 



.37. 
.62. 
.47. 
.50. 
.65. 
.49. 
.66. 
.66. 
.74. 
.15. 



. . 802 
.1,190 
.1,022 
. . 350 
.2,277 
..411 
. . 400 
. . 498 
. . 389 
.2,696 



Loca. Pop. 



Wyandotte . . . .13. . . . 255 

Wybark 35 200 

Wynne Wood. .60. . .2,002 

Y 

Yale 30 685 

Yeager 62 231 

Yukon 41... 1,018 



OKLAHOMA 

A joung State celebrated a few years ago from the rush of people who camped on its borders to 
be in readiness to occupy its lands as soon as opened for settlement. 



Our readers will remember the excitement created 
a few years ago when territory forming a part of 
Oklahoma was opened to the public and those so 
fortunate as to possess a lucky ticket in a lottery 
drawing could go into the new land and take up a 
government claim on government land conditions. 

DID NOT KNOW OF OTHER OPPORTUNITIES. 

Those individuals who camped there for days wait- 
ing for permission to get onto the newly opened 
land, and those who struggled to get a farm on 
homestead terms there and did not succeed, evi- 
dently did not know that thousands of acres of 
irrigated fertile lands were waiting for their com- 
ing at many points outside of Oklahoma in the 
Great West. They did not know of the tens of 
thousands of fertile cheap lands in the Great South, 
where two or three crops a year can be grown on 
the same land. They did not know of the hun- 
dreds of cheap farms that are offered in New Eng- 
land — farms of 50, 100 and 200 acres, well located, 
that are offered at prices far below what the build- 
ings alone on these farms would cost. They did 
not know what opportunities existed for getting 
cheap lands on every hand, as shown in this "Guide 
for Land Seekers," and hence the struggle to get 
possession of Oklahoma lands. 

In this we are not saying one word against Okla- 
homa. On the contrary, investigation of the pos- 
sibilities and actualities of this region shows that 
the State is all that it was anticipated to be. But 
what we would emphasize right here is that after 
a scramble of that kind there always will be 
abundance of opportunities left. Let the land seeker 
bide his time. In one or two years after farms 
have been taken and are improved large quantities 
of these lands will come into the market for sale. 
Deaths, removals and disappointments will work 
their changes and great numbers of these pioneers 
will be willing and anxious to "sell out" at a less 
price than even the improvements have cost. 

Oklahoma properties are perhaps an exception to 
that rule. The soil here has been found to be very 
fertile and adapted to the growth of a great variety 
of products, ranging all the way from apples to 
peanuts, from cotton to broom corn, from melons 
to strawberries. In fact, agriculture is proving so 
profitable as to make less anxiety to sell than is 
found in many states. Yet with prosperous condi- 
tions existing throughout the State, our review of 
different counties shows that farm lands can be 
obtained at very reasonable prices. 

GREATLY IN FAVOR OF OKLAHOMA. 

First, greatly in behalf of Oklahoma is a very 
favorable climate. It is situated far enough south 
to escape the long winters of the north, and far 
enough north to escape the fevers and malaria of 
many southern sections. She is far enough north 
to escape the enervating effect of a fruitless climate 
without being far enough to necessitate expensive 
preparations for winter. While the snows of winter 
sometimes fall here they are but of short duration 
and seldom make extra care of stock necessary. 

Experience of several years' settlement has proved 
that the greater portion of Oklahoma is well within 
the rain belt or safe crop region and that all east 
of Beacon County can be depended upon for wheat, 
oats, cotton, vegetables, alfalfa and the various for- 
age crops. Experience has proven that crops in 
Oklahoma are as certain and more profitable and 
prolific than in many of the older sections of the 
country. Storms are no more common here than in 
other central states, while periods of great drouth 
are much more disastrous in tha valley of the 
Mississippi than on the prairies of this State. 



OKLAHOMA FOR HEALTH. 

As for healthfulness it would be hard to find a 
better climate than that of Oklahoma. The eleva- 
tion is great enough to preclude the fevers and 
malarias of the lowlands, while the purity of the 
atmosphere insures strong lungs and healthy cir- 
culation. The breezes of the prairie disperse the 
microbes of disease and keep the air healthful and 
invigorating, while the sunshine plays an important 
part. As the elevation is more or less associated 
and connected with the climate it is well to give the 
elevation or altitude of some of the leading points 
in the territory. Thus the altitude of Oklahoma 
City is 1,200 feet above sea level; Chandler, 900; 
Guthrie, 932; Lawton, 1,250; Enid, 1,244; Hobart, 
1,.528; Shawnee, 1,04.5; Arapaho, 1,560; Perry, 871, 
and Wichita Mountains, 3,000. 

Oklahoma has a variety of soils, but it all appears 
to be productive. In some localities the deep 
black loam prevails, while in others the color is a 
rich brown or reddish hue. In some places there 
is a considerable proportion of sand and in others 
a gumbo formation like some of the rich lands of 
Illinois. The bottom lands are more generally black 
and on the uplands the red or mulatto soil prevails. 

The red soil of the uplands is excellent for wheat 
and other small grains and grasses, but not so good 
for corn as the black land. However, with all the 
varieties of soil they are all good and there is but 
a small portion of the State that is not smooth 
enough and productive enough for profitable culti- 
vation. 

VARIED ENOUGH TO SUIT ANY TASTE. 

The surface of the country is sufficiently diversi- 
fied to suit all tastes. The whole area gently 
slopes toward the east, in which direction the 
streams generally run. While several large rivers 
cross the territory, these are fed by numerous 
brooks and small affluents which give every section 
an abundance of running water. Springs abound in 
some regions and well water can be obtained by 
digging to a moderate depth. 

While a very large per cent of Oklahoma is a 
level or gently rolling prairie country, there are 
also some large areas of timber and here and there 
a range of hills. Much of the eastern portion of 
the State is covered with a fair growth of timber, 
while the central and western portions are more 
generally prairie. As a rule, the river banks are 
not bordered with bluffs, as in some States, and 
the land is tillable to the edge of the streams. In 
the western portion some of the streams are bor- 
dered by sand hills that look as though they may 
have been beds of streams in times past. A few 
rocky hills may be found but they are scarce. 
In the southwestern part of the State are found 
the Wichita Mountains, an irregular range of 
rugged hills, extending from east to west about 
sixty miles, and about half that from north to 
south. In that vicinity, but detached from the 
range, there are numerous isolated, rugged hills, 
on the otherwise level prairie, adding to the pic- 
turesqueness of the scene. Portions of the Wichita 
range reach a height of 2,000 feet above the level 
of the surrounding country. They are probably a 
detached spur of the Rocky Mountains. In this 
mountain range there are many beautiful valleys, 
natural parks, sparkling streams and flowing springs. 

MUCH HEAVY TEMBER. 

While mainly a prairie country, there are cer- 
tain portions of the State heavily timbered, prin- 
cipally with hardwoods. In a few years the rapidly 
growing trees in cultivated groves will solve the fuel 
problem on the prairie farms, where hedges and 
windbreaks are found on every hand. 



164 



Oklahoma Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



OKLAHOMA A YOUNG STATE. 

We must remember that Oklahoma is young yet, 
but enough has been discovered to show that it is 
rich in undeveloped resources in the form of min- 
erals, stone, gas, oil and salt. Here is asphalt 
needed for streets, but it takes capital and labor 
to prepare it for market. Cement is in demand 
all over the country, and the raw material is here in 
abundance. Vast deposits of petroleumi are waiting 
for the refiner to prepare it for everyday use. 
Thousands of bales of rotton are annually shipped 
from the State to be made into fabrics which should 
be made here. 

But space is too limited to tell what should and 
may be done here. People have been so busy in 
m.iking money from the staple crops that they have 
not had time to look beneath the soil, to develop 
other enterprises which in time will be found 
sources of great profit. 

We regret that lack of space prevents our pres- 
entation more fully of Oklahoma's agricultural con- 
ditions and manufacturing possibilities, and content 
ourselves with brief mention of some of the counties. 

ATTRACTIONS OF VARIOUS COUNTIES. 

Pottowatomie County is becoming noted as a 
cotton raising section, while wheat and corn flourish 
with equal success. The peach takes naturally to 
the soil and climate here, though apples and straw- 
berries are grown with great success. Shawnee, one 
of the young cities in this county which had a 
population of 300 in 1895, and 3,462 in 1900, re- 
ported 17,300 inhabitants in 190.5, with three daily 
and five weekly papers, and that over 400 business 
houses and residences were constructed in the single 
twelve months of 1903. Of agricultural productions 
nearly 1,000 carloads of potatoes, which ripen very 
early in this section, were shipped out of the 
county during May and June, 1904, the prices 
ranging from 60 to 70 cents per bushel on the 
ground. 

WHAT HAS BEEN IN THE PAST. 

Woods County in the northwestern part of the 
territory is another sample county, having, besides 
a fertile soil, plenty of timber, with salt, gypsum, 
coal and fine building stone, found in the county, 
but none of them yet extensively developed. 

Recent transfers here show the selling price of 
farm lands to range from $2 to $4 per acre. 

Grant County lands lying in the middle of the 
northern part of Oklahoma are selling at prices 
varying from $15 to $37.50 per acre. The farmers 
in this section give their attention to wheat, corn, 
castor beans and cattle. 

The raising of cattle and hogs has proved profit- 
able. The winter wheat fields are used for pastur- 
ing and curiously to the seeming betterment of the 
wheat. The chief manufacturing industry in the 
county is the making of flour. There are large salt 
plains here capable of profitable development. 

Farm lands in other counties are selling at fol- 
lowing prices: 

Garfield County, from $13 to $33.75 per acre. 
Average price, $23 per acre. 

Noble County, $2.50 per acre up. 

Blaine County, prices range firm, $6.25 to $28. 
Average price of farm lands, $11.74. 

Kingfisber County, average $18.01 per acre. 

Logan County, $25 to $42.75 per acre. 

Caddo County, $10 to $.53. Average, $20.70 an acre. 

Kiowa County, $6.50 to $25.70. Average $15.31. 

Greer County, $6 to $30. Average, $12. 

Comanche County, $7.75 to $23..50. Average $13.95. 

Beaver County, $2.18 to $28.12. Average, $G.21. 

Roger Mills County, $4 up. Average, $11.11. 

The average annual rainfall determines prices a 
little; thus, the rainfall in Beaver Co. is 22 inches, 
in Pottawatomie Co. it is 32.98, in Woods Co. 27.40 
inches, Garfield Co. 29.46 inches. Noble Co. 32.45 
inches, Blaine Co. 28 inches. Kingfisher Co. 30 
inches, etc., etc. 

The average annual temperature varies slightly 
from 60.1 in Pottawatomie Co. to 56.2 in Beaver 
Co. Extremes of temperature we give elsewhere. 

CONDENSED IJIPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
OKLAHOMA. 

Altitude. — Highest, Wichita Mountains, Comanche 
Co., 2,536 feet. 

Climate. — Average January temperature at Fort 
Sill, Comanche Co., 35. July, 82. Extremes: 
warmest. 107; coldest, 9 below. Annual rainfall, 
31.2 inches. 



Dimensions. — Extreme length north and south, 
210 miles. Extreme breadth, east and west, 305 
miles. Area of state, 39,030 square miles. 

History. — Originally a part of the Louisiana pur- 
chase in 1803. Treaty rights of the Indians bought 
by U. S. in 1886. Thrown open to settlement in 
18S9, at which time, at the signal of a pistol shot 
tens of thousands of people who had camped for 
days on the borders of this new land rushed into 
file claims on the new government land. Organized 
as a territory in 1890. No Man's Land, including 
Beaver County, added in 1890. The counties of 
Blaine, Day, Dewey, Washita, Custer and western 
portions of Canadian and Kingfisher Counties added 
in 1892. The Cherokee Strip, including the coun- 
ties of Kay, Grant, Woods, Garfield, Woodward, 
Noble and Pawnee, opened to the public by another 
rush 1893. Greer County, taken from Texas and 
added to Oklahoma by a decree of the Supreme 
Court 1896. The Kiowa, Comanche, Apache and 
Wichita Indian reservations opened to white settle- 
ment by a lottery drawing in which 176,000 persons 
participated in 1901. Another large area to be 
opened to white settlement is the Osage reserva- 
tion in the northwestern corner of the territory. 

AGRICULTURAL ITEMS RELATING TO 
OKLAHOMA 

Taxes in Oklahoma are not high, and are de- 
creasing. 

In its clay beds Oklahoma has one of its most 
valuable resources. 

As a region adapted to successful fruit growing 
Oklahoma offers attractions peculiarly its own. 

Still another special line of industry with the 
brightest of prospects for the settler in Oklahoma 
is poultry raising. 

The flouring-mill industry of Oklahoma has al- 
ready attained sufficient proportions to give it rank 
as an important factor. 

Angora goats thrive in Oklahoma, and the raising 
of them will undoubtedly become a settled industry. 

Inexhaustible deposits of gypsum, from which 
plaster, cement, and fertilizers are manufactured 
are widely scattered throughout the Territory. 

Wild plums grow in greater profusion and variety 
in Oklahoma than anywhere else in the Union, and 
the cultivated varieties also succeed. Plum growing 
is an industry capable of great development. Cher- 
ries are profitably grown for shipment. 

The corn crops in the eastern and southern halves 
of Oklahoma have been a success from the start. 
In Canadian county ears of corn 14 inches in 
length and 10 inches in circumference were plucked 
at a height of eight feet from the ground. 

There are still vast tracts of public land in 
Oklahoma — subject to homestead entry, which offer 
golden opportunities to the settler. The largest 
areas yet vacant are in the northwestern portion 
of the Territory — in particular Beaver county. 

Sweet potatoes are excellently adapted to suc- 
cessful cultivation in the sandstone soils of eastern 
Oklahoma when these are cleared of timber. 

The rainfall of Oklahoma, averaging annually 
about 31 inches, is not only adequate, but plentiful 
for the successful production of all crops. 

Oil and natural gas were discovered in 1900 at 
the western end of the Wichita mountain range, 
and since that in several other locations. 

There is no more favored region than Oklahoma 
in the world for the raising of durum (hard) 
wheat, more commonly known as "macaroni" wheat. 

In 1904, according to the Governor's report, there 
were 2,095,427 acres of vacant land in Oklahoma, 
of which 1,838,030 acres were located in Beaver 
county. 

In every county in Oklahoma sheep raising is car- 
ried on more or less extensively. More than one- 
third of the total number of sheep in the Terri- 
tory, however, are found in Beaver county. 

In the granite fields of Greer county, at the 
town of Granite, there are exposed above ground 
beds of the very best quality of red granite suffi- 
cient to supply the world for years to come. 

The cotton-growing industry is largely confined 
to the counties of the central and southeastern 
parts of the Territory; it is also being grown with 
success in the southwestern counties. 

Since 1900 the output of the flour mills of Okla- 
homa has been enormous. Oklahoma flour is ship- 
ped to Canada on the north and the Gulf States 
on the south, and vast quantities are exported 
over-sea. 



165 



OREGON 



STATE AND THE 34 COUNTIES OF OREGON 

With Their Boundaries 




1 c A L rr SlWlTiiifilii ©recon 

itr ^ LI -■ i — _- 



LOCATION AND 1910 POFII.ATION OF, OREGON COINTIES 



Lorn. 



Ciiunty 



Pop. 



1 Clatsops. 

2 . . . . Columbia. 
3 Tillamook. 

4. . Washington . 

5. . Multnomah . 
6... Hood Hiver. 

7 Wasco. 

8 Sherman . 

9 Gillian. 



16,106 
10,580 

6,366 
21,523 
226.261 

8,016 
16,836 

4.242 



Lnra. 



County 



10 Morrow. , 

11 Umatilla., 

12 ITnion. , 

13 Wallowa. . 

14 Yamhill. . 

15 Polk., 

16 Marion. , 

17. . . Clackamas. 



3,701 I 18 Lincoln. 



Pop. 



57 
309 
191 
364 
285 
409 

80 
931 
587 



Lora. 



County 



19 Benton. 

20 Linn. 

21 Crook. 

22 Wheeler. , 

23 Grant. 

24 Baker. 

2.5 Lane. , 

26 Coos. 

27 Douglas. 



Pop. 



10,663 

22,662 

9.315 

3,484 

5,607 

18,076 

33,783 

17,959 

19,674 



Lora. 



County 



28 Curry. , 

29. . . . Josephine. , 

30 Jackson . , 

31 Klamath., 

32 Lake. , 

33 Harney., 

34 Malheur. , 



Pop. 



2,044 
9,567 
25,765 
8,554 
4,658 
4,059 
8,601 



Total 672,765 



Cities and Villages of Oregon with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Adams . . 
*Albany . 
Amity . . 
Armitage 
Ashland 
♦Astoria 
Athena . 



.11. 

..20. 

.14. 

.25. 
..30. 
.. .1. 
..11. 



B 



*Baker 24. 

Bandon 26. 

Bank? 4. 

Bay City 3. 

Beaverton 4. 



. . 205 
.4,275 
. . 407 
. . 317 
.5,021 
.9,599 
. . 586 

.6,742 
.1,803 
. . 299 
. . 281 
. . 386 



Loca. Pop. 



Bend 


.21. . . 


5.S6 


Bridge 


.26. . . 


200 


Brownsville . . 


.20. .. 


919 


*Burns 


. 33 . . . 


904 




..4 . . 


260 


C 






Canby 


.17... 


587 


*Canyon City. 


.23. . . 


364 


Carlton 


.14. .. 


386 


Carson 


.24. .. 


208 


Cascade Locks 


. .6. . . 


275 


Central Point. 


.30. .. 


761 


Chemawa . . . . 


.16. .. 


.5'»9 


Clatskanie . . . 


. . 2 . . . 


747 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



Coburg 

*Condon 

Copperfleld . . . 

*Coquille 

Cornelius 

*Corvallis .... 
Cottage Grove. 

Cove 

Creswell 

D 

*Dallas 15. 

Dalles City 7. 

Dayton 14. 

Drain 27 . 



. . 613 
.1,004 
. . 251 
.1,398 
. . 450 
.4,.552 
.1,834 
. . 433 
. . 369 

.2,124 
.4,880 
. . 4.52 
. . 335 



Loca. Pop. 



Dufur . . 
Dundee 

Eastside 
Echo .. 
Elgin .. 

* Enterprise 
Estacada 

* Eugene 

Fairview 
Falls City 
Florence 
Forest Grove 



.14.. 

.26.. 
.11. . 
.12., 
.13., 
.17., 
.25., 

.26. , 
.15. , 
.25. , 
. .4. . 



523 
260 



. . 420 
.1,121 
. 1,242 
. . 405 
.9,009 

. . 204 
. . 969 
. . 311 
.1,772 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column. Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



166 



Cities and Villages of Oregon with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pup. 



Fort Klamath 
Fort Stevens. . 

*Fossil 

Freewater . . . . 

G 

Gardiner 

Gervais 

Glendale 

Gold Hill . . . . 
♦Grants Pass. . 
Grass Valley. . 
Gresham 

H 

Haines 

Halsey 

Harrisburg . . . 
*Heppner . . . . 
Hermiston . . . 
*Hillsboro . . . . 
*Hood River. . 

Houlton 

Hubbard 

Huntington . . . 



Imbler 

Independence 
lone 



.31. 
. .1. 
.23. 
.11. 



.27. 
.16. 

.27 
'.30'. 
.29. 
. .8. 
..5. 



. . 200 
. . 3(>0 
. . 421 
. . 532 

. . 391 
. . 276 
. . 646 
. . 423 
.3,897 
. . 342 
. . 541 



♦Jacksonville . 

Jasper 

Jewell 

Joseph 

Junction City. 



.24. 
.20. 
.20. 
.10. 
.11. 
. .4. 
. .6. 

.'24; 
.24. 



.12. 
.15. 
.10. 

.30. 
.25. 
..1. 



. . 423 
. . 337 
. . 453 
. . 889 
. . 647 
.2,016 
.2,331 
. . 347 
. . 283 
. . 681 



. . 360 
.1,161 
. . 234 

. . 785 
. . 415 
. . 258 



Loca. Pop. 



K 

*Klamath Falls.31. . .3,758 



.14. 
.21. 
.26. 
.30. 
.16. 
.11. 
.17. 



La Fayette 14 

*L,a Grande. . . .12 
*Lakeview ... .32 

Lebanon 20 

Linnton 5 

Lostine 13 

M 

*McMinnville 

Madras 

Marshfield . . 
Medford .... 

Mill City 

Milton 

Milwaukee . . 

Mist 3 

Mitchell 22 

Monmouth 15 

Monroe 19 

*Moro 8 

Mt. Angel 16 

Myrtle Creek. . .37 
Myrtle Point. ..26 

N 
New Astoria. . 

Newberg 

New Era 

New Pine 

Creek 

Newport 

North Bend. 



. .1. , 
.14., 
.17. 

.32. , 
.18. . 
.26., 

North Powder. 12., 



. . 412 
.4,843 
.1,251 
.1,821 
. . 360 
. . 231 

.2,399 
. . 364 
.2,981 
.8,841 
. . 499 
.1,281 
. . 861 
. . 251 
. . 311 
. . 493 
. . 266 
. . 378 
. . 545 
. . 439 
. . 836 



. . 557 
.2,261 
. . 208 

. . 200 
. . 721 
.3,078 
. . 455 



Loca. Pup. 



North Yamhill. 14. 
Nyssa 34. 

O 

Oakland 27. 

Ontario 34. 

-Oregon City. ..17. 

Orient 5. 

Oswego 17. 



. . 451 
. . 449 

. . 4671 
.1,248 
.4,287 
. . 306 
. . 544 



Paisley . . . 
Parkplace . 
'Pendleton 

Perry 

Philomath 
Phoenix . . . 
Pilot Rock. 

♦Portland 5. 

Prairie City. . . .23. 
♦Prineville ... .21. 
Prosper 26. 



.32. 
.17. 
.11. 
.12. 
.19. 
.30. 
.11. 



. . . 266 
. . . 300 
..4,461 
, . . 303 
. . . 505 
. . . 351 
. . . 203 
207,314 
. . . 348 
..1,042 
. . . 251 



Rainier . . 
Richland . 
♦Roseburg 



B 



S 



. .2. ..1,357 

.24 334 

.27... 4,738 



^St. Helen 3 742 

St. Johns 5... 4,872 

Salem (capital). 16. .14,094 

Scappoose 3. . . . 202 

Scio 20 295 

Scottsburg 37 220 

Scotts Mills. .. .16 351 

Seaside 1. . .1,121 



Town.s 



Loca. Pop. 



Shaniko 

Sheridan . . . . 
Silverton . . . . 
Springfield . . 
Stanfleld . . . . 

Stayton 

Summerville. 
Sumpter . . . . 
Sweet Home. 



♦The Dalles. 
♦Tillamook . 
♦Toledo . . . . 
Troutdale . . 
Turner 



..7. 
.14. 
.16. 
.35. 
.11. 
.16. 
.12. 
.24. 
.30. 



..7. 
. .3. 
.18. 



Unatilla 11. 

Union 13. 

V 

Vale 34. 



Wallowa 
Warrenton 
Wasco .... 
Wendling . 
Weston . . . 
Willamette 
Willamina. , 
Woodburn 



W 



.13. 
..1. 

..8. 
.35. 
.11. 
.17. 
.14. 
.16. 



Yamhill 14. 

Yankton 2. 

Yoncalla 37. 



. . 495 
.1,031 
.1,588 
.1,338 
. . 318 
. . 703 
, . 337 
. . 643 
. . 202 

.4,881 
.1,352 
. . 541 
. . 309 
. . 260 

. . 200 

.1,483 



. . 793 
. . 339 
. . 386 
. . 299 
. . 526 
. . 317 
. . 376 
.1,616 

. . 325 
. . 308 
. . 233 



OREGON 



A racific Coast State — A Superior Fruit Region With Mild Climate 



In a study of Oregon we are convinced that there 
are several reasons why land-seekers should in- 
vestigate the opportunities offered for prosperous 
settlement in that state. First, it is a large state 
with such variety of soil, climate and opporfunily 
for various enterprises as to suit almost any par- 
ticular taste. If wanting to engage in stock raising 
there are lands admirably adapted to that; if apple 
culture is intended, or wheat, or hops, raising 
sugar beets, or canning salmon; if the lumbering 
business is desired, cultivating of oysters, mining, 
growing strawberries or conducting a poultry farm, 
the climate, soil, markets and facilities are all 
here which conduce to success in any one of these 
or other enterprises. 

TWO DISTINCT PARTS OF THE STATE. 

The state is divided into two distinct parts by 
the Cascade Range of mountains which extends a 
distance of 375 miles, from north to south, through 
the state. These mountains begin at the Columbia 
river, in the west part of Wasco county, and con- 
tinue to Klamath county. 

This brings Benton, Clakamas, Clatsop, Columbia, 
Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Lane, 
I>incoln, Linn, Marion, Multomah, Polk, Tillamook, 
Washington and Yamhill — l.S counties — into another 
region, another soil, and another climate by itself, 
where the rainfall in Washington county at Port- 
land is 47 inches a year, while it is but 10 inches 
a year at Pendleton in Umatilla county, and while 
it is 68 inches at Astoria in Clatsop county, the 
precipitation east of the Cascade Range is from 12 
to 20 inches. 

The Oregon region west of the Cascade Range is 
naturally divided into three parts — three great val- 
leys fed by three rivers, the Willamette, the Ump- 
qua and the Rogue. 

SIZE OF SOBIE OF THE VALLEYS. 

The Willamette valley extends north and south 
between the Cascade Mountains and the Coast range 
for a distance of 130 miles, having a width of 
fifty miles and a general area of 7,800 square miles. 
It contains nearly one-half the population and 
wealth of the state. The Willamette river, which 
flows through this valley, is one of the chief tribu- 
taries of the Columbia west of the Cascades. It is 
250 miles long, flows northward, is navigable for 
large ships to Portland and during t^vo-thirds of 
the year small steamboats ascend to Eu.gene in 
Lane county, 150 miles from its mouth. The falls 
at Oregon City, in Blackamas county, which afford 
excellent water power, bave locks for the use of 
these boats. 



I3irORTANT RIVERS IN OREGON. 

The Umpqua river rises in the Cascade Moun- 
tains, in Douglas county, in two branches, and 
flows westward to the sea, between two ranges of 
mountains, bordered by a valley about 300 miles 
long of rich soil, which produces large crops. The 
Rogue river also has its source in the Cascade 
Mountains and flowing westward, through Jackson, 
Josephine and Curry counties, empties into the 
Pacific, its length being about 120 miles. While 
smaller than the others the Rogue valley is very 
rich agriculturally. 

WHY OREGON CLEMATE IS SO MELD. 

The climate is generally very mild, due to the 
same causes which affect the other Pacific states. 
The winds for three-fourths of the year blow from 
the southwest, or off the warm body of the Pacific 
Ocean, and the Kuroshiwo, or Japanese warm cur- 
rent, which strikes the coast and influences the 
temperature far into the interior. This Asiatic 
streaiTi of tropical water is of considerable magni- 
tude, being 400 miles in width, and has a velocity 
of about four miles per hour. It has the same 
effects as the gulf stream of the Atlantic. The 
north line of Oregon is of the same latitude as 
central Maine, and yet west of the Cascade Moun- 
tains flowers bloom out of doors all winter. The 
Cascade Range makes a wide difference in the 
temperature of the east and west sections. The 
range of the thermometer at Portland, near the 
coast, is from 22 degrees to 96 degrees, while at 
Baker City, in the extreme eastern part of the 
state, the range is from 14 degrees below to 101 de- 
grees above; the average temperature for the state, 
however, is 50 degrees. There are few, if any, sec- 
tions of the state in which cattle or sheep require 
shelter and extra feeding during the winter months. 
The bunch grass of the plains cures itself into hay 
on the ground. 

The seasons in the west section are divided into 
the wet and the dry, rather than the winter and 
the summer seasons. The wet season extends from 
NoveiTiber 15 to March 15, during the greater part 
of which time rain falls coi)iously. On the iinme- 
diate coast the precipitation varies from 105 inches, 
at Gold Beach, in the extreme southwestern part of 
the state, to 81.96 at Fort Stevens, at the mouth of 
the Columbia; from fifty-five to sixty-six inches at 
different points in the Willamette Valley; in eastern 
Oregon from 75.73 inches, at the Cascade locks, in 
the gorge of the Columbia, to 9.81 inches at Uma- 
tilla; and from fourteen to seventeen inches in the 
highlands of Lake County, adjoining the California 
line. 



167 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



OREGON 



Oregron's Natural Advantages, Healthful Climate and Free Land — A Chance for the City Man to Get 

Back to the Land. Fruit Growing:, Wheat and General Farming, Stock Raising, Bee Culture, 

Poultry Raising, Dairying, Lumbering, Fishing, Mining. Irrigation and "Dry Farming." 



From a railroad bulletin we condense the following: 

Ever since Lewis and Clark made their famous 
expedition to the great Northwest — over one hun- 
dred years ago — thereby adding territory to our do- 
minions, Oregon has had a magnetic fascination for 
the conservative Easterner. Rich in opportunity for 
the farmer, the stockman, the fruit-grower, the mer- 
chant and the business man; blessed with fertile 
plains and forested liills filled with precious metals; 
resplendent in natural scenery which makes it at- 
tractive to the tourist and sightseer, Oregon today 
offers far m.ore and better opportunities in the twen- 
tieth century than in the days of old when the only 
way to reach her fertile fields was by months of 
tedious travel in the picturesque prairie schooner. 

The history of Oregon has been one of endeavor 
and achievement — the result of the work of her 
broad-gauged, public-spirited citizens who, through 
their co-operative efforts, have made Oregon known 
the world over. 

Torn into two dissimilar parts by physical barriers 
prior to 1909, the state of Oregon today stands 
united and presents the golden face of opportunity 
to the landless man east of the Rocky Mountains. 
Blood may be thicker than water, but there is no tie 
so strong as the steel ribbons of modern transporta- 
tion which unite vast empires and bring widely- 
separated people and their products together. Cen- 
tral or Eastern Oregon, by stage or ox-cart, was 
formerly a wearisome seven days' journey from 
Portland, a longer distance in actual time and con- 
venience than from Chicago to Portland and return 
by train. Central Oregon had no railroads. 

LAND ENOUGH FOR A NEW STATE. 

Not so long ago the people of South Central Ore- 
gon talked of forming a new state with the people 
of the northern portion of California, largely because 
of the lack of modern transportation facilities. They 
were isolated from the rest of Oregon by jagged 
mountain ranges and swift rivers. Their neighbor, 
California, seemed nearer, as climate and crop con- 
ditions were similar. 

CO^nNG or THE OREGON TRUNK RAILWAY. 

That was yesterday. The new state idea, with 
yesterday, has passed away. Today, the Oregon 
Trunk Railway, a modern broad-gauge line, has been 
rapidly built from Clark, Washington, across the Co- 
lumbia River and up the Deschutes Valley through 
the very heart of Central Oregon, and is extending 
its tracks every hour. The Oregon Trunk Railway 
(through the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Rail- 
way, one of the affiliated connections of the Great 
Northern Railway) is now connecting Central Ore- 
gon with Portland and the world's markets. Central 
Oregon will be but seven hours from Portland in- 
stead of seven days. 

The seemingly impassable barrier formed by the 
Cascades and other high neighboring mountain 
ranges has been overcome. Central Oregon — the 
newer, larger portion of the state — is now knit fast 
forever to Pacific Coast Oregon — the older and better 
settled part — with Portland and Astoria as ocean 
ports. 

The world's markets are waiting eagerly for Cen- 
tral Oregon's wheat and grain. Western Oregon's 
fruits are widely known, and have made the word 
Oregon standard for high quality throughout the 
world. Today — and this is the twentieth century, 
when even the Ignited States is getting overcrowded 
and old — Western Oregon has only been cultivated 
intensively in spots. Southwestern Oregon is just 
coming into its own. Northwestern Oregon's dairy 
products will astonish the country. 

Not only has Central Oregon — a territory larger 
than the state of New York — been opened to the 
land-hungry world, but whole counties in North- 
western Oregon, like Tillamook, are having electric 
lines run to and through them, hooking them up 
with larger commercial centers. All through Oregon 
new lines of standard steam and electric transpor- 
tation are being built. 

OREGON NEEDS YOU. 

Oregon offers an honest opportunity to the sincere 
man, and is a good place to live. No man need ever 



move out of Oregon to go to a better place. The 
climatic, agricultural, educational, religious, social 
and business advantages are too abundant. 

Throughout, Oregon is an attractive country. It 
has over three hundred miles of coast line on the 
Pacific Ocean, and mountains, rivers and waterfalls, 
which add charm to the landscape and also furnish 
power for industries. 

Business in Oregon is built on the natural re- 
sources and productive ability of the country; not on 
speculation. Any legitimate business in Oregon is 
good, but the business of agriculture is perhaps the 
best business for a man of ordinary means. Agri- 
culture is the basis of all wealth. A man might 
perhaps get along without clothes— but he must eat. 

Oregon's soil produces good things to eat — so good, 
that the world pays top prices for the privilege of 
eating them. Oregon's forests produce timber for 
houses, factories and ships. Oregon's soil produces 
grain and forage crops and grasses, which feed thou- 
sands of sheep and cattle. Horses, especially blooded, 
heavy-draft horses, are raised profitably. 

Hog raising will line the farmers' pockets. Dairy- 
ing, poultry raising and bee culture are in their in- 
fancy. Oregon makes no pretense of being able to 
raise everything under the sun on the same acre, 
but enough of five or ten different crops can be 
raised on one farm to make the business of farming 
well worth while. Excepting the most favored fruit 
soils where, of course, the orchard is the main thing 
and the land too valuable, stock raising or dairying, 
and generally both, can be profitably undertaken on 
almost any arable land in Oregon. Oregon's future 
is bright indeed. 

OREGON'S LOCATION AND LAND AREA. 

By states. Washington forms the northern border, 
California and Nevada the southern, and Idaho the 
eastern border. The Pacific Ocean is the western 
boundary. . Originally, Oregon's territory embraced 
what are now four large states; Washington, the 
lower part of British Columbia, Idaho, and the 
present state of Oregon. 

FREE GOVERNMENT LANDS. 

Oregon state is the seventh in size in the Union, 
having an area in square miles of 94,560; has an 
average width east and west of 360 miles, and an 
average length north and south of 260 miles, with a 
land area of practically 62,000,000 acres. Of this 
area, 17,580,573 acres is free government land, and 
500,000 acres is state school land. 

All the 320-acre free homesteads, and most of the 
160-acre free homesteads, are located in Central and 
Southeastern Oregon, and are chiefly in the counties 
of Crook, Klamath, Lake and Harney. In round 
numbers the acreage of the 320-acre units not filed 
on June 20, 1910, in Central Oregon, was 11,000,000, 
but, of course, new entries are being made every 
day. Of the total amount of 17,580,573 acres, 13,463,- 
734 are surveyed, but the unsurveyed land can be 
had by locating and settlement and complying with 
the simple conditions demanded by the United States 
Government after the land is surveyed. Of these 
17,580,573 acres, however, about 11,600,000 are agri- 
cultural and grazing lands; the rest are timbered, 
mountainous or desert land requiring irrigation. 

When a man talks glibly of a million acres of 
land, even if it is all arable, stop and figure it out. 
It won't last forever. One million acres, divided 
into 320-acre sections, makes 3,125 farms, or 6,250 
farms of 160 acres each. These Central Oregon 
homestead lands will raise tremendous crops of 
wheat, grains, alfalfa, grasses and hardy root crops. 
They are not by any means all gone, but they are 
going fast, and once they pass into private owner- 
ship, there is no more free land with which to re- 
place them. 

STATE SCHOOL LAND. 

There are approximately 500.000 acres of state 
school land in Oregon; most of it is located in 
Central Oregon. This land may be purchased by any 
citizen of the United States over eighteen years of 
age for not less than $7.50 an acre, on time. Not 
more than 320 acres can be purchased by any one 
person, but the land need not be all together. There 
is good state land not far from the Oregon Trunk 
Railway. 



168 



Oregon Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



In the extent of its agricultural, mineral and for- 
est resources, Oregon ranks very hig:h, yet its pos- 
sibilities for development have been only partially 
realized. The state is largely devoted to agriculture, 
the western part of the state, especially the Willa- 
mette, Umpqua and Rogue River valleys, having the 
highest cultivated farming lands. On the other 
hand, eastern Oi'egon, which has a very fertile vol- 
canic soil, extensive areas of which, in the north- 
eastern part of the state, are devoted to the raising 
of the cereals, mostly wheat, without irrigation, 
and where the land is too arid for the raising of 
crops without irrigation, is devoted to stock grazing. 

VEGETABLE AND CEKEAL CROPS. 

The principal farm crops are wheat, hay and 
forage, oats and potatoes, cereals assorted and green 
fruits. Wheat in 1900 brought in Oregon 54 cents a 
bushel, hay and forage about .f5.50 per ton, oats 
about 31 cents a bushel and potatoes 32 cents a 
bushel. In 1902 wheat brought 52 cents a bushel, 
and thus prices are liable to fluctuate, but the abso- 
lute certainty of large crops and their average prices 
relieves the farmer of anxiety in western Oregon, 
while in the eastern part of the state, even without 
the heavy rainfall, farmers are getting better re- 
turns from their lands by knowing how to cultivate 
tlie soil. Added to this the government and pri- 
vate companies are arranging to bring to the farms 
a sufficient water supply. Already the total irri- 
gated area, as far back as 1900, in the state was 
388,310 acres, and government surveys have been 
made for irrigating 00.000 acres in Umatilla county 
and 90,000 acres in Malheur county. 

The mineral resources of tlie state comprise all 
the different metals, the value of the output in 
one of the recent average years being, gold, .$1,649,- 
700: silver (coinage value), $149,204; coal, $220,000; 
borax, $100,000; and stone, $21,663. The value of 
gold output was increased in the next year to 
$6,740,000. There are several mining districts in 
the Cascades, in southern and western Oregon, but 
tliH richest mineral belts seem to be the three min- 
eral zones of eastern Oregon, which are perhaps as 
large as any on the American continent. One of 
these lies partly within the state of Idaho and 
fringes the eastern boundary of Union, Baker and 
Malheur counties, and is from ten to twenty miles 
ill width. Another zone begins at the Eagle Moun- 
tains, northeast of Baker City, is about fifteen miles 
in width, and extends in a southwesterly direction 
a distance of about sixty-five miles. The third zone 
has the same general direction, begins in the Elk- 
horn Mountains, is about twenty miles wide, and 
extends a distance of lOO miles. The principal dis- 
tricts in eastern Oregon are in these zones, tribu- 
tary to Baker City and Sumpter. 

THE TI3IBER REGIONS. 

The great natural resource of Oregon is its timber, 
which is located largely on the west side of the 
Cascade Mountains, where the rainfall is the great- 
est and the climate mild. The manufacture of this 
timber into lumber leads all other industries in the 
value of its output, which in 1900 amounted to $10,- 
352.167. Large tracts of timber stand in the Rogue 
river and Umpqua valleys, and along the Coast 
range and the Cascades to the Columbia river, as 
well as a fine body on the east side of tlie Cascades, 
at the head of the Des Chutes river, and several 
other points on the eastern slope of the Cascades, 
and in the Blue Mountains in the northeastern part. 
The estimated standing timber is 225,000,000,000 
feet, of which 150.000,000,000 consists of fir. The 
damage by fire, the indiscriminate waste, and the 
need of reservoir sites, has induced the governinent 
to set aside forest reserves, and 4,500.000 acres 
along the higher Cascades now constitute the re- 
serves for this state. 

From our general description of states the reader 
will see where government land is yet open for 
homesteading, but for persons interested in Oregon 
it is well to get the best and latest railroad maps 
of the state and then go through to centra! points 
and investigate. Examination will show that the 
interior of the state is yet without much railroad 
transportation, and with new lines established the 
Innds in those sections must rapidly increase in 
viUie. This may be .judged from tlie fact that in 
Baker county farm land is worth from $20 to $40 
an acre, in Vernon county from $30 to $40 per acre, 
in Wallowa county from $8 to $10 per acre. 

DIFFERENT PRICES OF LAND. 

In Umatilla county improved land brings from 
$10 to .$40 per acre and stock range land $1 to .$5 
per acre. Wheat land in Morrow county ranges 
from $6 to $15 per acre, while in Linn county, in 
the Willamette valley, improved prairie can be had 
for ,$30 an acre and in the foothills at $5. 



Land seekers should look up the probable opening 

up of new seaports on the Oregon coast, such as 
Coos Bay and other points in that state facing on 
the Pacific ocean. 

RAILROADS WHICH SERVE CENTRAL, OREGON. 

The Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway, pop- 
ularly known as the North Bank Road, was built 
from Portland to Spokane and completed in 1909. 
The North Bank Road not only connects with the 
Oregon Trunk Railway (Central Oregon's latest 
agent of development), but also furnishes the Great 
Northern Railway with a short line from Spokane 
to Portland. 

Portland and Astoria are the two important ocean 
ports of Oregon. Astoria is at the mouth of the 
Columbia, at the ocean's edge, and is connected by 
water grade with Central Oregon via the Astoria 
and Columbia River Railroad; the North Bank Road 
(S. P. & S. Ry.) and the Oregon Trunk Railway. 
These three railroads, in connection with the Great 
Northern Railway, will give Central Oregon not only 
local and interstate transportation, but transconti- 
nental and international connections, both rail and 
ocean. These roads are all broad-gauge, standard 
railroads. 

Through merchandise package cars are run from 
Portland and other commercial centers to St. Paul, 
Minneapolis, Chicago, and other large cities in the 
East. 

In the Pacific Northwest special fast fruit trains 
have been run from fruit-growing sections direct to 
Eastern markets, and the Great Northern Railway 
endeavors to help the farmer and fruit-grower mar- 
ket their products to the best advantage by furnish- 
ing them such transportation facilities as the growth 
and development of the community warrant. 

No state, happy in a fine climate and a fertile 
soil, has ever waited long for settlers after the rail- 
roads came. The people of Oregon are fully alive to 
their good fortune and have a keen appreciation of 
the possibilities of their state. Newcomers are wel- 
comed — for they want and need you in working out 
their destiny. 

3IILITARY-R0AD-GRANT LANDS. 

One of the greatest obstacles to the development 
of a large portion of Oregon has been removed, now 
that what is known as the Military-Road-Grant 
Lands have been purchased from the French syndi- 
cate and put on the market in small tracts. There 
are 800,000 acres of this land now for sale in Central 
Oregon, which can be purcliased in small tracts, if 
desired. 

Originally, the Willamette Valley and Cascade 
Mountain Read Corporation built a military and 
wagon highway from Santiam Pass across the Cas- 
cade Range and through Central Oregon in an 
easterly direction. After this road was built and 
land grants obtained, various syndicates and corpo- 
rations repurchased the grants, which were finally 
secured by the Oregon and Western Colonization 
Company, of St. Paul, Minn., which is capitalized 
at $12,000,000. This company has for sale 800,000 
acres of land in Crook, Harney and Malheur Coun- 
ties, which were carefully selected on account of 
their more than average fertility. The grants al- 
lowed the old company to take their pick of the 
sections along the road. This Central Oregon land 
is most suitable for wheat and grain-raising, cattle, 
horse, sheep and hog raising. A special booklet de- 
scribing these lands will be sent free on request. 

CONDENSED EtfPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
THE STATE. 

Altitude. Highest, Mount Hood, in the Cascade 
Mountains, in Clackamos County, 11,934 feet; Mount 
Jefferson, 10,200 feet. 

Climate. Varies with localities and elevations. 
West of the Cascade Mountains, heavy winter rain- 
fall. Average July temperature 67 at Portland; 
January teniperature, 39 above; extreme, 2 below; 
highest, 102; at Umatilla, Umatilla County, average 
January, 32; July, 73; extreme, highest, 110; lowest, 
24 below; yearly rainfall 9.7 inches; yearly rainfall 
at Portland, 46.8 inches. 

Dimensions. Extreme length, north and south, 
290 miles; extreme width, east and west, 375 miles. 
Area of state, 96.030 square miles. Columbia river 
on north side of Oregon extends 300 miles. Port- 
land located on Willamette river, twelve miles from 
its junction with the Columbia and 110 miles from 
the ocean. 

Histor.v. Visited by Drake in 1558; mouth of Co- 
lumbia River explored by Captain Gray, 1792; visited 
by Lewis and Clarke, 1804-5; trading post founded 
at Astoria, 1811; Oregon Territory, including pres- 
ent states of Washington and Idaho, organized 
1848. Admitted to Union 1859. 



169 



PENNSYLVANIA 



STATE AND THE 67 COUNTIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 

With Their Boundaries 




47 .-<; 

.■ ... V 
^< / **' '--1 \ 60 

' Y S7 _-'' N.^ '' ^ ' "v > 

^ .-- - ^, \ 61 / PHILAD^ 



LOCATION AND 1910 POPl'LATION OF PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES. 



Loca. 


County 


Pop. 


Loca 
19.. 


County 


Pop. 


1... 


Erie.. 


115,517 


. ■Wyoming. . 


15,509 


2. .. 


Crawford. . 


61,565 


20 Lackawanna.. 


259,570 


3. .. 


. "Warren . . 


39,573 


21.. 


. Lawrence. . 


70.032 


4. .. 


. McKean . . 


47,868 


22. . 


Butler. . 


72,689 


.5. . . 


.. Potter.. 


29,729 
42,829 


23. . 

24. . 


Armstrong 
. Jefferson.. 


67,880 


6. .. 


... Tioga.. 


63,090 


7... 


Bradford. . 


54,520 


25. . 


. Clearfield.. 


93,768 


8 Susquehanna. . 


37,716 


26. . 


. . . Center. . 


43,724 


9... 


. . Wayne. . 


29,236 


27. . 


. . . . Union . . 


16,249 


10.. 


. . Mercer. . 


77,699 


28. 


Northumber- 




11. .. 


. Venango. . 


56,359 




land. . 


111,420 


12.. 


. Clarion.. 


36,638 


29.. 


.. Montour.. 


14,868 


13.. 


. . . Forest. . 


9,435 


30.. 


Columbia. . 


48,467 


14. .. 


Ellc . . 


35,871 


31. . 


. . Luzerne. . 


343,180 


15. .. 


Cameron. . 


7,644 


32.. 


Carbon. . 


52.856 


16. .. 


.. Clinton.. 


31,545 


33.. 


. . . Monroe. . 


22,941 


17 .. 


Lvcoming. . 


80,813 


34. . 


Pike.. 


29,729 


18. . 


. Sullivan. . 


11,293 


35. . 


. . Beaver. . 


78,353 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



36.. Allegheny.. 
37. .."Westmore- 
land. . 
38. . . . Indiana. . 
39. . . Cambria. . 

40 Blair.. 

41. Huntingdon.. 

42 Mifflin.. 

43. . . . Juniata. . 

44 Snyder. . 

45 Perry. . 

46. . . Dauphin. . 
47.. Schuylkill.. 

48 Lehigh.. 

49 Northampton . 
50. . .Washing- 
ton. . 
51 Greene. . 



County Pop. 



1,018.463 


.52. 


. . . Fayette. 


. 167,449 




53 


. . Somerset. 


. 67,717 


231,304 


.54. 


... Bedford. 


. 38,879 


66,210 


55. 


Fulton. 


9,703 


166,131 


.56. 


. . . Franklin . 


. 59,775 


108,858 


57, 


Cumberland. 


. 54,479 


38,304 


.58. 


.... Adams. 


34.319 


27,785 


59. 


York. 


. 136,405 


15.013 


60. 


. . . I^ebanon. 


. 59,565 


16,800 


«1 


. Lancaster. 


. 167,029 


24,136 


62. 


Berks. 


. 183,222 


136,152 


63 


. ... Chester. 


. 109,213 


207,894 


64. 


. . Delaware. 


. 117,906 


188.832 


65 


Montgomery. 


. 169. .590 


127.667 


66. 


Bucks. 


. 76,530 




67 


Philadelphia. 


.1,549,008 


143,680 








28,882 




Total 


.7,665,111 



Pennsylvania Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Aaronsburg ...26. 
Abbottstown ..58. 

Abington 65. 

Academia 43. 

Ache Junction. .52. 
Ackermanville..49. 

Acosta 53. 

Adah 52. 

Adamsburg . . .37. 
Adamstown ...61. 

Adamsville 2. 

Addison 53. 



Pop. 


Towns 
Adelaide .... 


Loca. 
..52. 


Pop. 
. . 526 


Towns 
Aliens Mills. 


Loca. 
..24. 


Pop. 




. . . 202 


. 309 


Adrian Mines 


.24. 


.. 209 


Allensville . . 


..42. 


. . . 285 


. 402 


Altch 


.41. 


.. 202 


♦Allentown . 


..48. 


.51,913 


. 409 


Akron 


..61 . 


.. 719 


Allenwood . . 


..27. 


. . . 305 


. 240 


Albion 


...1. 


.1,534 


Allison Park. 


. .36. 


. . . 350 


. 200 


Alburtis 


.48. 


. . 909 


Allport 


..25. 


. . . 406 


. 352 


Aldan 


.64. 


. . 661 


Almedia . . . . 


..30. 


. . . 208 


. 203 


Alden Station 


..31. 


. . 262 


Alton 


. ...4. 


. . . 380 


. 506 


Alderson .... 


..31. 


. . 420 


Altoona .... 


...40. 


.52.127 


. 366 


Alexandria . . 


..41. 


. . 433 


Alum Bank. 


. .54. 


...218 


. 675 


Aliquippa . . . 


.35. 


.1,741 


Alverton . . . 


..37. 


. . . 662 


. 262 


Allen 


.57. 


. . 350 


Ambersons 






. 225 


Allenport . . . 


.50. 


.1.502 


Valley . . . 


.56. 


... 450 



Towns 


Loca. 


Pop. 


Ambler . . . . 


... 65 . 


.2.649 


Vmbridge . . 


...35. 


.5.205 


.\mity 


...50. 


.. 250 


Amityville . 


. . . 62 . 


.. 231 


Amsbry . . . . 


. . .39. 


.. 300 


Anandale 






Station . . 


. ..22. 


.. 209 


.\ndalusia . 


...66. 


.. 303 


.-Vnita 


. . .24. 


.3.065 


Annville . . . 


. . .60. 


.1,283 


Ansonville . 


. ...25. 


. . 450 


Antes Fort. 


...17. 


. . 256 


Antrim . . . . 


6. 


. 1.506 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, N:ime'3 of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

170 



Pennsylvania Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. I'op. 



Apollo 

Appewold . . . 

Aquashicola . 

Aram 

Arcadia 

Archbald 

Ardara 

Arden 

Ardmore . . . . 

Arendtsville . 

Argentine . . . 

Aristes 

Arnold 

Arnot 

Arona 

Arrow 

Arroyo 

Artz 

Ashbourne . . 

Asherton . . . 

Ashland .... 

Ashley 

Ashville .... 

Askam 

Asplnvvall . . . 

Aston Mills. . 

Atglen 

Athens 

Atlantic 

Atlas 

Attleboro . . . . 

Auburn 

Audenried 
Aughwick 

Mills 

Austin 

Avalon 

Avella 

Avis 

Avoca 

Avon 

Avondale . . . . 

Avonia 

Avonmore 
Axemann . . . . 

B 

Bachmanville 

Baden 

Baggaley . . . . 
Bainbridge . . 

Baird 

Bakers 

Bakers 

Summit . . . . 
Bakerstown . . 
Bakerton . . . . 
Bald Eagle... 

Bangor 

Banlcsville . . . 

Banning 

Barbara 

Barclay 

Bardwell 

Bareville . . . . 

Barnes 

Barnesboro . . 
Barnesville . . 

Barree 

Bart 

Bartonsville . . 

Bartville 

Bath 

Beach Haven. . 
Beachlake . . . . 

Beachly 

Beadling 

Beallsville . . . 
Bear Lake. . . . 

•Beaver 

Beaverdale . . . 
Beaver Falls. . 
Beaver 

Meadows . . . 
Beavertown . . 
Beaver Valley. 
Bechtelsville . 
Beckersville . . 

* Bed ford 

Beechcliff . . . . 
Beech Creek. . 
Beechview . . . 

Belfast 

*Bellefonte 
Belle Vernon . . 

Belleville 

Bellevue 

Bells Landing, 

Bellwood 

Belsano 



. .23. 
. .23. 
..32. 
..58. 

.38. 

.20. 

.37. 

.50. 
..65. 
..58. 



. .30. 
..37. 
, . .6. 

.37. 
, .53. 

.14. 
..47. 

.65. 

.28. 

.47. 

.31. 

.39. 

.31. 

.36. 
.64. 

.63. 



. .2. 
.28. 
.66. 
.47. 
.32. 

.41. 

. .5. 
.36. 
.50. 
.16. 
.31. 
.60. 
.66. 
..1. 
.37. 
.26. 



.46. 
.35. 
.37. 
.61. 
.50. 
.37. 

.54. 
.36. 
.39. 
,40. 
.49. 

36. 

52. 
,40. 
..7. 
.19. 

61. 

.3. 



. . 3,006 
, . . 300 
, . . 302 
. . 250 
.1,402 
.7,194 
. . 409 
. . 409 
.3,502 
. . 383 
. . 506 
. . 406 
.1,818 
.3,508 
. . 683 
. . 300 
.. 209 
. . 302 
. . 650 
. . 202 
. 6,855 
.5,601 
. . 384 
. . 686 
.2,592 
. . 43(| 
. . 546 
.3,796 
. . 202 
.1,060 
. . 514 
. . 921 
.5,092 

. . 526 
.2,941 
.4,317 
. . 506 
. . 796 
.4,634 
. . 402 
. . 668 
. . 262 
. 1,262 
. . 226 



. . 260 
. . 601 
.1,022 
. . 862 
.. 326 
. . 528 

. . 200 
.. 326 
.1,026 
. . 302 
.5,368 
.1,302 
. . 206 
. . 200 
.-. 506 
. . 220 
. . 213 
. . 350 
.3,535 



...237 
. . . 213 
. . . 247 
. . . 204 
. .1,057 
. . . 462 
. . . 250 
. . . 226 
. . . 726 
. . . 407 
. . . 221 
.3,456 
. .1,202 
,12,191 

, .1,530 
. . 820 
. . 560 
.417 
. . 250 
.2,235 
. . 320 
. . 584 
.1,520 
. . 360 
.4,145 
.2,372 
. . 420 
.6,323 
. . 226 
.2,277 
. . 226 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Belsena Mills.. 25. 



Ben Avon 
Bendersville 
Benezett . . . 
Bennington 
Furnace . 
Bens Creek . 
Benson .... 
Bentleyville 
Benton .... 

Berlin 

Berlinsville 
Bernice .... 
Bernville . . . 
Berrysburg . 
Berwick . . . 
Berwick . . . 
Berwyn .... 
Bessemer . . 
Bethayres . . 
Bethlehem . . 

Bigler 

Biglerville . . 

Big Run 

Bingen 

Binkley 

Bird in Hand 
Birdsboro . . . 
Birdvllle 



.36. 

. .58. 

. . .14. 

.. .40. 

. . 39 . 

. . . 53 . 

, ..50. 

. . 30 . 

. ..53. 

. .49. 

. .18. 

. ..62. 

. .46. 

. .30. 

.58. 

. .63. 

. .21. 

. .65. 

. .49. 

. .25. 

. .58. 

. .24. 

49. 

61. 

61. 

62. 

36. 



Bishop 50. 



Bismarck 

Bitumen 

Blackhorse . . 
Black Lick. . . 
Blacklog .... 
Blackwells . . 

Blain 

Blain City. . . . 
Blair Station. 
Blairsville . . . 
Blakeslee .... 

Blakely 

Blandburg . . . 

Blandon 

Bloomfield 2 

Bloomfif Id 

Junction . . . 
Bloomingdale 
Blooming Glen 
Bloomsbur 



60. 
.16. 
.63. 
.38. 
.43. 
..6. 
.45. 
.25. 
.36. 
.38. 
.33. 
.20. 
.39. 

62. 



Blossburg 6. 



61. 
.25. 
.36. 
.26. 
.1 



.32 
.61. 



. 39 . 
.36. 
.36. 
.37. 
.4. 
.12. 
.23 



Blue Ball. . 
Blue Ball. 
Blythedale 
Boalsburg 
Bodines . . 
Boiling Springs. 57. 

Bolivar 37. 

Boston 36. 

Boswell 53. 

Bowers 62. 

Bowmansdale .57. 

Bowmanstown 

Bowmansville 

Boyers 

Boyertown . . 
Bracken .... 
Brackenridge 
Braddock . . . 
Bradenville . 
Bradford . . . 

Brady 

Bradys Bend, 

Braeburn 37. 

Branch 37. 

Branch Dale.. .47. 
Brandonville . .47. 

Brandt 8. 

Brandyvine 

Summit 64. 

Brent 10. 

Breslau 31. 

Briar Creek. . .30. 
Brickerville 
Bridgeport 
Bridgeton . 
Bridgeton 
Bridgeville 
Bridgewater 
Brighton . . 
Brinton . . . 
Brisbin .... 
Bristol .... 
Broad Ford 
Broadtop . . 
Brockport . 
Brockton 
Brockwayville 



. . . 228 
. .1,828 
. . . 355 
. . . 490 

. . . 202 
, . . 306 
. . . 387 
, .1,922 
. . 719 
.1,336 
. . 406 
. . 666 
. . 308 
. . 377 
.5,357 
. . 332 
.1,066 
. . 560 
. . 350 
12,837 
. . 466 
. . 386 
.1,032 
. . 206 
. . 250 
. . 250 
.2,930 
. . 202 
. . 509 
. . 575 
.. 426 
. . 321 
.1,500 
. . 202 
. . 250 
. . 326 
. . 534 
. . 466 
.3,572 
. . 220 
.5,345 
.1,802 
. . 508 
. . 762 



. . . 773 
. . . 260 
. . . 320 
. .7,413 
. .2,303 
. . . 202 
. . . 525 
. . . 866 
. . . 328 
. . . 200 
. . . 562 
. .. 518 
. . . 826 
..1,878 
. . . 226 
. . . 238 
. . . 408 
. . 250 
. . 236 
, .2,433 
. . . 460 
.3,134 
19,357 
.1,010 
14,544 
.1,493 
. . 562 
. . 233 
.. 408 
.. 750 
222 
'. '. 436 



61. . 

..65.. 

.66. . 
. .59. . 

..36. . 
. . 35 . . 

.35. . 

..36. . 
. . 25 . . 

..66. . 
. .52. . 
. .41. . 

..14. . 

. .47. . 

24. . 



Brodheadsville .33. 



. . 226 
. . 236 
. . 220 
.5,512 
. . 236 
.3,860 
. . 250 
.. 506 
.1,983 
.1,562 
.8,329 
. . 426 
. . 459 
.9,2.56 
. . 526 
. . 478 
. . 315 
. . 362 
.1,898 
. . 554 



Towns 


Loca 


. Pop. 


Brooklyn .... 


...8. 


... 320 


Brookston 


..13, 


... 502 


*BrookviIle . 


..24. 


..3,003 


Brougliton . . 


. .36. 


..2,066 


Brownfield . 


...52. 


. .1,522 


Brownstown 


..39. 


..1,336 


Brownstown . 


.61, 


... 626 


Brownsville . 


.62 


... 236 


Brownsville 


.,.52. 


..2,324 


Bruceton 


..36. 


. . . 562 


Bruin 


..22. 


... 539 


Brumfieldville 


.62 


..r 317 


Brunnerville . 


.61 , 


... 509 


Bryn Mawr. . 


..65. 


..3,026 


Buckglen . . . 


. . 30 . 


... 220 


Buck Mountain. 47. 


... 330 


Buena Vista. 


.36. 


. . . 620 


Buffalo Mills 


. .,'>4 


. . . 236 


Bulger 


...50, 


. . 1,206 


Bunola 


. . 36 . 


... 330 


Burdine 


..36, 


. . . 366 


Burgettstown 


.50. 


..1,268 


Burnham 


..42, 


. . . 766 


Burnside 


. 2.5 . 


. . . 493 


Bute 


. ..52. 


. .1,222 


*Butler 


. . 22 . 


.20,728 


Buttnnwood . 


17 


. . . 236 


Butztown . . . 


.49. 


. . . 226 


Bvers 


.63. 


. . . 262 


Byrnedale . . . 


.14. 


. . . 630 


C 






Cabot 


..22 


. . . 200 


Caledonia . . . 


.14, 


. . . 260 


California . . . 


...50. 


..2,230 


Callensburg . 


.12, 


. . . 203 


Callerv 


22 


. . . 335 


Calumet .... 


.37. 


. . . 508 


Cambridge 






Springs . . . 


..%. 


..1,514 


Camden 


..3«. 


. . . 326 


Cameron .... 


.15, 


. . . 320 


Cammal .... 


,17 


. . . 760 


Campbelltown 


,60 


. . . 275 


Camp Hill. . . 


.57. 


. . . 875 


Camptown . . 


. .7, 


. . . 225 


Canadensis . . 


. 33. 


.. 250 


Candor 


, 50 


. . 262 


Cannelton . . . 


.35 


...320 


Canoe Run. . . 


..15. 


.. 362 


Canonsburg . 


..50. 


.3,891 


Canton 


..7. 


.1,637 


Carbon 


.37 


. . 601 


Carbondale . . 


.20. 


17,040 


Cardiff Mines 


.14, 


. . 301 


Cardington . . 


.64. 


. . 409 


♦Carlisle .... 


.57, 


10,303 


Carmichaels . 


.51 , 


. . 478 


Carnegie .... 


.36, 


10,009 


Carnot 


.36 


. . 209 


Carr 


.22. 


.. 290 


Carrick 


.36. 


.6,117 


Carrolltown . . 


.39. 


.1,343 


Carter 


22 . 


. 3..'J4S 


Cartwright . . 


.14. 


.1,096 


Carverton 


.31 


. . 266 


Cassandra . . . 


.39 


. . 306 


Castle 






Shannon . . . 


.36 


.2,526 


Catasauqua . . 


.48. 


.5,2.50 


Catawissa . . . 


.30. . 


.1,930 


Catfish 


.12. . 


. . 220 


Cato 


.26, 


. . .301 


Cayuga 


.20. . 


. . 250 


Cecil 


. .50 


.1,.506 


Cedarville . . . 


.63 


. . 201 


Celia 


.35 


. . 202 


Cementon . . . 


.48. 


. 1,802 


Center Hall. . . 


.26 


. . 506 


Center Square 


.65 


.. 320 


Center Valley. 


.48, , 


. . 550 


Centerville . . . 


. 50 . . 


.1,413 


Centerville . . . 


. .2 , 


. . 264 


Centerville . . . 


44 


. . 261 


Central 


,30 


.2,4'9 


Centralia .... 


.30.. 


.2,04S 


Cetronia 


.48 


. . 280 


Chadds Ford. 


,64 


. . 308 


Chalfort 


.66 


. . 303 


*Chambershurg 


..56, , 


11,802 


Chambersville 


.38 


. . 662 


Chandlers 






Valley 


.3.. 


.. 203 


Chapman .... 


.44.. 


.. 319 


Chapman 






Quarries . . . 


.49 


.. 253 


Charleroi .... 


. 50 . . 


.9,615 


Cheat Haven . . 


..52 


. . 220 


Cheltenham . . 


65 


. . 426 


Cherry Run. . . 


. 12 . . 


.. 250 



Loca. Pop. 



Cherry Tree. 


.38 


... 439 


Cherry Valley 


.50. 


..1,401 


Cherryville . . 


..49. 


... 302 


Chester 


.64. 


.38,537 


Chester Hill. 


.25 


... 648 


Cheswick . . . 


.36 


.. . 317 


Chewton .... 


..21 


. . . 301 


Cheyney .... 


.64. 


. . . 232 


Chickies 


..61. 


. . . 253 


Chicora 


..22. 


..1,103 


Chinchilla . . . 


.,20 


. . . 253 


Choconut .... 


.,,8 


. . . 251 


Christiana . . 


.61. 


... 934 


Churchtown . 


.61 


... 301 


Churchville . 


. 66 , 


... 202 


Clairton .... 


. 36 . 


..3,326 


Clarendon . . . 


. , , 3 , 


. . . 933 


Claridge .... 


.37. 


..2,011 


Clarington . . 


.13. 


. . . 402 


♦Clarion .... 


.12 


..2,612 


Clarksville .. 


...51. 


. . . 208 


Clarksville . . 


,10 


... 216 


Claussville . . 


.48 


. . . 323 


Claysburg . . . 


.40, 


. . . 203 


Claysville .... 


..50. 


. .1,045 


Clayton 


,62 


. . . 317 


Claytonia .... 


•>'> 


. . 252 


♦Clearfield . . . 


.25. 


. .6,851 


Clermont .... 


. 4 


. . . 301 


Clifford 


8 


. . . 202 


Clifton 


,36 


. . . 301 


Clifton Height 


■5.64. 


. .3,155 


Clinton 


.36. 


. . . 302 


Clinton 


. .9. 


251 


Clintonville . . 


.11 


. . . 335 


Cleo 


.24 


. . . 202 


Clymer 


.38, 


..1,753 


Coal Bluff 


50 


. . . 503 


Coal Center. . 


.50 


. . . 816 


Coal Castle. . 


.47 


. . . 201 


Coaldale 


,.54 


. . . 311 


Coaldale 


.47. 


..5.154 


Coal Glen.... 


.24, 


. . . 303 


Coalmont .... 


.41 


. . . 328 


Coalport .... 


.32. 


..3,548 


Coalport 


. 25 , 


. . 876 


Coalridge .... 


.31 , 


. . 203 


Coalrun 


.53 


. . 251 


Coal Valley.. 


.36. 


. . 252 


Coatesville . . 


.63. 


11,084 


Coburn 


.26, 


. . 201 


Cochranton . . 


. 2 


. . 695 


Cochranville . 


.63. 


. . 253 


Codorus 


.59 


. . 379 


Coffeetown . . 


49 


. . 503 


Cogan House. . 


.17. 


.. 401 


Cogan Station 


,17 


. . 203 


Cohn 


.27. 


. . 204 


Cokeburg .... 


. 50 . 


.1,302 


Cokeville 


.37 


. . 409 


Colebrookdale 






Station .... 


.62. 


. . 251 


Coleburg 


..5, 


. . 203 


College Hill... 


.35. 


.1.787 


Collegeville 


. 65 . 


.. 627 


Collingdale 


.64. 


.1.361 


Colona 


.35. 


.1,003 


Columbia .... 


.61 


11,454 


Columbia Cross 




Roads 


.,7 


. . 203 



. .3. 
.64. 
.64. 
.61. 
.53. 
; .24. 



Columbus . 
Colwyn . . . 
Concordville 
Conestoga . 
Confluence 

Conifer 

Conneaut Lake . 

Conneautville .. .2. . 
Conneautville 

Station 2. . 

Connellsville . ..52. . 
Conoquenessing.22 . . 

Conrad 5. . 

Conshohocken .65. . 

Conway 35. . 

Conyngham 
Coopersburg 
Coplay .... 

Coral 

Coraopolis . 
r'ornplanter 
Cornwall . . 
Cornwells 



.31 
.48. . 
.48. . 
.38. . 
.36. . 
.3. . 
.60. . 
66. . 



Corry 1 . . 

Corsica 24. . 

Cortez 20. . 

Corydon 3. . 

Coryville 4. . 

Costello 5.. 



. . 346 
.1,584 
. . 400 
. . 603 
. . 891 
. . 303 
. . 735 
. . 931 

. . 867 
13,845 
. . 403 
. . 361 
.7.480 
.1,483 
. . 406 
. . 633 
.3,671 
. . 703 
.5.352 
.. 202 
.2,602 
.. 241 
.5,991 
. . ,301 
. . 202 
. . 502 
. . 303 
.1,201 



171 



Pennsylvania Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pup. 



*Couclerspoit ...5... 3, 100 

Coulters 36. . . . 501 

Courtdale 31 549 

Courtney 50 601 

Covington 6. . . . 340 

Covode 38 202 

Cowanesque ....6.... 321 
Cowanshannoc .23.... 201 
Cowansville ...23.... 202 

Crabtree 37... 1,501 

Crafton 36. . .4,583 

Craigsvllle . . . .23. . . . 275 

Cranesville 1....651 

Creasy 30 601 

Creekside 38 563 

Creighton 36 603 

Crenshaw 24. . . . 401 

Cresco 33 202 

Cressman 66. . . . 301 

Cresson 39... 1,470 

Cressona 47... 1,837 

Cross Fork 5. . . . 801 

Crossland 52 . . . . 802 

Crum Lynne. . .64. . . . 601 

Cumbola 47 367 

Curry Run 25. . . . 201 

Curwensville . ..25. . .2,549 

Custer City 4. . . . 201 

Cymbria Mines.39 301 

D 

Daguscahonda..l4. . . . 202 
Dagus Mines. .14. ... 801 

Dahoga 14.... 202 

Daisytown . . . .39. . . . 382 

Dale 39... 2,285 

Daleville 20 251 

Dallas 31 576 

Dallastown .. ..'SO. . .1,884 

Dalmatia 28. . . . 347 

Dalton 20. . . . 767 

Danielsville .. .49. . .1,002 

♦Danville 29. . .7,517 

Darby 64... 6,305 

Darlington . . ..35. . . . 311 

Darragh 37... 1,502 

Dauphin 46. . . . 545 

Dawson 52. . . . 848 

Davton 23 809 

Dean 39 373 

Deegan 22 . . . . 401 

Deemston 50. . . . 477 

Defiance 54 325 

Delancy 39... 1,003 

Delano 47. . .1,362 

Delaware "Water 

Gap 33 446 

Delmont 37 502 

Delta 59 881 

Dents Run 14 403 

Denver 61 933 

Deodate 46 202 

Derrick Citv 4 202 

Derry 37... 2,954 

Derry Church ..46, .. . 251 

Desire 24 503 

Devon 63. . . . 301 

Dewart 28. . . . 251 

De Young 14 302 

Diamondville ..38 202 

Diekerson Run .52 . . . . 501 

Dickinson 57 . . . . 801 

Dickson 20. . .9,331 

Dickson City. ..20. . .4,948 

Dillsburg 59 853 

Dingmans 

Ferry 34. . . . 351 

Dixmont 36... 1,201 

Doe Run 63 251 

Donaldson 47.... 958 

Donora 50.. .8,174 

Dormont 36... 1,115 

Dorranceton . ..31 .. .4,046 
Dorseyville . . ..36. . . . 501 

Dover 59 576 

Downieville ...22 201 

Downingtown .63... 3. 326 
*Doylestown . .66. . .3,.S04 
Dravosburg ... 36. . .1.895 
Drehersville . . .47. . . . 414 

Dresher 65. . . . 201 

Drifton 31 . . .2,301 

Driftwood . . . .15. . . . 517 

Drums 31. . . . 901 

Dry Run 56 765 

Dublin 66 361 

Dubois 25. .12,623 

Duhoistown ...17.... 682 

Dudley 41 441 

Duke Center. . ..4. ... 601 



Townn 



Loca. Pop. 



Dunbar .... 
Duncannon . 
Duncansville 
Dunkard . . . 
Dunlevy . . . 

Dunlo 

Dunmore . . . 

Dupont 

Duquesne . . , 
Durham . . . , 
Duryea .... 
Dushore . . . . 
Dutch Hill. . , 
Dysart 



. .53. 
...45. 
. .40. 
. ..51. 
. .50. 
..39. 
, ..20. 
. .31. 
. .36. 
. .66. 
..31. 
. .18. 
. .12. 
. .39. 



E 

Earlston 54. 

Eagleville . . . .26. 

Earlville 62. 

East Altoona. .40. 



..49. 

.36. 

.20. 

.58. 
. .12. 
..21. 
..22. 

..39. 



East Bangor. 
East Bellevue. 
East Benton. 
East Berlin. . 
East Brady. . 
Eastbrook . . 
East Butler. . 
East Cone- 

maugh .... 
East Coventry. 63. 
East Hickory. .13. 
East Down- 

Ington 63. 

East Freedom.. 40. 
East Greenville. 65. 
East Hanover. .60. 
East McKees- 

port 36. 

East Mauch 

Chunk 32. 

East Nantmeal.63. 
East New 

Castle 

*Easton 

East 

Petersburg 
East Pitt.sburp 
East Prospect .59. 
East Rochcster.35. 
East Salisbury .53. 

East Side 25. 

East Smithfield. .7. 
East Springfield. 1. 
East 

Stroudsburg .33. 
East Texas. . . .48. 
East Titusville. .2. 

Eastvale 35. 

East 

Vandercrift ..37. 
East 

Washington .50. 
East 

Waynesburg 
Eau Claire. 
*Ebensburg 
Ebenvale . . 
Eclipse . . . 
Economy 
Eddington 
Eddystone 
Edenborn 



..21. 
.49. 



.61. 
.36. 



.51. 

23 

. !39'. 

. .31. 

.50. 

.35. 

.66. 
..64. 

.53. 



Edenburg lii 



..65. 
.36. 



Edge Hill. 

Edgewood 

Edgewood 

Park . . . 
Edge worth 
Edinboro . 
Edinburg . 

Edri 38. 

Edwardville . . .31. 

Egypt 48. 

Ehrenfeld 39. 

Elbon 14. 

Elco 50. 



...36. 
...36. 

1. 

..31. 



Elderton 

El Dorado. . . 

Eldred 

Eleanor 

Elimsport . . . 
Elizabeth 
Elizabethtown 
Elizabethville 
Elkhorn .... 
Elk Lake. . . . 

Elkland 

Elk Lick 

Elliotts Mill. 
Ellsworth . . . 



.23. 

.40. 

..4. 
..24. 
.17. 
..36. 
..61. 

.46. 

.36. 
...8. 

. .6. 

.53. 

.21. 
..50. 



..1,971 
. .1,474 
..1,263 
...201 
. . .301 
..2,501 
.17,615 
. . . 301 
.15,727 
. . . 201 
. .7,434 
. . . 813 
...251 
. . . 301 

. . . 501 
. . . 551 
. . . 301 
. .1,202 
. .1,186 
. . . 251 
. . . 202 
. . . 672 
. .1,493 
...201 
. . . 501 

..5,046 
. . . 301 
. . . 350 

. .3,006 
. . . 337 
..1,235 
. . . 331 

.2,118 

..3,548 
. . . 201 

, . . 200 
.28,523 

. . . 602 
..5,615 
. . . 316 
. . . 718 
. .1,202 
. . . 220 
. . . 301 
, . . 348 

. .3,330 
. . . 303 
. . . 201 
. . . 322 

..1,852 

. .1,300 

. . . 906 
. . . 347 
..1,978 
. . . 567 

. . 501 

.1,204 
, . . 201 
. .1,167 

.1,301 
...616 
. . . 651 

.2,596 

.1,139 

.1,229 

. . 666 
, . . 351 
. . . 502 
, .8.407 
, .1,002 

. . 401 
...301 

...944 
. . . 285 
. . . 304 

.1,235 
. . . 505 
. . . 401 
. .3,311 
, .3,587 
. .1,039 
. . . 201 
. . . 201 

.1,175 
. .1,201 I 

. . 501 ' 
. .2,084 



Tuicn-s 



Loca. Pop. 



Ell wood City. 

Elmer 

Elmhurst .... 

Elrama 

Elroy 

Elton 

Elverson 

Elysburg 

Emaus 

Emeigh 

Emerald 

Emigsville . . . . 
Emlenton .... 
♦Emporium . . 
Emsworth . . . . 
Endeavor .... 
English Center 

Enhaut 

Enon Valley. . , 
Enterprise . . . . 

Ephrata 

Epton 

Equinunk 

Erdon 

*Erie 

Ernest 

Eshbach 

Espy 

Etna 

Etters 

Euclid 

Evansburg . . . . 
Evans City. . . . 

Everett 

Everson 

Ewingville . . . . 

Excelsior 

Exchange . . . . 

Exeter 

Exeter 

Borough . . . . 

Expedit 

Export 

Eynon 



. ..19. 
. ..52. 



Factoryville 
Fairbank . . 
Fairchance 
Fairdale . . . 
Fairfield . . . 
Fairhaven 
Fairhope . . 
Fairmount City. 12. 

Fairoaks 36. 

Fairview 1 . 

Fairview 

Station 1. 

Fallentimber ..39. 
Falling Springs. 45. 
Falls Creek. . 
Fallsington 

Fallston 

Falmouth . . . 
Fannettsburg 
Farmersville 
Farrandsville 
Fawn Grove. . 



8. 

..58. 
, . . 36 . 
. .53. 



.66. 
.35. 
.61. 
.56. 
.61. 
.16. 
.59. 



Fayette City... 52. 



Fayetteville 
Feasterville . , 

Federal 

Felton 

Ferndale .... 
Ferndale .... 
Fernwood .... 
Fernwood .... 

Ferris 

Fieldmore 

Springs . . . , 
'Fields Station 

Filer 

Finleyville . . , 

Fisher 

Fishers Ferry 
Fishing Creek 
Fitzwatertown ..6 
Fivepoints . . . .10 

Fleetville 30 

Fleetwood ... .62 

Fleming 26 

Flemington . . .16 

Floreffe 36 

Florence . 
Florenza . 
Florin .... 
Plourtown 

Floyd 

Fogelsville 
Fontana . 



6. 
.66. 
.36. 
.59. 
.66. 
.39. 
.64. 



.17. 
.10. 
.50. 
.12. 

28. 

30. 



.J50. 
24 

.'.61 ; 

.65. 
..11. 

..48. 
.60. 



..3,902 
. . . 201 
. . . 379 
. . . 204 
. . . 251 
. . . 250 
. . .351 
. . . 203 
. .3,501 
, . . 401 
. . . 203 
, .. 201 
. .1,110 
. .3,916 
. .1,510 
. . . 403 
. . . 701 
. . . 452 
, . . 354 
. . . 616 
.3,192 
, . . 301 
, . . 402 
. . 902 
,66,525 
. 1,002 
. . 202 
, . . 551 
, .5,830 
. . 434 
. . 201 
.1,339 
, .1,501 
.1,725 
.1,759 
. . 351 
.1.601 
. . 251 
.3,537 

.1,948 
.1.502 
. 3,002 
. . 351 

. 759 
. 403 
1,763 
. 403 
. 373 
. 801 
. 565 
. 702 
. 302 
. 349 

. 201 
. 204 
. 872 
1,204 
. 301 
. 555 
. 310 
. 316 
. 366 
. 351 
. 240- 
2,005 
. 601 
. 201 
1,003 
. 241 
. 224 
. 514 
. 803 
. 251 
. 201 

. 206 
. 201 
. 201 
. 644 
. 203 
. 201 
. 333 
. 318 
. 201 
. 253 
1,394 
. 343 
1,022 
. 501 
. 335 
. .501 
. 804 
. 502 
. 225 
. 401 
. 203 



ToWH.s 



Loca 



Pop. 



..37. 
. .14. 
.23. 
..24. 
. . .8. 
...8. 
..19. 
. .46. 
..56. 
..36. 

.65. 
.31. 



Footedale . . . 
Forbes Road. 

Force 

Ford City... 
Fordham ... 
Forest City. . 
Forest Lake. 
Forkston . . . , 
Fort Hunter. 
Fort Loudon. 
Fort Pitt. . . . 
Fort 

Washington 
Fortyfort . . . 

Foster 8 

Fountain Dale. 58 
Fountain Hill. .48 

Foxburg 13 

Frackville ... .47 

Frank 36 

♦Franklin 11 

Franklin 39 

Franklin 

Corners 1 

Franklintown .59 
Frankstown . . .40 

Fredell 13 

Frederick 65 

Fredericksbui 



Fredericktown .50. , 



Fredonia 
Freeburg . . . 

Freed 

Freedoin . . 
Freeland . . 
FreeiTiansbur 
Freeport . . . 
Frenchville 

Friedens 53 

Friedensburg ..63 
Friedensburg .47 

Frostburg 34 

Frvburg 13 

Fullerton 48 



10. 
.44. 
.52. 
.35. 
.31. 
.38. 
.23. 



Gaines 

Galeton 

Gallatin 

Gallitzin 

Gans 

Gap 

Gardenville . . 

Garland 

Garrett 

Garrettford . . 

Gascola 

Gastonville . . . 

Gates 

Gayesport . . . . 

Gazzam 

Geigers Mills. . 
Geigertown . . . 

Gelatt 

Genesee 

Geneva 

Georgetown . . 
Germania .... 
♦Gettysburg . . 
Gibraltar .... 

Gibson 

Gibsonton . . . . 

Gilberton 

Gilbertsville . . 

Gillespie 

Gillett 

Gipsy 

Girard 

Girard Manor. 
Girardville . . . 

Gladden 

Gladdens 

Glade Mills. . . 
Gladerun .... 

Glad wine 

Glasgow 

Glasgow 

Glassmere 
Glassport .... 
Gleasonton . . . 

Glenburn 

Glen Campbell 

Glendale 

Glendon 

Glenfleld 

Glenhazel .... 

Glenhope 

Glenlyon 

Glen Mills 

Glen Olden . . . 



. . 801 
. . 401 
. . 351 
.4,850 
. . 607 
.5,749 
. . 251 
. . 201 
. . 625 
. . 322 
. . 350 

. . 601 
.2,353 
. . 364 
. . 251 
.1,388 
. ..578 
.3,118 
. . 502 
.9,767 
.2,103 

. . 201 
. . 216 
. . 201 
. . 301 
. . 254 
. . 612 
.1,006 
. . 443 
. . ,541 
. . 304 
.3,060 
.6,197 
. . 867 
.2,248 
. . 321 
. . 301 
. . 514 
. . 603 
. . 402 
. . .302 



.1,003 

.4,027 

301 

.3,504 

202 

802 

201 

303 

. 848 

. 216 

. 402 

. 503 

402 

. 917 



. 325 
325 
303 
351 
236 
269 
302 

.4,030 
401 
251 
303 

.5,401 
502 

.1,002 
204 
303 

.1,165 
204 

.4,396 

. 301 

401 

. 301 

604 

.1,303 
203 
201 

. 1 ,204 

.5,540 
403 
319 

.1,009 
502 
. 823 
984 
.504 
237 

.2.255 
278 

.1,157 



172 



Towns 



Pennsylvania Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Lova. Pop. 



Glen Richey . 

Glen Riddle. . 

Glen Rock. . . 

Glenside . . . . 

Glenwhite . . . 

Glenwillard . 

Globe Mills. . 

Clodfrey 

Goldsboro . . . 

Goodville . . . . 

Gordon 

Gordonville 

Gouldsboro . . 

Gowen 

Gowen City. . , 

Gracedale . . . 

Graceton 

Grampean . . . 

Grand Tunnel 

Grand Valley. 

Grandville . . . 

Grassflat .... 

Gratz 

Gratztown . . . 

Gray 

Grays Landinj 
Great Bend. .. 

Greeley 

Greencastle . . 

Greene 

Greenfield . . . . 
(Jreen Lane. . . 

(Jreenock 

(Jreensboro . . . 
*Greensburg' . . 
Greentree . . . . 
Green Village. 
Greenville . . . . 
Greenwood . . . 
Greythorne . . . 

Grill 

Grindstone . . . 

Grovania 

Grove City. . . . , 
Grovedale . . . . 

Grover , 

Groveton 

Oulf Mills 

Cuthriesville .. 
Guths Station.. 
Guys Mills 



..25. 
.64. 
.59. 
.65. 
,.40. 
.36. 
.44. 
.23. 
.59. 
.61. 
.47. 
.61. 
..9. 
.31. 



.31. 
.38. 
.25. 
..31. 
. .3. 
.43. 
..25. 
.46. 
.37. 
.17. 
?.53. 
..8. 
.34. 
.56. 
.61. 
.10. 
.65. 
.36. 
.51. 
.37. 
.36. 
.56. 
.10. 
. .7. 
.57. , 
.62. 
.52.. 
.29. , 
.10. . 
.36. . 
..7.. 
36. . 
65.. 
63. . 
48. . 
.7.. 



.. 537 

. . 325 

. . .1,263 

. . .1,801 

201 

401 

350 

... 663 
... 434 
... 201 
. .1,185 
. . . 401 
... 251 
... 503 
... 304 
. . . 301 
. . . 701 
. . . 666 
. . . 201 
. . . 290 
. . . 200 
. .1,003 
. . . 536 
. . . 301 
. . . 303 
. .1,003 
. . . 788 
. . . 201 
. .1,919 
. . . 203 
. . . 803 
. . . 373 
. . 751 
. . 443 
13,013 
.1,143 
. . 207 
.5,909 
. . 302 
. . 251 
..201 
. . 501 
. . 202 
.3,674 
.3 134 
. . 301 
. . 301 
. . 801 
. . ?T7 
. . 301 
. . 301 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



..47. 

..50. 

..10. 
..66. 
. .37. 
..46. 
..59. 
.. .8. 

..44. 

.62. 
..38. 



H 

Haas 

Hackett . . 

Hadley . . . 

Hagersville 

Hahnstown 

Halifax . . . 

Hallam ... 

Hallstead . 

Hallton .. 

Hamburg . 

Hamili „„ 

Hamilton No. 1.53 

Hamlin 9. 

Hammett l] 

Hannastown . .37. 

Hanover 59. 

Hanover 

Junction . . ..59. 

Harford 8. 

Harlansburg ...21. 

Harleigh . . 

Harleysville 
Harmarville 
Harmony . . 
Harrisburg 

(capital) . . . ^., 
Harrison City. .37 
Harrison Valley. 5 
Harrisville - ■>■> 
Harrold . . 
Hartley . . . 
Harveys . . 
Harveyville 
Hastings . 
Hatboro . . 
Hatfield . . 
Hauto .... 
Haverford 
Hawk Run 
Hawley 
Hawthorn 

Hays 

Haynie 12 

Hazeldell 21 

Hazel Hurst.... 4 

Hazelkirk 50 

Hazelton 31 



. . . 251 
. . . 501 
. . . 303 
. . . 301 
. .1,001 
. . . 745 
. . . 473 
..1,538 
. . 501 
.3,301 
. . 202 
. . 201 
. . 201 
. . 403 
. . 801 
.7,057 

.. 201 
. . 301 



. ..31. 
..65. 
...36. 
. .23. 

.46. 



...14. 
...59. 
. . .51. 
. ..31. 
. ..39. 
. ..65. 
...65. 
. . . 33 . 
. . . 65 . 
. ..25. 
. ...9. 
. .12. 
.36. 



. . . .544 
. . . .351 

. . 772 
.673 

64,186 
. . 247 
. . 601 
. . 353 
.1.004 
. . 250 
. . 251 
.. 278 
.3,125 
. . 962 
. . 705 
. . .501 
. . 581 
. . 688 
.3.018 
. . 509 
.1,888 
. . 301 
.1,168 
.1,003 
. . 503 
35,452 I 



Hazzard . . . 


. ...50 


Hecktown . . 


...49 


Hecia 


...37 


Hegins 


...47 


Heidelberg 


. . .36 


Heidlersburg 


. .58 


Heilwood . . 


...38 


Helfenstein 


. ..47 


Hellam . . . . 


...59 


Hellertown . 


. ..49 


Helvetia . . . 


..25 


Hepburn . . . 


...17. 


Herminie . . 


..37. 


Herndon . . . 


..28. 


Herrickville 


. ...7. 


Herrville . . 


. .61. 


Hershey .... 


...46. 


Hetlerville . 


. .30. 


Hickman . . . 


...36. 


Hickory . . . 


..50. 


Hickory . . . . 


..13. 


Hicks Run.. 


. .15. 


High Spire. . 


...46. 


Hillards 


23 


Hillsdale ... 


..38. 


Hillsgrove . . 


..18. 


Hillsville ... 


..21. 


Hites 


..36. 


Hites 


..53. 


Hoboken . . . . 


..36. 


Hokendauqua 


.48. 


Holden . . . . . 


..24. 


*Holiidaysbur 


g.40. 


Hollisterville 


...9. 


Hollsopple . . 


..53. 


Holtz 


..59. 


Homer City.. 


..38. 


ITomestead . . 


..36. 


Homewood . . 


..35. 


*Honesdale . . 


...9. 


Honey Brook 


.63. 


Honey Grove 


.43. 


Honor 


..21 


Hookstown . . 


..35. . 


Hoopeston . . 


.65.. 


Hooversville . 


..53. . 


Hop Bottom.. 


. .8. . 


Hopeland . . . . 


.61. . 


Hopewell .... 


.54. . 


Hopwood . . 


.52. . 


Horatio .... 


.24. . 


Horsham .... 


.65 


Hostetter . . . . 


.37 


Houston . . . 


..50. 


Houtzdale . . . 


.25. . 


Howard 


.26 


Hoytdale . . . 


.35. . 


Hoytville . . . . 


..6. . 


Hudson 


.31 


Huey 


.12. . 


Huffs Station. 


.37. . 


Hughstown . . 


.31. . 


Hughesville . . 


.17. 


Hull 


. .5. . 


Hulmeville . 


.66. . 


Hulton 


.36. . 


Humbert . . . 


.63. . 


Hummelstown 


46.. 



Hunlock Creek. 31. 
'Huntingdon . .41 
Huntingdon 

Valley ... - fis: 
Huntington 

Mills . . . 
Huntsdale ....... 

Hut chins 4' 

Hyde 25' 

Hyde Park. .'.'.'37.' 

HydetoM-n ? 

Hyndman . . . .54.' 
Hyner X6. 



301 

201 

. . .1,501 

325 

...1,848 

301 

. . .1,001 

201 

301 

915 

201 

769 

801 

621 

275 

201 

351 

251 

501 

205 

351 

301 

. .1,669 

... 201 

. . . 401 

. . . 805 

... 201 

... 301 

... 301 

... 702 

. . . 803 

... 301 

. .3,734 

. . . 301 

. . . 451 

. . . 202 

. . . 985 

.18,713 

...201 

. .2,945 

. . . 581 

. . . 251 

...201 

. . . 250 

. . . 251 

, . . 991 

. . 364 

. . 201 

. . 592 

..801 

.1,003 

.. 213 

.. 801 

. . 793 

.1,434 

. . 667 

. . 403 

. . 561 

.3,001 

.. 253 

. . 651 

.2,024 

.1,650 

.. 361 

. . 468 

.3,436 

. . 301 

.3,138 

. . 531 

.6,861 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



Irvineton 3. 

Irvona 25. 

Irwin 37I 

Iselin 38. 

Ivanhoe 50. 

Ivyland 66. 

J 

Jackson 8. 

Jackson Ctnter.lO. 
Jacksonville . ..48. 
Jacksonville . ..37^ 
Jacobs Creek. .37. 

Jacobus 59. 

James Citv. . . .14. 
James Creek. ..41. 
Jamestown . . . .39. 
Jamestown ... .10. 
Jamison City... 30. 
Jarrettown "... .65 
Jeanesville . . 
Jeannette . . . 

Jeddo 

Jefferson ... 
Jefferson . . . 
Jeffersonville 
Jenkintown . 

Jenners ...... 

Jenningsville ..19, 

Jermyn 30 

Jerome 53 

Jersey Mills. . . .17 
Jersey Shore. . .17, 
Jerseytown ... .30 



.31 
..37, 
...31, 
. .51. 
. .59, 
. .65. 
..65. 
.53, 



Joanna 

Job 

Johnetta . . . . 
Johnsonburg 
Johnstown . . 
Johnsville 

Joliett 

Jones Station 
Jonestown . . 
Josephine . . . 

Julian 

Jumonville . . 

Juniata 

Juniataville . 
Justus 



.63. 
. .36. 
. .23. 
..14. 

.39. 

.66. 
, .47. 

.36. 

.60. 

.38. 

.36. 

. 53 . 
■ 40. , 

.52. 

.20. 



, . . 238 
. . 803 
.3,886 
.3,001 
. . 501 
. . 247 

... 251 

. . . 269 
...252 
... 503 
. . . 253 
...261 
... 451 
...311 
. . . 501 
. . . 823 
. . . 501 
. . . 201 
..1,201 
. .8,077 
. . . 377 
. . . 357 
...347 
. . . 374 
. . 2,968 
..1,637 
. . . 201 
. .3,158 
. .1,002 
. . . 401 
..5,381 
. . . 201 
. . . .503 
. . . 403 
. . . 662 
, .4,334 
55,483 
. . 201 
. . 203 
. . 303 
. . 603 
.1„501 
.. 301 
. . 351 
. 5,385 
. . 751 
. . 301 



Toions 



Loca. Pop. 



Lafayette Hill. .65. 



Lallin 

Lahaska . . . 
Lairdsvile . . 

La Jose 

Lake Ariel. . 
Lake Como. 
Lakemont . , 

Lamar 

I^amberton . 
Lambs Creel 
Lampeter . . . 
♦Lancaster . 
Landenberg . . . „„ 

Lander 3 

Landingville . .'47. 
Landisburg . . .45.' 
Landis Valley. .61 



.31 
.66. 
.17. 
.25. 
..9. 
,..9. 
.40. 
.16. 
.52. 
...6. 
.61. 
.61. 
.63. 



. . . 502 
. . . 528 

'. '. '. 301 
. . . 354 
. . . 401 
, . . 201 
, . 1,202 
. . 225 
. . 603 
. . 301 
. . 401 
47,337 
.. 701 
. . 301 
. . 368 



Landisville 

Landrus . 

Landstreet 

Lanesboro 

Langhorne 

Lansdale . 

Lansdowne 



..61. 
. .6. 

.53. 
. ..8. 

.66. 
.65. 
64. 



3; 

.30. 
.18. 

..7. 
.36. 
.37. 
.31. 
.17. 
.37. 

37. 



Kane 4. 

Kanevflle 11, 

Kantner 52. 



. . . 31 . 
.57. 



.35 
.35 
.26, 
.23, 
.54. 



Ickesburg . . . 

Idamar 

Idlepark 

Ifield ....... 

Imperial .... 

Independence 
♦Indiana . . . . 

Indian Creek. 

Industry 

Ingram 

Inkerinan . . . 
Instanter . . . . 
Intercourse . . 
Irish Ripple. . 
Ironbridge . . . 

Ironton 

Irvine 



..45. 
..38. 

.37. 
..52. 
..36. 
..50. 
..38. 
..52. 

.35. 

.36. 
..31. 

.14. 

.61. 

.21. 
.65. 
..48. 
...3. 



. . . 408 
. . . 801 
. . . 201 
. . . 601 
, . . 803 
. . . 251 
, .5,749 
, . . 201 
. . 664 
.2,037 
. . 501 
. . 401 
.. 313 
. . 301 
. . 231 
. . 202 
.. 238 



Karns City. 
Karthaus . 
Kauffman . 
ICaler .... 

Kearney _. 

Keating Summit.5 
Keeneyville ... .6 

Keffers 47 

Weister Works. 53 

Kelayres 47 

Kellettvile ... .13 
Kelley Station. 23 
Kemblesville . .63 
Kenilworth . . .63 

Kennett 53 

Kennett Square. 63 

Keown 36 

Kersey 14, 

Kifertown ... .52 
Kimberton . . . .63, 
Kimmelton . . . .53, 

Kingsley 8, 

Kingston 31, 

Kinzua 3. 

Kirkwood 61, 

*Kittanning . . .23. 

Knapp 6. 

Knights 37. 

Knox 13. 

Knox Dale 24. 

Knoxville . 
Knoxville . 
Kratzerville 
Kresgeville 
Kulpsville . 
Kunkletown 

Kushequa 

Kutztown 63 

Kylertown ... .25 



. .36. 
. . .6. 

.44. 

. 33 . 

.65. 

.33. 

.4. 



. .6,626 
. . . 201 
. . . 301 
.. . 283 
. . . 701 
..1,301 
. .3,501 
. . . 202 
. . . 201 
...225 
. . . 202 
..1,303 
..1,501 
. . . 429 
. . . 202 
. . . 208 
. . . 302 
..2,049 
. .2,049 
. . . 202 
, . . 603 
. . . 301 
, . . 203 
. . 201 
. . 201 
.6,449 
.1,236 
. . 201 
.4,311 
. . 246 
.. 501 
. . 901 
. . 301 
.5,653 
. . 843 
. . 201 
.. 201 
.. 325 
. . 202 
. . 502 
.2,368 
. . 401 



Lanse '.'.'.'.Ss! 

Lansford .... 
Lapluine .... 
*Laporte .... 

Laquin 

Large 

Larimer 

Larksville . . . 
Larrys Creek. 

Lash 

Latrobe .„. . 

Lattimer Mines.31.' 
Laurel Run. . . .31. 

Laurelton 37. 

Laurys Station. 48. 

Lavelle 47. 

Lawn 60 ! 

La-wrenceville .6.' 

Layton 53. 

Leacock 61 '. 

♦Lebanon 60.' 

Leckrone 52. 

Lecontes Mills. .25' 



Leechburg 
Leeper . . . 
Leesburg . 
Lees Cross 
Roads . . 
Leesport . 
Leetonia . 
Leetsdale 
Lehighton 
Lehman 
Leith 



. ..23. 
.12. 
. .10. 

...57. 
. .62. 
. ...6. 
. .36. 
. .32. 
. .31. . 
52. . 



..57. 
. .64. 
. .6. 
...7. 
. .59. 
. .37. 
.. .4. 
. .42. 
63. 



La Bele 52. 

Laboratory . . ..50. 
Laceyville . . . .19. 
Lackawaxen ...34. 
Ladona 5. 



Lemont Furnace52 

Lemoyne . . . 

Lenni Mills. 

Leolyn .... 

Le Raysville 

Lewi sherry . 

*Lewisburg . 

Lewis Run. 

♦Lewistown 

Lewisville „,^ 

Lewisville 5 

Lexington 61. 

Liberty 6. 

Lichty .' ; 'ctZ. 

Lickdale 60. 

Lickingville . . 12' 

Light Street. . ..30. 

Ligonier 37 

Lilly ... 

Lima 

Limerick . . .', 

Lime Ridge. . 
Limestone . . . 

Lincoln 

Lincoln Place 

Lincoln 

University 
Lincolnville . 

Linden 

Line Lexington. 66 

Linesvile 2. 

Linfleld 65. 

Linglestown . . .46. 
Lin wood Station64. 

Lionville 63. 

Listie 53. 

Listonburg . . .53. 

Lititz 61. 

Little Britain. .61. 
Little Gap 32. 



, . .39, 

, . . 64 . 

. .65. 

. .30. 

. .13. 

.61. 

.36. 

.63.. 

'.ii'.'. 



. ■ . 252 
... 251 
. . . 601 
... 501 
... 200 
... 771 
. . . 895 
..3,551 
. .4,066 
... 501 
..8,321 
... 258 
... 345 
... 201 
... 301 
..1,501 
..9,288 
... 303 
. . 253 
..8,777 
.1,051 
. . 791 
.. 307 
. . 202 
. . 602 
. . 301 
. . 549 
. . 301 
. . 351 
19,341 
. , 501 
. . 301 
.3,624 
.. 251 
. . . 201 

...418 
..1,801 
. . . 303 
. .1,904 
..5,316 
. . . 303 
. . . 851 
. .1,101 
. .1,393 
. . . 483 
. . . 203 
. . 326 
. . 233 
, .3.081 
. . 502 
.8,166 
. . 303 
. . 579 
. . 301 
. . 353 
. . 201 
. . 227 
. . 303 
. . 301 
.1,575 
.1,638 
. . 507 
.. 401 
. . 401 
. . 251 
. . 451 
.1,003 



.. 303 
.. 251 
.. 351 
. . 501 
. . 833 
. . 402 
. . 703 
. . 903 
.. 352 
. . 503 
. . 251 
.2,083 
. . 201 
. . 201 



173 



Pennsylvania Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Little Marsch. . .6. 



58. 
.45. 
.64. 
.64. 

.47. 
.39. 
.16. 
.47. 



Littlestown . 
Liverpool . . . 
Llanerch .... 
Llanwellyn . . 
Llewellyn . . . 

Lloydell 

*Lock Haven 
Locustdale . , 
Locust Gap. . 

Lofty 

Logans Ferry. .36 

Loganton 16 

Loganville . . . .59 

Loleta 14 

Long Branch. . .50 
Longswamp 
Lookout . . 

Lopez 

Lorberry 

Junction . 
Loretto .... 
Lost Creek. . 
Lottsville . . 
Lovejoy .... 

Lowber 

Lo\Yer 

Providenc 
Loyalhanna 
Loyalsock . . 
Loysburg . . . 
Lucinda .... 
Ludlow 
Lumber City. 
Lumberville 
Luthersburg 

Luxor 

Luzerne .... 
Lykens .... 

Lynch 

Lyndora . . . 
Lyon Station 

McAdoo 47. 

McAlisterville .43. 
McCall Ferry. ..61. 

McCance 37. 

McClellandtown 52. 
McClure .... 
*McConnens- 

burg 

McConnells- 

town 41. 

McDonald 50. 

JIcElhattan ...16. 
McEwensville ..28. 
McOees Mills. . .25. 

McKoan 1. 

McKeansburg ..47. 
McKees Half 

Falls 44. 

McKcesport ...36. 
McKees Rocks. 36. 

McKinley 65. 

McLaughlin ...36. 

McLeans 65. 

McJIahon 37. 

McSherrystown 58. 
McSparran ....61. 
McVeytown ....42. 
McVeytown 

Station 
Macbeth . . . 
Macungie . , 
Madeline . . 
Madera . . . 
Madison . . . 

Mahaffy 25. 

Mahanoy City. .47. 
Mahanoy Plane. 47. 

Mahoning 23. 

MainviUe 30. 

Maltby 31. 

Malvern 63. 

Mammoth 37. 

Manchester ...99. 

Manheim 61. 

Manns Choice.. 54. 

JIanoa 64. 

Manor 37. 

Manorville . . . .23. 

Manown 36. 

Mansfield 6. 

Mapleton Depot41. 
Maplewood ... .9. 
Marcus Hook.. .64. 
Marguerite ... .37 . 

Marianna 50. 

Marienville .... 13 . 



.47. 



.62. 

9. 

18. 

...47. 
39. 

..47. 

. ..3. 

. .38. 

..37. 

. .65. 
..37. 
. .17. 

..54. 
. . 12 . 
. . .4. 

..25. 
. .66. 

..25. 
. .37. 
. .31. 
. .46. 

..36. 
..22. 
..62. 



..44. 
.55. 



43. 
..53. 
..48. 

.38. 

.25. 
..37. 



. . Ho 
.1,347 
. . 596 
. . 201 
. . 401 
. . 501 
. . 801 
.7,772 
.1,001 
.1,701 
. . 201 
. . 202 
. . 375 
. . 298 
. . 201 
. . 273 
. . 202 
. . 301 
.1,203 

. . 303 
. . 246 
.1,501 
. . 201 
. . 401 
. . 701 

. . 213 
. . 901 
. . 817 
. . 308 
. . 301 
. . 701 
. . 363 
. . 251 
. . 364 
. . 201 
.5,426 
.2,943 
.1,978 
.3,001 
. . 537 

3.389 
. 556 
. 501 
. 526 
. 801 
. 201 

. 579 

. 308 
2,543 
. 247 
. 209 
. 251 
. 351 
. 317 



. . 251 

42,694 
14,702 
. . 602 

." .' 664 
.. 813 
.1,724 
. . 201 
.. 514 

..215 
.1,001 

. . 772 
.. 301 
.1,201 
. . 421 
. . 754 
15,936 
.1,801 
. . 201 
. . 601 
.. 301 
.1,125 
.1,001 
. . 547 
.2,203 
.. 341 
. . 501 
.1,0.39 
. . 545 
. . 501 
.1,645 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Marietta 61. 

Marion 56. 

Marion Center. .38. 
Marion Heights.28. 
Markelsville . ..45. 
Markelsburg ...41. 
Markleysburg ..52. 

Mars 32. 

Marshalls Creek33 



.63. 
.20. 
.39. 
.52. 
..40. 



Marshallton 
Marshwood . 
Marsteller . . 

Martin 

Martinsburg 
Martins Creek. .49. 
Marysville ... .45. 
Masontown ....52. 

Masten 17 . 

Matamoras ....34. 
Mattawana ....42. 
*Mauch Chunk. 32 

Maud 66. 

Maxatawny ....60. 

Mayburg 13. 

Mayfleld 20. 

May town 61. 

Meadowbrook ..65. 
Meadow Lands. 50. 

*Meadville 2. 

Mechanicsburg 57. 

*Media 64. 

Medix Run 14. 

Mehoopany ....19. 

Meiser 44. 

*Mercer 10. 

Mercersburg . . .56. 

Merion 65. 

Merion Station. 65. 



.. 201 
.1,573 
. . 501 
.1,363 
. .1,201 



Mertztown 
Meshoppen . . 
Messmore .... 

Mexico 

Meyersdale . . 
Middleboro 
*IMiddleburg . 
Middleport . . 
Middletown . . 

Midland 

Midway 

Mifflin 

Mifllinburg . . 
*Mifflintown . 
Mifilinville . . 
Milanville . . . 

Mildred 

Milesburg . . . 
Milesville .... 

* Mil ford 

Millburne . . . 

Mill Citv 

Mill Creek... 
Millersburg . , 
Millersburg . . 
Millerstown . 
Millcrstown . . 
Millersville . . 
Jlillerton . . .. 
Millgrove . . . 

Mill Hall 

Millheim .... 

Mill Run 

Mills 

Jlillsboro .... 
Millstone .... 

Millvale 

Mill Village. . 

Millville 

Millwood .... 

Milroy 

Milton 

Milton Grove. 

Mina 

Mineral Point 
Miners Mills. . 
Minersville . . 

Mines 40 

Minooka 20 

Mitchells 25 

Mitchells Mills. 38 



..6S 
, .19. 
..52. 
..43. 

.53. 

...1. 
..44. 

.47. 
..46. 
..35. 

.50. 

.43. 
, .27. 

.43. 

.30. 
.. .9. 
, .18. 

.26. 
..36. 
..34. 

.64. 

.19. 
..41. 
..62, 
..46. 

.22. 
..45. 

.61, 

..6. 

.30. 
..16. 
..26. 

.52. 

. .5. 
..50. 

.14. 

.36. 

. .1. 
..30. 

.37. 

.42. 
..28. 

.61. 
...5. 

.39. 
..31. 

.47. 



Mohnton 
Mohrsville . . 
Mollenauer . . 

Monaca 

Monessen . . . 
Monocacy . . . 
Monongahela 
Monroeton 
Mont Alto. . . 
Montandon . . 



.62 

.62. 

.36. 

..35. 

..37. 

,.62. 

..50. 

...7. 

..56. 

. .28. 



2.079 
. 254 
. 366 
1,562 
. 251 
. 211 
. 227 
1,215 

'. 501 
. 351 
1,001 
. 801 
. 921 
. 301 
1,693 
. 891 
. 301 
1,388 
. 215 
3,952 
. 241 
. 201 
. 201 
3,663 
. 703 
. 351 
2,001 
2,781 
4,469 
3,562 
. 401 
. 597 
. 351 
2,026 
1,411 
1,201 
. 601 
. 701 
. 631 
. 201 
. 213 
3,741 
. 207 
. 531 
1,101 
5,374 
1,244 
. 941 
. 885 
1,559 
. 954 
. 601 
. 201 
. 201 
. 531 
. 301 
. 873 
. 322 
. 351 
. 308 
. 634 
2,394 
. 993 
. 549 
1,241 
. 451 
. 701 
1,043 
. 626 
. 201 
. 391 
1.001 
. 301 
7,861 
. 291 
. 611 
. 401 
1,501 
7,461 
. 201 
. 501 
. 251 
3,159 
7,241 
. 201 
3,001 
. 401 
. 201 
1,536 
. 237 
. 501 
3,376 
11,775 
. 355 
7,598 
. 403 
. 658 
. 574 



I'owns 



Loca. Pop. 



.65. 
..13. 

.17. 
..17. 

.36. 

,. .8. 

..64. 

.1. 

.30. 
..38. 



.30. 
.63. 
.33. 
...7. 
.62. 
.39. 



Mont Clare. 
Monterey . . . 
Montgomery 
Montoursville 
Montrose . 
♦Montrose 
Moores . . . 
Moorheadville 
Moosic . . 
Mooween 

Morann 25. 

Morea Colliery ..47. 

Moreland 17. 

Morgan 36. 

Morgans Station52. 
Morgantown ...62. 

Morganza 50. 

Morrell 40. 

Morris 6. 

Morrisdale 

Mines 25. 

Morris Run 6. 

Morrisville 66. 

Morton 64. 

Mortonville . . ..63. 

Moscow 

Moselem .... 
Mosgrove . . . 
Mosiertown . . 
Mount Aetna. 
Mountaindale 
Mountainhome .33. 
Mountain Park. 31. 
Mountaintop . ..31. 
Mountainville ..48. 
Mount Bethel. .49. 
Mount Braddock53. 
Mount Carbon. .47. 
Mount Carbon 

Junction . . . .47. 
Mount Carmel. .38. 
Mount Etna. . 
Mount Holly 

Springs . . . 
Mount Jackson. 21. 
Mount Jewett. ..4. 

Mount Joy 61. 

Movint Lebanon. 36. 
Mount Morris.. .51. 
Mount Oliver. . .36. 
IMount Penn. . . .62. 
Mount Pleasant. 37. 
Mount Pleasant 

Hill 44. 

Mount Pocono..33. 
Mount Sterling. 52. 
Mount Union... 41. 
Mountville . . . 
Mount Wolf. . . 
Mount Zion. . . 

Moyer 

Muddy Creek 

Forks 

Muncy 

Muncy Valley. 
Munhall 



.40. 
..57. 



.61. 
.59. 
.60. 
..53. 

.59. 
.17. 
.18. 
..36. 



Munson Station. 25. 



Murrcll . . . . 
Murrysville 
Mustard . . . 
Mutual .... 
Myerstown 



..61. 
.37. 
.36. 
.37. 
.60. 



Myra 39. 



. 666 
. 601 
1,491 
1,904 
. 201 
1.914 
1,801 
. 301 
3,964 
. 201 
1,001 
. 823 
. 201 
3,001 
. 251 
. 201 
1,001 
. 201 
. 701 

. 669 
2,301 
2,003 
1,071 
. 300 
. 651 
. 201 
. 201 
. 201 
. 325 
. 351 
. 201 
. 601 
. 961 
. 601 
. 401 
1,003 
. 353 

. 335 

17,533 

. 201 

1.372 
. 601 
1,771 
3,166 
. 503 
. 382 
4.241 
. 785 
5.813 

. 251 
. 301 
. .501 
3.338 
. 803 
. 301 
. 501 
. 601 

. 201 
1,904 
. 301 
5,185 
. 501 
. 251 
. 231 
. 301 
. 801 
1,881 
. 401 



N 



Nansen . . . 
Nanticoke 
Nantmeal 
Village . 
Nanty Glo. 
Narberth . 
Natalie . . . 
Natrona . . 
Nauvoo 
Nazareth . 
Nebraska . 
Neffs 48. 



.14. 
..31. 

..63. 

..39. 
. .65. 

..28. 
..36. 

. .6. 

..49. 
.13. 



Neffsville 
Negley . . . 
Nelson . . . 
Nescopeck 
Neshannock 



.61. 
..36. 
. .6. 

..31. 

..10. 



Nesquehoning ..32. 

Nettleton 39. 

Nevilton 36. 

New Albany 7. 

New Alexandria37. 
New Bedford. ..21. 

New Berlin 37. 

New Berlinvine62. 



. . . 301 
.18.877 

. 201 
1.001 
1.791 
. 251 
4.002 
. 201 
3.978 
. 251 
. 201 
. 401 
. 225 
. 448 
1,578 
. 801 
2.007 
. 251 
. .300 
.^13 
. 505 
. 201 
. 527 
. 302 



Loca. Pop. 



Newberrytown 


.59. 


. . . 302 


New Bethleheml2. 


..1,625 


*New Bloom- 






field 


.45. 


...772 


New Boston. . 


.47. 


. . . 635 


New Bridgeville59. 


. . . 203 


New Brighton. 


.35. 


..8,329 


Newburg 


.57. 


. . . 264 


Newburg 


.41. 


. . . 375 


*New Castle. . 


.31. 


.36,281 


New Castle. . . 


.47. 


. . . 801 


New Chester. . 


..58. 


...251 


New Columbia 


.27. 


...401 


Newcomer . . . 


..53. 


..1,051 


New Cumber- 






land 


.57. 


..1,472 


New Derry . . . . 


.37. 


. . . 345 


New Eagle. . . . 


.,50. 


. . . 402 


Newell 


.52. 


. . . 403 


New England. 


.36. 


. . . 453 


New Enterprise. 54. 


. . . 209 


New Florence. 


.37. 


...717 


Newfoundland 


.9. 


. . . 901 


New Freedom. 


..59. 


. . . 826 


New Freeport. 


.51. 


. . . 201 


New Galilee. . . 


.35. 


. . . 453 


New Geneva. . 


.52. 


. . . 285 


New German- 






town 


.45. 


.* . 202 


New Hanover. 


.65. 


. . . 504 


New Holland. 


.61 . 


..1,106 


New Hope. . . . 


.66. 


..1,083 


New Jerusalem 


.62. 


.. . 251 


New Kensington37 . 


..7,707 


New Kingstow 


n57. 


. . . 325 


Newlin 


.30. 


. . . 201 


Newmans town 


.60. 


...612 


New Milford. . 


..8. 


. . . 654 


New Millport. 


.25. 


. . . 253 


New Oxford. . 


..58. 


. . . 838 


New Paris. . , . 


.,54. 


. . . 200 


New Phila- 






delphia .... 


.47. 


..3,512 


Newport 


.45. 


..2,009 


Newport 


.21. 


. . . 302 


Newportville . 


.66. 


. . . 302 


New ProvidenceOl. 


. . . 202 


New Ringgold 


.47. 


. . . 366 


Newry 


.40. 


...381 


New Salem... 


..53. 


. . . 434 


New Salem. . . 


.,59. 


. . . 248 


New Sheffield. 


.35. 


. . . 202 


New Stanton . . 


.37. 


. . . 302 


Newton Hami 


. 




ton 


.43. 


. . . 341 


Newtown .... 


.66. 


. .1,675 


Newtown .... 


.47. 


. . . 350 


New Tripoli. . . 


.48. 


. . . 502 


Newville 


.57. 


..1,449 


New Wilming- 






ton 


.21. 


. . . 758 


Nicholson .... 


.18. 


. . . 852 


Nickel Mines. . 


.61. 


. . . 203 


Niles Valley.. 


.6. 


. . . 203 


Nineveh 


.51. 


. . . 252 


Noblestown . . 


.36. 


..1,003 


Noeline 


22. 


. . . 502 


*Norristown . . 


. 65 . 


.27,875 


Northampton . 


.49. 


..1,501 


North Belle- 






vernon 


.37. 


..1,522 


North Bend . . 


.16. 


. . . 802 


North Braddock36. 


.11,824 


North Cata- 






sauka 


.49. 


..2,030 


North East. .. 


. .1. 


..2,672 


North Girard. 


. .1. 


. . . 751 


North CharleroiSO. 


..1,008 


Northhampton 


.49. 


..8,729 


Northhampton 






Heights .... 


.49. 


..1,037 


North Irvin. . . 


.37. 


. . . 646 


North 






Mehoopany . 


.18. 


. . . 303 


North Mountainl7. 


. . . 203 


North Pine 






Grove 


.12. 


. . . 201 


North Sewickly.35. 


. . . 302 


Northstar .... 


.36. 


. . . 501 


North Towanda..7. 


. . . 753 


Northumberlan 


128. 


..3,517 


North Wales. . 


.65. 


..1,711 


North Warren. 


..3. 


. . . 652 


North 






Washington 


.22. 


. . . 303 


North Water 






Gap 


.33. 


. . . 202 


North York. .. 


..59. 


. .1,903 


Norwich 


...4. 


..1,003 



174 



Towns 



Pennsylvania Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Norwood 

Station . . 
Nowrytown 

Noxen 

Numidia . . . 
Nuremberg 



Oakbottom . . 
Oakbrook . . . 

Oakdale 

Oak Hall 
Station .... 

Oak Hill 

Oakland .... 
Oakland . . . . . 
Oakland .... 
Oakmont .... 
Oak Ridge. . . 
Oak Station. . 

Oakview 

Obelisk 

Oberlin 

Obold , 

Odenthal .... 
Ogdensburg . 

Ogontz 

Ogontz School 

Ohiopyle 

Oil City 

Olanta 

Old Forge. . . . 
Oliphant 
Furnace .... 

Oliver 

Olyphant 

Oneida 

Onnalinda .... 
Onondaga .... 

Option 

Orangeville . . , 
Orbisonia .... 

Oregon 

Oreminea 

Orient 

Ormsby 

Orrstown 

Orson 

Orviston 

Orwigsburg . . ., 

Orwin 

Osburn 

Osceola 

Osceola 

Osceola Mills. ... 

Oshanter 

Oswayo 

Ottsville 

Oval 

Oxford 

Oxford Valley. . 



..64. 
...38. 
...18. 
...30. 
..47. 

..61. 
..63. 
..36. 

..26. 
..61. 
..23. 
..10. 
, ...8. 
..36. 
. .23. 
.36. 
..64. 
, .65. 
..46. 
.63. 
..39., 
...6., 
.65., 
..65. 
.52. 
..11. 
.25. 
.20. 

.52. 
.52. 
.20. 
.47. 
.39. 
.24. 
.36. 
.30. 
.41. 
.61. 
.40. 
.52. 
..4. 
.56. 
..9. 
.26. 
.47. 
.47. 
.36. 
. .6. 
.25. 
.25. 
.25. 
..5. 
.66. 
17., 
63. 
66., 



..1,668 
... 502 
. . . 802 
... 303 
... 702 

... 303 
... 203 
..1,353 

202 

301 

361 

201 

915 

..3,436 
... 901 
... 251 
... 402 
.. . 251 
... 551 
... 251 
... 301 
... 302 
...301 
. . . 303 
. . . 535 
.15,657 
. . . 301 
.11,334 

. . . 201 
..1,001 
. .8,505 
..1,001 
. . . 502 
. . . 501 
. .. 251 
. . . 400 
. . . 618 
...501 
. . . 203 
..1,601 
. . . 302 
, . . 247 
. . . 525 
, . . 501 
..1,801 
...301 
..425 
. . 591 
.2,437 
.2,301 
.. 401 
.. 382 
. . 301 
. . 212 
.3,391 
.. 251 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Pennsylvania 
Furnace . . . , 

Penryn 

Pensyl 

Pequea Creek. 

Percy 

Perkasie 



.41. 
,.61. 
.30., 
.61., 
.52., 
66., 



Perkiomenville .65 



Perryopolis 
Perrysville 
Perrysville 
Petersburg 
Peterscreek 
Petroleum 

Center . . . 
Petrolia 



.53 
...36. 
...24. 
...41. 
...61. 

...11., 

...22. 



.. 301 
.. 201 
. . 501 
.. 200 
. . 500 
.2,779 
.. 225 
. . 601 
.. 300 
. . 350 
. . 705 
. . 201 

. . 200 
361 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Quakertown ...66. 

Quarry vile 61. 

Queen Junction. 22. 
Quincy 66. 



Radnor . . 
Railroad . 
Rainsburg 
Ralston . 
Ramey . . . _ 
Ramsaytown 



B 



64. 
.59. 
54. 
17. 
25. 
..24. 



Philadelphia . 67.1,549,008 

Philipsburg 26... 3,585 

Phiiipston 12.... 501 

Phoenixville . ..63. .10,743 

Picture Rocks 
Pillow 



Packerton .... 

Paint 

Palmerton . . . . 

Palmyra 

Palo Alto 

Panic , 

Paoli 

Paradise 

Pardee , 

Pardee 

Pardus 

Parker Ford. . ., 
Parkers 

Landing . . . ., 
Parkers Station, 
Parkesburg 

Park Place 

Parnassus . . . . 

Parryville 

Parsons 

Passmore 

Patterson 

Heights 

Patton 

Paulton 

Paxtonville . . .. 

Peale 

Peckville 

Pen Argyl 

Penbrook 

Pencovd 

Penfle'ld 

Penn 

Penn Run 

Pennsburg 

Penns Station. . 
Pennsville 



.. 502 
.1,000 
.1,002 
.1,308 
.1,873 
.. 202 
.. 241 
.. 403 
.. 201 
.. 401 
.. 251 
.. 301 

.1,244 

.. 250 
.2,522 
. . 201 
.2,578 
. . 591 
.4,338 
.. 251 

.. 367 
.3,907 
. . 501 
. . 204 
. . 801 
.3,915 
.3,967 
.1,463 
. . 801 
. . 801 
.1,048 
. . 201 
.1,141 
.1,500 
. . 300 



..17., 

..46. 

..51. 

..26. 

..47, 



576 
. 359 
. 200 
. 201 
1,352 



Pine Bank. 
Pine Glen. . 
Pine Grove 
Pinegrove 

Furnace 57. , . . 301 

Pine Grove 

Mills 

Pine Station. 
Pitcairn .... 

Pitman 

Pittock , 

*Pittsburgh .. , „ 

Pittsfield 3 301 

Pittston 31. .16,267 

Plainfield 57 252 

Plaingrove 21.... 655 

Plains 31... 1,201 

Plainsville 31.... 206 

Platea 1. . . . 320 



..36. 
..16. 
...36. 
..47. 



.. 325 
.. 201 
.4,975 
.. 208 
. L508 
36.533,905 



..31., 

..34. 

.39., 



Pleasant Gap. ..26. 
Pleasant Mount. 9. 
Pleasant Unitv.37. 
Pleasant Valley.37. 
Pleasantville . .11. 
Plumsteadville .66. 

Plumville 38. 

Plymouth 31. 

Plymouth 

Meeting 65. 

Point Marion.. .53. 
Point Pleasant. 66. 

Polk 11. 

Pomeroy 63. 

Pond Creek 

Junction 
Pond Eddy. 

Portage „„ 

Port Allegany. ..4 

Port Carbon 47. 

Port Clinton. . .47. 
Port Griffith... 31. 
Port Kennedy. .65. 

Portland 49 

Portland Mills. .14. 
Port Matilda. ..26. 

Port Perry 36. 

Port Providence65. 

Port Royal 43. 

Port Royal . . ..37. 
Port Trevorton.44. 
Potter Brook.. .6. 
Potters Mills 
Pottstown . . 
Pottstown 

Landing 63 200 

*Pottsville 47.. 20,236 

Powell 7. . . 302 

Powls Valley. ..46. ..." 231 

Pogntelle 9... 525 

Prescottville ...24 301 

P''?sto 36 200 

Pnceburg 20. . .9,331 

Pricedale 37. 

Pricetown 62! 

Primrose 50. 

Princeton 21 

Pringle 31. ' 

Proctor 17. 

Progress .46! 



.26 

..65.. 15,599 



401 
. . 201 
.. 625 
.. 300 
.. 702 
.. 601 
.. 414 
16,996 

.. 801 
.1,389 
.. 301 
.2,066 
.. 300 

. . 201 
. . 301 
.2,954 
.1,972 
.2,678 
. . 491 
. . 201 
.1,001 
. . 649 
. . 751 
. . 307 
.1,001 
. . 301 
. . 535 
. . 401 
. . 451 
. . 201 
. 31 



1,001 
412 
201 
301 
301 
351 
297 



Prompton 9. . 263 

Prospect 22 346 

Prospect Park.. 31 301 

Prospect Park.. 64. . .1,652 

gu'aski 21.... 401 

Punxsutawney. 24... 9, 058 
Puritan 37 450 

Q 

Quakake 47. . . . 501 



Rankin Station.36. 
..28. 
. .47. 
..24. 
..22. 
..16. 
..47. 
..47. 
.62. 
.61. 
.26. 



Ranshaw 

Raricks . . 

Rathmel . . 

Rattigan . 

Rauchton 

Ravenrun . 

Ravine ... 

*Reading . 

Reamstown 

Rebersburg 

Rebuck . . . 

Red Hill.. 

Redington 

Red Lion ..... 

Redman Mills. .36. 

Redstone 

Junction . 
Reed 

Reedsville . . 

Rehrersburg 

Reimersburg 
Reinre 

Reissing .... 
Rendham . . . 

Renfrew . . . 
Rennerdale . 
Reno 

Renovo .... 
Republic . . . 
Reyncldsville 

Rheims 

Rhodes .... 

Rhone „^ 

Rices Landing. .51 

Richboro 66. 

Richfield 43. 

Richland 60. 

Richland Center66. 
Richlandtown ..66. 

Ricketts 18. 

Riddlesburg ...54 
*Ridgewav 
Ridley Park 

Ridley 

Riegelsville 
Rimersburg 

Ringtown 

Rising Springs. .26 
Rittersville . . . .48 

Riverside 28 

Riverview 23 

Rixford 4 

Roaring Branchl7 
Roaringcreek ..30 
Roaring Spring.40 
Robertsdale . . ..41 

Robesonia 62 

Robinson 38 

Rochester 35 

Rochester Mills.38 



65. 
49. 
.59 



...53. 
...38. 
...43. 

. ..62. 

. ..12. 

...47. 

...50. 

. ..20. 
. . .22. 
...36. 
.. .11. 
...16. 
, . .52. 

. .24. 
.61. 
.30. 
.31. 



.14. 
. .64. 
...64. 
...66. 
..12. 

.47. 



Rockdale . . . 
Rock Glen. . . 
Rockhill 

Furnace . . 
Rockland .... 
Rockledge . . 
Rock Point. . 
Rockville . . . , 
Rockwood . . . 
Rockgrove . . , 

Rodfield 

Rodney 

Roelofs 

Rogersville . . 
Rogerstown . , 
Rohrerstown 
Rohrsburg . . , 

Rolfe 

Rome 

Romola 26 

Ronco 52 

Ronks 61 

Rook 36 

Roscoe 50 

Roscoe Station. 52 

Rose Bud 25 

Rosedale 39 



64. 
..31. 

.41. 
..11. 

..65. 
..35. 
..46. 
..53. 
..11. 
, .36. 
..37. 
..66. 
..51. 
..52. 
.61. 
..30. 
..14. 
7. 



,.3,801 
... 739 
... 201 
... 501 

... 301 
... 308 
... 203 
... 901 
..1,045 
... 600 
..6,042 
... 201 
... 201 
..1,001 
...201 
...201 
...501 
... 301 
.96,071 
... 801 
...251 
... 401 
. . . 664 
... 354 
..2,093 
. . . 501 

..1,001 
...701 
... 307 
... 509 
. . . 855 
, . . 251 
... 351 
, . . 501 
. . . 501 
...301 
. . . 351 
..4.621 
. .1,001 
. .3,189 
. . . 251 
...351 
...201 
...671 
. .. 225 
. . . 231 
. .. 722 
..1,001 
. . . 562 
...251 
...225 
..5,408 
.1,761 
.1,761 
. .. 701 
, . . 855 
,..723 
,..301 
. . 250 
. . 429 
. . 401 
.. 501 
.. 451 
.. 701 
.1,903 
.. 601 
.. 401 
. . 601 
.5,903 
. . 301 
.1,500 
.. 301 

.. 504 
.. 516 
.. 879 
.. 561 
. . 625 
.1,301 
.. 501 
.. 251 
.. 201 
. . 201 
.. 401 
.. 835 
. . 601 
. . 200 
. . 301 
. . 222 
. . 201 
.1,001 
. . 201 
.1,143 
.1.451 
.1,001 
.1,001 
. . 419 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Rosemont . 
Rose Point 
Roseto . . . . 
Rossiter . . . 
Rothsville 



, ..65. 
..21., 
. .49.. 
..38., 
.61. . 



Roulette 5. 



Rouseville 
Rouzerville 
Rowland . . 
Rowes Run 
Roxbury . , 
Royalton . , 

Royer 

Royersford 

Ruffs Dale 37. 

Rupert 30. 

Rupp 30. 

Rural Valley.. .23. 

Russell 3. 

Russell .... 
Russellton 
Ruthland . 
Rutledge . . , 

S 
Sabbath Rest. ..35. 
Sabinsville ... .6. 

Sabula 25. 

Sadsburyville ..63 
Saegerstown 
Safe Harbor. 
Sagamore . . 
Saginaw ... 

Sagon 

Saint Benedict. 39. 
Saint Bonifacius39. . 

Saint Clair 47. . 

Saint Claire. . ..36. . 
Saint Davids. . .64. . 
Saint Marys. . . .14. . 
Saint Michael. .39. . 
Saint Nicholas. .47. . 
Saint Peters. . ..63. . 
Saint Petersburgl3. . 
Saint Thomas.. 56.. 



. .11. 

..56. 

. .34. , 

..53., 
.56., 

..46., 
.40. , 
.65.. 



.14., 

.36. , 
. .6. , 
.64.. 



...2. 
..61. 
. .23. 
..59. 
.28. 



Salem 
Salina . . . 
Salina . . . 
Salisbury 
Junction 

Salix 39. . 

Salladasburg ..17.. 

Salona 16. . 

Saltillo 41. . 

Saltsburg 38. . 

Salunga 61. . 

Sample Run. . ..38. . 
Sanatoga ... 
Sandy Lake. 
Sandy Ridge. 
Sandy Run. . , 

Sarver 

.Saukerton . . 

Savan 

Sawyer City 

.Saxman 

Saxonburg . . 

Saxton 

Sayre 

Scalp Level. . 
Scenery Hill 



.. ..12. 
...11. 
...37. 

...53., 



. .65.. 
. .10. . 
...36. . 
..31. . 
. .22. . 
...39.. 
...38.. 

. .4. . 
..39.. 

22 
.".'54.'.' 
. ..7.. 
. . 39 . . 

.50.. 



Schaefferstown .60. 



Scheib 
Schellburg . . 
Schnecksville 
Schoeneck . . , 
SchoUard . . . , 
Schuylkill 

Haven .... 
Schwenkville 

Scotia 

Scotland . . . . 
Scottdale . . . 
Scott Haven. 
*Scranton . . . 

Seanor 

Seek 

Seelyville 



..46. . 
..54. . 

..48. . 

..61.. 

..10. . 

..47.. 
. . 65 . . 
. .26. . 
. . 56 . . 
..37. . 
..37. . 
..20.1! 
..53. . 
..47. . 
9.. 



Seisholtzville . .62. . 



Seitzland 59. . 

Selinsgrove ....44... 
Sellersville . . . .66. . . 

Seneca 11. . . 

Sevenpoints ...28... 
Seven Valleys. .. 59. . . 

Seward 37. . . 

Sewicklev 36. . . 

Shade Creek. . ..53. . . 

Shaft 47. . . 

Shafton 37. . . 



. 1,001 
.. 245 
. 201 
3,001 
... 451 
.1,501 
... 648 
... 301 
. . 301 
. . 601 
. . 808 
.1,033 
. . 200 
.3,073 
. . 501 
.. 501 
.. 250 
. . 763 
.. 412 
. 301 
. . 801 
.. 301 
.. 523 

.. 381 
.. 601 
.1,301 
. . 301 
. . 712 
. . 251 
.2,001 
. . 201 
.. 300 
.. 900 
.. 301 
.6,455 
.5,640 
. . 201 
.6,346 
. . 251 
.1,200 
. . 500 
. . 453 
. . 501 
. . 350 
. . 200 
.. 801 

.. 885 
. . 201 
. . 281 
.. 401 
. . 410 
.1,044 
. . 301 
. . 301 
.. 351 
. . 639 
. . 401 
.. 301 
.1,120 
. . 687 
. . 301 
. . 201 
. . 300 
. . 345 
.1,195 
.6,425 
.1,434 
. . 301 
. . 701 
. . 200 
. . 314 
. . 231 
. . 301 
. .201 

.4,747 
. . 381 
. . 201 
. . 233 
, 5,456 

. 801 
!9,f6V 
, . 600 

. 658 

. 650 

. 406 

. 202 

1.473 

1,572 

. 251 

. 218 

. 365 

. 548 
4,479 

. 600 
1,600 

. 343 



175 



Pennsylvania Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns Loca. 


Pop. 


Shamokin . . . 


.28. 


.19,588 


Shamokin Dam. 44. 


. . . 500 


Shaners 


.•At. 


. . . 400 


Shanksville . . 


.53. 


. . . 708 


Sharon 


.10. 


.15,270 


Sharon Hill. . . 


.64. 


..1,401 


Sharpsburg . . 


.a«. 


..8,153 


Sharpsville . . 


.10. 


..3,634 


Shartlesville . 


.62. 


. . . 600 


Shawniut .... 


.14. 


. . . 500 


Shearers Cross 






Roads 


.87. 


. . . 200 


Sheffield 


..8. 


..1,500 


Shenandoah . 


.47. 


.25,774 


Sheppton .... 


.47. 


..1,001 


Sheridan 


.60. 


. . . 257 


Sheridan 


.47. 


..1,000 




. 9 


. . . 200 


Sherman Dale 


.45. 


. . . 450 


Sheshequin 


..7. 


. . . 207 


Shickshinny . . 


.81. 


..1,917 


Shields 


.86. 


. . . 301 


Shillington . . . 


.6:i. 


..1,427 


Shingiehouse . 


..5. 


..1,598 


Shippensburg . 


.57. 


..8,457 


Shippensville . 


.12. 


. . . 378 


Shiremanstown 


57. 


. . . 545 


Shirlevsburg . 


.41. 


. . . 256 


Shocks Mills. . 


.61. 


...301 


Shoemakersville63 . 


. . . 503 


Shrewsbury . . 


.59. 


. . . 598 


Shrewsbury 






Station 


.59. 


. . . 308 


Shunk 


.1«. 


. . . 301 


Siegersville . . . 


.48. 


. . . 350 


Siegfried 


.49. 


..2,801 


Silver Creek. . . 


.47. 


..2,513 


Silverdale .... 


66. 


...232 


Silver Spring. . 


.61. 


. . . 201 


Simpson 


.20. 


..2,201 


Sinking Spring 


.62. 


. . . 601 


Sinnamahoning 


.15. 


...701 


Sirwell 


.28. 


. . . 601 


Siverlv 


.11. 


..1,616 


Six Mile Run. 


.54. 


. . . 348 


Skinners Eddy 


.19. 


...201 


Skippack 


.65. 


. . . 359 


Slatedale .... 


.48. 


. .. 701 


Slate Lick. . . . 


.28. 


. . . 301 


Slate Run 


.17. 


. . . 350 


Slatington . . . 


.48. 


..4,454 


Sligo 


.12. 


. . . 754 


Slippery Rock 


.22. 


. . . 870 


"Smeithport 


..4. 


..1,817 


Smicksburg . . 


.88. 


. . . 330 


Smithdale 


.86. 


. . . 478 


Smithfleld . . . 


.52. 


. . . 749 


Smithmill .... 


.25. 


. . . 250 


Smith Ferry. . 


.85. 


. . . 500 


Smithton .... 


.87. 


. . . 784 


Smock 


.52. 


..1,001 


Smokerun .... 


. 25 . 


. . . 301 


Smyser 


.M). 


. . . 365 


Snow Shoe. . . . 


.26 


. . . 643 


Snydertown . . 


.28. 


. . . 388 


Soldier 


.24. 


. . . 800 


♦Somerset .... 


.58 


..3,613 


Sonestown .... 


.18. 


. . . 301 


Sonman 


.89. 


. . . 601 


Soudersburg . . 


.61 . 


...214 


Souderton .... 


.65. 


..1,875 


Southampton . 


. 66 . 


. . . 300 


South Allentown48. 


..1,814 


South 






Bethlehem . 


.49. 


.19,973 


South 






Bethlehem . . 


.28. 


. . . 439 


South 






Brownsville 


.52. 


..3,948 


South 






Burgettstown 


50. 


. . . 876 


South 






Canonsburg 


.50. 


..1,697 


South 






Connellsville 


.52. 


. . . 201 


South Danville 


.28. 


. . . 429 


South Fork. . . 


.39. 


..4,592 


South 






Greensburg . 


.37. 


..1,748 


South Heights. 


.85. 


. . . 365 


South Newcastl 


e21. 


. . . 551 


South 






Philipsburg . 


.26. 


. . . 434 


South Renovo. 


.16. 


. . . 805 


South Sharon. 


.10. 


.10,190 


South Sterling 


.9. 


. . . 350 


South Waverl 


'.7. 


..1,084 


Southwest .... 


.37. 


..1,500 


Southwest 






Greensburg . 


.37. 


..2,137 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



South 

Williamsport 17. 

Spangler 39. 

Spartansburg . .3. 

Speers 50. 

Springboro 2. 

Spring City. .. .63. 
Spring Creek. . .48. 
Spring Creek... 3. 
Springdale ... .36. 

Springet 59. 

Spring Garden. 36. 
Spring Grove. . .59. 
Spring Mill ... .6.5. 
Spring Mills. . .;.6. 
Spring Mount.. 65. 
Springtown . . ..66. 
Spring Valley.. 43. 

Springville 8. 

Spruce Creek. ..41. 
Standing Stone. 7. 

Stanton 24. 

Starford 38. 

Starjunction . .52. 

Starners 57. 

Starrucca 9. 

State College.. .36. 

State Line 56. 

Stauffer 37. 

Steamburg 2. 

Steckman 54. 

Steelton 46. 

Sterling 9. 

Sterling Run. . .15. 

Stevens 61 . 

Stevensville ... 7. 
Stewartstown ..59. 

Stickney 4. 

Stiles 48. 

Stockdale 50. 

Stockertown . ..49. 

Stockton 31. 

Stoneboro 10. 

Stonerstown . ..54. 
Stormstown . . .26. 
Stouchsburg ...62. 
Stoyestown ....53. 



Strafford 63. 



Straight 
Strangford , 
Strasburg . . 
Strattonville 
Straustown 

Strong 28 

*Stroudsburg . .33 
Sturgeon .... 
Suedberg .... 
Sugargrove . 
Sugarloaf . . . 
Sugar Notch. 
Sugar Run. . 
Sugar Run. . 
Sumerhill . . . 
Summerville . 

Summit 

Summithill . . 
Summit Mills 
Siimneytown 
*Sunbury . . . 
Superior .... 
Susquehanna 
Sutersville . . 

Suter 

Swarthmore . 
Swedeland . . . 
Sweet Valley 
Swissvale . . . 
Swoyers . . . . , 
Sybertsville . 

Sygan 

Sykes 

Sykesville 
Sylvan 



. ..14. 

,.33. 

..61. 
, ..12. 
. ..62. 



. .33. 
..47. 
...3. 
. .31. 
. .31. 
, ..7. 
...3. 
. .39. 
..24. 

.39. 

.32. 
..53. 
, .65. 
. .28. 
, .37. 

. .8. 
..37. 
, .37. 
..64. 
..65. 

.31. 
. .36. 
..31. 
. .31. 
.36. 



.24. 
56. 



Sylvania 7. 



3,734 
3,701 
. 460 
. 383 
. 614 
2,801 
. 301 
. 301 
3,000 
. 400 
1,000 
1,152 
. 959 
. 301 
. 350 
. 300 
. 350 
. 301 
. 218 
. 201 
. 201 
. 401 
3,001 
. 201 
. 318 
1,435 
. 241 
. 501 
. 201 
. 201 

14,246 
. 401 
. 411 
. 385 
. 301 
. 674 
. 201 
. 301 
. 761 
. 426 
. 201 
1,074 
. 250 
. 301 
. 401 
. 355 
. 201 
. 301 
. 300 
. 885 
. 376 
. 401 
. 701 
4,379 
1,201 
. 504 
. 459 
. 201 
3,439 
. 301 
. 301 
. 863 
. 609 
. 308 
4,209 
. 301 
. 275 

13,770 
. 501 
3,478 
. 917 
. 917 
1,900 
. 551 
. 301 
7,381 
5,396 
5,396 
1,501 
1,756 
1,756 
. 301 
. 317 



Tamaqua 47. 

Tanners Falls. .9. 
Tannersville . . .33. 
Tarentum 
Tarrs .... 
Tata my . . 
Tavlor . . . 
Telford . . 
Telford . . 

Temple 62. 

Templeton ... .23. 
Tenmile Bottomll. 

Terrace 36. 

Terre Hill 61. 



..36. 
. .37. 
..49. 
. .20. 
.66. 
.65. 



9,462 
. 205 
. 401 
7,414 
. 501 
. 513 
9,061 
. 207 
1,501 
. 401 
. 601 
. 301 
. 601 



Towns 



Luca. Pop. 



Thomasville 
Thompson . . . , 
Thompson town 
Thornbury . . . 
Thornhill .... 
Three Springs. 

Throop 

Tidionte 

Tioga 

Tiona 

*Tionesta . . . . 

Tipton 

Titusville 

Tohyhanna . . . 
Tomhicken . . . 

Topton 

Tough kenamon 
*Towanda . . . 
Tower City. . . . 
Townville" . . . 

Trafford 

Trainer 

Transfer 

Trajjpe 

Trauger 

Tredyffrin 

Treichlers . . . . 

Tremont 

Tresckow . . . . 

Trestle 

Treveskyn . . . . 
Trevorton . . . . 
Trexlertown . . 

Tripoli 

Trout Run. . . . 
Troutville . ... 

Troy 

Truckville . . . . 
Truemans .... 
Trumbauersvill 
Tryonville . . . 
Tullytown . . . 
Tulpehocken . 
*Tunkhannock 
Tunnelhill ... 
Tunnelton . . . . 
Turbotville . .. 
Turtle Creek. . 
Tuscarora . . . 

Twilight 

Tyler , 

Tylersburg . . 
Tylersport . . . 
Tyrone 



.59. 
..8. 

43. 
.36. 
.36. 
.41. 
.30. 

..3. 
..6. 

.3. 
.13. 
.40. 



.33. 
.31. 
.63. 
63. 
...7. 
.47. 



.37. 

.64. 

.10. 

.65. 

.37 

.63. 

.49. 

.47. 

.33. 

.36. 

.36. 

.28. 

.48. 

.48. 

.17. 

.25. 

..7. 

.31. 

.13. 

e66. 
. . .2. 
..66. 
..62. 

.19. 
..39. 

.38. 

.28. 
..36. 
..47. 
..50. 



..12. 
. 65 . 
..40. 



..26. 

. .63. 

.31. 



U 

Uledi 52. 

Ulster 7. 

Ulysses 5. 

Unamis 53. 

Union City 1. 

Union Dale 8. 

Union Deposit. .46. 
Union Furnace. 41. 
Union Grove... 61. 
*Uniontown ...52. 
Uniontown ....46. 
Unionville 
Unionville 
United . . . 
Unity Station. .36. 

Universal 36. 

Upland 64. 

I'pper Darby... 64. 
Upper Dehigh. .31. 
Upper 

Providence . .64. 
Upper Strasburg56. 

Urey 38. 

Ursina 53. 

Utahville 25. 

XTtica 11. 

Uwchland 63. 

V 

Valencia 32. 

Valier 34. 

Valley Camp. . .37. 
Valley Forge. . .63. 
Valley Junction30. 
Valley View. . ..47. 
Vanderbilt 
Vandergrift 
Vandergrift 

Heights 37. 

Vandling 20. 

Van Meter . . . . 37 . 

Van Ormer 39. 

Vanport 35. 

Venango 2. 



. 401 
. 322 
. 293 
. 230 
. 401 
. 248 
5,133 
1,324 
. 533 
. 301 
. 803 
. 401 
8,533 
. 601 
. 201 
. 809 
. 341 
4,281 
2,335 
. 317 
1,959 
. 301 
. 401 
. 398 
1,201 
. 401 
. 350 
3,067 
. 501 
. 301 
2,500 
1,500 
. 475 
. 501 
. 281 
. 261 
1,288 
. 201 
. 201 
. 611 
. 201 
. 623 
. 387 
1,598 
. 661 
. 301 
. 365 
4,995 
. 701 
. 468 
1,501 
. 350 
. 354 
7,176 



,.1,501 
. . . 301 
, . . 901 
. . . 250 
, . 3,684 
, . . 355 
. . . 475 
. .. 201 
. . . 200 
,13,344 
, .. 391 
. . . 343 
. . . 501 
, . . 500 

. . 500 
, . . 801 

.3,321 
, . . 501 

. . 651 



.. .52. 
..37. 



.. 249 
.. 250 
.. 207 
.. 338 
. . 301 
.. 265 
.. 201 



. . 240 
. . 601 
. . 401 
. . 301 
.9,331 
. . 500 
.1,198 
.3,876 

.3,438 
. . 985 
. . 400 
. . 601 
. . 301 
. . 251 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



.61. 



Venetia 50. 

Verona 36. 

Versailles 36. 

Village Green.. 64. 

Villanova 64. 

Vintage 61. 

Vintondale . . ..39. 

W 

Wakefield 61. 

Walford 31. 

Walkers Mills.. 36. 

Wall 36. 

Wallaceton ....35. 
Walnut Bottom57. 
Walnut Port. . .49. 
Walmuttown ..62. 

Walston 24. 

Waltersburg . .53. 
Walters Park. .62. 

Wampum 21. 

Wanamie 31. 

Wapwallopen .31. 

* Warren 3. 

Warrendale . . .36. 
Warrensville . .17. 
Warrior Run.. .28. 
Warriors Mai-k.41. 

Warwick 63. 

♦Washington ..50. 
Washington 

Boro 

Washington 

Mine 52. 

Washingtonville29. 

Waterford 1. 

Water Gap 33. 

Waterside ... ..54. 
Watsontown ...28. 

Watters 22. 

Watlsburg 1. 

Waverly 20. 

Waymart 9. 

Wayne 64. 

Waynesboro ...56. 
♦Waynesburg 
Weatherly . . 
Weavers Old 

Stand 37. 

Weaversville ...49. 
Webster . 
Weedville 
Wehrum 
Weissport 

Weldbank 8. 

Weldon 65. 

Wellersburg . . .53. 

* Wellsboro ... .6. 

Wellsburg 1. 

Wellscreek ....53. 

Wellsville 59. 

Wen del .... 
Wernersville 

AWrtz 

Wcskit 

Wesleyville 
West AlexanderSO. 
West Apollo. ...37. 
West Bangor. 
West 

Brownsville 
*West Chester. .63. 
West Consho- 

hocken 65. 

West Coplay 

Junction . . ..48. 
West Decatur. .25. 
West Easton...49. 
West Elizabeth. 36. 

West End 11. 

West Fairfield. 37. 
West Fairview.57. 

Westfield 6. 

West Finley. . ..50. 
West Freedom.. 12. 
Westgrove . . . .63. 
West Hamburg. 62. 
West Hanover. 46. 
West Hazleton.31. 
West Hickory. .13. 
West 

Homestead . .36. 
West Kittanlng.23. 

Westland 50. 

West Leesport..62. 
West I.,eisenring52. 
West Liberty. ..22. 
West Manavunk65. 
West MiddlesexlO. 



. . 501 
.2,849 
.1,437 
.. 237 
. . 201 
. . 300 
.1,411 



,..315 
, . . 501 
, . . 501 
,.1,962 
, . . 324 
,..251 
. . . 401 
..1,039 

.1,001 
, . . 501 
, . . 201 
, . . 980 
, .1,503 
. . . 301 
.11,080 
. .1,001 
, . . 701 

.1,251 
, . . 301 
. . . 250 
.18,778 



.51. 
.33. 



.37. 

.14. 
..38. 
..32 



.37. 
.63. 
.40. 

.".~1.' 



.59. 
.50. 



. . 560 

.3,001 
.. 213 
. . 724 
.. 446 
.. 201 
.1,951 
. . 201 
..383 
. . 515 
. . 412 
.2,750 
.7,200 
.3,545 
.2,501 

.. 350 
. . 200 
.1,001 
.. 301 
.. 601 
. . 638 
. . 201 
. . 300 
. . 200 
.3,183 
. . 400 
. . 300 
. . 308 
.1,001 
. . 364 
. . 200 
. . 500 
. . 500 
. . 426 
. . 601 
.. 300 



.2,030 
,11,767 

.2,202 

.1,001 
. . 525 
.1,033 
..841 
. . 495 
. . 206 
. . 950 
.1,207 
. . 201 
. . 301 
.1,261 
. . 200 
. . 401 
.4,715 
. . 351 

.3,009 
. . 589 
. . 501 
. . 436 
.1,201 
. . 200 
. . 500 
.1,157 



176 



Pennsylvania Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. 



West Middle- 
town 50. . 

West Milton. . .27. . 

West Monessen.50. . 

West Monterey.l3. , 

Westmont 3i>. . 

^\'est Newton. .37. . 

Westover 25. . 

West Moor 31. . 

West Pittsburgh36. . 

West PittsburghSl. . 

West Pittston. .31. . 

West Point. . . .65. . 

Westport 16. . 

West Reading. .63. . 

West 

Reynoldsville 24.. 

West Salisbury .53. . 

West Springfieldl. . 

West Sunbury..22. . 

West Telford. ..65. . 

West View 36. . 

Westville 24. . 

West Winfield..32. . 

West Wyoming.31.. 

West York 59. . 

Wheatland ... .10. . 

Whitaker 36. . 



Pop. 


Toivns 


Loca. 


Pop. 




White 


.38. 


...201 


. 274 


Whitedeer . . . 


.27. 


. . . 351 


. 375 


White Haven. 


.31. 


..1,438 


. 600 


Whitemarsh . 


.65. 


. . . 300 


. 601 


White Mills. . 


..9. 


..1,500 


1,468 


Whitepine . . . 


.17. 


. . . 500 


2,880 


Whitney 


.37. 


. . . 880 


. 569 


Wickboro . . . . 


.23. 


..2,775 


. 400 


Wiconisco . . . . 


.4;i. 


..2,900 


1,000 


Wigton 


.25. 


. . 350 


. 501 


Wilcox 


.14. 


.1,037 


6,846 


Wilgus 


.38. 


. . . 250 


. 250 


*Wilkes-Barre 


.31. 


.67,105 


. 248 


Wilkinsburg . 


.36. 


18,924 


2,064 


Williams 


.53. 


. . 200 




Williamsburg 


.40 


.1,523 


. 933 


Wiliams Grove 


.25. 


. . 400 


. 701 


*Williamsport 


.17. 


31,860 


. 280 


Williamstown 


.46. 


.2,904 


. 283 


Wilock 


. 36 . 


. . 500 


. 664 


Willow Grove. 


.65. 


.. 800 


1,626 


Willow Street 


.61. 


. . 200 


. 501 


Wilmerding . . 


. 36 . 


.6,133 


. 501 


W ilmore 


. 3!» . 


.. 314 


1,621 


Wilpen 


.37. 


. . 200 


2,435 


Wilson 


.36. 


.1,108 


. 955 


Winburn 


. 25 . 


.1,500 


1,547 


Windber 


.53. 


.8,013 



Locii. Pop. 



Windgap 


.49. 


.. 832 


Windham . . . 


..7. 


. . 301 


Windsor 


.59. 


.. 697 


Winflcld 


.27 . 


.. 301 


Winfield 


.22. 


.. 501 


Wintcrburn . . 


.25, 


.. 201 


Winterstown . 


. 59 . 


.. 238 


Winton 


.20. 


. 5,280 


Wireton 


.37. 


.1,000 


Witmer 


.61. 


. . 301 


Womelsdorf . 


.62. 


.1,301 


Woodbury . . . 


..54. 


. . 255 


Woodland . . . . 


. 25 . 


.1,201 


Woodlawn . . . 


.35. 


.1,396 


Woods Run. . . 


..5(>. 


.. 944 


Woodville . .. 


.36. 


. . 501 


Woodward . . . 


.26. 


.. 401 


Woolrich .... 


.16. 


. . 251 


Wormleysburg 


.57. 


. . 809 


Worthington . 


.23. 


.. 436 


Wrightsville . 


..59. 


.2,051 


Wurtemberg . 


.21. 


.. 500 


Wyalusing . . 


..7. 


.. 580 


Wyano 


.37. 


. . 300 


Wyncote 


.65 


. . 260 


Wvndmoor . . . 


.65. 


. . 200 


V/yoming . . . . 


.31. 


.3,010 


Wyomissing . . 


.62. 


. . 985 



Loca. Pop. 



Yardley 

Yates 

Yatesboro .... 
Yatesville .... 

Yeadon 

Yeagertown . . 

Yerkes 

Yoe 

Yohogany .... 

*York 

Yorkana 

Yorkhaven . . . 
York New 

Salem 

York Springs. . 
Youngstown 
Youngsville 
Young wood . . . 
Yukon 

Z 

Zehner 31. 

Zelienople 2. 

Zerbe 47. 

Zeiglerville ... .65. 
Zion Grove ... .47 . 



. . . 894 
. . . 433 
. .2,001 
...573 
. . . 882 
. . . 533 
. . . 201 
. . . 567 
. . . 400 
.44,730 
. . . 500 
...793 

...221 
. . . 300 
. . . 323 
. .1,406 
..1,881 
. .1,001 



. . 201 
.1.388 
. . 301 
. . 400 
. 301 



PENNSYLVANIA 



A Remarkable State Which Stands First in the Production of JIany Important Commodities. 



Undoubtedly one of the best states for the land 
seeker is that which has the greatest number of 

resources, so that if agriculture and the purchase 
of land is not immediately possible, some other 
industry can be followed, until the opportunity for 
getting a home and land comes forward. 

While not the largest in area Pennsylvania is 
remarkable for having within its borders such great 
amount and variety of raw material pertaining to 
the necessities of life. The people of this state are 
to be commended also for the utilization of then- 
natural resources in such great degree. To il- 
lustrate: 

Water is a raw material and the enterprise of 
Pennsylvania changes it from fluid to solids in such 
great quantity that the state, in one of the late 
average years produced ice to the value of $2,038,504. 

GREAT IRON MANUFACTURING CENTER. 

In iron and steel Pennsylvania was first with 
products valued at ,$434,445,200, or 54 per cent of 
all iron produced in the United States. 

This state stood first in the manufacture of 
Coke, Pennsylvania reporting annual products valued 
at .$22.2S2,3.")S, or 62.6 per cent of all coke manu- 
factured. 

This was the state most prominent in the making 
of glass, its annual products being worth $23,274,113. 

With anthracite coal area of 480 square miles 
and bituminous 9,000 square miles, it is not sur- 
prising that its coal product in 1905 was valued 
at .')!127,534,89.j, exceeding more than 50 per cent 

of all the other output of coal in the United States. 

In a late year the state stood first also in leather, 
its product being valued at $55,615,009. 

In the construction of steam and street railroad 
cars Pennsylvania stood first with annual products 
worth $63,570,509. 

In petroleum refining this state is first, with 
annual product valued at $34,977,706. 

It stands first in the production of natural gas, 
with a value of $5,528,610. Salt springs, yielding 
over 300,000 barrels of salt annually, limestone, 
sandstone quarries, and fire clay production are 
among the growing industries being developed. 

Pennsylvania leads in production of Portland 
cement. The output in 1897 was 1,200,000 barrels, 
value $1,740,000, and since then greatly increased 
annually. 

Prosperous manufacturing centers are Philadel- 
phia with over 18,000 factories and over 300,000 
operatives. Pittsburg, one of the most important 



cities in the world, in brass, iron, steel, copper, 
glass and paper, and with the natural gas region 
around it. 

Another great advantage pertaining to the state 
is that of transportation. On June 1, 1905, Penn- 
s,\ Ivania had 11,155.84 miles of railroad, and canal 
and slack water navigation of 725 miles. Erie 
possesses one of the best harbors on Lake Erie, 
with a coast line of 45 miles, and has a large ex- 
port and import trade, and Philadelphia has four 
lines of European steamers, affording outlet to all 
parts of the world. Thus it is seen that being near 
the great central markets, the abundant facilities 
for quickly and cheaply reaching them, healthy 
climate and great agricultural product, indicating 
fertile soil, the land seeker will be able with his 
family to get a support in this state, and cannot 
go far amiss if he makes Pennsylvania his abiding 
place. 

CONDENSED IIMPORT.\NT FACTS RELATING TO 

THE STATE. 

Altitude. — Highest in the state. Allegheny Range 
has an elevation of from 2,000 to 2,800 feet. 

Climate. — Average January temperature at Phila- 
delphia, 32; July 76; extreme warmest 103; coldest 
6 below. Annual rainfall 39.8 inches. Average 
January temperature at Pittsburg 30; July 74; ex- 
treme warmest 103; coldest 20 below. Yearly rain- 
fall 36.7 inches. 

Dimensions. — Extreme length of the state from 
north to south, 180 miles; width from east to 
west, 300 miles. 

History. — First visited by Henry Hudson in Dela- 
ware Bay, 1609. Lord De la Warr from whom the 
bay was named, entered its mouth 1610. Fort 
Nassau built by the Dutch on Delaware river in 
1623. First actual settlement by Swedish colonies 
at Tinicum Island 1643. Whole territory between 
Delaware and Hudson river taken by Dutch of 
New Amsterdam 1655. Conquered by the English 
11)64. Recovered by Dutch 1673. Reverted to 
British 1674. Charter granted for Pennsylvania 
Territory to William Penn, who located at New 
Castle Oct. 27, 1682, and founded Philadelphia. 
Penn's humane treatment of the Indians and 
colonists caused prosperity in the colony. Over 300 
houses in Philadelphia in 1684, with a population 
of 2,500. Penn returned to England in 1701 and 
died there in 1718. Boundary dispute with Mary- 
land settled by establishment of Mason and Dixon's 
line 1767. First Continental Congress met in Phila- 
delphia 1774. Constitution of the United States 
adopted and ratified December 12, 1787. Was one 
of the 13 original states and the second to enter 
the Union. 



177 



RHODE ISLAND 



STATE AND THE 5 COUNTIES OF RHODE ISLAND 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 

of 

RHODE ISLAND 

COUNTIES 



Lo- 
ca- 
tion 


COUNTIES 


Pop. 
1910 


1. . . 
4. . . 


Providence. . 

Kent. . 

Washington . . 
Bristol 


328,683 
29,976 
24,154 
18,144 
32,599 




otal 




T 


542,610 



CITIES AND VILLAGES 
OF RHODE ISLAND 
WITH 1910 POP- 
ULATIONS 



Towns 


Loca. 


Pop. 


A 






Abbottrun . . 


. ..1. 


.. 250 






. . 475 




. . .1. 


. . 850 


Anttiony .... 


...2. 


.2,800 


Apponaug . . . 


...2. 


.1,290 


Arctic 


. . .2. 


.3,066 


Arlington . . . 


.. .1. 


.1,226 


Arnold Mills. 


.. .1. 


. . 303 


Ashaway . . . . 


. ..3. 


. . 306 


Ashland .... 


.. .1. 


.. 275 


Ashton 


...1. 


.2,620 


Auburn 


.. .1. 


.5,502 



Barrington 

Center . . . . 
Belleville . . . 
Block Island. 
Bridgeton . . . 
♦Bristol 



. . . 512 
... 200 
. . 1,273 
. . . 666 
..8,565 



Carolina . . . 
Centerdale . 
Central Falls 
Chepachet 
Clayville . . . 
Conimicut 
Coventry . . . 
Cranston . . . 
Crompton . . 



. . 250 
.1.250 
22,754 
.1,425 
. . 330 
.. 200 
. . 820 
21,107 
. 1,866 



Diamond Hill . . .1. 



250 



E 



*East Grecn\vich2. . .3,420 
East Providencel. .15,808 
East Providence 

Center 1 306 

Esmond 1 . . . . 560 

F 

Fisl<ville 1. ..2,500 

Forestdale 1 . . . . 426 

Foster 1 380 

Foster Center... 1 650 

G 

Georgiaville .. ..1. . .1,066 

Glendale 1 370 

Grants Mills. . . .1 326 

Greene 2 . . . . 830 

Greenville 1. . . . 730 

Greystone 1 . . . . 862 

H 

Harrisville 1... 2,205 

Hillsgrove 2. . .1,202 

Hope 1... 1,260 

Hope Valley 3 402 

Howard 1 . . . . 420 

Hughesdale 1. . . . 450 



Jamestown 5... 1,337 




CITIES AND VILL.\GES OF RHODE ISLAND WITH 1910 POPULATIONS 



Loca. Pop. 



Kenyon 3 250 

♦Kingston 3 200 



Lafayette 3. . .. 390 

Lakewood 2. . . . 650 

Lime Rock 1 490 

Little Compton..5. . .1,232 
Longmeadow . ..2. . . . 350 

Lonsdale 1. ..3,509 

Lymansville . . ..1. . . . 766 

M 

Manville 1. . .4,062 

Mapleville 1. . . . 607 

Meshanticut ....1....462 
Middletown 5 . . . 1,581 

N 
Narragansett 

Pier 3. . .1,066 

Nasonville 1. . . . 545 

Natick 2. .11,950 

Nayatt Point . . ..4. . . . 641 

♦Newport 5. .27,149 

New Shoreham..5. . .1,273 

Niantic 3 2.50 

Nooseneck Hill . .2 . . . . 200 
North Scituate...l. . .1,060 



Loca. Pop. 



North Tiverton . .5 . . . 1,650 
Norwood 2. . . . 650 



Oakland 1 490 

Oakland Beach.. 2. ... 506 
Oak Lawn 1. . . . 826 



Pascoag 1 

Pawtucket 1 

Pawtuxet 1 

Peace Dale 3, 

Phenix 2 

Phillipsdale . ... 1 

Pinehill 3 

Point Judith.. ..3, 

Pontiac 2 , 

Portsmouth ....5 

Potter Hill 3, 

Providence 

( capital) 1 , 

Prudence 5, 



.2,425 
51,622 
2,700 
1,062 
4.150 
. 700 
. 310 
. 200 
1,902 
2,371 
. 422 



224,326 
... 290 



R 

River Point 2 . . . 3,420 

Riverside 1 . . . 1,602 

Rockland 1. . . . 408 

Rockville 3. . . . 250 

Rumford 1 . . . . 509 



Loca. Pop. 



Saylesville 1. . .1,.500 

Shannock 3. . . . 209 

Slatersville 1... 1,566 

South Scituate. .1 . . . . 710 
Summit 2 470 

T 

Thornton 1 706 

Tiverton 5. . .3,240 

Tiyerton Four 

Corners 5. . . . 350 

V 

Valley Falls 1. . .4,102 



W 

Wakefield 3 

Warren 4 

Warwick 2 

Washington ... .2 
West Barrington4 

Westerly 3 

West Greenwich 

Center 2 

White Rock 3 

"Wickford 3 

Woonsocket . . ..1 
Wyoming 3 



1,066 
6,585 
. 350 
. 880 
. 770 
9,000 

. 474 

. 309 

1,502 

38,125 

. . 320 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Town.?; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located; Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

178 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



RHODE ISLAND 

Smallest in Area of Any One of the I'nited States — Location of the First Cotton Factory in tlie I'nion and 

the Leading: Center for I'rint Clotlis 



S)iould the land seeker ask concerning the induce- 
ments for settlement in Rhode Island, the reply may 
be that an old manufacturing region like this affords 
ample opportunity for getting employment, if not on 
land, then certainly in some one of the many fac- 
tories that abound in this state. 

It is a fact that must always be understood, that 
in any region it takes a little time to get fixed in 
the right place. Whether in a Western territory or 
in an old New England State, there are vacancies 
occurring, from time to time, in the various avenues 
of enterprise and employment which call for every 
kind of brain and hand. With the tens of thousands 
of different men it is impossible that all can be kept 
continually in the same groove. By death, restless- 
ness, discharge, accidents and otherwise, one officer 
after another, one mechanic after another, one lab- 
orer after another, will fall out of the ranks and his 
place must be filled. 

While that is true in the field of mechanics and 
clerical employ, it is true in the domain of agricul- 
tural enterprise and ownership. However desirable 
locations and neighborhoods may be for gardening 
or farming, lands always will be offered for sale in 
choice localities, and the land seeker has only to 
visit such places as fancy and judgment may select, 
bide his time, watch the opportunity and obtain what 
Is desired. 

CENTRAL POINT FOB DISTRIBUTION, 

Examination shows that Rhode Island is very fa- 
vorably located for commercial advantage. It has a 
good climate, with an annual average temperature of 
about 48 at Providence, and 50 at Newport, with a 
yearly rainfall of 44.81 inches at Providence. While 
not a mountainous region it is hilly, with a soil,, to 
the West of Narragansett Bay, naturally better 
adapted to grazing than to the growing of cereals 
and vegetables. And yet, through fertilization, and 
through cultivation, the small farms and market 
gardens in the vicinity of the cities afford liberal 
support for their owners. 

That the people of Rhode Island are attached to 
their farms, their gardens, and their factories, is 
shown in the fact that instead of emigrating: to other 
parts of the world, where agricultural conditions 
would seem to be better, they continue to remain — 
they, their children, and their children's children — 
right here in Rhode Island until population is so 
dense as to give over 508 persons to the square mile. 

NATURAL MANUFACTUBING POINT. 

Investigation shows that while agriculturists and 
horticulturists do well here, it is not the soil which 
holds them. In fact, census returns show that less 
than one-fifth of the people engage in agriculture, 
but that the great majority are employed in factories 
and manufacturing. Though the streams generally 
are small they furnish such an abundance of power 
as to make the state, with its accessibility to mar- 
kets, aided by railroads and Narragansett Bay, which 
extends up 28 miles into the state, an ideal region 
for manufacturing, and shipment of goods to the 
nearby great markets. 

BEGUN IN THIS STATE. 

It was here at Pawtucket, on Pawtucket River, 
where the first cotton factory in America was erected 
in 1790. It is near here, at Providence, that the 
great Corliss engine works are located. Providence, 
with its immense woolen and cotton mills, is widely 
celebrated as being the leading market for print 
cloths in the United States. 

As a general manufacturing point Providence is a 
center for silverware, jewelry, hardware and sewing 
machines; Pawtucket for its extensive print, d.veing 
and bleaching works, files and cardboard; Woon- 
socket, for its cotton manufactures; Valley Falls its 
horseshoes, and Bristol its rubber works, and its 
torpedo boats, launches and yachts. 

The shell fisheries are important. The commerce 
is chiefly domestic. Providence, being so far up in 



the interior by water navigation, up Narragansett 
Bay, and river. Providence receives large quantities 
of coal and cotton for neighboring states as well as 
for the home supply, and ships manufactured goods. 
Being a very central inland seaport, much merchan- 
dise is received and shipped from here for the Bos- 
ton trade. 

WHY TWO CAPITALS FOR THE STATE. 

People will query why so small a state should 
find it necessary to have had so long two state capi- 
tals. It is the old story of two families living in one 
house. While they could pleasantly visit each other 
from distant points, moving in together made a 
familiarity that bred contempt, which resulted in 
quarrel. 

The differences here date back to 1636 when Roger 
Williams was banished from Massachusetts for too 
inuch liberality in religion and took up his residence 
in this state at the head of a colony. William Cod- 
dington came in llioO at the head of another colony, 
located on the island where Newport and Portsmouth 
are situated, followed by John Greene and Samuei 
Godin, who headed a settlement at Warwick in 1643. 

In the meantime Roger Williams went to England 
and obtained a patent for the united government of 
the settlements. Following this patent, which ex- 
pired in 1663, a charter was secured from Charles II 
of England incorporating the colony of Rhode Island 
and the Providence Plantations, which was the only 
constitution of government for ISO years. This old 
charter of 1663 during the ISO years, brought old 
conditions up to 1S43, when Providence, Pawtucket 
and other towns, dissatisfied with their small repre- 
sentation in the legislative councils, though many 
times larger than Newport, had a constitutional con- 
vention called and secured the necessary votes to 
make Providence the seat of government. State offi- 
cers were elected, but in the attempt to secure the 
capital for Providence the party in power claimed 
that the old charter was in force, that the election 
was illegal, that the attempt to take the reins of 
government was rebellion, and when the people met 
to enforce the provisions of the new election they 
were met with a military force and dispersed. Not 
only that, but the newly elected governor was ar- 
rested as a traitor and imprisoned for a time. 

ENDEAVOR TO GET ONE CAPITAL. 

As a compromise a new state constitution was pre- 
pared and adopted by the people which made Provi- 
dence and Newport each alternately the capital of 
the state, and such was the condition since 1843 
until the adoption of an amendment to the state 
constitution in 1900 which caused Providence to be- 
come the capital of the state. 

The story is much longer than we have told it here 
as to the cause of the two capitals, but this was the 
case in brief. Land seekers will not worry, however, 
about old history. On the contrary, they will act 
wisely when they investigate why so many people 
can live and prosper in so small a space. The re- 
sult may be that they will find here what they want. 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
THE STATE. 

Altitude. Highest, Poscoag Hill, in northwest cor- 
ner of Providence County, 394 feet. 

Climate. Average yearly. Providence, 47.91; New- 
port, 49.39. Average January, 30; July. 70. Highest, 
92. Lowest. 8 below. Annual rainfall, 50.0. 

Dimensions. Length of state, from north to south, 
50 miles. Width from east to west, 35 miles. Area 
of the state, 1,250 square miles. 

Histor.v. One of the 13 original states. Ratified 
the United States Constitution and entered the Union, 
1790. First settlement made at Providence by Roger 
Williams, 1636. Charter for Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence obtained from Charles II of England in 1663. 
Portsmouth and Newport settled 163S and 1639. 



179 



SOUTH CAROLINA 



STATE AND THE 43 COUNTIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

With Their Boundaries 






v" } /N / 7 \ 9 ; 10 \ 11 S 



\'3/«/?>/ ^;VM'V,7^,«/ 



^o 



27 ?28 



^ "'-.,^"-x\.\ 29 



,\ 



\ .i. 23 Z ^ ,c , 

30 /^^'--. A ^^/' 34 / ^-#^' 

^ ^^ I ./--^ / 35 M/ 



Ay&ust/! 



^ 



/ -^ 3t 
36 i,37,V 38 t c 

\ 



v:v> 



«^ A P ©F 

SO CAROLINAI 



A^^ 



SAVANNAH 



LOCATION AND POPULATION OP' SOUTH CAROLINA COtTNTIES 



hnra. 


County 


Pop. 


1.. 


.... Oconee. 


.27,337 


2. .. 


.... Pickens. 


.25,432 


3. . . 


. . . Anderson . 


.69,568 


4. . . 


Greeneville. 


.68,377 


5.. 


Spartanburg. 


.83,465 


6... 


... Cherokee. 


.26,179 


7. .. 


Union. 


.29,911 


«. .. 


York. 


.47.718 


9... 


.... Chester. 


.29,125 


10.. . 


. . Lancaster. 


.26,6.50 


11... 


Chesterfield. 


.26,.301 


12. . . 


. . . Marlboro. 


.31,189 



Lora. Conni y 

13 Abbeville. 

14 Laurens. 

15.... Greenwood. 

16 Newberry . 

17 Fairfield. 

18 Kershaw. 

19 Lee. 

20. . . . Darling-ton. 

21 Dillon. 

22 Edgefield. 

23 Saluda. 



Pop. 



.34,804 
.4l,!>50 
.34,225 
.34,586 
.29,443 
.27,094 
.25,818 
.36,027 
.22,615 
.28,281 
,20,943 



Lora. County 

24 Lexing-ton. 

25 Richland. 

26 Sumter. 

27 Florence. 

28 Marion. 

29 Horry. 

30 Aiken. 

31... Orangeburg. 

32 Calhoun. 

33 Clarendon. 

34.. Williamsburg. 



Pop. 



.32,040 
,55,145 
.38,473 
.35,671 
,20,396 
.26.995 
.41,849 
.55,892 
.16,634 
.32,188 
.37,626 



Loca. County Pop. 

35... Georgetown. .22,270 

36 Barnwell. .34,209 

37 Bamberg. .18,544 

38 Dorchester. .17,891 

39 Berkeley.. 23,487 

40 Hampton. .25,146 

41 Colleton. .25,390 

43 Beaufort. .30,355 

43 Charleston.. 88,594 

Total 1,515,400 



South Carolina Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



♦Abbeville 
Adams Run 
* Aiken . . . . 

AIcolu 

Allen 

Allendale . 
'Anderson 
Arcadia . . . 
Ardella . . . 



.13. 
.43. 
.30. 
.33. 
.29. 
.36. 
. .3. 
. .5. 
. .5. 



.4,459 
. . 200 
.3,911 
. . 458 
. . 200 
.1,453 
.9,6,54 
. . 306 
. . 390 



Loca. Pop. 



Arial .... 
Arkwright 

*Bamberg 
*Barnwell 
Batesburg 
Bath .... 
*Beaufort 
Belton . . . 
*Bennettsville .15 



. .5. . 

.37.. 
.36.. 
.24. . 
.30.. 
.42.. 
. . 3 . . 



508 
560 

,937 
,324 
,995 
560 
,486 
,652 
,646 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Bessie 

Bethune . . . 
♦Bishopville 
Blacksburg . 
Blackville . . 
Blenheim . . 

Bluffton 

Bordeaux. . . 

Bowman 31 . . 

Bradley 15. . 



. .4. , 
.18. . 
.19. 
. .6. , 
.36.. 
.12. . 
.43.. 
.13. . 



250 
317 
,659 
,119 
,278 
228 
577 
326 
327 
279 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

Branchville .. .31 ... 1,471 

Brandon 4. . . . 302 

Brunson 40. . . . 610 

Bucklick 17 490 

Buffalo 7... 2,063 

C 

Calhoun 2 215 

Calhoun Falls. .13. ... 396 

*Camden 1S...3..569 

Cameron 33 ... . 431 



Kxplanation : Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1010. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

180 



South Carolina Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Fop. 



Campobello 
Carlisle . . . 
Cartersville 
Cateechee . 
Central . . . 
Chapin .... 
♦Charleston 

Cheraw __ 

Cherokee Falls. .6 
*Chesterfleld. . .11 

♦Chester 9 

Clemson College. 1 



..5. 
. .7. 
.27. 
. .3. 
. .2. 
.24. 
.43. 
.11. 



Clifton 
Clinton . . . 

Clio 

Clover .... 
Cokesbury . 
Colemans . 
Colliers . . . 
Columbia 

(capital) 
Converse . . 
*Conway . . 
Cottageville 
Cowpens . . 
Crocketville 

Cromer 

Cross Anchor 
Cross Hill 



•Darlington 
Denmark . . 
•Dillon .... 
Donalds . . . . 
Drayton . . . . 
Due West . . 
Dunklin . . . . 



. .5. 
.14. 
.12. 
..8. 
.15. 
.23. 
.22. 

.25. 
. .5. 
.29. 
.41. 
. .5. 
.40. 
.. .16. 
. .5., 
.14. 



.20. 
.37. 
.21. 
.13. 
. .5. 
.13. 
..4. 



. . . 255 
. . . 367 
...314 
. . . 390 
. . . 886 
. . . 345 
.58,833 
..3,873 
...591 
, . . 618 
, .4,754 
, . . 496 
, .6,066 
.3,273 
, .. 780 
.1,307 
. . 756 
. 3,009 
.3,062 

26,319 
.1,098 
.1,228 
. . 418 
.1,101 
. . 300 
.2,228 
.. 200 
.. 558 



.3.789 
.1,075 
.1,757 
.. 368 
.. 208 
.. 672 
.. 220 



E 

Easly 

Eastover 

Eau Claire . . 

Ebenezer 

♦Edgefield . . . . 
Edisto Island. 
Ehrhardt . . . . 

El! en ton 

Elliott 

Elloree 

Enoree 

Enterprise . . . 

Estill 

Eutawville . . . 
E.xchange . . . . 

r 

Fairfax 

Fairforest . . . . 
Fingerville ... 
♦Florence . . . . 
Forkshoals . . . 
Fort Lawn . . . 

Fort Mill 

Fort Motte. . . . 
Fountain Inn. 

G 

♦Gaffney 

♦Georgetown . 

Gilbert 

Glendale 

Goldville 

Golightly . . . . 



.43. 
.49. 
.31. 
.43. 

.36. 
. .5. 
. .5. 

.27. 
..4. 



.32. 
. .4.. 

..6., 
.35. 
.24. , 
. .5.. 
.14. 



.2,983 
. . 237 
.1,234 
.1,190 
.1,771 
.4,066 
. . 315 
. . 367 
. . 562 
. . 540 
.2,100 
.2,026 
. . 460 
. . 405 
. . 396 



. . 499 
. . 306 
. . 320 
.7,057 
. . 360 
. . 204 
.1,616 
. . 392 
. . 979 



.4,767 
.5,530 
. . 450 
. . 800 
. . 204 
. . 326 



Towns 



L'jca. Pup. 



Gourdin . . . . 

Grahamville 
Graniteville 
Gray Court . 
Great Falls. 
Greeleysville 
♦Greenville . 
♦Greenwood 
Greer 



..34. 
, .43. 

.30. 

.14. 

. .9. 

.34. 

. .4. 

.15. 

..4. 



. . . 300 
. . . 293 
. .2,520, 
. .. 284 
. . . 226 
. . . 630 
15,741 
.6,614 
.1,673 



H 



Hamburg 


.30 


♦Hampton . . . 


.4i» 


Hardeeville . . 


.42 


Hartsville . . . 


.20. ..2 


Heath Springs 


.10 


Helena 


.16 


Hendersonville 


41 


Hickory Grove 


..8 




. .4. . . . 


Hix 


31 


Hodges 


.15 


Holly Hill 


.31 


Honea Path . . 


.31. ..1 


Huntersville . . 


..4 


I 




Inman 


.5 


Irmo 


24 


Iva 


..3 



James Island. 

Jefferson 

Johns Island. . 

Johnston 

Joncsville . . . . 
Jordan 

K 

Kathwood . . . . 

Kershaw 

♦Kingstree . . . 

Kline 

L. 
Ladies Island. 

Lake City 

Lamar 

♦Lancaster . . . 

Lando 

Land rum 

Langley 

Latta 

Laurel 

Laurens 

Leeds 

Leesville 

Lenud 

Levys 

♦Lexington . . . 

Liberty 

Liberty Hill.. . 

Lima 

Lisbon 

Little Moun- 
tain 

Lockhart 

Lodge . •. 

Loris 

Lowndesville . 
Lowryville . . . 

Lumber 

Lydia 



.43. 
.11. 
.43. 



..7. 
.33. 

.30. 
.10. 
.34. 
.36. 

.42. 

.27. 
.20. 
.10. 
..9. 
. .5. 
.30. 
.21. 
.35. 
.14. 
. .9. 
.24. 
.34. 
.43. 
.34. 



484 
748 
649 

2,365 
452 
425 
319 
385 
200 
603 
266 
342 

1,763 
250 

474 

267 
894 



.2,022 
, . . 390 
.1,000 
. . 943 
.. 969 
.. 363 



.. 208 
. . 682 
.1.373 
. . 220 

.3,026 
.1,074 
. . 592 
.3,098 
. . 396 
. . 449 
.1,500 
.1,358 
. . 322 
.4,818 
. . 350 
. . 980 
. . 250 
. . 209 
. . 709 
.1,058 
. . 263 
. . 420 
. . 341 



. . 440 
.2,096 
. . 202 
. . 229 
. . 350 
. . 343 
. . 328 
.1,513 



Loca. I'op. 



Lynch . . . 
Lynchburg 



.37. 
.19. 



M 



McClellanville .43. 

McCoU 13. 

McConnellsville..8. 



.13. 
.. .1. 
..33. 
..28. 

.27. 

.43. 

.21. 

.26. 

.43. 



McCormick 
Madison . . . 
♦Manning . 
♦Marion . . 
Mars Bluff 
Maryville . 

May 

Mayesville 
Meggett . . 
♦Monks Corner. 39. 
Moultrieville ..43.. 
Mount Carmel..l3., 
Mt. Pleasant. . .43 
Mullins 38.. 

N 

Navy Yard 43. . 

♦Newberry .... 1(J, . 
New Brookland.24. . 

Newry l . . 

Neyles 41. . 

Ninety-six . . . .15. . 

North 31. . 

North Augusta. 30.. 
Norway 31. , 



O 

Olanta 

Olar 

Oldpoint 

•Orangeburg. . 



.27. 
.37. 
. .8. 
.31. 



.1,013 
.. 466 

.. 974 
.1,628 
. . 279 
. . 613 
.. 208 
. 1,854 
.3,844 
. . 450 
. . 473 
. . 290 
. . 751 
.1,090 
. . 506 
.1,011 
. . 264 
.1,346 
. 1,882 

.1,660 
.5,038 
. . 926 
. . 930 
. . 360 
. . 758 
. . 561 
.1,136 
.. 315 



. . 230 
. . 350 
. . 350 
.5,906 



Pacolet , 

Pageland . . . . , 
Paris Island. , 

Pel ham 

Pelzer 

Pendleton . . . , 
♦Pickens . . . . , 
Piedmont . . . . 
Pinewood . . . . 

Pinopolis 

Pomaria 

Ponpon 

Port Royal . . . 
Prosperity . . . 
Q 
Quick 

B 

Reedy River 

Factory . . . . 
Reevesville . . . 

Richburg 

Ridgeland . . . . 
Ridge Spring. . 
Ridgeville . . . . 
Ridgeway . . . . 

Rockhill 

Rowesville . . . 
Rural 



. .4. 
.30. 
..3. 
. .2. 
. .4. 
.33. 
.39. 
.16. 
.43. 
.42. 
.16. 

.11. 



. . 410 

. . 360 
. . 306 
. . 306 
.6,620 
. . 833 
. . 897 
.3,602 
. . 421 
. . 200 
. . 220 
. . 360 
. . 363 
. . 737 

. . 260 



..4. 
.38. 
. .9. 
.42., 
.23. 
.38. , 

17. . 
, .8. . 

31. . 
.19. . 



Toiois 



Loca. I'op. 



•St. Matthews 
St. Stephen. . 

Salley 

♦Saluda 

Sampit 

Sandyrun . . . . 
Scranton . . . . , 

Sellers , 

Seneca 

Shandon 

Sharon 

Silver 

Simpsonville . 

Smoaks 

Snelling 

Society Hill. . . 
South Lynch- 
burg 

Sparjun 

♦Spartanburg . 
Springfield . . . 

Star 

Steedman . . . . 

Stillwood 

Stokesbridge . 
Summerton . . . 
Summerville . 

♦Sumter 

Swansea 

T 

Tatum 

Timmonsville . 
Townville . . . . 

Trenton 

Troy 

Tucapau 



.32. 
.3!*. 
.30. 
.23. 
.35. 
.32. 
.37. 
.38. 
. .1. 



.35. 
. .8. 
.33. 
. .4. 
.43. 
.36. 
.20. 

.19. 
..5. 
. .5. 
.31. 
3. 



.24. 
.40. 
.19. 
.33. 
.38. 
.26. 
.24. 

.13. 

.27. 
. .3. 



.23. 
.15. 
..5. 



.1,377 
. . . 408 
. . . 311 
. . . 610 
. . . 300 
..1,610 
. . . 308 
. . . 458 
..1,313 
. . . 795 
...374 
. . . 200 
. . . .521 
. . . 290 
, . . 338 
. . . 580 

...275 
. . . 490 
.17,517 
. . . 438 
. . 364 
. . 330 
. . 306 
.3,131 
. . 678 
.3,355 
.8,109 
.. 523 



..1,708 
. . 255 
. . 257 
. . 233 
. . 866 



U 

"Union 7... 5,623 



Varnville 

Vaucluse 

W 

"Wagener 

♦Walhalla . . .. 
•Walterboro . . 

Wando 

Warrenville . . 
Wedgefield . . . 

Welford 

Westminster . 
West Union. . . 

Westville 

Whitehall 

White Pond. . . 



.40. 
.30. 



S 



♦St. George. 
St. Helena 
Island . . . 



.38. 
.42. 



. 220 


Whitmire . . . 


. 205 


Wilkins 


. 245 


Wilksburg . . 


. 330 


Williamston . 


. 505 


Willington . . 


. 338 


Williston 


. 370 


Windsor . . . . 


7,216 


♦Winnsboro . 


. 508 


Woodruff .... 


. 490 


Woodward . . 




Y 


. 957 


Yemassee . . . 




♦Yorkville . . 


7,747 


Yonges Island 



.40. 
. .8. 
.43. 



542 
850 



.. 362 
.1,595 
.1,677 
. . 250 
. . 336 
. . 250 
. . 370 
.1,576 
. . 328 
. . 847 
. . 366 
. . 250 
.1,045 
.3,060 
. . 326 
.1,957 
. . 365 
. . 624 
. . 200 
.1,754 
.1,880 
. . 396 



. . 250 
.2,326 
. . 226 



SOUTH CAROLINA 



A State That Raises Tea, Pays Expense of Bringing Immigrants from Foreigm Countries to Soutliern Ports, 

Entertains New Arrivals with Cordial Welcome, and Finds Them Good Positions 

on Farms or in Manufacturing Employment 



One of the very favorably situated states, located 
on the south Atlantic coast is South Carolina, the 
state authorities in which are exhibiting a great 
amount of enterprize in advertising its advantages. 

To inform land seekers of the face of the country, 
climate and soil we take the following from Hill's 
General Cyclopedia. 

"The area of the state comprises 30,961 square 
miles. It is 180 miles long, from north to south, 
and IGO miles wide, from east to west. 

"The surface may be about equally divided into 
high, middling and low land, the last named rising 
from the seacoast, where it is flat and level, and 
gradually increasing in elevation toward the in- 



terior., where it attains an average of about 250 
feet, continuing to the north line where, after vary- 
ing from 300 to SOD feet, it reaches an elevation of 
1,000 feet at Table 31ountain in Pickens County. 

LOW MARSHY L.4ND NE.4R THE C0.4ST 

"The land along and near the coast is low, marshy 
and swampy, especially on the river banks, rolling 
and diversified toward the center, and undulating 
near the mountain slope, but in places abrupt. 
King's Mountain rising almost perpendicularly 500 
feet. 

"The land is well drained by numerous rivers, 
the largest of which, the Santee, formed by the 
Paluda, Congaree, Catawba and Wateree, uniting at 
the center of the state. There are several smaller 



181 



South Carolina Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



rivers the power on which is being developed for 
manufacturing. 

CLIiMATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

"The climate is mild and genial, snow falling in 
the mountains but rarely in the middle sections, 
and seldom or never along: the coast. The average 
yearly temperature at Charleston is 65. The rain- 
fall ranges Irom 60 inches on the coast to 40 inches 
in the mountains, with 48 inches in the interior. 

"The soil in the low country is remarkably fertile, 
the several swamps and reclaimed marshes, being 
admirably adapted to the cultivation of rice, while 
the sandy loam of the sea islands and surrounding 
mainland, produces the finest long: staple black seed, 
or sea island cotton of silky fiber. Abundant crops 
are raised of wheat, rye, corn, oats, barley, buck- 
wheat, peas, beans, sugar, tobacco, indigo, sorghum, 
broom corn, sunflower, Guinea corn, sweet and 
Irish potatoes, hemp, flax and hops. 

WHAT KINDS OF ORCHARDS HERE 

"Numerous orchards all over the state furnish 
quantities of apples, pears, quinces, plums, peaches, 
nectarines, apricots, cherries, and along the coast, 
figs, oranges, lemons, olives and pomegranates. The 
raspberry, blackberry, mulberry and whortleberry 
are produced. The strawberry is extensively cul- 
tivated along the coast. The grape g:rows wild in 
many portions of the state and in great varieties. 
The gardens and farms produce, in abundance, 
turnips, beets, parsnips, carrots, artichokes, mustard, 
benne, rhubarb, arrowroot, water and musk melons, 
cucumbers, cabbages, kale, lettuce, cayenne pepper, 
squashes, okra, pumpkins, onions, leeks, beans, 
radishes, celery, green peas and tomatoes. 

"The forests consist of long and short leaved 
pine, magnolia, sweet and black gum, white, water, 
live and red oak, black walnut, elm, hickory, maple, 
sycamore, ash, cypress, chestnut, beech, locust, per- 
simon, dogwood and poplar. 

MINERALS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

"3Iiilerals are liberally diffused over the state. 
The g:old belt extends from the north Carolina line 
in a southwesterly direction. Granite is abundant 
in many counti.es. But the most important mineral 
product of South Carolina is the famous deposit of 
phosphate rock extending about 70 miles from the 
mouth of the Broad River, near Port Royal, to the 
headwaters of the Wando, north of Charleston. 

"Manufactures are growing in importance, chief 
among them being cotton yarn and cloth, flour, 
lumber, turpentine and fertilizers. The cotton seed 
industry is one of the thriving lines of industry." 

FISHERY BUSINESS 

The fisheries of South Carolina are of consider- 
able importance, but the warm climate, fertile soil, 
abundant rainfall all indicate that one of the most 
Important industries in the near future will be 
truck business and market gardening in the vicinity 
of the towns and cities of the state. It is seen 
from our enumeration of the different fruits and 
vegetable products, which can be grown in this 
climate, that this state has an excellent future for 
the agriculturist and the horticulturist. 

Knowing the abundant resources of the state, 
the authorities of South Carolina have entered upon 
a vigorous advertising of the state for the purpose 
of bringing in a new population. To that end 
they have arranged with a certain transportation 
line to run their steamers from Europe direct to 
the South Carolina seaports, bringing in a class of 
people of their own selection in European countries. 

THE STATE SENDS A COMMISSION DIRECT 
TO EUROPE 

To begin the work of upbuilding the state 
systematically, the state legislature organized the 
South Carolina State Department of Agriculture, 
Commerce and Immigration, and to carry forward 
the work rightly an enterprising capable man has 
been appointed commissioner, who agrees with the 
Federal government to bring immigrants into South 
Carolina and not violate labor laws. 

To carry the immigration scheme through he 
personally goes to European countries, arranges with 
foreign "governments to allow their people to 
emigrate, sorts out such people as will make good 
citizens in the United States, pays their fare when 
necessary, hunts up freight enough coming over 
and going back to make it an object for the 
steamer to come direct to a southern port, besides 
carrying passengers, sees to tho reception of these 
immigrants when they get here, aids them in getting 



into the back districts where their assistance is 
required ip farming districts, and into cotton mills, 

and other factories where their help is imperatively 
necessary. 

GREATLY HELPS IMMIGRANTS 

The result is the immigrants who come, receive 
better jiay than in their own country, they come 
into better conditions for themselves and families, 
and in developing the resources of the South their 
labor is adding just so much to the wealth and 
taxable values of the country. While not competing 
with the laboring classes they are benefiting every- 
body who has occasion to buy any product that 
comes from the South. 

The South Carolina Immigrant Commissioner 
does not sto^J at this. He has gathered lists of 
farm properties for sale, with prices in all parts 
of the state, puts into pamphlet form these proper- 
ties for sale, conditions of climate, soil, cost of 
living in South Carolina, educational advantages, 
etc., and any one who will write to the Commis- 
sioner of Immigration, Columbia, S. C, will receive 
instructive literature that will prove the superior 
opportunities offered in this state for land seekers, 
people that want to buy land, hire land, work for 
others or work land on shares. 

RAISING TEA PROFITABLY IN SOUTH 
CAROLINA 

This South Carolina immigration literature illus- 
trates how they are raising tea in South Carolina, 
where in 1911 they produced 10,000 pounds, worth 
one dollar a pound; how they produce silk, glass- 
ware, paints, fertilizing inaterials, oranges, etc., 
etc. Tells how one man in Marlboro county grew 
2.o5 bushels of corn from a single acre, how a couple 
of Rhode Islanders, who came in here, settled at 
Beaufort, went into the trucking business, planted 
36 acres in radishes; took off a crop, and planted 
again in radishes, realizing $10,000 from the two 
crops. The next year they planted the same ground 
in beets; took off a good crop and followed this 
with cucumbers, making a good yield. After 
cucumbers, corn was planted making over 50 bushels 
to the acre. 

Five (5) crops on the same ground in the same 
year, in rotation were gathered. A picture is given 
in the pamphlet showing these grounds, accom- 
panied by the statement that these men knew but 
little of farming at the beginning. 

HOW NEWCOMERS ABE SUCCESSFUL HERJE 

This literature details how a poor man at Neg- 
gett, S. C, began working for small wages in 1801, 
and is now the largest shipper of cabbage in the 
world from his 1,000 acres. The cultivating of that 
crop costing him $110,000. Gives the case of an- 
other man at Yonge's Island who is the largest 
shipper of cabbage plants. Ships 40,000,000 plants 
worth $35,000. Sends out 100,000,000 plants in 100 
cars. Began a poor man. 

The largest pecan grower in existence is claimed 
to be at Mount Pleasant, S. C, having one grove of 
600 acres, and two smaller groves with 10,000 trees 
in each. His annual product is ten tons. 

But the South Carolina Immigrant Commission 
does not stop at simply sending out advertising 
matter. They want everybody — ever.y land seeker, 
who wishes to change position or improve his con- 
dition, to write to the commissioner, who will im- 
mediately send back word telling the cheapest and 
best way to get here. And that is not all, when 
the newcomer arrives a reception committee will 
meet him, entertain him, show him at the per- 
manent State Exhibit at Columbia the resources of 
the state, and when he decides what he wants 
to do and where in the state he wants to locate 
he will be aided to get there, permanently and 
profitably settled. 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING 
TO THE STATE 

Altitude — Highest point in the state. Table moun- 
tain in the Blue Ridge mountains in Pickens county. 

Climate — Yearly average, at Charleston, 66.3, 
January average, 49; July 82; extremes; warmest, 
104; coldest, 7 above; yearly rainfall, 56.7 inches. 

Collection of Debt — Open accounts outlaw in 
years; promissory notes in 6 years; judgments in 
'20 years. Legal interest 7 per cent, allowable rate 
8 per cent. Limit of jurisdiction of justice of the 
peace $100. Exempt from forced sale, home worth 
$1,000 and personal property $500. 

Dimensions — Length of the state from north to 



182 



South Carolina Opportunities 



m 



To'il'.' 'lL'^JI-'fy,rsVJle%r.7ri' *° -^^^ ^35 mi.es. 
shore line 200 mills ■""" square miles. Ocean 

NiK?-^°n"ltit°Juo*n'%^ls°''!-r ^'^^^ ratified 
discovered and named bv Riha„Vt i^°y^l Harbor 

not. Who built rorrdloH^l^Z lj\l^ ^Yr^T.; 



^v-illiamsayle founded PoTt?(n°^ ^."^"^^^ ""d"r 
later moved to the present ^^V^' ?"' ^" ^^ars 
Separated from North Caiol1n« i7nn k°^ Charleston, 
colony 1729. First statpnnl,=f^.^T?*^- ''ecame a royal 
constitution adopted 1896 °"' ^^^*'- Present 



'"'"''"''^oLrr ^^^^'^'^^TE'> THE REBELUON 

JOHN C. CALHOUN OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



wa;-'°b^'i.n^-u^s?'\T"th:^'ci<!s'i''i,f^rH °^.^'^ p--ts, 

struggle. He showed himself f.-.J'® Revolutionary 
grave and thoughtful arSenl and ^^ ^^^^ .boyhood 
the age of !•?>,„* iiuent and perseverintr At 

metaphysics' ' His 'father 'dier ^'."^ '^'^'-•^' ^"^ 
leavmg his family in moderatl .^•''°"' ^^'^ time, 
^••Continuing with his mothl.^ t ''d''''"™^t^n'=es. 
the farm until the age of 19 w^ en" t,^' ^'^^-^ "P°n 
a course of reading havini^' i^ .?" }"' commenced 
profession of law 'saving m contemplation the 

o/i"s'^?o'{ue'^tl'^l 'Dr^''wa'd'^d^el''''r"^<^ ^^^'^^-^ 
clergyman, and two years afterw.f^ ^'-^.^byterian 
Junior class of Yale ColleL m ''''' .lomed the 
the highest distinction. Df^Dw^lht^''?^^"'^*'^'^ ^''h 
of the college, remarked q fti^^'j,- ''^'^ Pi-esident 
him on the origin of do,-, jpl'^y, ^ discussion with 
man has talent enough to V?"'"''''""- ,"^^^^1 young 
United States.^ '^"otigh to be president of the 

of"la^%Sel^'"!^oK^f'^1ttnT^"^*° '"^^ «t"dy 
Litchfield, Conn., then the onlv n=/-^*'.-'^^ ^'^hool at 
in the country ""''^ institution of its kind 

•St^'t^e^^lfsil^e.^'i^nZril^rf" " T^^'"'^- ^^ '-^e 
gress. Marrying in isil h^ L,Tf^^ ^■'^'^t«''i to Con- 
a few miles distant from M= f^^tled in Bath, S. C, 
ville and there continued bU™,"" ^°'"'^ *" ^b^e- 
whmi absent from Washington P"'^'' °' residence 

he w;ra/i^o%/'rnt?n'u^illy«'^Iki'l!^f*'°" *° ^-^-ss 
southern representatTv" 'in^Conl.pJi^ employed as a 
his contemporaries in Conere^^^i^^'""^' legislation, 
Henry Clay and Dan^ef wfLsfeV wUh^ °,'''^''\ ^^'"8' 
many controversies on matte, = '..w^ ^^hom he had 
sion of new states Ind fheir a^HrV"^ '^*^ ^'^mis- 
jest of slavery. ^"^ attitude on the sub- 

fo;ce?u'l r^efs"onlr' iris"n^ors"ur ^"•^"'^^•- ^'"'^ ^ --y 
a man of large influence in h'^'"^ ^^^^ ^e was 
Nation. "luuence in the councils of the 

CALHOUN IN PRIVATE LITE 

and^l^^e,^^',-^^ 'e'^J^ol']ng^\^h°e""d^^n !^''^'^'>' ^-'^^'e 
own family and deSfnts and th'<f^ l'?^^ °f his 
and sincere regard of vfic„ ■?, t*^® entire respect I 
children, three daughters thn I "^°'-^- «*^ ^ad ten 
and five sons and Vwr, /^,TJl<- "^'ed in early infancy. 
His political views Tveieof^en'"^ ,'^''° survived him I 
yate life he was uniformiv^h^'"?"?^'' ""' *n pri- 
into the enjoyments of ThLi^'"'''^"'; ^e entered 
sj-mpathy and kindness thaf .n'i"""^, ^''"^ ^'th a 
He was fond of promotive fnnn^'"'^'^ ^'-"^ to all. 
though no Tester hiTriyl?^ F 'nnocent mirth, and 
jests of others '"^^^'f' laughed heartily kt the 

vo'tl^i^u^^'^f-^lfi^ Sr^e^'tn^^'^ ^°"th <i- 
multifarious occupations nor hi= ' 'i''' neither his 
mitted him to be a gin era I ria i*'''^' °'^ ™'nd Per- 
enjoyed good poe?rv food novpi^'^'"'- . ",^' however. 
He was not wealthi hn? hi^^' ''"'' ^^le reviews 
under his exceUent managemenf P^^^n^ary means 
cient for the wants of ht^^fo T*'"''' amply suffl- 
musical, he was fond ^f o„ f family. Though not 
ballads. ^ ^"""^ °^ Scotch and Irish songs and 

in^'^'HTtirill T%r1rt%%%'''' '"''i:"-^^ to writ- 
personally superinteifdfne Iff oyer his plantation, 
He was the first or one of t>^- «""* -^^ operations, 
to cultivate successfu^fv Qn^«n '^''^^ •'" that region 
for market; and he not on f^^^i^^/u"*'" '^"d cotton 
tigs, peaches and o"her inntif'^ '^e finest melons, 
apples, pears, cherr°es!rrar .= "'"'? '^'"I^'ts, but his 
'''••He T^-i ^T equally ^e'^J^lten?"'^""^""'^^' "-^^P- 

eminentry^|o?d°'and's^uccessfurn,^^r^"""'-'^- ^"t an 
were, in all respects wl?ltreated*^''Vr,,"'^ servants 
him as umpire and jud-e o? t^o- ^''®>' ''^'"«' to 
he purchased what he w-fnt«.? of fu"" P'''vate crops 
ket price, and gave thl^ t! ""^ 'l'*' highest mar- 
posing of the reft His ?^gi7'ir7=.-^''^'"'y f""- Mis- 
conduct towards them!''4hi;i"^thi"/Ve^^ai'lir;Te^.ot'Jj 



su^cSf"ul t\"ft l^'LHr:^n li ;"--^«-ent was so 
was a high recommendluv.n "ZV'^'"''- at Fort Hill 
rest was strikingly milked hv r,^-^- ^'^untenance at 
in .conversation of when SDe^fn^'^-?^''"'^ firmness; 
animated and expressive ^h^^ ,^' 't became highly 
penetrating eyes stron^lv i^^ '''''^''' ^ark, brilliant 
tered thei? glances "^^hen'^adrfre,.?" ^^.° '^"'^°""- 
he stood firm, erect accomn^rf, ®^,^'"8 the Senate 
an angular gesticulafion 'Ir^'"*^ ''is delivery with 
was energetif, ardent laoid^^n r'^""*?'' "^ speakins 
earnestness which inspi.edstrnn.T'i^^'^ ^^ ^^'^mn 
cemy and deep conviction .' '" ^"'^ «'"" 

mo^ dfsIfnruis"htd"^Jh'lrI^re%'°in^''|'t- 0"-.°^ "^ 
order to reveal whir ti^JT ,'" Southern life, in 

were led inL' Ihe^'l-^beufon''""^'" °' ^°"'h Carolina 

se^fm^nt.''°"Malt\%''°™,i\Vr "'''''' °' Pro-slavery 
about him He har?n^ ^ slaves were everywhere 
of anti-sTave?y*^ A^l^his as'.oH.l° "'"^^^ ^"e subjic? 
slavery element anri >,L association was with pro- 
slave ownl!^. ' ""^ ^'^ ''^sal support came f?om 

est^'^U^was'^nli'uri'] ,b°.".^^'^^" u'^^' Pro-slavery inter- 
slavery ^ause"^'Hi^s adven?'in'to°p"' "'''""^'^ the pro- 
lation was at a tfme when n^ Congressional Legis- 
for admission to The Tjnion a^^^'^''^^ ^'"''' ^^^k'ng 
determine whether thev=^ ,",^ Congress was to 
states. At ths juncture c^f ^'^ *'''«*' O"" slave 
front as the chamnrnn ^<- "Calhoun came to the 
demonstrated in tlTe'^speech lfe'°,;f^7*^''^- ^ ^his was 
1S4S on the Question of =, "A^*^*" '" Congress in 
free state. In this sneech h™'^""^ °''<^Son as a 
the admission .of^^^elo'^'a^ u'ee^'lZ^tTy'' "^^"^^'^ 
No^?h'^^is^1^i?oVi!^| r^r^I-f £F"t Of the 

the"^;i1fsoFuS-ort£ (j£ - Ve°i'^ t-^'fhrll"t?n 
to interfere with the n?nnp,.A^ the North continued 
on the subject of silvery^ ^ '^^*^ °^ ^^e South 

upojj Vf^T^aWj^Lf^^,- s\"att'"?[iht^s"";r" ■-^--'5 

a state to separate fron^ a un^on n7"'^t "^^t of 
^^e?eV,^Vnat/?n-ir^eSt!^i?ip--P t^^^^^ 

Mki Ca?houn*-lT^s't^ron\^^Ta'n'';^'ff '^'^'^ -'^-cate 

sion. And V Calhoun cirried'^thl^'' "^"^ '^^ ^eces- 
t"hV°di^^1>n-^-i,f:#!|pon'^ ^r lunil^r.-a-s 

|?e ir^e^^i^^SSC^rSr^ ^i 
the^nght Of a state to^^^ec^drha'^d'^^'aTlT^b^orn^e' 

I'i'm'^liyf «!J.^_«:^«™«^ OF CALHOUN. 



Sti?es"^^^e°bi^!.,--1^-^- ii^tV^fenate °^ the Unit'ed 
which we extract^ the fo!lowin^^^ °^ Calhoun, from 

in Jl'^^tu'ir^^Sr^Lt°ir.^'-It^|^.^r"ou7^o^f ^h''^'-^ % ^'^ 

c^n^is%,-is^eti^tierii.^p-£3i,rT -"-- 

Rejecting ornament not nfJln , • always severe, 

his power consisted in tv,T ■^'^^'^'"^ illustration, 

sition^s, In tre"'c?otness'of''hi"s"Tolic°'an^^ •'""T." 
earnestness and energy of his minnef- ^ '^ '" ^^e 
more respectful to otherV n.. .So ' ^^ ™an was 
With greater decorum; no' man luif'"'"'""^'^ .himself 

13.4 ^i^^%s-l1i;;i&£Ji?'5fS;K 

the conversation and ■ int , f'el'ghted especially in 
I suppSse there has be" n°"'^^ ^^'th young men. 
had more winning manner^"°n ''"v, ''™''"° tis who 
and such conversaUon ^vltA f^""^ ""^ intercourse 
.voung. . * " He h-K, tV^ u men comparatively 
basis of all high "ha?ac^er "unspjftted '• '"^'^P-table 
honor unimpeached." "n&poiiea 



"c "luispuiaoie 



SOUTH DAKOTA 



STATE AND THE 66 COUNTIES OF SOUTH DAKOTA 

With Their Boundaries 




LOCATION AND 1910 POPULATION OF SOUTH DAKOTA COUNTIES. 



Ciiuiity 



Pop. 



1. .. 


. . . Harding. 


. 4,228 


2.. . 


.... Perkins. 


.11.348 


3. .. 


Corson. 


. 2,929 


4... 


. . . Campbell. 


. 5,244 


5. .. 


. McPlierson. 


. 5,791 


6... 


. . Walwortli. 


. 6.488 


7.. . 


. . Edmonds. 


. 7,654 


8. .. 


Brown. 


.25.867 


9. .. 


. . . Marshall . 


. 8,021 


10. .. 


Day. 


.14,372 


11. . . 


. . . . Roberts. 


.14,897 


Vi. .. 


Butte. 


. 4,933 


13. . . 


. . Lawrence. 


.19,694 


14. .. 


Meade. 


.12,640 


15. . . 


.... Ziebach. 




16. . . 


Dewey. 


. 1,145 


17. . . 


. Armstrong. 


. 647 



Lora. 



County 



Pop. 



18 Potter. 

19 Faulk. 

20 Spink. 

21 Clark. 

22 Codington. 

23 Grant. 

24. . . . Pennington. 

25 Stanley. 

26 Sully. 

27 Hughes. 

28 Hyde. 

29 Hand. 

30 Beadle. 

31 ... . Kingsbury. 

32 Hamlin. 

33 Deuel. 

34. . . . Brookings. 



. 4,466 
. 6,716 
.15,981 
.10.901 
.14,092 
.10,303 
.12.453 
.14,975 
. 2,462 
. 6,271 
. 3.307 
. 7.870 
.15,776 
.12.560 
. 7,475 
. 7,768 
.14.178 



Loni. 



Count 1) 



Pop. 



35 Custer. .-4,458 

36... Washington 

37.. Washabaugh 

38 Mellette. 

39 Lvman. 

40 Buffalo. 

41 Jerauld. 

42 Sanborn . 

43 Miner. 

44 Lake. 

45 Moody. 

46 Fall River. 

47 Shannon. 

48 Bennett 

49 Todd 

50 Tripp. . 8.323 

51 Brule. . 6,451 



.10,848 
. 1,589 
. 5,120 
. 6,607 
. 7,661 
.10,711 
. 8,695 
. 7,763 



Lora. 



County 



Pop. 



52 Aurora. 

53 Davison . 

54 Hanson, 

55 McCook. 

5(5.... Minnehaha. 

57 Gregory. 

58. . . Charles Mix. 

59 Douglas. 

60... Hutchinson. 

61 Turner. 

62 Lincoln . 

63... Bonhomme. 

64 Yankton. 

65 Clay. 

66 Union. 



. 6,143 
.11,625 
. 6,237 
. 9,589 
.29,631 
.13,061 
.14,899 
. 6,400 
.12,319 
.13,840 
.12.712 
.11.061 
.13,135 
. 8,711 
.10,676 



Total 583,888 



Cities and Villages of South Dakota with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



A 






•Aberdeen . . . 


. .8. 


.10,753 


Alcester 


.66. 


. . . 409 


'Alexandria . . 


.54. 


. . . 955 




.41 


417 


Andover 


.10. 


. . . 446 


Arlington . . . . 


.31. 


...791 


*Armour 


..59. 


. . . 968 


Artas 


.4. 


. . . 200 


Artesian . . . . 


.42. 


. . . 593 


Ashton 


.20. 


. . . 430 




.34. 
63 


236 


Avon 


. . . 451 


B 






Baltic 


..56. 


. . . 278 


*Bellefourche. 


.12. 


..1,352 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

Beresford 66. . .1,117 

Bigstone City . .23. . . . 751 

Blunt 27. . . . 566 

Bonesteel 57.... 563 

Bowdle 7 671 

Bradley 21 351 

Bridgewater ..55.... 934 

Bristol 10 444 

*Britton 9. . . . 901 

♦Brookings ... .34. . .3,971 

Bruce 34. . . . 263 

Bryant 32 645 

Buffalo Gap 35 380 

Burke 57 311 

Bushnell 34 208 

Butler 10. . . . 208 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

C 

Canastota 55. . . . 409 

Canova 43 311 

♦Canton 62. . .2,103 

Carter 50. . . . 390 

Carthage 43 554 

♦Castlewood . . .33 594 

Cavour 30 408 

Centerville 61 971 

Central City... 13 296 

♦Chamberlain .51... 1,275 

Claremont 8 296 

♦Clark 21.. ..1,226 

♦Clear Lake. . .33 704 

Colman 45. . . . 362 

Colome 50.,. . . 275 



Tou-n.^ Loca. Pop. 

Coiton 56 407 

Columbia 8 235 

Conde 20. . . . 592 

Corona 11 290 

Corsica 59. . . . 286 

Cottonwood ...25.... 250 

Cresbard 19 320 

♦Custer 35 603 

D 

Dallas 57... 1,277 

♦Deadwood .. .13. . .3,653 

Dell Rapids 56... 1,367 

Delmont 59 369 

♦De Smet 31. ..1,063 

Doland 20. . . . 581 

Draper 39 . . . . 311 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column. Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

184 



Cities and Villages of South Dakota with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



E 

East Sioux 

Falls 56 

Edgemont 46 

Egan 45 

•Elk Point . . ..66 

Elkton 34 

Emery 54 

Erwin 31 

Estelline 32 

Ethan 53 

Eureka 5 



. . 268 
. . 816 
. . 516 
.1,206 
. . 742 
. . 446 
. . 230 
. . 509 
. . 312 
. . 961 



♦Fairfax . 

•Faulkton 

Ferney 

♦Flandreau 

Florence . 

*Fort Pierre 

Frankfort 

Frederick 

Freeman 



, .57. 
, . 19 . 

. .8. 

. .45. 

22 

'.25! 

.20. 
. . .8. 
, .60. 



G 




Garden City 


..21... 


Garretson . . 


. .56... 


Gary 


..33... 


Gayville . . . 


..64. .. 


Geddes 


. .58. .. 


♦Gettysburg 


..18. .. 


Greenwood . 


..58. .. 


Gregory .... 


..57... 


Groton 


.. .8... 



Harrold . . . 
Hartford . . 

Hazel 

Hecla 

Henry . . . . 
Herreld . . . 
Herrick . . . 
Hetland ... 
•Highmore 
Hill City . 



'Hot Springs. .46 



Hosmer 
Hitchcock 



.27. 
.56. 
.32. 
. .8. 



. . .4. 
..57. 
..31. 
. .28. 
24. 



. ..7. 
30. 



. . 590 
. . 802 
. . 266 
,1,484 
. 270 
, . 792 
, . 408 
, . 433 
. . 615 



. 300 
. 668 
. 477 
. 257 
. 701 
. 936 
. 390 
1,142 
1,108 



. . 230 
. . 648 
. . 229 
. . 462 
. . 441 
. . 414 
. . 412 
. . 223 
.1.184 
. . 271 
.2,140 
. . 217 
. . 259 



Tuicm 



Luca. Pop. 



Hoven . . . 
♦Howard . 
Hudson . . 
HuiTiboldt 
Hurley . . . 
♦Huron . . 

•Ipswich 



..18. 
. .43. 
. .62. 
. .56. 
..61. 
..30. 

'.7. 



Irene 65. 

Iroquois . 



Java . . . . 
Jefferson 



J 

6. 

66 . 



Kadoka 25. 

Kennebec 39. 

Keystone 24. 

Kimball 51. 



. . 209 
.1,026 
. . 404 
. . 590 
. . 506 
.5,791 

. . 810 
. . 263 
. . 578 

. . 473 
. . 407 



222 
252 
250 
713 



Lake Andes 


. .58. 


.. 920 


Lake Norden 


..32. 


. . 202 


Lake Preston 


. .31.. 


. 1,007 


Lamro .... 


..50. 


.. 350 


Lane 


..41. 


.. 294 


Langford . . 


.. .9. 


.. 463 


Lead 


. .13. 


.8,392 


Lebanon . . . 


..18. 


. . 460 


l^e Beau. . . . 


. . .6. 


. . 210 




. . 2. 


1,255 


Lennox .... 


..62. 


.. 745 


*Leola 


. . .5. 


.. 484 


Lesterville . 


.64. 


.. 279 


Letclier .... 


..42. 


. . 402 


Little Eagle 


...3. 


.. 490 



♦Mcintosh 
♦Madison 
Marion . . . . 
Mockling . , 
Mellette .. , 
Menno . . . . 
Midland . . . 
♦Milbank .. 
♦Miller . .. , 
Missionhill 



. .3. 
.44. 
.61. 
.65. 
.20. 
.60. 
.25. 
.23. 
.29. 
.64. 



. . 409 
.3,137 
. . 462 
. . 208 
. . 472 
. . 621 
. . 210 
.2,015, 
.1.2021 
. . 200 



TuWHs Loca. Pop. 

♦Mitchell 53. . .6,515 

Mobridge 6... 1,200 

Jlontrose 55. . . . 442 

Morristown ....3.... 222 
Mt. Vernon. . . .53. . . . 614 
Murdo 39 372 

N 
Northville 20 392 

O 

♦Oacoma 39 235 

Oldham 31 355 

♦Onida 26 319 



Toicnx 



Loca. Pop. 



♦Parker 
Parkston . . 

Philip 

Pierpont . . . 
Pierre 

(capital) . 
♦Plankinton 

♦Platte 

Pollock 4. 

Presho 39. 



.61. 
.60. 
.25. 
.10. 

.27. 
.52. 

.58. 



Quinn 



24. 

R 

♦Rapid City 24. 

Raymond 21. 

♦Redfleld 20. 

Revilo 23. 

Rockham 19. 

Roscoe 7. 

Running Water.63. 



St. Lawrence. .29 

♦Salem 55 

Scotland 63 

♦Selby 6 

Seneca 19 

♦Sioux Falls... 56 
♦Sisseton . . 
South Shore 
Spearfish 
Spencer . . . 
Springfield 



. .11. 

'. !i3; 

. .55. 
. .63. 



.1,224 
. . 970 
. . 578 
. . 314 

.3,656 
. . 712 
.1,115 
. . 304 
. . 635 



.3,854 
. . 241 

.3,060 
. . 332 
. . 286 
. . 357 
. . 200 



. . . 305 
..1,097 

.1,102 
. . . 558 
. . . 321 
.14,094 
..1,397 
, . . 335 
, .1,130 
. . . 506 

. . 675 



Stickney . 
Stockholm 
Stratford 
♦Sturgis .. 
Summit . . 



. .52. 
..23. 

8. 

..14. 
..11. 



T 

Tabor 63. 

Terra ville 13. 

Terry 13. 

Timber Lake... 16. 

Toronto 33. 

Trent 45. 

Tripp 60. 

Tulare 20. 

Turton 20. 

♦Tyndall 63. 

V 

Valley Springs. 56. 
♦Vermilion . . . .65. 

Viborg 61. 

Vienna 21. 

Volga 34. 

Volin 64. 

W 

Wagner 58. 

Wakonda 65. 

Wallace 22. 

♦Watertown ...22. 

Waubay 10. 

♦Webster 10. 

Wentworth ....44. 
Wessington ...30. 
♦Wessington 

Springs 41 . 

White 34. 

Whitehorse ...16. 

White Lake 52. 

White Rock... 11. 
Whitewood . . ..13. 
Willow Lake.. .21. 

Wilmot 11. 

Winfred 44. 

♦Winner 50. 

Wolsey 30. 

♦Woonsocket . . .42. 

Y 

♦Yankton 64. 



. . 310 
. . 209 
. . 300 
.1,739 
. . 545 



. . 273 
. . 560 
. . 506 
. . 211 
. . 424 
. . 200 
. . 675 
. . 250 
. . 240 
.1,107 



. . 331 
.2,187 
. . 410 
. . 453 
. . 568 
. . 286 



. . 964 
. . 326 
. . 207 
.7,010 
. . 803 
.1,713 
. . 329 
. . 576 

.1,093 
. . 468 
. . 960 
. . 507 
. . 368 
. . 390 
. . 437 
. . 427 
. . 243 
. . 360 
. . 436 
.1,027 

.3,787 



SOUTH DAKOTA 



Celebrated for its Former "Indian Wars," Its "Hot Springs," Its "Deadwood" and Its "Black Hills.' 



In the investigation of a region of the country 
with a view to permanent settlement therein it 
is necessary that care be observed not to let 
rumors, sentiment or prejudice influence the indi- 
vidual. 

A newspaper report of yellow fever prevailing in 
a certain region will deter thousands of people 
from contemplated emigration into that section. 
The report may be mere rumor, but even, if true, 
yellow fever is but a temporary arfliction which 
time will remedy. Many thousands of people re- 
fused to locate in Chicago in an early day because 
cholera was there at one time. 

A case of smallpox in a town through sensational 
advertising in the newspapers, will so frighten 
people from going to the town where the case is 
said to exist as to injure business for weeks and 
months in that town, whereas jiossibl.v the scare 
was only from a rumor, but even if smallpox did 
exist it was only a temporary matter. 

ABOUT BLIZZARDS. 

And so from time to time the papers will convey 
to the people in large headlines the startling in- 
formation that blizzards, deep snows and coal 
famine have overcome the people of Dakota and 
thousands are perishing. Many people are liable, 
from these reports, to believe that a country thus 
subject to terrific winds and cold, is unfit for habi- 
tation. And so as many people turned aside from 
Chicago, because of cholera and went around In- 
diana because of fever and ague, and lost the oppor- 
tunity for profitable investment so people, on mere 
rumor, and large headings in news items will be- 
come so unfavorably impressed with a region of 
country or a state as to cause them to often lose 
ffolden opportunities. This is particularly true of 
both North and South Dakota. The two states 
comprise an empire within themselves, 18 times 
larger than Massachusetts. In all that immense 
territor.v there is liable to be unusual weather, 
sometimes, and delay in transportation which peo- 
ple should understand is but temporary. 



WHAT THE HOME-SEEKER WANTS. 

What the land-seeker is searcliing for is a region 
of the country where liealth may be maintained, 
and where a reasonable profit may be obtained 
from the soil which he buys. 

It is the ambition of most men to get situated 
on a tract of land that will afford a g:ood support 
for the family and something more. That "some- 
thing more" is largely a matter of imagination. 
It means certainly a sufficiency of food, dress, a 
comfortable home, education, reasonable amusement 
and some travel. All this should come out of the 
farm. That farm is what the land-seeker is after. 

WHAT OrR READERS NEED. 

It is for that reason that we lay before the 
reader the merit, and the opportunities which exist 
in all regions, that he may have the largest pos- 
sible chance to make a good selection of soil, 
climate, location, manufacturing opportunities as an 
aid in getting ahead and general advantages in 
acquiring wealth. 

South Dakota is so large a state as to have 
great variety of soil and it is so young yet as to 
give many opportunities for the acquisition of 
wealth. For example: The Missouri River flows 
nearly through the middle of the state from north 
to southeast, and all tliat portion of the state 
west of that river, is unopened as yet to much white 
settlement. That area of the state west of the 
Missouri, comprises about 40,000 square miles — a 
state within itself, 190 miles wide and 245 miles 
in length from north to south. 

All that part of South Dakota has yet to be 
opened to close settlement, and that was just be- 
ginning in 1007 by the Northwestern railway run- 
ning a new line from Pierre, the capital of the 
state, a distance of about 160 miles. This road 
begins in Stanley county and ends in Pennington 
county. 



185 



South Dakota Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



OPENING A NEW REGION TO SETTLERS. 

This new line opens up a new region that con- 
tains thousands of square miles of grazing land 
of the tinest quality, and places it in immediate 
connection with the outside world. 

It is a fact, conceded by the best authorities, that 
this open range west of the Missouri river, has a 
greater rainfall, richer soil, milder winters, more 
pleasant summers and natural resources of greater 
extent than are available in portions of Europe, in 
which dwell 100,000,000 of people, and where farm 
lands are worth from $100 to $800 per acre. 

The area of the region to be opened up by the 
new line of railway is extensive, there being in 
Stanley county alone more than forty-eight hundred 
square miles. 

The general .surface of the country is rolling, and 
throughout the high rolling region are beautiful 
level plateaus. The small streams are much more 
numerous than in any other part of the state. The 
Cheyenne river and the Bad river traverse this 
section from west to east. 

NEW RAILROAD STATIONS AND NEW TOWNS. 

There will be sixteen new stations opened on the 
aew line between Pierre and Rapid City, and at a 
large number of these points new towns will be 
opened under the auspices of the railroad company. 

The company announce in the establishment of 
these new towns, that as fast as the construction 
of the road is completed, town lots will be dis- 
posed of at low rates and attractive opportunities 
offered for establishing various lines of business. 

We advise the reader in search of new lands 
and openings for business to keep an eye on the 
operations of the Chicago and Northwestern Rail- 
road in Dakota, and if no desirable opportunity 
for immediate investment offers go through to Rapid 
City on the new line and see what chances are 
presented in the irrigation works which are re- 
claiming and irrigating over 100,000 acres of land, 
in the Belle Fourche River Valley a little north- 
east of the Black Hills. 

This land being irrigated is thrown open to set- 
tlement under the United States Homestead Laws, 
the settler paying $3.20 per acre for ten successive 
years, gains full title to the land and perpetual 
title. The government will sell 80-acre farms at 
that rate, but within one mile of a town site they 
sell but 40-acre tracts. 

EXCELLENT MARKETS IN WHICH TO SELL. 

Land seekers should understand that the thickly 
settled Black Hills mining distiict always will be 
one of the best markets to be found in the United 
States. 

The Black Hills cover an area 60 miles wide by 
100 miles long and are called blaek because cov- 
ered with a dark Norway pine. They are a black- 
blue, and in the shadow of a cloud they turn to 
an intense black. 

This mystic region thrown up In the midst of the 
plains by" some giant upheaval of past ages, has 
been known since the time of the earliest aborigines 
for its health giving air and medicinal waters. 

ABOUT THE BLACK HILLS. 

So far as known the region was not visited by 
white men until after 1825, but prior to that time 
roaming Indians, who came to white settlements, 
told wondrous stories of the Black Mountains or 
spoke of the "Shining Hills" and the "Happy Place" 
and the richness of the grass and abundance of 
the game found there. They also told of gold and 
silver, and of treasure that their ancestors had 
guarded for centuries, all of which were, according 
to their descriptions, isolated from the surrounding 
country by a vast and dangerous desert. Their 
tales served but to arouse the intense desire of the 
restless frontiersmen to reach and investigate this 
wonderful region. 

In the meantime, through all these disclosures, 
the whites were warned that the Indians closely 
guarded their treasures, and that it would be 
dangerous for them to trespass on these Indian 
lands. Notwithstanding these warnings, the records 
show that a party of seven prospectors in 1833, 
visited the region and were stealthily followed by 
the Indians, who massacred all the number but 
one. This man was finally caught and killed. 
near the present site of Spearfish and his gold sold 
to the Hudson Bay Company for $18,000. 

WARS AMONG INDIAN TRIBES. 

But however much the white man is disposed to 
kill to obtain gold, the Indian is just as much so. 



even among his own race. From time immemorial 
the Cheyennes held the Black Hills, but finally in 
a tremendous three days' hand-to-hand eonfliet 
on Battle Mountain, overlooking the vale of Minne- 
katahta, in which Hot Springs is located, the Siouxi 
practically annihilated their old-time enemies, men, 
women and children, and held for their own until 
the white man came, a territory of some 43,000 
square miles, with the Black Hills as a center. 

The first organized exploring party to visit the 
Black Hills was that under General Harney in 18.o5; 
succeeding which General Custer, with about 1,000 
U. S. troops, from Abraham Lincoln Fort on the 
Missouri river, made a sixty-day exploring expedi- 
tion to the Hills in 1874. 

GENER.IL CUSTER'S DEATH, 

In the expedition of General Terry against the 
Sioux Indians in Montana, in 1876, Custer divided 
his regiment at the Little Big Horn river, in order 
to attack the Indians on two sides, but he and his 
whole regiment were killed June 2.5, 1876. Custer 
became the name of a town in the Black Hills and 
several counties of the new states in the west 
bear that name. 

Three years after Custer's expedition to the Hills 
General Crook, in behalf of the government, gave 
the Indians .$4,.")00.000 for their rights and Sitting 
Bull and his warriors were removed to other terri- 
tory. 

FIRST GOLD FROM THE BLACK HILLS. 

The first gold in the Hills was panned July 3, 
1874, at a point about one mile east of the present 
town of Custer, by H. N. Ross, a resident of Custer, 
who at that time was General Custer's chief of 
scouts. Today there are more than 200 mining 
companies operating in the Hills, employing more 
than 5,000 miners, whose annual earnings exceed 
$6,000,000, while in the industrial branches con- 
nected with mining and other interests, are 7,500 
more, including about 1,500 engaged in the lumber 
Industry. 

.Since 1876 the gold production of this district, 
up to 1905, was .$140,000,000 and still there is no 
cessation in the discovery of new and legitimate 
properties. Output, 1911, $7,625,500. 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
THE STATE. 

Altitude. Highest in the state, Harney's Peak 
in Bennington county in the Black Hills, 7,368 
feet. 

Climate. Average annual temperature at Dead- 
wood, 42.1; at Pierre, 45. Average January at Yank- 
ton, Yankton county, 13 above; July, 74; in the 
Black Hills, June, July and August. 62, and 332 
sunny days during the year. Extremes of tempera- 
ture at Yankton, warmest, 107; coldest, 34 below. 
Yearly rainfall 26.8 inches. 

Dimensions. Length of the state, from north to 
south, 245 miles; breadth, from east to west, 380 
miles. Area, 77,650 square miles. 

Histor.v. Territory originally a part of the Louis- 
iana purchase of 1803. Explored by Lewis and 
Clarke in 1804-5. Fort Pierre built by Pierre 
Choteau of St. Louis, near present site of Pierre, 
1829. Settlements made at Sioux Falls, 1856. and 
at Yankton, 1859. First legislature at Yankton, 
1859. Dakota made two states. North and South 
Dakota, 1888. Admitted to the Union, 1SS9. 

THE BLACK HILLS, SOUTH DAKOTA. 

From Circular Issued by C. & N. W. R. R. Pass. Dept. 

In the southwest corner of South Dakota and the 
northeastern portion of Wyoming, their sides cov- 
ered with dark pines and their surface crossed and 
recrossed by the many streams which unite to form 
the two forks of the Cheyenne River, are tlie Black 
Hills. Their picturesque slopes, dark and shining, 
rise in striking contrast to the vast and rolling 
prairie which surrounds them on all sides, and en- 
close a region rich in gold and silver, well tiinbered, 
well watered, and possessed of a climate unusually 
attractive, free from extremes of heat or cold, with 
a bracing and invigorating air that is famous for its 
health-giving properties. 

In fact, in addition to its mining interests, the 
Black Hills region forms one of the greatest natural 
sanitariums in the world. 

The pure air and happy combination of right alti- 
tudes with medicinal waters, join to make it a 
noted health resort. It is but thirty-seven hours' 
ride from Chicago and that places it within easy 
reach of the principal centers of population. 

This mystic region, thrown up in the midst of the 
plains by some giant upheaval of past ages, has been 
known since the time of the earliest aborigines. It 



186 



South Dakota Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



occupies an area about sixty miles wide and one 
liundred miles long. Surrounding it on the nortli, 
east and south are prairie lands whose succulent 
grasses make them especially suitable for the graz- 
ing of cattle, and of such extent that their outer 
rim encloses an area greater than that of Great 
Britain, Germany and France; a region which is rich 
in promise to the fanner, cattleman and ranchman. 
It is estimated that the water supply available in 
this region is sutficient for the irrigation of millions 
of acres of lands. Much irrigation development work 
is now being done, the government irrigation at Belle 
Fourche being especially important. 

This rolling prairie land surrounding the hills is 
broken here and there by square and flat-topped 
buttes, with the grass land stretching far away to 
the mountain eminences. The streams which cross 
the levels or break down through the gorges are 
clear as crystal. Many of the lesser buttes near 
these streams are turfed over their summits, and 
the table-lands raise high their surfaces covered 
with nutritious pasturage. 

WHY THE HILLS ARE CALLED "BLACK." 

Beyond this level district are the Hills, clothed 
with Norway pine that gives them a color of deepest 
blue, the blue of the California plum; hills so dark 
that a cloud before the sun will turn them to an 
intense black against a sky that seems to twinkle 
with electric flashes. On these beautiful hills one 
may stand and, looking far across the plains, see in 
the distance the buttes of Bear, Slave, Crow, Deer's 
Ears. Topknot and Lodge, while nearer at hand one 
valley rises above another, each turfed and green, 
forming long sei'pentine belts that stretch their way 
among the trees of darker foliage. 

THE HISTORY OF THE HILLS. 

Black Hills history dates back more than three 
centuries to the time when the Cheyennes jealously 
guarded the region as a hunting: resort, and as a 
place where the Great Spirit had mysteriously be- 
stowed health-giving powers on the air and had 
given unusual medicinal value to the water. The 
natural forination of the region made the Hills 
well-nigh impregnable, and the Indians held the 
place in great awe, guarding with jealous care the 
health-giving springs, the wonderful pine-covered 
slopes and the stores of precious metal contained 
within the mountains. 

The Cheyennes held the Black Hills as their own 
until after a tremendous hand-to-hand conflict on 
Battle Mountain, overlooking the Vale of Minne- 
kahta, in which Hot Springs is located. Hei'e the 
Sioux practically annihilated their old time enemies, 
and held for their own, until the white men came. 
a territory of some 43,000 square miles, with the 
Hills as a center, driving from their newly won 
empire the fur traders who had trapped and traded 
along the small streams which form, the Cheyenne. 

FIRST EXPLORATION. 

The first organized exploring party to visit the 
Black Hils was that under Gen. Harney in 180-5, in 
which year it was followed by that -of Lieut. War- 
ren, of the U. S. Topographical Engineers, who made 
three surveys of the Hills. 

After Gen. Harney's visit, interest in the Black 
Hills grew rapidly, until, under instructions from 
Gen. Sheridan, Gen. Custer left Fort Abraham Lin- 
coln, on the Missouri River, opposite the present 
site of Bismarck, N. D., June 2, 1874, and with 
about 1,000 U. S. troops made a sixty-day exploring 
expedition. Returning, he issued a report as to the 
natural wealth of the region, which, while couched 
in the most conservative terms, created intense in- 
terest in the west and the following winter found 
several ijarties of prospectors in the Hills, including 
some of those who had accompanied Custer's party. 

Finally, three years after Gen. Custer's expedition. 
Gen. Crook comproinised with the Indians as to the 
purchase of their lands, and the Government paying 
them $4,500,000 for their rights, Sitting Bull and 
his warriors were removed to other territory and 
the cavalry forces withdrawn. The trail of the 
inountain sheep and the path of the Indian were 
widened into wagon roads, the region thrown oi)en 
to white settlement, and the way opened for the 
building of The North-Western Line, the pioneer 
railway into the Hills. 

There must be pioneer railways as well as pioneer 
explorers, and as soon as the development of the 
region justified, the North-Western Line pushed into 
the heart of the Hills, reaching them in 1885 and 
completing the line to Rapid City in 1886, and to 
Deadwood and Hot Springs in 1890, Thus was the 
entire region made readily accessible to the traveler 



from Omaha, Council Bluffs, Sioux City and Chicago, 
St. Paul and Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, 
and railway trains traversed the gulches where Sit- 
ting Bull's braves had cainped and where scouts and 
prospectors had made their courageous way in the 
days gone by. 

This pioneer line of railway has developed steadily 
until now it is one of the great arteries of western 
travel. A new line has also been added to the 
North-Western's direct connection with the Hills, e.x- 
tending from Rapid City across Dakota, crossing the 
Missouri at Pierre and forming a direct route to St. 
Paul, Minneapolis and Duluth, and to Chicago and 
Milwaukee. 

CH3IATE. 

The climate of the Black Hills district is equable, 
abounding in sunshine; and with a fine natural 
drainage, there is unusual freedom from dampness. 
The air is invigorating, being sui charged with ozone 
from the surrounding pine forests. The elevation of 
about 3.000 feet above the sea level adds to the de- 
sirability of the climatic conditions. The dr.vness of 
the air is particularly marked — so much so, that the 
eye of the visitor is at once attracted by the clear 
and scintillating qualifies of the atmosphere. It is 
to this especial dryness and purity that the blueness 
of the skies, equal to that of Italy, is attributed. 

The summmer, with its clear days and cool nights, 
extends into the late autumn, and it is not uncom- 
mon for camping parties to remain out in the shel- 
tered nooks of the mountains until late in OctoDer. 
Sleeping under blankets is the invariable rule, even 
during July and August; and during the summer a 
day without sunshine is practically unknown. 

The principal rainfall usually occurs eaily in the 
season, so that one may iilan with a reasonable de- 
gree of certainty upon consecutive days and weeks 
of fair weather. 

Because of the height of the Hills and the protec- 
tion afforded by them, the region is never troubled 
with wind storms; only the most inoderate breezes 
prevail within the boundaries of this enchanted land. 

TROUT FISHING. 

Throughout the entire Hills country are numbers 
of mountain streams in which there is excellent 
trout fishing. Brook trout, rainbow and salmon trout 
are caught by the fisherman regularly throughout 
the season, which extends from the first of May to 
the first of November. 

Excellent fishing may be found within a da.v's 
drive of one's hotel and on the upper reaches of the 
Bear Butte, Castle Creek, Big and Little Rapid, 
Spearfish and other streams, picturesque and invit- 
in,g places are found where summer camiis may be 
made, cabins built and fishing indulged in under the 
most favorable' conditions of out-door life. 

HUNTING. 

The mildness of the winter season makes the Hills 
a paradise for the hunter. There are deer, bear, 
wild cats and other big game in season, and part- 
ridge. phi>asants. plover, ducks and geese are fairly 
abundant. For deer and elk the open season extends 
froin the first to the thirtieth of November. With 
the excellent protection afforded by the game regu- 
lations now in force, the deer are steadily increasing 
in number, and a hunter of even mediocre ability 
should be able to bag his quota of three. 

One may also find wolves, silver foxes, coyotes and 
an occasional bear. 

The season for ducks and geese opens on Septem- 
ber 10th and closes on April 10th. 

HOT SPRINGS. 

Hot Springs and its surroundings call for special 
attention from the visitor to the Black Hills. 

The town, with a summer population of about 
3,500, is situated at an altitude of 3,400 feet above 
the sea. 

Almost one hundred thermal springs found here 
have formed the central feature of the place for 
more than three centuries; an ancient Indian village, 
it is said, formerly having been located in the valley 
near the site of the present town. 

At the Minnekahta Spring a stone bath tub, moc- 
casin shaped, is shown, which is said to have be- 
longed to the Indians in the days of their suprem- 
acy-, when they used the water for their ailments 
without really understanding how or why speedy 
cures were effected. The Indians are still fond af 
this spot once their own, and parties of them are 
often permitted to spend a few days here away from 
the reservation, to the great delight of interested 
tourists and sight-seers. 



187 



TENNESSEE 



STATE AND THE 96 COUNTIES OF TENNESSEE 

With Their Boundaries 




LOCATION AND 1910 POPULATION OF TENNESSEEE COUNTIES 



Loca. Ci.un'y 

1 Lake. 

2 Obion. 

3 Weakley. 

4 Henry. 

5 Stewart. 

6.. Montgomery. 

7 . . . . Robertson. 

8 Sumner. 

9. . . . Trousdale. 

10 Macon. 

11 Clay. 

VI Pickett. 

13 Scott. 

14.... Campbell. 
1.5. . . . Claiborne. 

16 Hancock. 

17 Hawkins. 

18 Sullivan. 

19 Johnson . 

20 Dyer. 

21 Gibson. 

22 Carroll . 

23 Benton. 

24 Houston . 

25.. Humphreys. 



8,704 
29,94(i 
31,929 
25,435 
14,860 
33,672 
25,466 
25,621 

5,874 
14,5.59 

9,009 

5,087 
12,947 
27,387 
23,504 
10,778 
23,587 
28,120 
13.191 
27,721 
41.630 
23,971 
12,452 

6,224 
13.908 



Loca. V'jun'.y 

26 Dickson. 

27 ... . Cheatham. 

28 Davidson. 

29 Wilson. 

30 Smith. 

31 Jackson. 

32 Overton. 

33 Putnam. 

34 Fentress. 

35 Morgan. 

36 Anderson. 

37 Union. 

38 Grainger. 

39 Hamblen. 

40 Greene. 

41. . Washington. 

42 Carter. 

43 Unicoi . 

44... Lauderdale. 

4.5 Havwood. 

46 Crockett. 

47 Madison. 

48. . . Henderson . 

49 Decatur. 

50 Perry. 



Pop. 



19.955 

10,540 

149,478 

25,394 

18,548 

15,036 

15,854 

20,023 

7.746 

11,4.58 

, 17.717 

11,414 

13,888 

13,650 

, 31,083 

, 28,96R 

. 19.839 

7,201 

, 21,105 

, 25,910 

. 16,076 

. 39,357 

. 17,030 

, 10,093 

. 8.815 



Loca. County 

51 Hickman. . 

52 Lewis. . 

53... Williamson.. 

54 Maury. . 

55 Marshall . . 

56... Rutherford.. 

57 Cannon . . 

58 DelCalb.. 

59 White.. 

60.. Cumberland.. 

61 Roane. . 

62 Loudon. . 

63 Knox.. 

64 Jefferson.. 

65 Cocke. . 

66 Blount.. 

67 Sevier. . 

68 Tipton.. 

69 Shelbv.. 

70 Fayette. 

71.... Hardeman.. 

72 Chester. . 

73 McNairy . . 

74 Hardin. . 



Pop. 



16,527 
6,033 
24,213 
40,4r,6 
16,872 
33,199 
10,825 
15,434 
15,420 
9,327 
22,860 
13,612 
94,187 
17,753 
19,399 
20,809 
22,296 
29,459 
191,439 
.30,257 
23,011 
9.090 
16.356 
17,521 



Loca. County Pop. 

75 Wayne. . 12,062 

76 Lawrence.. 17.569 

77 Giles. . 32.620 

78 Lincoln. 25,908 

79 Bedford.. 22.667 

80 Moore. . 4 800 

81 Coffee. . l;-,625 

82 Franklin.. 20,491 

83 Warren.. 16,534 

84 Grundy.. 8,322 

85 Marion.. 18,820 

86... Van Buren.. 2,784 

87.... Sequatchie.. 4,202 

88 Bledsoe.. 6,329 

89 Hamilton.. 89,267 

90 Rhea. . 15.410 

91 Meigs.. 6,131 

92 James. . 5 210 

93 Bradlev.. Id 336 

94 McMinn.. 21,016 

95 Pofk. . 14,116 

96 Monroe.. 20,716 

Total 2,184,789 



Tennessee Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Pup. 



Adams 7. 

Adamsville . . ..73. 

*Alamo 46. 

Alexandria ....58. 

Allardt 34. 

Aliens Creek. . .75. 
Altonpark ....89. 

Anderson 82. 

Arcadia 18. 

Arlington 69. 

Arthur 15. 

♦Ashland City. 27. 

Ashport 44. 

Aspen Hill 77. 

♦Athens 94. 

Atoka 68. 

Atpontley 88. 

Atwood 22. 

Avondale 89. 

B 

Baileyton 40. 

Ballcamp 63. 

Barr 44. 

Bartlett 69. 



. . 542 

. . 709 
, . 340 
. 866 
. . 325 
. . 490 
. . 462 
, . 302 
. . 206 
. . 477 
. . 202 
. . 641 
. . 662 
. . 226 
.2,264 
. . 250 
. . 420 
. . 200 
.1,066 

. . 250 
. . 209 
. . 260 
. . 263 



Tvifns 



Lorn. Pop. 



Baxter 

Beardstown . . 
Bear Spring. . 
Bellbuckle . . . 

Bells 

Bemis 

*Benton 

Bethel Springs 
Big Sandy. . . . 
Binghamton . . 

Blanche 

*Blountville . . 

Bluff City 

♦Bolivar 

Bon Air 

Boyce 

Bradford 

Briceville . . . . 

Brighton 

Bristol 

♦Brownsville . 
Brunswick . . . 
Brushy 

Mountain . . 
Buntyn 



33. 
,50. 
.5. 
79. 
.46. 
,47. 
95. 
.73. 
23. 
.69. 
78. 
.18. 
.18. 
.71. 
.59. 
.89. 
.21. 
.36. 
.68. 
.18. 
.45. 
.69. 

.35. 
.69. 



. . 220 
. . 260 
. . 562 
. . 466 
. . 753 
, . 650 
. . 290 
. . 290 
. . 380 
.1,673 
. . 250 
. . 224 
. . 540 
.1,070 
. . 517 
.5,066 
. . 520 
.1,354 
. . 214 
.7,148 
.2,882 
. . 250 

.. 858 
.. 590 



I'op. 



Burns 


.26. 


. . . 220 


Butler 


..19. 


. . . 499 


C 






Cainsville . . . 


..29. 


. . . 202 


Calhoun 


..94. 


...222 


♦Cainden .... 


.23. 


. . . 692 


♦Carthage . . . 


.30. 


. . . 904 


Caryville . . . . 


.14. 


. . . 250 


Cedar Hill. .. 


..7. 


.. 590 


♦Celina 


.11. 


. . . 313 


♦Centerville . 


..51. 


..1,097 


Charleston . . 


.93. 


. . . 426 


♦Charlotte . . 


.26. 


. . . 236 


♦Chattanooga 


.89. 


.44,604 


Chestnut 






Mound .... 


..30. 


. . . 224 


Clairfleld . . . 


.15. 


. . . 200 


Clarksburg . . 


..22. 


...226 


♦Clarksville . 


...6. 


. .8,.548 


Clearwater 


..90. 


. . . 326 


♦Cleveland . . 


.93. 


..5,549 


Clifton 


.75. 


...711 


Cliffy 


.59. 


. . . 596 


♦Clinton 


. 36 . 


..1,090 


Coal Creek. . 


. 36 . 


. .1,102 



Loca. I'lip. 



Coalfield 


. 35 . . 


. . 362 


Coalmont . 


.84. 


. . 250 


Collierville . . 


.69. 


. . 802 


♦Columbia . . . 


..54.. 


.5,754 


Concord 


. 63 . . 


. . 530 


♦Cookeville . . 


. 33 . 


.1,848 


Copper Hill.. 


.95 . 


.1,520 


Cornersville . 


..55 . 


. . 290 


Cottagegrove 


..4. 


. . 215 


♦Covington . . 


.68. 


.2,990 


Cowan 


.82. 


. . 624 


Crab Orchard. 


.60. 


.. 390 


♦Crossville . . . 


.60. 


.. 763 


Culleoka 


.54. 


.. 334 


Cumberland 






ritv 


. .5. 


.. 490 


Cumberland 






Furnace . . . 


..26. 


.. 390 


Cumberland 






Gap 


.15. 


.. 347 


D 






Daisy 


.89. 


.. 310 


♦Dandridge . 


.64. 


. . 447 


Darden 


..48. 


. . 220 


♦Dayton .... 


.90. 


.1,991 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns: Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Pooulation of 1010. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



188 



Tennessee Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



'fincna 



Locii. Pop. 



*Decaturville .4!>. 

Decherd 82. 

Denmark 47 . 

Dickson 36- 

Difficult 30. 

Dixon Spring. .30. 

*Dover 5. 

Dowelltown . ..58. 

Doyle 59. 

* Dresden 3. 

Ducktown 95. 

*Dunlap 87. 

Dyer 21- 

*Dyersburg . . .30. 



E 



.56. 



Eagleville 
East 

Chattanooga. 89 

Eastlake 89 

Eastland 59 

*Elizabetliton .43 

Elk Valley 14 

Embreeville 
Englewood 

*Erin 

*Erwin . . . 
Etowah . . . 
EvensviUe 



41. 
.94. 
.24. 
.43. 
.94. 
.90. 



*Fayetteville 

Ferro 

Finley 

Furesthill 
Fork Ridge., 
Fusterville 



..78. 
..76. 

.20. 
..69. 

.15. 

.56. 



Fountain City. .63.. 

Fowlkes .. 

Foxbranch 

♦Franklin 

Friendship 

Friendsville 



G 



Gadsden . . . . 
*Gainesboro 
*Gailatin . . . 
Gardner .... 

Gates 

Germantown 

Gibson 

Glass 

Gleason .... 
Glenmary . . 
Golddust . . . . 
Goodlettsville 
Goodrich . . . 
Gordonsburg 
Gordonsville 



JO. 
. ..16. 

. ..53. 

. ..46. 
. ..66. 

.46. 

..31. 
...8. 

...3. 

..44. 
. .69. 

..21. 



...3. 
..13. 

.44. 

.38. 
..51. 

.53. 
..30. 



Grand Junction71. 



Granville 
Graysville 
Green Brier 
*(;reeneville 
Greenfield 
Gruetli .... 

Guelph 3 

Guild 85 



31. 
.90. 
. .7. 
.40. 
..3. 
.84. 



.. 336 
.1,033 
. . 360 
. 1,850 
. . 380 
. . 350 
. . 460 
. . 233 
. . 326 
. . 708 
.1,503 
.1,166 
.1,166 
.4,149 

. . 317 

.5,062 
. . 250 
. . 334 
.2,478 
. . 290 
. . 306 
. . 633 
. . 942 
.1,149 
.1,685 
.. 200 



.3,439 

'.. 304 
. . 653 
. . 363 
. . 309 
. . 506 
. . 340 
. . 234 
.2,924 
. . 225 
. . 530 

. . 229 
. . 408 
.2,399 
. . 358 
. . 393 
. . ?.49 
. . 350 
. . 250 
. . 388 
. . 560 
. . 220 
. 1,060 
. . 358 
. . 433 
. . 345 
. . 491 
. . 337 
. . 389 
533 
." 1,930 
.1,596 
. . 390 
. . 330 
. . 503 



H 



.44. 
.44. 
.42. 
.61. 

.89. 



Halespoint 

Halls 

Hampton 
Harriman . 
Harrison 
*Hartsville 
Heiskell . . 
Helenwood 
Helinar . . 
*Henderson ... 72 
Hendersonville .8 

Henning 44 

Henry 4 

Hickman 30 

Hickory Valley. 71 



. . .63. 
. ..13. 
...18. 



Highcliff 
Hilham .... 
Hill City... 
*Hohenwald 
Hoiladay . . . 
Hollow Rocl<. 



14. 

.33. 
.89. 
.53. 
.33. 
33 



Hornbeak 2. 



. . 280 
. . 883 
. . 686 
.3,061 
. . 300 
.1,028 
. . 230 
. . 360 
. . 360 
.1,087 
. . 215 
. . 583 
. . 260 
. . 235 
. . 200 
. . 530 
. . 236 
.3,060 
.1,060 
. . 260 
. . 263 
. . 480 



Towns 



Lora. Pop. 



Humboldt 31. 

♦Huntingdon ..32. 

Huniland 83. 

*Huntsville . . . 13. 



Indian Springs. 18. 

Inman 85. 

Iron City 76. 

Isabella 95. 

Isoline 60. 



Jacksboro 
*Jackson . . 
*Jamestown 
*Jasper . . . 
Jefferson . . 
Jefferson City. .64 

Jellico 14 

Johnson City. .41 
Johnsonville ..35 
*Jonesboro . . ..41 



.14. 
.47. 

134. 
.85. 
..56. 



.3,446 
.1,113 
.. 480 
. . 336 

, . . 320 
. . . 530 
. . 331 
. . . 560 
. . . 253 

. . 834 
,15,779 
. . . 350 

.1,066 
, . . 338 
..2,036 

.1,863 

.8,502 
, . . 338 
. . . 806 



Kenton . 
Kerrville . . 
Kimmins 
Kingsport . 
'•'Kingston . 
*Knoxville 

♦Lafayette 
*Lafollette 
La Grange. 
Laurel 

Bloomery 
La Vergne. 



K 



..2 815 

...69 220 

.. .52 362 

...18 350 

. ..61 824 

...63.. 36,346 



..10. 
...14. 
...70. 

, ..19. 
.56. 



''Lawrenceburg.76. 
♦Lebanon . . 
Lenoir City. 

Lenox 

♦I.,ewisburg 
♦Lexington . 
Liberty .... 
Limestone 



.29. 
..62. 
. .20. 
..55. 
..48. 
..58. 
. .41. 



Limestone Cove43. 

♦Linden 

♦Livingston 

Lobelville 

Ijonsdale . . 

Lookout 

Mountain 
♦Loudon . . . 
Lovedale . . 

Luray 

Luttrell . . . 
♦Lynchburg 
Lynnville 



..50. 
. .33. 
..50. 
...63. 

..89. 
..62. 
..18. 
..48. 
...37. 
...80. 
. ..77. 



M 



. .4o. 



70. 
.96. 
.81. 

.3 



INIcEwen 

McKenzie _ 

McLemoresville.23 
♦McMinnville ..83 

Mason 

♦Madisonville 
♦Manchester 

Martin 

JIartins Mills. .75 

♦Maryville 66. 

Macon 68. 

Maury City 46. 

Mayland 60. 

♦Maynardville .37. 

Medina 31. 

Mcdon 47. 

IMeeks 84. 

'Memphis 69. 



.. 678 
.2,816 
.. 308 

.. 206 
. . 200 
.1,687 
.3,659 
.3,393 
.. 520 
.1,830 
.1,497 
.. 290 
. . 220 
.. 206 
. . 330 
..1,430 
. . . 275 
..2,391 

. . . 631 
. . . 995 
...226 
. . . 200 
. . . 530 
. . . 408 
. . . 596 

. . . 661 
..1,323 
. . . 360 
..3,299 
. . . 266 
. . . 736 
. . . 963 
. .2,228 



Mengelwood 

Middleton 

Milan .... 

Milligan 

Millington 

Mohawk 



Mount E.aglc. . .84 



Monterey 
Montlake . . 
Mooresburg 
♦Morristown 
Moscow . . . . 
Mnsheim 



♦Mountain Cityl9 



..3,381 
.. . 391 
. . . 250 
.. . 236 

'. '. '. 320 
. . . 250 
. . . 390 
131,105 
. . . 326 
...273 
..1,605 
. . . 336 
. . . 554 
. . . 330 
. . . 632 
..1,117 
. . . 225 
. . . 208 
..4,007 
.. . 211 
. . . 498 
. . . 592 



Towii.s 



Lock Pup. 



Mouniain View. 63. .. 1,436 
Mountpleasant..54. . .1,973 

Mulberry 78 220 

Mulberrygap . ..16. . . . 203 

Munford 68. . . . 339 

♦Murfreesboro .56... 4,679 



N 



♦Nashville 






(capital) . . 


.28.110,364 


Newbern .... 


.20.. 


1,602 


Newcomb .... 


.14.. 


. 497 


New Market. . 


.64.. 


. 702 


New Middleton. 30. . 


. 291 


♦Newport .... 


.65.. 


2,003 


New Providence. 6. . 


. 821 


New River. . . 


.13.. 


. 303 


Norma 


.13. . 


. 301 


Norjnandy . . . 


.79. . 


. 304 


Nunnelly .... 


.51.. 


. 503 


O 






Oakdale 


.35.. 


. 203 


Oakland 


.70.. 


. 351 




. .2.. 


1,293 


Oliver Springs 


.61.. 


. 573 


Oneida 


.13. . 


. 504 


Only 


.51.. 


. 30e 




. 93 . . 


. 501 


Orchard Knob 


.89.. 


1,007 


Orlinda 


f*} 


. 290 


Orme 


.85.. 


. 653 


P 






♦Paris 


. .4.. 


3,881 


Park 


.63.. 


5,126 


Parrottsville . 


.65.. 


. 201 


Parsons 


.49.. 


. 697 


Pearley 


.69.. 


. 201 


Petersburg . . . 


.78.. 


. 379 


Petros 


.35.. 


. 987 


Philadelphia . 


.63.. 


. 302 


Pickwick .... 


.74. . 


. 351 


Pigeonforge . . 


.67.. 


. 202 


♦Pikeville .... 


.88. . 


. 398 


Pinewood .... 


.51.. 


. 601 


Pinson 


.47.. 


. 264 


Pioneer 


.14.. 


. 225 


Pisgah 


.77.. 


. 207 


Pleasantgrove 


.54.. 


. 334 


Pleasant Hill. 


.63. . 


. 227 


Pleasant View 


.37. . 


. 351 


Portland 


..8.. 


. 579 


Powel! Station 


.63.. 


. 303 


♦Pulaski 


.77.. 


2,928 




. .4 . 


. 254 


B 






P^aleigh 


.69.. 


. 241 


Rathburn .... 


.89.. 


1,173 


Ravenscroft . . 


.59.. 


. 481 


Redboiling 






Springs .... 


.10.. 


. 201 


Rhea Springs. 


. 90 . . 


. 303 


Riceville 


.84.. 


. 401 


Richard City. 


.8.i. . 


. 334 


Ridgedale . . . 


.89.. 


1.503 


Ridgley 


.1.. 


. 519 


♦Ripley 


.44.. 


3,011 


Rives 


..3.. 


. 468 


Roan Mountain43.. 


. 301 


Robbins 


.13.. 


. 403 


Roberta 


. 1'3 . . 


. 202 


Rockford .... 


.66.. 


. 503 


Piockwood . . . 


.61. . 


3,661 


♦Rogersville 


.17.. 


1,343 


Rome 


.30.. 


. 301 


Roope 


.85.. 


. 204 


Itugbv 


.35.. 


. 251 


Rusk in 


.26. . 


. 303 


Russellvllle .. 


.39.. 


. 305 


Rutherford . . 


.21.. 


. 766 


♦Rutledge 


.38.. 


. 303 


S 






Saint Clair. . . 


.17.. 


2,426 


Saint Elmo... 


.89.. 


2,577 


Saint Joseph. . 


.76.. 


. 351 


Sale Creek. . . . 


.89.. 


. 486 


Saltillo 


.74.. 


. 354 


Santa Fe .... 


.54.. 


. 269 


Sardis 


.48.. 


. 435 


Saulsbury 


.71.. 


. 220 


♦Savannah . . . 


.74. . 


2,066 



IjDCtl. Pop. 



Scivally 


.80. . 


. 203 


Scotts Hill... 


.48.. 


. 251 


♦Selmer 


.73.. 


. 539 


♦Sevierville . . 


.67. . 


. 675 


Sewanee 


.82.. 


. 500 


Shadeland . . . 


.35.. 


. 203 


Shallowford . 


.89.. 


. 251 


Sharon 


..3.. 


. 608 


Shawanee 


.15.. 


. 201 


♦Shelbyville . 


.79.. 


2,869 


Sherwood .... 


.83.. 


. 405 


♦Smithville . . 


.58.. 


. 647 


Smoky Junctionl3.. 


. 360 


Smyrna 


.56.. 


. 315 


♦Sneedville . . . 


.16.. 


. 230 


Soddy 


.89.. 


1,173 


♦Somerville . . 


.70.. 


1,387 


South Fulton. 


..2.. 


1,391 


South 






Pittsburgh . 


.85.. 


2,106 


Southside .... 


. .6.. 


. 306 


♦Sparta 


.59.. 


1,409 


Speedwell 


.15.. 


. 300 


♦Spencer 


.86.. 


. 218 


Spot 


..51.. 


. 450 


Spring City... 


.90.. 


1,039 


Springcreek . 


.47.. 


. 320 


♦Springfield . . 


..7.. 


2,085 


Spring Hill... 


.54.. 


. 695 


Stanton 


.45.. 


. 520 


Strathmore 


.76.. 


. 220 


Sugar Tree. . . 


.49.. 


. 263 


Summertown 


.76.. 


. 466 


Sunbright .... 


.35.. 


. 214 


Sutherland . . 


.19.. 


. 336 


Sweetwater . . 


.96. . 


1,850 


Sycamore . . . 


.27.. 


. 226 


T 






Talbott 


.64.. 


. 326 


♦Tazewell . . . 


.15. . 


. 886 


Teller 


.15.. 


. 250 


Tellico Plains. 


.96. . 


. 360 


Thomastown . 


..69. . 


. 391 


Thompsons . . 


.53.. 


. 226 


♦Tiptonville . 


..1.. 


. 843 


Toone 


..71.. 


. 245 


Townsend .... 


.66.. 


. 836 


Tracv City. . . 


.84.. 


3,030 


♦Trenton .... 


..21.. 


2,403 


Trezevant .... 


.23.. 


. 526 


Trimble 


.20.. 


. 556 


Troy 


..2.. 


. 539 


TuUahoma . . . 


.81.. 


3,049 


V 






t^nicoi 


.43.. 


. 250 


♦Union City. . 


..2.. 


4,389 


V 






Victoria 


.85.. 


. 259 


Vonore 


.96.. 


. 320 


W 






Waldensia . . . 


.60.. 


. 526 


"Walnut Grove 


.74.. 


. 530 


Warner 


.51.. 


. 660 


♦Wartburg . . 


.35.. 


. 306 


Wartrace .... 


.79.. 


. 659 


Watertown .. 


.29.. 


. 517 


♦Waverly 


.25.. 


. 947 


♦Waynesboro 


.75. . 


. 357 


Wellwood .... 


.45. . 


. 209 


Westmoreland 


.8.. 


. 298 


Westpoint . . . 


.76.. 


. 370 


White Bluffs. . 


.26. . 


. 419 


White Pine. .. 


.64.. 


. 563 


Whites Bend. 


.28. . 


. 230 


Whitesburg . . 


.39.. 


. 463 


Whiteside ... 


.85.. 


. 533 


Whiteville . . . 


.71.. 


. 741 


"Whittle Spring 


s63. . 


. 220 


Whitwell 


.85.. 


3,063 


Wilder 


.34.. 


. 302 


Willette 


.10.. 


. 250 


♦Winchester 


.82.. 


1,351 


Winona 


.13.. 


. 350 


Witts Foundry. 39.. 


. 250 


♦Woodbury . . 


.57. . 


. 604 


Woodland Mills. 2.. 


. 250 


Wooldridge . . 


.14.. 


. 606 


Y 






Yorkville .... 


.21.. 


. 326 



CONDENSED 1MPORT.4NT FACTS RELATING TO THIS ST.\TE. 

Altitude. Highest, Clingman's Dome in Sevier i 59 In West Tennessee. Average January tempera- 
County, 0,619 feet. ture at Nashville, 3.S; July, 80. Extremes, warm- 
Climate. State, average annual temperature of est, 104; coldest, 13 below. Yearlv rainfall at Nash- 
East Tennessee, 58; middle of the state, 58, and ' ville, 50.1. Annual rainfall at Chattanooga, 55. 



189 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



FACTS ABOUT TENNESSEE. 
Gathered From Literature Sent Out by Railroad Agents \^"ho Travel in All Regions of This State. 



The markets for all farm products are convenient 
and good. 

The means of reaching markets by rivers and rail 
are ample. 

Farm products bring generally the very highest 
prices when shipped to northern markets, because 
they reach those markets early in the season when 
the markets are bare. Two crops of potatoes are 
grown on the same land the same year. 

The winters are short, the summers long, but 
neither winter cold nor summer heat is as great as 
in the northtrn States. 

Building materials are cheap and abundant. 

Farmers may work out doors in comfort every 
month in the year, and nearly every day in the 
year. A crop of wheat and a crop of corn may be 
harvested from the same land the same year. 

Wheat frequently sells twice as high as it does 
in the northwest. It usually brings Chicago prices, 
with the freiglit addecf. 

Corn, oats and hay sell 50 per cent higher usually 
than they do in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio or Michigan. 

3IILLION§ OF ACRES WAITING FOR SETTLERS. 

There are 16,000,000 acres in the State unoccupied, 

and await the industry of skilled farmers to beconae 
the fairest agricultural region on the globe. 

The same quality of lands that are sold for ten 
dollars an acne in Tennessee will sell for forty in 
Ohio. 

A knowledge of Tennessee, with all its advan- 
tages, is only needed to fill it with the best class 
of immigrants. Every immigrant who settles in tlie 
State is anxious to bring his friends. 

There are large coal and iron fields in the State, 
besides fort.y-seven other minerals which exist in 
workable quantities. The recent discovery of im- 
mense beds of phosphate rock makes Tennessee the 
center for the distribution of fertilizers of high 
quality. The use of these by the farmers of the 
State has, in many instances, doubled the yields of 
wheat and several other crops. 

SOMETHING TO SELL, EVERY MONTH. 

Diversification of crops is carried on more largely 
in Tennessee than in any other State in the Missis- 
sippi Valley. A good farmer has something to sell 
in market every month in the year. 

The average rainfall in the State of Tennessee for 
the past twenty-five years is fifty-two inches annu- 
ally, and this is distributed in copious quantities 
during the growing season, so there is never a 
failure of crops. 

Stock water and water for domestic purposes may 
be secured upon ever.v farm either by the boring of 
wells, by natural springs, or by the making of cis- 
terns. 

The average number of days between killing frosts 
for the period of twenty-three years was 189. This 
measures the length of the growing season. Corn 
may be planted from March until the middle of 
June, and have ample time to mature when planted 
at the latter date. A crop of cowpeas and a crop 
of wheat may be grown on the same land ever.v 
year with a constant enrichment of the soil. Hogs 
may be fattened on cowpeas at a very low cost. 

ABUNDANT WATER POWER IN ALL PARTS. 

No State surpasses Tennessee in the advantages 
which it offers for a varied manufacturing industry. 
Water powers are numerous in every part of the 
State, but especially on the line of the Nashville, 
Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway. White, Warren 
and Coffee counties, on the McMinnville Division, 
are singularly favored in this respect. 

A farmer is not compelled to give half his labor 
in order to make feed enough to take his live stock 
through the winter. 

Crops of all kinds mature earlier in the South, 
and with the excellent facilities for shipment, may 
be sent to the great cities of the North, where they 
will find a scarce and dear market. 

Southern farms, equally as good as those in the 
North, may usually be bought for one-third the 
price, and sometimes less. 

A LAND OF HOMES. 

Tennessee is blessed in everything that goes to 
make happy and permanent homes. There are no 
blizzards in winter; no simoons in summer; no ter- 
rific wind storms; no epidemics; no scarcity of food; 
plenty of schools; plenty of churches; fruits on every 
hand; green grass: luxuriant shade trees; beautiful 
brooks and creeks and everything in nature to make 
the home surroundings pleasant, attractive and 
beautiful. 

The healthfulness of the Central Southern States, 



and especially of the upland regions of Tennessee, 

Alabama and Georgia, may be ascertained by re- 
ferring to the low death rate reported for these 
regions in the eleventh census. 

Great Profits. — Upon the land offered for settle- 
ment to immigrants one single crop of tobacco 
grown on four acres of fresh land, cultivated by one 
man, in one year will pay for forty acres of the 
land. A crop of peaches often brings $200 per acre. 

CROPS AND WEATHER OF WTEST TENNESSEE. 

Throughout the West. Northwest and Middle West 
there is now a disposition on the part of farmers to 
dispose of their holdings and immigrate to a milder 
clim.ate. Hundreds of letters come to this office in- 
quiring if there is in the South a section of country 
where staple farm crops are successfully grown; 
where dairying, cattle and hog raising are carried 
on profitably; where peaches, cherries and apples 
are grown as in Indiana, Ohio and Michigan, and 
where the climate is considered medium, neither too 
hot nor too cold. 

The object of this folder is to furnish just such 
information and to emphasize the advantages of 
West Tennessee in furnishing precisely the condi- 
tions demanded by those who would grow practically 
the same products and engage in the same kind of 
farming in which they have been successful in the 
more Northern States. 

West Tennessee enjoys a mild winter; sometimes 
a few inches of snow remain on the ground for a 
short time only. White frosts such as are found in 
November in the Northern States are common in 
West Tennessee during the winter months. These 
mild winter conditions are healthful and are greatly 
enjoyed by those who have been accustomed to the 
rigorous winters of the North. 

SOUTH ailDDLE TENNESSEE. 

The "Plateau Land," the great Central Basin of 
this section, consists of lessening elevations of the 
Appalachian Mountains as they descend toward their 
foothills and are at last succeeded by the more level 
stretches, extending to the shores of the Gulf of 
IVIexico. Here we are free from the extremes which 
often render sections undesirable. The winters are 
seldom of a character which are hurtful to man or 
beast; destructive "Northers," which afP.ict disas- 
trously many parts of the West and Southwest, are 
unknown. Throughout this Plateau Region life flows 
peacefully and the years come and go free from 
those events which, when occurring, make for terror 
and great loss, both of property and life. 

The summers are no hotter than in Illinois, Mich- 
igan or Minnesota; longer only, the heat not nearly 
so intense and certainly never so uncomfortable. In 
point of fact, neither fatal heat attacks nor sun- 
strokes are known. The nights are alwa.vs cool, 
however hot the day may be. It is to be borne in 
mind that it enjoys elevation, the altitude averaging 
something like 1,000 feet and gives abundant proof 
that at one time it was the bottom of a great lake, 
it being surrounded by a rim or watershed. 

CLEMATE COMBINES SUNSHINE AND RAIN. 

The climate combines sunshine and rain, cold and 
warmth, in such proportions as to produce the high- 
est degree of perfection in the greatest number of 
crops. The productions of both the Northern and 
Southern states here meet. It is the climatic happy 
medium of the United States. Just cold enough 
during the winter months to invigorate the physical 
system, ameliorate the soil and destroy the germs of 
disease. Just sufficient heat in the summer months 
to produce rapid growth of vegetation and a heavy 
yield in crops. There are but few days during the 
year in which one is prevented from performing in 
comfort out-door labor. 

As to the crops of this region, it may be broadly 
stated that they include ever.v crop grown in and 
incident to the temperate zone. Cotton is widely 
regarded throughout the North as the only crop on 
which the Southern agriculturist relies; it is. prac- 
ticaly, a side issue of this section; while there is a 
large amount raised in this section, it is by no means 
the backbone of the farmer's hopes. Corn, oats, rye, 
barley, potatoes, tobacco, wheat, do well. Corn 
comes more nearly being the standard of this county. 
Wheat in some parts yields as much as forty bushels 
to the acre; that amount, however, is above the 
average. 

It should be borne in mind that with high farm- 
ing and good culture, the yield of these crops would 
be increased two or three times what is done under 
the slip-shod farming as is practiced in some parts 
of the South. 



190 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



TENNESSEE 

AN OLD STATE WITH WORN-OUT SOILS WHICH CAN BE RENOVATED AND MADE HIGHLY 

PROFITABLE 



Dimensions. Length of state, north and south, 
120 miles. Extreme width, 430 miles. Area, 42 050 
square miles. 

History. Immigrants from North Carolina entered 
East Tennessee in 1754. Organized as a Territory 
in 1794. Admitted as a state in 1796. Knoxville 
was the capital in 1796-1811; Nashville in 1812-1815 
Murfreesville the capital in 1816-1826 and Nashville 
was made capital in 1826. 

Our map shows that this Is a long and narrow 
state. Topography reveals that there is much dif- 
ference in the elevations of its various portions, 
and geology indicates that great variety in constitu- 
ents of soil exist between the eastern, middle and 
western parts of the state. 

EIGHT DISTINCT PARTS OF THE STATE. 

Topographically, Tennessee Is divided into eight 
quite distinct parts, being the Appalachian chain of 
mountains on the eastern border. Adjoining on 
the west is the Cumberland table land, and between 
this and the mountains is the Valley of East Ten- 
nessee, one of the inost important agricultural re- 
gions. Next comes the Cumberland table land, 
an elevated plateau, 2,000 feet above the sea and 
1,000 feet above the valley of East Tennessee. 
Then next, west of this table land, and extending 
westward to the Tennessee River, come the high- 
lands or terrace lands, having an elevation of 1,000 
feet above the sea. In the center of these is the 
great central basin resembling the bed of a lake 
which has been drained. 

The soil of this valley is naturally fertile, and 
here can be grown in abundance all the crops 
natural to this latitude. 

Next follows the narrow valley west of and 
sloping to the Tennessee River, to the westward 
of which is the plateau of the Tennessee, another 
naturally rich, easily cultivated soil. The eighth 
and last division is the bottom land of the Missis- 
sippi, a low, flat, alluvial plain, which exhibits rank 
growth of all kinds of agricultural production. 

A WARNING TO LAND SEEKERS. 

The home seeker who enters this state in quest 
of land should understand that the naturally fer- 
tile soil in many pla»es in Tennessee has been 
worn out. It was cropped for fifty years before 
the Civil war and, as virgin soil, yielded good 
crops. Along with cultivation of the soil, and very 
poor cultivation by negro slaves, the forests were 
cut away and hundreds of thousands of acres, after 
cutting the trees, was annually burned over to pre- 
vent undergrowth, and develop pasturage, the re- 
sult being that with numerous seasons of drouth 
the timber lands have become barren. 

With the war came on general neglect of the 
cultivated fields, no fertilization was given to the 
land and the crop yield was less and less each 
succeeding year. Then followed the years of im- 
poverishment among all the owners of Tennessee 
land and the cultivating of the soil to get the 
utmost returns from it and give just as little as 
possible back in payment for the meager crops they 
took away. 

Thus, vast areas of Tennessee land has been 
cropped so closely and drained of its last vestige 
of fertility so completely that, no longer worth 
cultivating, it has been abandoned as worthless, 
as is the case in great quantities of other land in 
the old slave-holding states. 

We mention this to warn land seekers that they 
may not be deceived in the purchase of worn-out 
land. We are not cautioning them against buying 
land. We are simply telling them conditions that 
they may be on their guard and pay for this land 
what it is worth and no more. 

HUNT OUT THE POOR SOILS. 

And right in this connection it is well for the 
land seeker to hunt out this run down land and, 
if well located with fair buildings, buy this prop- 
erty and restore the land. Buy it for what it is 
worth and renovate the soil. 

Buy this worn-out land, or, perhaps better, be- 
fore buying open communication either by personal 
visit or by letter with the Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station at the University of Knoxville, Tenn. 

The authorities of that institution will give the 
land seeker the exact facts, where the land is 
which has been abandoned; what it is worth and 
what the instructors connected with that institution 
are doing in the renovation of land in that state. 

It is a fact not generally known that the reason 



of westward emigration is largely because fertility 
of soil in the old farm becomes exhausted and there 
has been a constant endeavor, beginning on the 
Atlantic coast, to get upon more prolific soil — new 
fertile land a little farther west. And so the 
westward move has been constantly going forward 
to get new and a little better land further west. 

EMIGRATION TURNING EAST. 

At last the tide of emigration Is beginning to 
turn back and the taking up of old homesteads 
with its exhausted soil is becoming common. 

This change has been largely brought about by 
the Agricultural Experiment Stations which are 
teaching that, through scientific treatment, soils 
exhausted of fertility can be renovated. 

The establishment of the Experiment Station in 
agriculture had become an imperative necessity. 
It was believed for a long time that the new soils 
of the west could not be exhausted of their strength, 
but it is being discovered that other means of 
tillage must be adopted on all soils that they may 
retain their strength. 

BUYING EXHAUSTED SOILS MAY BE 
PROFITABLE. 

With the knowledge at hand of how to reno- 
vate soils it is possible for land seekers to buy run 
down and abandoned farms, restore the soil to fer- 
tility again, put old buildings in order, improve 
lawns and grounds upon the premises, make the 
farm profitable and sell at a large profit. The 
renovation of land improvement of old properties is 
a business in which men of enterprise can safely 
and profitably engage. 

By addressing the State University through cor- 
respondence with these institutions, the agents can 
be found who will send the reader a list of cheap 
farms, largely in Eastern states upon which experi- 
ment care is being made to improve the properties. 

HOW SOIL IS 3IADE. 

When the crust of this earth was being fin- 
ished it was largely a :iiass of rock. In the thou- 
sands of years of its existence the rains and floods 
have worn these rocks into fine particles which set- 
tled into hollows between elevations and made soil 
such that vegetation could be generated and find 
existence in this soil. The vegetation thus grown 
lived its appointed time, died, decayed, and on the 
soil where it grew it has made other soil that 
could produce more vegetation similar to that 
which has grown before. If this decayed vegeta- 
tion was on level surface and not easily washed 
away it made a deep rich soil capable "of repro- 
ducing the yield of vegetation for :nany years. But 
if, as fast as the crop has been grown, it has 
been taken away from the land and nothing was 
given back to the soil to aid in reproducing another 
crop the means of reproduction have becoine ex- 
hausted and the soil is what we call worn out. 

TECHNICAL TERMS IN GEOLOGY. 

The process of renovating, fertilizing this land 
so that it will yield abundant ci'ops again, we treat 
in another chapter of this work. To get full infor- 
mation on renovating worn out land, write to De- 
partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. In 
considering the subject of renovating worn out and 
exhausted soil we have endeavored to eliminate as 
much as possible the technical, scientific words of 
which geological language is so full. 

In a study of soil, from a scientific standpoint, 
the young farmer immediately runs on to the words 
hydrochloric, carbonate, sodium, oxide, ferric, alu- 
mina, phosphoric, silicate, carbonaceous, sulphates, 
humus, nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate, potash, protein, 
nitrogenous, carbonhydrates, chlorin, carbonic, kain- 
it, sylvinit, muriate, nitrogen, leguminous, phos- 
phate, azotine, denitriflcation, superphosphates, 
phosphatic, magnesia, potassic. calcareous, loam, 
oxidization, nitrification, dolomite, silica soluble in 
Na2 C03 5.478. 85.675; ferruginous, fossiliferous, chli- 
howee, silicious lower carboniferous, intercalated, 
and so many other words with which he is not 
familiar as to very likely cause him to think that 
the simple fertilizing of his land is a subject too 
deep for him to understand. 

Under judicious management all these exhausted 
Tennessee soils can be made fertile again and the 
individual who masters the subject of renovaling 
worn out soils may find it profitable to make a 
profession of soii renovation. 



191 



TEXAS 



STATE AND THE 247 COUNTIES OF TEXAS 

With Their Boundaries 



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rOlNTIES OF TEXAS. 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



1 Dallam. 

2 Sherman. 

3 Hansford. 

4 Ochiltree. 

5. . . . Lipscomb. 

6 Hartley. 

7 Moore. 

8. . .. Hutchinson . 

9 Roberts. 

10 Hemphill. 

11 Oldham. 

12 Potter. 

13 Carson . 

14 Gray. 

15 Wheeler. 

16 Deaf Smith. 

17 Randall. 

18.... Armstrong. 

19 Donley. 

20 Collingsworth. 

21 Parmer. 

22 Castro. 

23 Swisher. 

24 Briscoe. 



4,001 

1,376 

935 

1,603 

2,634 

1,298 

561 

892 

950 

3,170 

813 

2,434 

2,127 

3,405 

5,528 

3,942 

3,312 

2.683 

5,385 

5,234 

1,535 

1,850 

4.013 

2,163 



Locn. 



County Pop. 



35 Hall 

26 Childress. 

37 Bailey, 

28 Lamb. 

39 Hale, 

30 Floyd, 

31 Motley, 

32 Cottle, 

33.... Hardeman, 

34 Foard, 

35 Wilbarger, 

36 Wichita, 

37 Cochran, 

38 Hockley. 

39 Lubbock. 

40 Crosby. 

41 Dickens. 

43 King. 

43 Knox. 

44 Baylor. 

45 Archer. 

46 Clay. 

47 Montague. 

48 Cooke. 



. 8,379 
. 9,538 
. 313 

540 
. 7,566 
. 4,638 
. 2,396 
. 4,396 
.11,213 
. 5,736 
.13,000 
.16,094 
65 

137 
. 3,634 
. 1,765 
. 3,092 

810 
. 9,635 
. 8,411 
. 6,535 
.17,043 
.35,133 
.26,603 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



49 Grayson. 

50 Fannin. 

51 Lamar. 

53 Red River. 

53 Bowie. 

54 Yoakum. 

55 Terry . 

56 Lynn. 

57 Garza. 

58 Kent. 

59 Stonewall . 

60 Haskell. 

61. Throckmorton. 

62 Young. 

63 Jack. 

64 Wise. 

65 Denton. 

66 Collin. 

67 Hunt. 

68 Delta. 

69 Hopkins. 

70 Franklin. 

71 Titus. 

72 Morris. 



,65,996 
.44.801 
.46.544 
.28,564 
. 4,827 
603 
. 1,474 
. 1,713 
. 1,995 
. 2,655 
. 5.330 
.16,319 
, 4,563 
.13,657 
.11,817 
.36,450 
.31.3.58 
.49,031 
.48,116 
.14,566 
.31,038 
. 9,331 
16,423 
. 10,439 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



73 Cass. 

74. ...;.. . Gaines. 

7.5 Dawson. 

76 Borden. 

77 Scurry. 

78 Fisher. 

79 Jones. 

80.. Schackelford. 

81 Stephens. 

82 Palo Pinto. 

83 Parker. 

84 Tarrant. 

85 Dallas. 

86 Rockwall. 

87 Kaufman . 

88 Rains. 

89 Van Zandt. 

90 Wood. 

91 Camp. 

92 Upshur. 

93 Marion. 

94 Harrison. 

95 Andrews. 

96 Martin. 



.27,587 
. 1,255 
. 2,330 
. 1,386 
.10,934 
.13,596 
.34,399 
. 4,201 
. 7,980 
.19,506 
.26,331 
108,571 
135,748 
. 8,073 
.35.333 
. 6,781 
.23,651 
.23,417 
.37,387 
.19,960 
.10,473 
.37.243 
. 975 
. 1,549 



192 



Counties of Texas — Continued 



Loca. County Pop. 

97 Howard.. 8,881 

!)8 Mitchell. . 8,956 

99 Nolan. .11,999 

100 Taylor.. 26,393 

101 Callahan. .12,973 

102 Eastland. .12,973 

103 Erath. .32,095 

104 Hood. .10,008 

105 Somervell.. 3,931 

106 Johnson. .34,460 

107 Ellis.. 53,029 

108 Henderson. .20,131 

109 Smith. .41,746 

110 Gregg. .14,140 

111 Rusk.. 26,946 

112 Panola. .20,424 

113 El Paso. .52,599 

114.... Culberson.. 

115 Reeves.. 4,393 

116 Loving.. 249 

117 Ector. . 1,178 

118 Midland. . 3,464 

119 Glasscock. . 1,143 

120 Sterling. . 1,493 

121 Coke. . 6,412 

122 Runnels . . 20.058 

123 Coleman. .22,618 

124 Brown . . 22,935 

125 Comanche. .27,186 

126 Hamilton. .15,315 

127 Bosque. .19,013 

128 Hill.. 46,760 

129 Navarro. .47,070 

1 30 Freestone . . 20,557 

131.... Anderson. .29,650 

133 Cherokee. .29,038 

133 Winkler.. 442 

134 Ward. . 2,389 



Loca. County 

135 Crane . 

136 Upton. 

137 Reagan. 

138 Irion. 

139 Tom Green. 

140 Concho. 

141 McCuUoch. 

142 San Saba. 

143 Mills. 

144. . . Lampassas. 

145 Corj'ell. 

146.... McLennan. 
147.... Limestone. 

148 Jeff Davis. 

149 Pecos. 

150 Crockett. 

151. . .. Schleicher. 

152 Menard. 

153 Mason. 

1.'54 Llano. 

155 Burnet. 

156 Bell. 

157 Falls. 

158.... Robertson. 

1.59 Leon . 

160 Madison. 

161 Houston. 

162 Trinity. 

163 Angelina. 

164. Nacogdoches. 
165.San Augustine. 

166 Shelby. 

167 Sabine. 

168 Presidio. 

169 Brewster. 

170 Terrell. 

171 Valverde. 

172 Sutton. 



Pop. 



331 
501 
. 392 
. 1,283 
.17,882 
. 6,654 
.13,405 
.11,245 
. 9,694 
. 9,532 
.19,013 
.73,250 
.34,621 
. 1,678 
. 2,071 
. 1,296 
. 1,893 
. 2,707 
. 5,683 
. 6,520 
.10,755 
.49,186 
,35,649 
.27,454 
,16,583 
,10,318 
,29,564 
,12,768 
,17,705 
27,406 
,11,264 
26,423 
8,582 
5,218 
5,220 
1,430 
8.613 
1,569 



Loca. County 

173 Kimble, 

174 Gillespie, 

175 Blanco, 

176 Travis, 

177... Williamson, 

178 Milam. 

179 Burleson. 

180 Brazos. 

181 Grimes. 

182 Walker. 

183. . .San Jacinto. 

184 Polk. 

185 Tyler. 

186 Jasper. 

187 Newton. 

188 Edwards. 

189 Kerr. 

190 Bandera. 

191 Kendall. 

192 Comal. 

193 Havs. 

194 Caldwell. 

195 Bastrop. 

196 Lee. 

197 Fayette. 

198.. Washington. 

199 Austin. 

200 Waller. 

201.. Montgomery. 

202 Harris. 

203 Liberty. 

204 Hardin. 

205 Orange. 

206 Kinney. 

207 Uvalde. 

208 Medina. 

209 Bexar. 

210. . . Guadalupe. 



Pop. 



. . 3,261 
. . 9,447 
. . 4,311 
. .55,620 
..22,228 
.36,780 
.18,687 
. .18,919 
.21,205 
.16,061 
. 9,542 
.17,459 
.10,250 
.14,000 
.10,850 
. 3,768 
. 5,505 
. 4,921 
. 4,517 
. 8.434 

.'24,327 
.25,341 
.13,132 
.29,796 
.25,561 
.17,699 
.12,138 
.15,679 
115,693 
.10,686 
.12,947 
. 9,528 
. 3,401 
.11,233 
.13,415 
119,676 
.24,913 



Loca. County Pop. 

211 Gonzales. .28,055 

212 Lavaca. .26,418 

213 Colorado. .18,897 

214 Wharton. .21,123 

215 Fort Bend.. 18, 168 

216 Brazoria. .13,299 

217 Galveston. .44,479 

218 Chambers.. 4,234 

219 Jefferson. .38,182 

220 Maverick.. 5,151 

221 Zavalla.. 1.889 

223 Frio.. 8,895 

223 Atascosa. .10,004 

224 Wilson. .17,066 

225 Karnes. .14,942 

226 Dewitt. .23,.'>0I 

227 Victoria . . 14,990 

228. . . . Jackson. . 6,471 

229 Matagorda . 13,594 

230 Dimmit. . 3,460 

331 Lasalle.. 4,747 

232 McMullen.. 1,091 

233 Live Oak . . 3,442 

234 Bee.. 12,090 

235 Goliad. . 9,909 

236 Refugio.. 2,814 

237 Calhoun . . 3,6.35 

238 Webb.. 22,503 

239 Duval. . 8,964 

240 Jim Wells.. 

241 Nueces. .21,955 

242.. .San Patricio.. 7,307 

243 Aransas.. 2,106 

244 Zapata.. 3,809 

245 Starr. .13,151 

246 Hidalgo. .13,728 

247 Cameron. .27,158 

Total 3,896,543 



Texas Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



A 






Abbie 


. .79. 


.. 207 


Abbott 


.138. 


. . 850 


•Abilene . . . . 


.100. 


..9,204 




.346. 
..33. 


. . 213 


Acme 


.. 232 


Adkins 


.209. 


.. 217 


Adsul 


.187. 


.. 251 


Aquilla 


.128. 


.. 307 


.\lanreed . . . . 


..14. 


.. 258 


Alba 


..90. 


.1,201 


*Albanv . . . . 


..80. 


.1,211 


Aldridge .... 


.186. 


.. 617 


Aledo 


. ,83. 


.. 504 


Alice 


.240. 


.2,136 


Allen 


..66. 


.. 351 


Alleyton .... 


.313. 


.. 358 


Almeda 


.202. 


.. 268 


* Alpine 


.169. 


.1,561 


Altair 


.313. 


.. 208 


Alta Loma. . . 


.217. 


.. 445 


Alto 


.132. 


. . 517 


Alvarado . . . 


.106. 


.1,155 


Alvin 


.316. 


.1.453 


Alvord 


..64. 


.1,018 


*Amarillo . . . 


. .13. 


.9,957 


Ammansville 


197. 


.. 317 


Amphion 


.223. 


...351 


*Anahuac . . . 


.318. 


. . 531 


♦Anderson . . 


.181. 


.. 617 


*.\ngleton . . . 


.316. 


.1,508 


Anna 


..66. 


.. 341 


Annona 


..53. 


.. 534 


♦Anson 


..79. 


.1,842 


Appleby .... 


.164. 


.. 251 


Apple Springs 


.162. 


.. 318 


Aransas Pass 


.242. 


.1,197 


Arcadia .... 


.217. 


.. 311 


♦Archer City. 


..45. 


.. 825 


Argo 


.71. 


.. 225 


Argyle 


..65. 


.. 251 


Arlington . . . 


..84.. 


. . 794 


Arneckeville 


226. 


. . 253 


Arp Smith. . . 


.109. 


. . 3,55 


Asherton .... 


.230. 


. . 850 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



•Ashland 93. 

Askew 69. 

*Aspermont . . .59. 

♦Athens 108. 

Atlanta 73. 

Atlast 229. 

Aubrey 65. 

♦Austin 176. 

Avalon 107. 

Avery 52. 

Avinger 73. 

Axtell 146. 



Baber 163. 

Bagwell 52. 

Bailey 50. 

Baileyville ...178. 

♦Baird 101. 

♦Ballinger . . .123. 
♦Bandera . . . .190] 
Bangs 124. 



.188. 
.129. 
.134. 
. . 65 . 
.195. 
1. 



Barksdale 

Barry 

♦Barstow 

Bartonville 

♦Bastrop 

♦Batesville . 

Batson 204 

♦Bay City 229 

♦Beaumont ..219 

Beckville 113 

Bedias 181 

Beeville 234 

Belcherville . . .47 

Bellevue 46 

♦Bellville ....199 

Belott 161 

♦Belton 156 

Benarnold . . .178 
Benavides . . .239 

Benford 184 

Ben Franklin .68 

Benhur 147 

♦Beniamin ... .43 
Ben Wheeler . .89, 



. . . 214 
. . . 351 
. . . 821 

.2,261 
..1,604 
. . . 215 
, . . 817 
.29,860 
, . . 301 
...511 

..317 
, . . 285 



. . . 214 
. . . 305 
. . . 313 
... .251 
. .1,710 
, .3,536 
. . . 372 
, . . 512 
, . . 604 
. . 317 
....687 
. ... 304 
..1,707 
...203 
... .814 
.3,156 
,20,640 
...604 
.. .507 
. 3,269 
.. .221 
. . .613 
.1,211 
.. .208 
.4,164 
.. .205 
.. .512 
.. .251 
....513 
.. .210 
.. .514 
. . . 352 



Totcns 



Loca. Pop. 



Bertram 155 

Bessmay 186 

Bettie . . . 
Big Creek 
Big Sandy 



571 
850 

.93 253 

203 405 

92... 1,201 



►Big Springs . .97. . .4,102 



Billington 
Birch . .. 
Blackfoot 
Blackwell 

Blanco 175 

Blanket 124 



Bleiblervill.- ..199. 

Blessing 229. 

Blocker . . 
Bloomburg 
Blooming 

Grove 
Blossom 
Blue Ridge 



.147 317 

.179 305 

.131 512 

99 407 

617 
513 



. 520 
.204 

.94 250 

..73 411 

.129 903 

. .51 871 

..66 425 

Bluff 190 211 

Bluff Dale ...103 714 

Blum 128 .507 

♦Boerne 191 886 

Bogata 52 417 

Bomarton ....44 611 

♦Bonham 50... 4,844 

Bonita 47 213 

Bonus 214 612 

Boonsville ....64 205 

♦Boston 53 317 

Bowie 47... 2,874 

Boyd 64. 

♦Brackettville 206. 
Bradford 

♦Brady 141 

Branchville . .178 

Brandon 128 401 

Brashear 69 312 

Brazoria 216 831 

♦Breckenridge 81 970 

Bremond 158... 1,415 

♦Brenham .. .198. . .4,718 
Bridgeport .. .64. . .2,112 

Bristol 107 352 

Britton 107 218 



.817 
.2,114 

. .131 251 

.2,669 
.. .412 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Bronson 167. 

Bronte 121 . 

Bookland 167. 

Brookshire . .200. 
Brookstone ....51. 

Browndel 186. 

♦Brownfield ...55. 
♦Brownsville ..247. 
♦Brownwood ..124. 
BruceviUe . . .146. 

♦Bryan 180. 

Bryson 63. 

Buck 184. 

Buckholtz ...178. 

Buda 193. 

Buffalo 159. 

Buffalo Gap ..100. 

Bullard 109. 

Bulverde ....209. 

Buna 186. 

Buckburnett ..36. 

Burke 163. 

Burkett 123. 

Burkeville ...187. 

Burlson 106. 

Burlington . . .178. 

♦Burnet 155. 

Burton 198. 

Byers 46. 



Caddo 

Caddo Mills. . 
Calavaras . . . 
♦Caldwell ... 

Call 

Callis 



..81. 
..67. 
.224. 
!l79'. 
.187. 
66. 



Calvert 158, 

♦Cameron . . . .178. 

Camilla 183. 

Campbell 67. 

Cambellton ..223. 
♦Canadian . . . .10. 



..1,008 
. . . 635 
. . . 814 
. . . 213 
. . . 360 
. . . 513 
. . . 518 
.10,517 
. .6,967 
. . . 613 
..4,133 
. . . 250 
...412 
. . . 508 
. . . 251 
. .. 311 
...513 
...412 
... .258 
. . . 513 
. .1,511 
. . . 208 
. . . 310 
. . . 208 
. . 512 
. . . 409 
, . . 981 
. . 415 
. . 618 

, . . 209 
,..451 
. . 208 
.1,476 
.1,008 
. . 321 
.2,579 
.3,263 
. . 218 
.. 708 
. . 212 
.1,648 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column. Names of Towns: Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



193 



Texas Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. I Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Candeiaria 
*Canton . . , 
*Canyon . . 
Carbon 



..168. 

89. 

17. 

, . . 102 . 



Carlisle 162.. 

Carlsbad 139.. 

Carlton 126.. 

Carmine 197.. 

Carmona . . . .184. . 

Caro 164.. 

Carrictos . . . .247. . 
♦Carrizo Spgs.230.. 

Carroll 109.. 

Carrollton 85.. 

♦Carthage 112. . 

Cason 72.. 

Castroville ...208.. 
Cat Spring. ..199. . 
Cedar Bayou. .202. . 

Cele 176.. 

Celeste 67. . 

Celina 66. . 

Cement »^ . . 

♦Center 166. . 

Center Point. .189. . 
*Centerville ..159.. 
Cestohowa . . .225. . 

Chandler 108.. 

*Channing 6. . 

Chapel Hill.. 198.. 

Charco 135. . 

Charleston ....68.. 

Cherokee 142. . 

Chester 185.. 

Chico 64.. 

♦Childress 26.. 

Chillicothe 33.. 

Chilton 157.. 

China Spring. 146.. 

Chireno 164. . 

Chisholm 86.. 

Chriesman . . . 179. . 
Christoval ...139.. 

Cibola 210. . 

Cisco 102.. 

♦Clairemont ...58.. 
♦Clarendon . . .19. . 
♦Clarksville ...53.. 

♦Claude 18.. 

Clawson 163.. 

Clayton 112.. 

Clear Spring. .210. . 
♦Cleburne ....106.. 

Cleveland 203.. 

Clevenger . . . .164. . 

Clifton 127.. 

Clyde 101.. 

Coahoma 97. . 

Coffeeville 92., 

♦Coldspring ..183.. 

♦Coleman . 

Collinsville 

Colmesnell 

Cologne 235. 

♦Colorado 98. 

Columbia ....216. 

♦Columbus ...213. 

♦Comanche ..125. 
Cometa 221. 

Comfort 191. 

Commerce ....67. 

Como 69. 

♦Conroe 201. 

Cookes Point. .179. 

Cookville 71. 

Cooledge 147. 

♦Cooper 68. 

Coppras Cove. 145. 

Cornhill 177. 

♦Corp, Christi.241. 

Corrigan 184. 

♦Corsicana ...129. 

Coryell 145. 

Cottonwood ..101. 

♦Cotulla 231. 

Coupland 177. 

Courtney 181. 

Covington 128. 

Crandall 87. 

Crawford 146. 

Cresson 104. 

Crete 146. 



.123. 
..49. 
.165. 



. . 541 
. . 530 
.1,412 
. . 479 
. . 516 
. . 281 
.. 351 
.. 309 
.. 219 
.1,251 
.. 355 
. . 610 
.. 358 
.. 418 
.2,258 
.. 351 
.. 510 
.. 315 
.. 409 
.. 211 
.. 821 
.. 724 
.. 503 
.1,684 
. . 541 
.. 308 
.. 218 
.. 309 
.. 522 
. . 618 
.. 814 
. . 214 
.. 253 
.. 318 
.1,203 
.3,818 
.1,207 
.. 519 
.. 316 
. . 258 
.. 251 
.. 233 
.. 318 
.. 321 
. . 344 
.. 307 
.1.946 
.2,065 
.. 693 
.. 351 
.. 200 
. . 306 
10.364 
.1,089 
.. 351 
.1,137 
.. 495 
.. 615 
.. 300 
. . 617 
.3,046 
. . 791 
..718 
. . 318 
.1,840 
.. 981 
.3,009 
.3,756 
. . 508 
. . 560 
..2,818 
. . . 617 
..1,374 
. . . 418 
. . . 624 
. . . 505 
..1,513 
. . . 413 
. . . 351 
. .8,223 
. . . 705 
. .9,749 
. . . 300 
. . . 250 
..1,880 
. . . 344 
. . . 200 
. . . 400 
. . . 633 
. . . 516 
. . . 240 
. . . 350 



♦Crockett ....161. 

Cross 181. 

Cross Plains. . .101. 
♦Crowell . . . 
Crowley .... 
Crowther . . 
Crystal City. 
Crystal Falls 



..34. 
...84. 
.232. 
.121. 
.81. 



Cuero 236. 

Cumby 69. 

Cundiff 63. 

Curtis 102. 

Cushing 164. 

D 

Dacha 166. 

♦Daingerfield ..73. 
Dalby Springs. 53. 

Dale 194. 

♦Dalhart 1- 

♦Dallas 85. 

Danevang ....214. 

Davilla 178. 

Dawson 139. 

Dayton 203. 

Deadwood . . . .112. 
Dearborn . . . .304. 

♦Decatur 64. 

Decoy 164. 

Deepwater ...203. 

DeKalb 53. 

De Leon 125. 

♦Del Rio 171. 

Denison 49. 

♦Denton 65. 

Deport 51. 

Desdemona ...102. 

Detroit 52. 

Devers 303. 

Devine 308. 

Dewet 211. 

Dewey ville ...187. 

Dexter 48. 

D'Hanis 208. 

Dialville 132. 

♦Dickens 41. 

Dickey 159. 

Dickinson . . . .217. 

Dilley 332. 

Divine 208. 

Dodd City 50. 

Dodge 182. 

Donie 130. 

Drasco 122. 

Druso 161. 

Dublin 103. 

Duncanville . . .85. 

Dundee 45. 

Durango 157. 

Duster 125. 

E 
l<:agle Ford . ..85. 
Eagle Lake. . .213. 
♦Eagle Pass.. 220. 
East Colum. ..216. 

♦Eastland 102. 

Ector 50. 

Eddy 146. 

Eden 140. 

♦Edinburg . . .246. 

♦Edna 228. 

El Campo . . . .214. 
♦Eldorado . . . .151. 

Eldridge 213. 

Electra 36. 

Elgin 195. 

Elkhart 131. 

Ellinger 197. 

Elmendorf ...209. 

Elmina 182. 

Elmo 87. 

Elmtown 131. 

♦El Paso 113. 

Elysian Fields. 94 
Elmhouse . . . .129 

♦Emma 40 

♦Emory 88 

Emporia 163 

Encinal 231 

English 52 

Enloe 68 



.3,947 
.. 400 
. . 200 
.1,341 
...271 
. . 200 
, . . 325 
, . . 250 
..3,109 
. . . 818 
. . . 200 
...211 
..1,200 



. . . 301 
. . 1,009 
. . . 250 
. . . 341 
. .2.580 
.92,104 
. . . 350 
. . . 421 
. . . 803 
. . . 358 
. . . 200 
. . . 531 
..1,651 
. . . 315 
. . . 250 
. .1,015 
..1,021 
. .4,000 
.13,633 
..4,733 
. . . 318 
. . . 201 
..1,500 
. . . 205 
. . . 821 
. . . 250 
...510 
. . . 300 
...521 
. . . 200 
. . . 250 
...211 
...210 
. . . 205 
..1,042 
. . . 289 
. . . 318 
. . . 201 
....413 
. . . 250 
. .2,551 
. . . 200 
. . . 410 
. .. 218 
...314 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



. . . 251 
..1,717 
..3,536 
. . . 908 
. .1,200 
. . . 404 
.. . 513 
. . . 514 
. . . 301 
..1,700 
..1,778 
. . . 514 
... 200 
. . . 640 
..1,707 
. . . 415 
... 350 
... 308 
... 518 
... 350 
... 250 
.39.279 
212 
! ! ! 259 
. .5,669 
... 718 
... 301 
... 650 
... 200 
326 



Ennis 107.. 

Eola 140.. 

Estelline 25. , 

Eustace 108.. 

Evadale 186.. 

Evant 145. . 

Evergreen ...183.. 
Everitt 183., 



♦Fairfield . . . . 

Fairlie 

Falfurrias ... 

Falls City 

Fannett 

Farmer 

Farm. Branch 
Farmersville . 

♦Farwell 

Fate 

Fayetteville . . 

Fentress 

Ferris 

Fisher 

Flanagan . . . . 

Flatonia 

Florence 

♦Floresville . . 

Floyd 

♦Flovdada . . . 
Fords Bluff.., 
Forestburg . . . 

Fcrney 

Forreston . . . . 
♦Fort Davis. . , 
Ft. McKavett. 
Fort Sam.... 
♦Fort Stocton 
♦Fort Worth. 

Foster 

Fostoria .... 
♦Franklin . . . 
Frankston . . . 
♦Fred'ricksb'g 
Friesburg . . . 

Friona 

Frisco 

Frosa 

Frost 

Fulbright . . . 
Fulshear 
Fuqua 



130. 
.67. 
245. 
225. 
219. 
.62. 

85. 
.66. 
.21. 
.86. 
197. 
194. 
107. 
.78. 
111. 
197. 
177. 
334. 
.67. 
.30. 
186. 
.47. 
.87. 
107. 
148. 
152. 
309. 
149. 
.84. 
315. 
301. 
158. 
131. 
174. 
313. 
.21. 

.66. 
147. 
129. 
.52. 
215. 
.203, 



G 



♦Gail 

♦Gainesville . . 
♦Galveston . . . 

Ganado 

♦Garden City. . 
Gardendale 
Gard'n Valley. 

Garland 

Garrison 

Gary 

Garza 

♦Gatesville . . . 

Gause 

Gay 

George 

♦Georgetown . 
Germantown . 
♦Giddings . . . . 

♦Gilmer 

Gindale 

Gladewater . . 

Glenflora 

♦Glen Rose. . . 

Glidden 

Godley 

Goldsboro . . . . 
♦Goldthwaite 
♦Goliad . 
♦Gonzales 

Gordon 

Goree 

Graford 

♦Graham .... 
♦Granbury . . 
Grand Prairie 
Grand Saline 
Grand View. . 
Granger 



.76. 

.48. 

317. 

238. 

119. 

331. 

109. 

.85. 
.164. 
.113. 

.65. 

145. 
.178. 
.165. 
.160. 
.177. 
.335. 
.196. 
..92. 
.156. 
.110. 
.214. 
.105. 
.213. 
.106. 
.123. 

143. 
.335. 
.211. 
..82. 
..43 
..82. 
. .63 
.104 

.85 

.89 

106. 

177. 



.5,669 
. . 301 
. . 636 
. . 300 
. . 520 
. . 318 
. . 216 
. . 300 



.. 610 
.. 350 
.1,400 
. . 350 
. . 260 
. . 318 
.. 300 
.1,848 
.. 870 
. . 350 
. . 274 
. . 250 
.1,383 
.. 200 
.. 250 
. . 886 
. . 350 
.1,398 
. . 218 
.. 664 
. . 510 
. . 250 
.1,114 
.. 411 
..951 
. . 215 
. . 200 
. . 310 
73,312 
. . 518 
.1,500 
.1,019 
, . . 518 
. .2,518 
. . . 308 
. . . 315 
. , . 617 
. . 302 
. . . 702 
. . . 200 
. . 251 
...671 



. . . 620 
. .7,643 
.36,981 
. . . 558 
. . . 315 
. . . 301 
. . . 200 
. . . 804 
...637 
. . . 520 
. . . 308 
..1,929 
. . . 415 
. . . 411 
. . . 308 
. .3,0fi6 
. . . 350 
..1,200 
. .I,4g4 
. . . 200 
. . . 515 
. . . 408 
..1,009 
. . . 315 
. . . 410 
. . . 251 
. .1,129 
. . . 335 
. .3,139 
. . . 609 
..1,009 
. . . 681 
..1,569 
..1,336 
... 994 
. .1.665 
. .1.018 
..1,708 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Grapeland 
Grapevine . . 
Grayburg . . 
♦Greenville . 
Greenwood . 
Gregory . . . . 
♦Groesbeck . 

Groom 

Groversville 
Groveton . . . 

Grulla 

Guff ey 

Gunsight 

Gunter 

Gustine . . . . 
♦Guthrie . . . 



. .161. 
...84. 
..304. 
...67. 
...64. 
...43. 
..147. 
...13. 
...39. 
. .163. 
..245. 
..219. 
...81. 
...49. 
..125. 
...42. 



.79. 
.185. 
..84. 
.218. 
..23. 



. 202 . 
..35. 
.187. 
.211. 
...60. 



H 

♦Hallettsville 312. 

Hallsville 94. 

♦Hamilton ...126. 
Hamlin . . , 
Hampton . 
Handley . 
Hankamer 
Happy . . . 

Harleton 94. 

Harlington ...247. 
Harrisburg 
Harrold . . . 
Hartburg . 
Harwood 
♦Haskell . 

Hasse 125. 

Hearne 158. 

Heath 86. 

Hebbronville .239. 

Hedley 19. 

Heidenheimer 156. 

Helotes 209. 

♦Hemphill 167. 

♦Hempstead ..200. 
♦Henderson ..111. 

Henly ..193. 

♦Henrietta . . . .46. 

♦Hereford 109. 

Hermleigh ....77. 

Hext 153. 

Hico 136'. 

Hildalgo 246. 

Higgins 5. 

High Island.. 217. 

Hill 229. 

Hillendahl ...202. 
♦Hillsboro ...128. 
Hitchcock . . . .217. 

Hockley 203. 

Holland 156. 

♦Hondo .......208. 

Honey Grove... 50. 
Hortense . . . .184. 

Houghton 50. 

♦Houston 203. 

Houston Hts..202. 

Howe 49. 

Howland 51. 

Hubbard 128. 

Hughes Sprgs..7.S. 

Humble 303. 

Huntington ..163. 
♦Huntsville ..182. 

Hutchins 85. 

Hutto 177. 

Hvlton 99. 



Independence 198. 

Industry 199. 

Inez 237. 

Iowa Park 36. 

Ira 77. 

Iredel 127. 

Iris 162. 

Islitas 238. 

Italy 107. 

Itaska 128. 



♦Jacksboro ... .63. 
Jacksonville .132. 

♦Jasper 186. 

Jay ton 58. 



. . 413 
. . 681 
.1,015 
.8,850 
. . 313 
. . 318 
.1,454 
. . 300 
. . 310 
.1,076 
. . 343 
.1,010 
. . 210 
. . 315 
. . 308 
. . 550 



.1,379 
.. 375 
.1,548 
.1,978 
.. 310 
.. 915 
.. 307 
.. 431 
. . 250 
.1,056 
. . 541 
.. 350 
..318 
.. 550 
.3,436 
. . 250 
.2,352 
.. 310 
. . 200 
. . 615 
. . 200 
...475 
. . 300 
.2,513 
.1.800 
. . . 315 
.2,104 
.1,750 
. . 641 
. . 315 
.1,437 
...671 
.1,200 
. . . 200 
. . . 250 
. . . 415 
,.6,115 
. . . 650 
...418 
, . . 778 
,.2.500 
.2,300 
. . 514 
. . . 318 
.78,800 
, . 6.984 
, . . 581 
...417 
..1.813 
. . . 850 
..3,500 
. . . 510 
..2,073 
. . . 350 
, . . 815 
. . . 318 



. . 314 

. . 508 
. . 207 
. . 608 
. . 200 
, . 750 
. . 250 
. . 200 
.1,049 
.1,356 



410 
314 



194 



Texas Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



T01C71S 



Loca. Pop 



♦Jefferson 93... 2,515 

Jewott 159 556 

♦Johnson City .175. . .1,009 
Jonesboro . . . .145. . . . 450 

Josephine 66. . . . 500 

Joshua 106 810 

Josserand . . . .163. . . . 319 
•Junction . . . .173. . . . 815 
Justin 65 510 

K 

•Karnes City 235.. 
•Kaufman ... .87. . 

Keenan 201. . 

Keene 106. . 

Keller 84.. 

Keltys 163.. 

Kemp 87. . 

Kennedy 225. . 

Kennard 161. . 

Kennedale ... .84. . 

Kenneth 182.. 

Kerens 129. . 

•Kerrville 189. . 

Kildare 7.S. . 

Kilgore 110. . 

Killeen 156. . 

Kimball 127.. 

Kingsbury ...210.. 
Kingsland ....1,54.. 

Kingston 67. . 

Kingsville . . . .241. . 

Kirbyville 186.. 

Kirkland 26. . 

Kirvin 130.. 

Klondike 68. . 

Knickerb'cker 139.. 

Knox City 43.. 

Kopperl 127. . 

Kosse 147. . 

•Kountze ....204.. 

Kress 23. . 

Krum 65. . 

Kyle 193.. 



ToiC7tS 



Loca. Pop. 



.1,150 
.1,959 
. . 515 
.. 408 
. . 2.50 
.1.394 
. 1,200 
.1,147 
. . 617 
. . 200 
.1,117 
. . 945 
.1,843 
. . 250 
. . 450 
.1,265 
. . 218 
. . 250 
. . 257 
. . 308 
.1,500 
.2,115 
. . 410 
. . 310 
. . 412 
. . 410 
.1,200 
. . 200 
. . 764 
. . 617 
. . 318 
. . 7.50 
. . 742 



.208. 
, ..59. 
, . .92. 

.197. 

.217. 

..50. 



Lacoste . , . 

Ladonia 

La Fayette 

•Lagrange 

Lamarque 

•Lamasco 

I^amesa 7,5. 

•Lampassas . .144. 
Lancaster ... .85. 

Unnius 50. 

La Porte 202. 

•Laredo 238. 

Lasalle 203. 

I>aurelia 184. 

Lavernla . . . .224. 

La von 66. 

League City. . .217. 

Leakey 188. 

Leander 177. 

Lebanon 66. 

Lebetter 197. 

Leesburg 91. 

Leesville ....211. 

Leggett 184. 

Leonard 50. 

Lewisville ... .65. 
Lexington . . .196. 

•Liberty 203. 

Liberty Hill . .177. 

Lillian 106. 

Lindale 109. 

•Linden 73. 

T-ingleville ...103. 

Littig 176. 

Little River . .156. 
Liverpool . . . .216. 
•Livingston ..184. 

•Llano 154. 

Llovd 65. 

•Lockhart ...194.. 

Locknev 30. . 

Lodwick 93., 

Logtown 187. , 

I>ometa 144. 

Lone Oak ....67., 
Long Branch 112.. 



. . . 200 
..1,293 
. . . 250 
. .1,850 
. . . 205 
. . . 250 
..1,110 
. .2.119 
..1,115 
...218 
. . . 678 
.14.855 
. . . 300 
. . . 750 
. . . 515 
. .. 315 
...501 
. . . 581 
. . . 2.50 
. . . 225 
. .. 200 
. . . 250 
. . . 208 
...211 
. . . 990 
. . . 810 
..1,500 
. . . 980 
. . . 518 
. . . 300 
. . . 658 
...511 
. . . 200 
...224 
...225 
...210 
. . . 617 
..1,687 
...217 
..2,945 
. . . 750 
...210 
...314 
.517 
7.56 
208 



•Longview . . .110. 

Loraine 98. 

Lorena 146. 

Lott 157. 

Louise 214. 

Lovelady . . . .161. 

•Lubbock 39. 

Lueders 79. 

•Lufkin 163. 

Luling 194. 

Lyford 247. 

Lyons 179. 

Lyra 83. 



M 



Mabank 
McAllen .... 
McCaulley . . 

McDade 

•McKinney 
McLean .... 

McNeil 

•Madisonville 

]\Tahon 

Malakoff . . . , 

Malone 

Manning .... 

Manor 

Mansfield . . . , 
Marathon . . . 
Utarble Falls. 

•Marfa , 

Margaret . . . , 

Marietta 

Marion 

•Marlin 

Marquez . . . . . 
*l\Iarshall 

Mart 

Martindale 

•Mason 

•Matador . . . , 
IVIatagorda . . . 

Maud 

Maxwell 

May 

ivraynard 

Maypearl . . . . 

Melissa 

•Memphis 

•Menard 

Mercedes . . . . 

Mercury 

•Jleridian . . . . 

Merit 

Merkel 

Mertens 

IVIesquite 

■pTesquite 

Mexia 

Meyersville 

*?Iiami 

•Midland . . . . 
Midlothian 

IMilam 

Milburn 

Miles 

Milford 

Millersview . . 

Millett 

Millican 

Millsap 

Milvid 

Minden 

Mineola 

Minera 

Mineral Wells 

Mingus 

Mission 

Mebeetle 

Moffatt 

Monahans . . . . 
Monkstown 
Montague 
Mont Belvien. 
Montgomery . 
Montopolis . . . 

Moody 

Moore 

Moran 

Morgan 

Morgan Mill . . 



.87 
246 
.78, 
195 
.66. 
.14. 
176 
160. 
112, 
108. 
128. 
163. 
176. 
.84. 
169. 
155. 
168. 
.34. 



.73. 
210. 
157. 
1.59. 



.94. 
146. 
194. 
.153 
.31. 
229. 
.53. 
194. 
124. 
183. 
107. 
.66. 
.25. 
152. 
246. 
141. 
127. 
.67. 
100. 
128. 
239. 
.85. 
147. 
226. 
. .9. 



118. 
107. 
178. 
101. 
122. 
107. 
140. 
231. 
180. 
.83. 



203. 
111. 
.90. 



238. 
82. 
.82. 
246. 
.15. 
1.56. 
134. 
.50. 
.47. 
218. 
201. 
196. 
146. 
222. 
.80. 
127. 
103. 



.5,155 
. . 633 
. . 450 
.1,021 
. . 310 
. . 671 
. . 938 
. . 750 
.2,748 
.1,404 
. . 317 
. . 318 
.1,191 



. .1,500 
..1,500 
. . . 890 
. . . 521 
. .4,714 
. . . 633 
. . . 200 
. .1,500 
... 215 
. . . 310 
...518 
...715 
. . . 688 
. . . 627 
. . . 310 
.1,061 
. . . 708 
. . . 2.50 
. . . 255 
. .1.200 
. .3,878 

. . 316 
.11,4.52 
. .2,9.30 
. . . 526 

. 1,115 
. .. 719 
. . . 615 
. . . 318 
. . . 350 
...416 
. . . 2.50 
. .. 516 
. . . 253 
. .1.936 
. . . 518 
. .1,209 
. . . 518 
. . . 718 
. . . 322 

.2.008 
. . . 450 
. . . 687 
, . . 687 
. .2.694 
. . . 200 
. . . 528 

.2,192 
, . . 868 
. . . 4.50 
. . . 309 

.1,302 
, . . 766 
. . . 250 
. . . 319 
. . . 615 

..814 
. . . 200 
. . . 215 
..1.706 
. .1,176 
..3,950 
. .1,115 
..1,500 
. . . 650 
, . . 200 
. . . 218 
...318 
. . . 284 
. . . 2.50 
...417 
...217 
. . . 983 
. . . 601 
. . . 451 
. . . 831 
. . . 350 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



.43. 
..48. 



More 100. 

Morrill 132. 

Moscow 184. 

Mosheim . . . .127. 

Moulton 212. 

Mount Calm 128. 
Mt. Enfrprise 111. 
*Mt. Pleasant 71. 
*Mt. Vernon ..70. 

Muenster 48. 

Mullin Mills.. 143. 

Munday 

Myra ..... 

N 
•Nacogdoches 164. 

Naples 72 . 

Nash 53. 

Navasota . . . .181. 

Neches 131. 

Neuville 166. 

Nevada 66. 

Newark 64. 

New Berlin ..210. 
New Boston ... .53. 
*N'w Bra'nfs 193. 
New Fountain 208. 

Newport 46. 

•Newton 187. 

New Waverly 182. 
New Willard 184. 
Nix'n Gon'les 211. 

NToack 177. 

Nocona 47 . 

Nordheim . . . .226. 
Nomangee ...159. 
Normanna ...234. 

Nubia 100. 

Nursery 227. 

O 

Oak Grove ... .53. 

Oakland 213. 

•Oakville 233. 

Oakwood . . . .159. 

O'Brien 60. 

•Ochiltree 4. 

•Odessa 117. 

Oglesby 145. 

Oiuelos 238. 

Olive 204. 

Olney 62. 

Omaha 92. 

Omen 109. 

•Orange 205. 

Orchard 215. 

Orphans Home 85. 

Osceola 128. 

Ottawa 160. 

Ottine 211. 

Ovalo 100. 

Overtofl 111. 

Ovilla 107. 

•Ozena 150. 



. . . 225 
. . . 218 
. . . 240 
. . 250 
. . 617 
. . 700 
. . 500 
.3,137 
.1,200 
.. 416 
. . 750 
. . 956 
...415 



.3.369 
.1,178 
. . 421 
.3,284 
. . 350 
. . 2.50 
. . 510 
. . 350 
. . 420 
.2.144 
.3,165 
. . 200 
. . 275 
.1,200 
. . 520 
. . 513 
.1,124 
.1,250 
.1,338 
. . 850 
. . 200 
. . 413 
. . 520 
. . 250 



. . 210 
. . 250 
. . 7.50 
. . 906 
. . 610 
. . 515 
.1,123 
. . 321 
.. 315 
. . 301 
.1,095 
. . 812 
. . 225 
.5,527 
. . 212 
. . 217 
. . 412 
. . 312 
. . 350 
. . 619 
. . 719 
. . 209 
. 1,200 



Loca, Pop. 



•Paducah . . . 

Pnige 

•Paint Rock . 
Palacios . . . . 
•Palestine 

Palmer 

•Palo Pinto . 
Punchita 
Pandora . . . . 
•Panhandle . 
Paradise . . . . 

•Paris 

Park Springs 

Pearland 

•Pearsall 

Peaster 

Pecan Gap . . 

•Pecos 

Peerless . . . . 

Pelham 

Pella 

Peniel 

Pennington . 

Perry 

Pert 

Petrolia . . . . 



32. 
.195. 

140. 
.229. 

131. 
,107. 

.82. 

246. 
,224. 

.13. 



.64, 
.51 
.64. 
216 
,222 
.83, 
, .68 
115. 
.69. 



129, 
.64 
.67, 
162 
157 
131 
.46 



. . 1,3,50 
. .. 518 
.. . 521 
. .1,360 
.10,433 
. . . 605 
. . . 750 
. . . 212 
. . . 200 
.. . 521 
. . . 563 
.11,269 
. . . 318 
. . . 2.50 
..1,799 
. . . 320 
. . . 619 
. .1,856 
. . . 250 
...318 
. . . 200 
.. . 467 
. . . 215 
. . . 210 
. . . 224 
. . . 517 



.108. 

.167. 

.182. 
, . .91. 
. . .29. 
. . .66. 
, .223 
, . .87. 



Petty 51. 

Phelan 195. 

Peckton 69. 

Pilot Grove.... 49. 
Pilot Point ...65. 
Pinegrove . . . 
Pineland 
Pine Valley. , 
•Pittsburg . , 
•Plainview . , 

Piano 

•Pleasanton , 

Poetry 

Point 88. 

Point Isabel.. 247. 

Polly 190. 

Pontotoc 153. 

Poolville 83. 

Port Arthur.. 219. 

Portland 242. 

•Port Lavaca. 237. 

•Post 57. 

Postoak 63. 

Pottsboro 49. 

Prairie Hill . .147. 
Prairie Lea. . .194. 
Prairie View.. 200. 

Presidio 168. 

Press 164. 

Pritchett 92. 

Proctor 125. 

Progreso . . . .246. 

Prosper 66. 

Putnam 101. 

Q 

•Quannah ....33. 
Queen City ... .73. 

Quinlan 67. 

Quintana 216. 

•Quitman 90. 

Quito 134. 

R 

Rabke 226. 

Rancho 211. 

Randado 244. 

Randolph 50. 

Ronger 102. 

Ravenna 50. 

Raymondville 247. 
Ray wood . . . .203. 

Reagan 157. 

Realitos 239. 

Red Branch .161. 

Red Oak 107. 

Redwater . . . .53. 

•Refugio 236. 

Ramlio 186. 

Renner 66. 

Rhome 64. 

Rhonesboro ...92. 

Rice 124. 

Richardson . . .85. 
Richland ....129. 
•Richmond ..215. 

'Rienzi 128. 

Riesel 146. 

Ringold 47. 

*Rio,grande . .245. 

Riovirta 245. 

Rising Star . .102. 

River 203. 

Rivera 241. 

Roanoke 65. 

Roans Prairie 181. 
•Robert Lee .121. 

•Roby 78. 

Rochester . . . .60. 
Rock Creek . . .83. 
Rockdale . . 
Rock Island 
Rockland . . 
•Rockport 
•Rock Springs 188. 
•Rockwall ....86. 

Roda 147. 

Roganville . . .186. 

Rogers 156. 

Roma 245. 

Rosalie 52. 

Roscoe 99. 



.. 351 
. . 418 
. . 208 
. . 250 
.1,371 
. . 200 
. . 211 
. . 218 
.1,916 
.2,829 
.1,258 
. . 0.50 
. . 301 
. . 200 
. . 396 
. . 218 
. . 2.50 
. . 501 
.7,663 
. . 200 
.1,639 
. 512 
. . 218 
..313 
. . 200 
. . 312 
. . 520 
. . 300 
. . 315 
. . 218 
. . 314 
. . 319 
. . 318 
. . 518 



.3.127 
. . 388 
. . 537 
. . 537 
. . 428 
. . 314 



.178. 
.213. 

.185. 
.243. 



.. 471 
. . 250 
.. 3.50 
. . 412 
.1,134 
. . 280 
. . 4-0 
. . 200 
. . 430 
. . 3?4 
. . 680 
. . 350 
. . 341 
. . 158 
.. 751 
. . 314 
. . 486 
. . 250 
. . 318 
. . 200 
. . 350 
.1.371 
. . 341 
. . 550 
. . 412 
.2,109 
. . 51 8 
. . 640 
. . 408 
. . 200 
. . 410 
. . 2.50 
.1,800 
. . 951 
. . 520 
. . 571 
.2,073 
. .521 
. . 200 
.1,382 
. . 750 
.1,136 
. . 2.50 
. . 217 
.1,275 
. . 671 
. . 300 
. . 941 



195 



Texas Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Toivns 



Loca. Pop. 



Rosebud 157. . 

Rosehill 202.. 

Rosenberg . . .215. . 

Rosewood 92. 

Rosser 87. 

Rosston 48. . 

Rossville 233.. 

Rotan 78. . 

Round Rock .177. . 
Round Top ..197.. 

Rowena 122. 

Roxton 51 . . 

Royse City ..860.. 

Royston 78. . 

Rule 60.. 

Rvinge 225. . 

*Rusk 132.. 

Ryalo 201. 

Rye 203. 



.1,572 
. . 317 
.1,198 
. .304 
..211 
. . 313 
. . 314 
.1,126 
. . 920 
. . 314 
. .308 
. . 617 
.1,250 
. . 250 
. . 981 
.1,500 
.1,558 
. .200 
..314 



.170. 
. 2.S9 . 
.175. 
.113. 



Sabinal 207. 

Sabine 219. 

Sabine Pass . .219 

Sadler 49. 

Sagerton 60. 

Sag-e 155. 

Saint Hed\vig. 209. 

Saint Jo 47. 

Salado 156. 

*San Angelo .139. 
*San Antonio 209. 
•San Benito .247. 
•Sanderson 
*San Diego 

Sandy 

San Elizario 

San Felipe . .199. 

Sanger 65. 

*San Marcos .1"3. 
San Patricio. .242. 
*San Saba . .142. 

Sansom 171 . 

Santa Anna . .1?3. 
Santa Maria .247. 

Santo 82. 

San Ygnaclo .244. 
Saratoga . . . .204. 
Sarco Creek .235. 

Saron 162 

Savoy 50. 

Schertz 210. 

Schulenburg .197. 
Schiimansville 210. 

Scotland 45. 

Scranton . . . .102. 

Scurry 87. 

Seagovllle . . . .85. 

Sealv 199. 

*S»giiin 210. 



..1,640 
. . . 400 
.. .363 
...417 
. . . 520 
. . . 318 
. . . 514 
. . . 823 
.. . 420 
.10,321 
.96.614 
..2,124 
. . . 724 
. .2,574 
. .. 2,50 
. . . 834 
. . . 206 
. . . 802 
. .4.071 
. . . 315 
..1,508 
. . . 478 
. .1,453 
. . . 250 
. . . 516 
. . . 920 
. .1,015 
. . . 621 

5,'?4 

. . . 328 
. . . 3.50 
. .1,091 
.. . 312 
. . . 323 
. . . 334 
. . . 2.50 
... 308 
. .1.600 
..3.116 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



♦Seminole . . . .74. 
♦Seymour ... .44. . 

Shatter 168. 

Shamrock ... .15. 

Shelby 199. 

Shelbyville ..166., 

Shepherd 183., 

♦Sherman . . . .49 . , 
♦Sherwood ..138.. 

Shiner 202. . 

Shiro 181., 

Sierra Blanca 113. 
♦Sllverton . . . .24. 

♦Sinton 242. 

Sipe Springs .125. , 

Skidmore 234., 

Smiley 211. 

Smyrna 154. 

♦Snyder 77. 

Sncorro 113. 

Somervllle . . .179. 

♦.Sonora 172. 

Sourlake . . . .204. 
Spanish Fort .47. 
Springtown . . .83. 

Stacy 141. 

Stamford 79. 

Stanley 184. 

♦Stanton 96. 

Steele's Store 180. 
♦Stephenville 103. 
♦Sterling City 120. 
Sockdale ....234. 
Stoneham . . .181 . , 
Stonewall . . . .174. 

♦Stratford 2. 

Streason 82. 

String 156. 

Steubner . . . .202. 

Sublime 212. 

Sullivan 310. 

Sulphur Bluff 69. 
♦Sulphur Sps-s 69. 
Summers ]Millsl56. 

Sunset 47. 

Sunshine ....241. 
Sutherland 

Springs . . . .294. 

Swan 109. 

Sweet Home .242. 
♦Sweet Water 99. 



.. 510 
.2,039 
.1,144 
.1,018 
. . 200 
.. 206 
. . 210 
12,412 
.. 708 
.1,096 
.. 250 
.. 320 
. . 724 
.1,500 
.. 314 
.1.138 
.1,184 
. . 318 
.2,514 
.1,147 
.2,400 
.. 820 
. . 800 
.. 247 
. . 780 
. . 200 
.3,902 
. . 431 
.1,420 
.. 200 
.2,.561 
.. 841 
.1.250 
.. 251 
. . .300 
. . 530 
.1,128 
. . 358 
. . 318 
. . 208 
. . 234 
. . 351 
.5,151 
. . 215 
. . 650 
. . 300 

.. 7.50 
.. 318 
.. 530 
.4.170 



♦Tahoka 56 871 

Talpa 1.133. . .1,308 

Tarkington 

Prairie 203 567 

Tatum Ill .341 

Tavlor 177. . .5.314 

Teague 130... 3. 288 

Tehuacana ...147 425 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



,10 



Temple 156. 

Tenoha 166. 

Terlingua 169. 

Terrell 87. 

Texarkana . . . .53. 
Texas City . . .217. 

Texla 205. 

Theta 67. 

Thomaston ..326. 
Thorndale ...178. 
Thornton . . . .147. 
Thorp Spring .104. 
♦Throckmorton 61. 

Thurber 103. 

♦Tilden 232. 

Timpson 166. 

Tioga 49. 

Todd 181. 

Tokeen 122. 

Tolar 104. 

Tolbert 35. 

Tom Bean . . . .49. 
Town Bluff . ..185. 

Tnyah 115. 

Tracy 178. 

Trenton 50. 

Trinity 162. 

Trinity Mills . .85. 

Troup 

Trov 

Truscott ... 

♦Tulia 

Tunis 179 

Tupelo 129. 

Turtle Bayou 218. 

Tve 100. 

♦Tyler 109. 

V 

Union 224 314 

Tipton 195 568 

T'topia 307 200 

♦Uvalde 307... 3,998 

Uvalde Station 307 785 



109. , 

156. , 

.43.. 

23., 



993 
491 
200 
,050 
,790 
421 
520 
481 
344 
641 
678 
420 
671 
,523 
,584 
,.528 
,566 
,479 
.200 
.455 
221 
288 
317 
,053 
.200 
,550 
.851 
.208 
,126 
.518 
,315 
,316 
.286 
,300 
471 
.351 
,479 



Valentine . . . .148. 
Valley Mills .127. 
Valley View ...48. 
Van Alstyne ..49. 

Van Horn 114. 

Van Vleck 229. 

Velapsco 216. 

A'elma 142. 

♦Vernon 35. 

♦Victoria ....227. 

Vidor 205. 

View 192. 

Village MiUs .204. 

Vincent 97. 

Voss 123. 

W 

♦Waco 146. 

■U^aelder 211. 

Waldrip 141. 



...217 

.. .708 
...350 
.1.441 
. . 381 
. . 200 
.1,587 
... 495 
, .3.195 
.3,673 
...287 
.. .451 
.. .418 
.. .200 
...780 



.26.435 
, .1,100 

... .357 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



'Waller 300 

"Wallis Station 199 
Wallisville ...218 
Walnut 

Springs . . .127, 

Warren 185 

Warrenton . . .197 
Washington ..198 

Waskom 94 

Waterman ...166 
Waukegan ...201 

Waverly 182 

♦Waxahachie 107 
♦Weatherfoi-d .83 
Webberville ..176 

Wehdem 199 

Weimar 313 

Weinert 60 

Welcome 199 

Wellborn 180 

♦Wellington . . .20 

Wesley 198 

West 146 

TV'estbrook ....98 
W. Columbia 216 
Westminster . .66 

Weston 66 

Westpoint 197 

♦Wharton 214 

White City ..165 
Whitehouse 
Whitpsboro 
Whitewright 

Whitney 128 

Whitt 83 

♦Wichita Falls 36. 

Willis 201. 

Wils Point 89. 

Wimer 85. 

Winchell 124. 

Winchester ..197. 

Windom 50. 

Wingate 122. 

Winnie 218. 

Winnsboro ....90. 

Winona 109. 

Winters 122. 

Wokaty 178. 

Wolfe City 67. 

W^oodbury ...128. 
Woodland ....52. 

Woodlawn 94. 

Wooflsboro ...236. 
♦Woodville ...185. 

Wortham 130. 

Wylie 66. 

Y 

Yoakum 226. 

Yorktown 226. 



.481 
.876 
.3.50 



.1,340 
...671 
.. .468 
...396 
.. .501 
.. .476 
.. .581 
.. .200 
. 6,205 
.5,074 
.. .311 
.. .314 
.. .906 



109. 
.49. 
49. 



.. .225 
,. .478 
...576 
.. .217 
.1,645 
.. .517 
.. .209 
...378 
. . . 250 
.. .318 
.1,505 
. . . 384 
.. .250 
.1,219 
.1,563 
...766 
.. .517 
.8,200 
.1,136 
. 1 ,398 
. . . 2.58 
.. .256 
.. .406 
.. .415 
. . . 200 
...307 
.1,741 
.. .318 
.1,.347 
...314 
.1.403 
.. .218 
.. .220 
.. .200 
.. .587 
.. .920 
...899 
.. .620 



.4,657 
.1,180 



♦Zapata 214. 

Zephyr 134. 

Zorn 210. 

Zuber 112. 

Zuehl 210. 



.725 
.781 
.200 
.517 
.218 



TEXAS GROWTH IN POPULATION. 

With the rapidity of growth of the Texan Empire 
the reader will understand that many towns here 
mentioned are considerably larger in population 
today than when the census was taken in 1910. 

Why this State is advancing in growth so rapidly 
will be understood by perusal of the following pages 
descriptive of Texas. 



196 



Inducements Offered to New Settlers in Texas 



GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TEXAS 

With Condensed Important 

Facts Relating to Soil, Prices of Land in Different Parts of the State, Temperature on 
the Gulf Coast and in the Panhandle Region — Future Possibilities. 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises. 



People Who Worry about the rapid coming of 
foreign-born population into tlie United States fail to 
comprehend the greatness of this country. This may 
he understood by a little computation, relating to the 
state of Texas. 

To Illustrate there are in this state 265,780 square 
miles, multiply by 640 acres in the square mile, and 
see the many millions of acres we obtain. Real estate 
agents divide acres, in the cities, into ten lots to the 
acre. This would .give us 1,700,092,200 lots. Assigning 
it persons to a lot we could place the whole human 
family of 15,000,000,000 people into the state of Texas 
and give each family of nine persons an average city 
lot, 25 by 125 feet in size. 

Of ooiirse we are not anticipating any such crowd- 
ing of dense population into the state of Texas. We 
are simply using this illustration to show the im- 
mensity in size of this state and demonstrate the fact 
that there need be no concern about this country being 
over-populated in hundreds of years, even if immigra- 
tion continues to come at the rate of a million a year. 

When the Panama Canal is finished. The fertility 
of soil, warmth of temperature, aocessibility to the 
gieat markets of the world, on the completion of the 
Panama Canal, all conspire to make a population as 
dense as is in Illinois which would make it six times 
greater than it is now, being a state population of 
IS, 202. 710 v/ith a density of some over 66 persons to 
the square mile. 

While we cannot say how soon that will be it is very 
certain that the population will be several times 
larger than it now is in Texas. 

FIVE DIVISIONS OF TEXAS IN SOIL AND 
CLIMATE 

Geographers divide the state, in topography, into 
five sections, — the eastern, the central, western, 
northern and southern, along the Gulf Coast. 

The first division includes the territory between the 
Pabine and Trinity Rivers in Liberty, Freestone and 
Dallas counties. The Sabine forms the boundary line 
between Texas and Louisiana. From the Sabine west 
to the Trinity is a distance of from 40 to 100 miles, 
and is mostly a heavily timbered region. 

The soil in this section, on the upland, is a sandy 
loam resting f)n a clay subsoil. In the valleys it is 
generally a deep vegetable mold, very rich and 
productive. 

The second division comprises the region westward 
from the Trinity River. A distance of 100 and 200 
miles, to the Colorado River, and contains a large 
portion of the wheat lands of the state and extensive 
prairies. The Colorado extends northward through 
the city of Austin, and through Fayette, Bastrop, 
Burnett, Brown, Runnels and Cooke counties, up into 
Martin county. 

The western part of Texas includes the vast terri- 
tory from the Colorado to the Rio Grande Rivers, 
about four-fifths of which is prairie land and is used 
extensively for stock raising. The northern division 
contains the counties along the Red River on the 
north, and is about equally divided between forest and 
prairie and has a yellow loamy sandy soil. 



The soil of the land lying north of the Canadian 
River in the Panhandle Region, comprising Oldtham 
Potter, Hutchinson and Roberts counties, is appar- 
ently the sediment of a great lake that is believed to 
have been here in prehistoric times, and is exceed- 
ingly fertile. 

THE DESERT REGION 

The western part of the state comprises a broad 
expanse of desert land destitute of trees and vegeta- 
tion, lying at an elevation of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. 
The principal elevations of the state are the guadalupe 
Mountains in El Paso, Reeves and Jeff Davis counties. 

THE PANHANDLE 

The Panhandle Region is destined to become the 
abiding place of a vigorous hardy race of people A 
large proportion of crisp, bright, bracing, sunshiny 
days makes it a salubrious and delightful climate in 
which to live. Outdoor work can be cai-ried on there 
almost every day in the year. Sunstrokes are un- 
known, and the nights are always cool. 

While the Panhandle portion of Texas has been 
largly a stock growing region, as time progresses it 
will be proven to have a, climate and soil favorable 
for a diversity of crops. 

For several years past excellent yield has been had 
of so'ghum, millet, alfalfa, kafHr corn and other 
crops showing that when attention is given to farm- 
ing, outside of cattle breeding, an excellent return 
may be expected in growing a general variety of 
crops. 

NORTHERN PART OF TEXAS 

As this northern part of Texas and the Panhandle 
country are a region liable to interest the land seeker 
he should know that in Wheeler county the principal 
crops at present are corn, macaroni wheat, oats, 
alfalfa and cotton. Fruits and vegetables do well 
and good results have come from growing sugar beets. 
The price of land varies from $3.50 to $10 per acre. 

In Gray county half of the county is in prairie 
lands and the other half in hills and valleys with 
black and sandy soils. 

PRINCIPAL CROPS 

Well water here at 30 and 300 feet. Principal crops 
are cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, millet, sorghum, 
and broom corn. Melons and vegetables of all kinds 
do well. Lands worth from $3.50 to $10 per acre. 

PRICES OF LAND. 

Prices throughout the state vary from $3 to $50, 
$150 and $200 per acre, depending upon location. The 
visitor land seeker m.ust himself determine which is 
the best investment. 

The average rainfall in 1911 as is marked by dis- 
tinct zones and decreases from east to west at the 
rate of five inches per every sixty miles. It is 50 
inches along the eastern border from the Red River 
to the mouth of the Sabine, 25 inches through the 
west central region at Nolan and Taylor counties, 15 
inches in the Valley of the Pecos River in Pecos and 
Crockett counties and 10 inches in El Paso county 
and along the southern border of New Mexico. 



197 



Texas Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



TEMPEKATURE IN TEXAS 

The temperature of Texas decreases about one 
degree every 40 miles as you pass to the north. Thus, 
while along the Gull' Coast at Galveston and Corpus 
Christ; the average annual temperature is 70, it is 54 
in the Panhandle Region. In the valley of the Rio 
Grande and for a hundred miles inland from the Gulf, 
the lowest temperatures range from 10 to 18 above, 
the latter being the lowest at Brownsville, at the 
mouth of the Rio Grande. 

Along: the Coast the thermometer seldom registers 
below 20 and one year in five not below 32. Zero 
temperature has not been experienced except in the 
extreme northwestern part of the state where 14 be- 
low has been recorded. 

Over the Central parts of the state the mercury 
falls below .32 only in the months of Deefc~jber. 
January, February and March, and then for not more 
than 28 days all told. 



FIRST KILLING FROSTS 




iioKL occurs III liie *_oasL couiiLiy auouL r eu. y, one 
hundred miles inland Feb. 20, and in other parts of 
the state about March 1. 



The temperature of the Gulf of Mexico has great 

influence, affecting all the southern part of the state. 

The cool breezes from the ocean keeps ^he tem- 
perature down in summer and up in winter. 

The Gulf breeze blows over two-thirds of Texas ten 
months in the year. By constant changes in the air 
it increases evaporation, rendering the nights cool, 
no matter how hot the days. In January and Febru- 
ary the Gulf winds are displaced by the winter mon- 
soons called "northers." If it were not for these 
"northers" coming down from the Canadian country 
The mercury in Texas would not ever go down to the 
freezing point and the southern part of the state 
would be in the orange and banana belt. 

WHAT CAN BE GROWN IN TEXAS 

In the line of cultivated products the eastern 
division of the state will produce, and that abund- 
ently. everything that can be grown in the southland. 
It will produce all the cereals from wheat to rice, but 
owin.g to the deversity and quality of its soils it is 
especially adapted to fruit and garden truck. 

THE NATURAL WHEAT REGIONS OF TEXAS 

The northern section of the central prairie and the 
northwestern part of the plains are the great wheat 
regions of the state. To the southwest, in the country 
of the Nueces River where the Coast belt, the prairie 
and the plains merge into a triangle, south of San 
Antonio, is a section secrnd only to eastern Texas, in 
its adaptation to fruit culture and the production of 
garden vegetables. 

The Coast countr.v is the natural home of rice and 
sugar cane. In the central prairie zone, while every- 
thing known to mixed farming will do well, cotton 
and corn are at present the staple products. 

The western plains while merely given to cattle 
ranges are being gradually thrown open for farming 
purposes, the ordinary field crop of wheat, corn, 
broom corn, cotton and such crops being raised to 
advantage. 

CROrS ADAPTED TO TEXAS 

Among crops adapted to the soil and climate of 
Texas, cotton is a product admirably adapted to the 
climate, soil and labor conditions of the south. The 
yield is reasonably certain and the market constant. 

The establishment of factories in various parts of 
the state for the manufacture of the cotton into 
clothes will soon make a home market that will 
greatly benefit this industry. 

WHiile Texas is not a wheat state there are 
26.000.000 acres in the state that will give good wheat 
and as time passes it is probable that more and more 
winter wheat will be sown as the crops mature early 
and escapes the dry hot weather of July. 

THE FRUIT BELT OF TEXAS 

The fruit belt of Texas extends from the south- 
west to the northeast across the state. It is now 
definitely known that peaches, apples, pears and 
plums, among the larger fruits, and grapes, straw- 



berries, blackberries and dewberries, among the 
smaller fruits, will flourish in eastern Texas. It has 
been demonstrated also that peaches, apricots, fig.s, 
plums and all the smaller fruits, are indigenous to 
the soil and climate of the southwestern part of the 
state. 

It should not be understood that these are not the 
only regions in Texas whei'e fruit raising can be 
profitably conducted. Orchards are everywhere 
throughout the state and time will reveal by experi- 
ment later how widely the fruit and early vegetable 
zones may be extended. 

We could greatly extend Lhis article on the 
advantage of truck growing on the Gulf coast of 
Texas. The Irish potato is planted here in February 
and matures in May. The second crop, the same year 
on the same land is planted in July and matures in 
November. The yield is from 100 to 250 bushels to 
the acre. 

PRICES OF EARLY VEGETABLES 

The Texas grower counts upon $1.00 per bushel for 
his first crop. 

Southwestern Texas is the home of the cabbage. 
It is a winter vegetable and in the mild climate of 
the state it is planted in November and is ready for 
market in mid-winter. The yield is immense. 

Tlie profits on cantaloupes and melons run from $100 
to $250 per acre. On onions the profits have some- 
times run as high as $800 per acre. The Texas Ber- 
mudas stand very high in the market. 

Much can be said of the great outlook for Texas in 
many respects. With 400 miles of Coast line on tlie 
Gulf of Mexico, the Red River on the north border 
navigable for flOO miles, the pro.iect is being consid- 
ties. and with the Rio Grande on the western border 
navigable for 600 miles, the pro.iect is being consid- 
ered of constructin.g the Intercoastal Canal extending 
from the Rio Grande River at Brownsville to Don- 
aldsonville. on the Mississippi River north of New 
Orleans. This canal between 600 and 700 miles long. 

THIS INTERCOASTAL CANAL 

will unite the bays, lagoons and bayous which lie 
along the coast. This proposed waterway is to be 60 
feet wide and nine feet deep, being of sufficient size 
for use by the most of the Mississippi River steam- 
ers. 

A part of the improved water way system is to 
make the Brazos River navigable for 500 miles up to 
Waco, in I>ennan County, the Trinity River navigable 
for 600 miles up to Dallas, in Dallas County, the 
Colorado River and others, giving in all, with the 
connections on the Mississippi River and its tribu- 
taries, some 8,000 miles of waterway, the steamers 
on wliich can penetrate 500 and 600 miles up into 
the interior of Texa^. To appreciate the magnitude 
of the undeveloped resources of this state it is only 
necessary to study statistics for a little time. 

EWMENSE POSSIBILITIES 

In 1890 there was raised 78,000 pounds of rice 
along this proposed canal. In 1900 it was 800,000 
pounds, and in 1903 the product was 400,000,000 
pounds, valued at $7,500,000. This means only about 
400,000 acres of rice land in cultivation, whereas 
between the Rio Grande and Sabine Lake there are 
4.000,000 acres of rice land, one-half of whicli in 
cultivation would yield $75,000,000 annually. 

STANDING TLMBER IN TEXAS 

The thickly standing timber in the state covets an 
area of 36,000 square miles — an area equal to the 
state of Indiana. About two-thirds of this area is 
covered with pine and hardwood forests spread over 
the balance. 

The rivers that extend northward into the interior 
of the state will bring out this lumber to the Inter- 
coastal Canal to be distributed, it is expected, by 
tliat canal system to all parts of the country. But 
the people of Texas say why ship the hardwoods 
away? Why not work it into every description of 
wooden ware — furniture, interior building, etc.? The 
state is waiting for incoming factories to work up 
the hardwoods. 

TEXAS IS YET YOUNG 

It must be remembered that Texas is yet young 
and its possibilities but dimly comprehended. It 
was only in 1889 that the first petroleum oil wells 
began to bring revenue to the state by an output of 
48 barrels of oil. In 1905 the production was 28,- 
136.180 barrels, being one-fifth of the total produc- 
tion in the United States, and comes from wells in 
several different counties. 



198 



Texas Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



It is only a short time ago when it was discovered 
that, artesian wells would flow water. There are 
now some 10,000 square miles of artesian well area, 
a.nd more being found where sinking a well from 650 
feet to 1,100 feet in depth will flow water at the rate 
of from 100 to 1,100 gallons an hour. 

THE REGION FOK GROWING SUGAR CANE 

Millions of acres in Texas are adapted to the 
growth of sugar cane, and this industry will assume 
large importance in this state. 

While immigration is rapidly pouring into Texas, 
lands yet remain very oheap in price. In the central 
prairie region — a section well settled and with a soil 
that cannot be duplicated, except in certain portions 
of the Mississippi Valley, — improved lands can be 
bought for from $1.5 to .$.50 per acre, and unimproved 
land can be had from $6 to $30 per acre, according to 
location in reference to water and rail transporta- 
tion. 

PRICES IN EASTERN TEXAS 

In the eastern part of the state, that part which 
has been settled more than a century — the pic- 
turesque, and perhaps the most fertile part of the 
state, land can be bought for from $3 to $20 per 
acre according to improvements. 

There are tracts of cut-over timber land and pas- 
ture land that can be bought at .$2 per acre, and that 
in several portions of the state. There are fruit and 
truck farms which yield an income equal to 100 per 
cent on a land valuation of $100. while the land 
within two miles can be bought for $6 an acre. 

Farms that are paying an income on a capitaliza- 
tion of $50 per acre have for neighbors farms that 
can be bought for $12 per acre. This condition can- 
not long remain. The steady stream of immigration 
will ad.iust prices to values in a very few years. Un- 
occupied land is always worthless. A speculative 
value may attract to it for a time, but in the end it 
becoines a burden unless it is occupied and made to 
contribute through cultivation. 



LOOK UP THE TRUCK BUSINESS 

The land seeker going into Texas should look up 
the truck business. A great change has been made 
and remarkable advancement has been made in the 
truck industry wifhin the last few years. Several 
causes combine to produce this. Among these is 
an educated appetite which calls for peck vege- 
tables, and ripe fruit in mid-winter to be delivered in 
all the great markets of the north. The establish- 
ment of the refrigerator car, fast train service and 
the manufacture of ice in the warm climates, where 
truck can be grown. 

KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO GROW AND SHIP 

Added to this, knowledge has been acquired as to 
how to best grow, pack and ship. Experien<>e I as 
taught what will sell best, how shippers can combine 
and co-operate. The railroads, in the meantime, de- 
sirous of upbuilding the business, have so arranged 
their schedules of time in fast shipment as to greatly 
facilitate the trucking business. 

PIONEER STATES IN EARLY SHIPMENT TO 
NORTHERN 3IARKETS, 

It is not generally understood that the advance 
made in shipping of early fruits and vegetables has 
been wholly built up within a brief time. Virginia 
sent a car of garden truck to the New York market. 
May 26, 1SS5. South Carolina followed with a con- 
signment April 12, 1SS8. A carload of oranges went 
forward to New York froin Florida in 1888. Cali- 
fornia has been shipping oranges since 1886 in re- 
frigerator cars. 

The early fruit and truck business, begun only so 
short a time ago. now employs thousands of men, 
women and children, and will expand. Closely fol- 
lowing the early shipment of fruits and vegetables 
comes the canning of surplus products, a business 
which is now giving employment to tens of thousands 
of workmen in the United States. 

The steady growth of all this comparatively new 
and rapidly growing industry forecasts the fact that 
there will be a steadily increasing demand for the 
land situated in a climate and on a soil that will per- 
mit the growth of that which will supply that 
demand. 



Condensed Important Facts Relating to the State. 



Dimensions. Extreme length of state, north to 
south, 620 miles; extreme width, east to west, 760 
miles. Area, 265,780 square miles. 

Climate. Pure, temperate and healthful summer 
heat, relieved by breeze from the Gulf. Winters mild 
and invigorating. Climate of the Gulf Coast semi- 
tropical. The eastern part rainy, the middle moder- 
ate, the southwestern portion dry. Corn is planted 
in February and harvested in July. Average annual 
temperature, for the state, 69.29; January, El Paso, 
44; .Fuly, 82. Warmest, 113; coldest, 5 below. Yearly 
rainfall, 9.3 inches. Brownsville, January tempera- 
ture, 57; July, 84. Extremes: Warmest, 102; coldest, 
18 above. Yearly rainfall, 36.9 inches. Palestine, 
Anderson County: January temperature, 43; July, 
82. Extremes, warmest, 104; coldest, 6 below. Yearly 
rainfall, 46.5 inches. 

Altitude. The highest point in the state, Chanate 



Peak, in the Guadaloupe Mountains, in El Paso 
County, 7,730 feet. 

Histor.v. La Salle, French explorer, erected a fort 
at Matagorda Bay in 1687; the country settled by the 
Spaniards and several missions established in 1715. 
Territory claimed by both Spaniards and French at 
time of Louisiana purchase in 1803. Settlements 
made and attempts to wrest it from Spain 1806-1816. 
In one battle 2,500 Mexicans and Americans killed 
1813. Declared its independence of Spain and with 
Coahuila formed State of Mexico, 1827. Seceded 
from Mexico. 1836. Santa Ana invaded Texas, in- 
vested the Alamo, a fort near San Antonio, and put 
its garrison to the sword. The Mexican ariny routed; 
the state declared independent, and its independence 
acknowledged by the United States in 1837. Was 
annexed to the United States in 1846. Mexico, which 
had never recognized the independence of Texas, 
invaded the state, which caused the Mexican War of 
1846-184S. Seceded in 1861 and re-admitted in 1870. 



OTHER FEATURES OF INTEREST. 

If space permitted we could dilate on inany other 

advantages offered the land-seeker in this great 

area of territory, spanning for four hundred miles 

the Gulf of Mexico and for eight hundred miles 
bordering the Rio Grande. 



199 



UTAH 



STATE AND THE 27 COUNTIES OF UTAH 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 


of 




UTAH COUNTIES 


Lo- 




ca- COUNTIES 


Pop. 


tlon 


1910. 


1 Box Elder. 


.13,894 


2 Cache. 


.23,062 


3 Rich. 


. 1,883 


4 Weber. 


.35,179 


5 Davis. 


.10,191 


6 Morgan. 


. 2,467 


7 Summit. 


. 8,200 


8 Tooele. 


. 7,924 


9 Salt Lake. 


131,426 


10 Utah. 


.37,942 


11 Wasatch. 


. 8,920 


12 Uinta. 


. 7,050 


13 Juab. 


.10,702 


14 Sanpete. 


.16,704 


15 Carbon. 


. 8,624 


16 •. . Millard. 


. 6,118 


17 Sevier. 


. 9,775 


18 Emery. 


. 6,750 


19 Grand. 


. 1,595 


20 Beaver. 


. 4,717 


21 Piute. 


. 1,734 


22 Wayne 


. .1,749 


23 Iron. 


. 3,933 
. 3,660 


24 Garfield. 


25... Washington. 


. 5,123 


26 Kane. 


. 1,652 


27 San Juan. 


. 2,377 




373,351 


UTAH CITIES AND VIU- | 


UAGES \^^TH 


1910 


POPULATIONS. 


Towns Loca 


Pop. 


A 




Alpine 10. 


. . . 496 


Alta 9. 


. . . 390 


American Fork. 10. 


..2,797 




... 360 


Aurora 17. 


... 406 


B 




Bear River 




City 1. 


... 463 


*Beaver 20. 


. .1,899 


Benjamin 10. 


... 862 


Bingham 






. .2.811 


Blaine 5. 


... 200 




... 226 


Bountiful 5. 


..1,677 




. .3,685 


Brinton 9. 


... 560 




... 250 



Cannonville . 
*Castle Dale. 
Castlegate . . 
Castle Rock. 
Cedar City. . 
Cedar Valley. 
Centerfield . . 
Centerville 
Charleston 

Chester 

Clrcleville 
Clarkston . . . 
Clearcreek . . 
Clearfield . . . 
Clear Lake . . 
Cleveland . . . 
♦Coalville . . . 
Collinston 

Colton 

Corinne 

Cove 

Coyoto 

Croydon .... 



..24. 
..18. 

.15. 

. .7. 

.23. 
..10. 
..14. 
, . .5. 
..11. 
. .14. 
. .21. 
. . .2. 
. .15. 
. . .5. 
..16. 

..18. 

...7. 
...1. 

..10. 
...1. 
...2. 
. .24. 
...6. 



.. 220 
. . 693 
.1,060 
. . 220 
.1,705 
.. 220 
.. 620 
.. 532 
.. 283 
.. 326 
. . 520 
.. 564 
. . 862 
.. 210 
. . 560 
. . 520 
..976 
.. 526 
. . 330 
...231 
, . . 436 
, . . 250 
. . 260 




UT.VII CITIES AND VILLAGES WITH 1910 POITLATIONS 



Loca. Pop. 



D 



.8., 
.16.. 
..6. , 
..I. , 
.12., 



Deep Creek. 
Deseret .... 
Devils Slide. 
Deweyville . 
Dragon .... 
Draper 9 

E 
Echo City . . . 

Eden 

Elsinore 

Emery 

Ephraim .... 
Escalante .... 
Eureka 

F 
Fairview .... 
*Farmington 

Fayette 

Ferron 

Fielding 

♦Fillmore .... 
Forest Dale. . 
Frisco 



..7. 
..4. 
.17. 
.18. 
..14. 
.24. 
.13. 

..14. 
...5. 
..14. 

.18. 
,. .1. 
.16. 
. .9. 
.20. 



. . 320 
. . 660 
. . 309 
. . 204 
. . 250 
.1,066 

. . 220 
. . 660 
. , 656 
. . 525 
.2,296 
. . 846 
.3,416 

.1,218 
.1,231 
. . 360 
. . 651 
. . 450 
.1,202 
.1,549 
. . 520 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



G 

Garden City. . 

Garfield 

Garland 

Geneva 

Glendale 

Glenwood . . . 
Gold Springs. 

Goshen 

Grantsville 
Greenriver . . . 
Greenville 
Grouse Creek. 
Gunnison .... 

H 

Harrisville . . . 

*Heber 

Helper 

Henefer 

Henrieville 
Herriman 
Hiawatha . . . 
Hinckley . . . . 
Holden 



..3. 

. .9. 

..1. 

..1. 

.26. 
..17. 
..23. 

.10. 

. .8. 

.18. 

.20. 

. .1. 
..14. 

. .4. 
.11. 
..15. 

,. .7. 

.24. 
..10. 
..15. 

.16. 

.16. 



. . 360 
. . 520 
. . 662 
. . 463 
. . 250 
. . 359 
. . 220 
. . 470 
.1,154 
. . 628 
. . 209 
. . 280 
. . 950 

. . 3.50 
.2,031 
.. 816 
. . 463 
. . 2.50 
. . 250 
. . 200 
. . 553 
. . 472 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Honeyville . 
Hooper . . . . 
Hoytsville 
Hunter . . . . 
Huntington 
Huntsville 
Hurricane 
Hyde Park. 
Hyrum . . . . 



. . 390 
.1,309 
. . 250 
. . 350 
. . 860 
. . 7.50 
. . 250 
. . 699 
.1,833 



Ibapah 8 

J 

Jensen 12 

Joseph 17 

Juab 13 

♦Junction 21 



K 

Kamas 7. 

♦Kanab 26. 

Kanarraville . .23. 

Kanosh 16. 

Kaysville 5. 

Kenilworth . . .15. 



. 350 

. 460 
. 650 
. 205 
. 350 

, . 400 
. . 733 
, . 283 
. . 513 
, . 887 
. . 350 



E-snlanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



200 



Utah Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



King 

Koosharem 



Lake Point. 
Lalveshore . 
Laketown . 
Layton . . . . 
Leamington 

Lehi 

Levan 

Lewiston 
Liberty . . . . 
Linden 

*Loa 

*Logan .... 



, . aoo 

, . 330 



..8. 


.. 200 


.10. 


. . C13 


...3. 


.. 321 


. .5. 


.. 809 


.16. 


. . 300 


.10. 


.2,964 


.13. 


. . 723 



. .4. 
.10. 



. . 989 
. . 326 
. . 850 
. . .560 
.7,522 



M 

Maeser 

Wamnioth 

Maminotli 

Junction 

Manila 

*Mantl 

Mapleton .... 

Marion 7. 

Marysvale ....21. 

Mayfield 14. 

Meadow 16. 



.12. 
.13. 

.13. 
.12. 
.14. 
.10. 



Mendon 
Mercur . . . 
Merrills 
Midvale . . 
Midway 
Milford . . . 
Millcreek . 

Miller 

Millvllle .. 
Minersvllle 
*Moab . . . . 



..2. 



..9. 
.11. 
.20. 



.20. 
.19. 



. . 200 
.1,262 

. . 406 
. . 225 
.2.423 
. . 534 
. . 230 
. . 225 
. . 626 
. . 331 
. . 459 
.1,047 
. . 42(i 
.1,760 
. . 838 
.1,014 
.2,306 
.1,220 
. . 353 
. . 591 
. . 615 



To Willi 



Loca. Pop. 



Moffat . . . 
Mohrland , 
Mona . . . . , 
Monroe . . . 
*i\Iorgan 
Moroni . . . 
Mount 

Pleasant 
Murray . . , 



....12. 
.. .18. 
. ..13. 
. . .17. 

6. 

...14. 

...14. 
9. 



Naples . . 

*Nephi 

Newhouse 

Newton 

North Ogden . 

O 



..13. 

.13. 

..20. 

.2. 



Oak City 

Oasis 

*Ogden . . . 

Ophir 

Orangeville 
Orderville 



.16. 
..16. 
. ..4. 
, ...8. 
..18. 
..26. 



•Panguitch . . .24. 

Paradise 2. 

Paragonah . . ..23. 

Park Citv 7. 

Park Valley. . . .1. 
*Parowan . . . .23. 

Payson 10. 

Peoa 7. 

Peterson 6. 

Pine Valley .. ..35. 

Plain City 4. 

Pleasant Grove.lO. 
Pleasant View. .4. 
Plymouth 1. 



. . 300 
. . 490 
. . 308 
.1,227 
. . 756 
.1,223 

.2,280 
.4,057 

. . 509 
.2,759 
. . 590 
. . 515 
. 1.066 



. . 250 
. . 250 
25,580 
. . 354 
. . 648 
. . 450 

.1,388 
. . 620 
. . 460 
.3,439 
. . 250 
.1,156 
.2,397 
. . 452 
. . 271 
. . 253 
.1,060 
.1,618 
. . 563 
. . 250 



'Colons 



Loca. Pop. 



Portage 1 . 

* Price 15. 

Promontory ....1. 

Providence 2. 

*Provo 10. 

Provo Bench... 10. 

B 

Ranch 26. 

* Randolph 3. 

Redmond 17. 



..17. 



Richfield 
Richmond 

Riter 9. 

Riverdale 4. 

Riverside 1. 

Riverton ....... .9. 

Robinson 13. 

Rockville 25. 

Roy 4. 



. . 406 
.1,021 

, . . 206 
.1,020 
.8,926 

, . . 663 

.. 200 
. . 533 
. . .547 
.2, .559 
.1,502 
. . 30(5 
.. 322 
.. 250 
.. 726 
. . 428 
.. 230 
.. 250 



S 
*Saint George.. 25. 

Saint John 8. 

Salem 10. 

Salina 17. 

*Salt Lake City 

(capital) 9. 

Sandy 9. 

Santa Clara ...25. 

Santaquin 10. 

Scipio 16. 

Scofield 15. 



Silver City. 
Smithfield . ... 
South Jordan. 
Spanish Fork. 
Spring City. . . 
Spring Glen . . 



Springville . . ..10. 



..1,769 
, . . 280 
, . . 693 
.1,082 

.92,777 
.1,037 
, . . SOS 
... 915 
...540 
,..750 
, . . 883 
,.1,865 
, . . 760 
.3,464 
.1,103 
. . 200 
.3.356 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Sterling 14. 

Stockton 8. 

Sugarhouse . . . .9. 
Sunnyside ... .1.5. 
Syracuse 5. 



. . 296 
. . 258 
. 1,526 
. . 750 
. . 530 



T 



Taylorville 9. 

Theodore 11. 

Thistle 10. 

Thurber 23. 

*Tooele 8. 

Toquerville . . .35. 

Tremonton 1. 

Trenton 2. 

Tropic 24. 

u 

4. 

10. 

20. 

V 
12. 



Uinta . 
Union . 
Upton . 

♦Vernal 



W 



.14. 
.11. 

. .7. 

. .9. 

...15. 



Wales 
Wallsburg 
Wanship 
Wasatch . 
Wellington 

Weber 4 

Wellington . . . .15. 

Wellsville "2 

Willard 1 

Wilson 4 

Winterquarters . 15 

Woodland 7 

Woodruff 3 

Woods Cross. . . .5 
Woodside 18 



. . 550 
. . 366 
. . 228 
. . 273 
.2,753 
. . 350 
. . 303 
. . 380 
. . 358 

. . 228 
. . 780 
. . 250 

.. 836 

. . 294 
. . 547 
. . 233 
. . 220 
.2,358 
. . 560 
.2358 
.1,195 
. . 580 
. , 350 
. . 208 
. . 303 
. . 560 
.1,066 
. . 320 



UTAH 



Beginnings of Mormonism — Founders of tlie Sect Briven From Point to Point — Death of Joseph Smith — 

Subseciuent History of tlie JMornions. 



In writing history of various States it is interest- 
ing to trace the causes of first settlement of a people 
in any region of the country. 

Sometimes a section of the country is entered by 
pioneers wlio want a good Iiuntlng ground; fre- 
quently by herdsmen who want a large range _for 
cattle; sometimes by prospectors in search of precious 
metals; frequently liy parties who want more polit- 
ical opportunity, and often by associations who want 
religious freedom. 

Mormonism was, and is, one of the religious cults 
in Avhich the followers want no interference with 
their particular faith. Joseph Smith, the originator 
of this phase of religious belief, impressed his doc- 
trine so firmly upon a sufficient number as to enable 
him to found the church of Latter Day Saints in 
Manchester, N. Y., in 1830. Sidney Kigdon, becoming 
pssociated with Smith, they went to Independence, 
Mo., and thence to Kirtland, Ohio, where they were 
joined by Brigham Young. 

SMITH RECEIVES A REVELATION 

In 1843 Joseph Smith, who then had one wife, 
received a revelation, he claimed, authorizing polyg- 
amy, which caused dissension in tlie Mormon ranks. 
In an exposition of Smith and Rigdon, sixteen 
women testified that these leaders had attempted to 
seduce them under the guise of a revelation from 
heaven. Foster and Lane, who printed this expose, 
had their printing office destroyed by the Mormons 
and were compelled to flee to Carthage, 111., where 
they obtained warrants for the arrest of Joseph 
Smitli and Hyrum Smith, his brother. 

This was in Nauvoo, 111., where Joseph Smith and 
his followers had built a city. Smith being mayor of 
the town, commander of a military organization and 
president of the church. 

THE SMITHS ARRESTED AND PLACED IN JAIL. 

The warrants obtained by Foster and Lane caused 
the Smilhs to be arresied and lodged in the Car- 
thage jail. On the night of their imprisonment a 
mob attacked the jail and inside the building Hyrum 
Smith was shot and killed, and Joseph, having emp- 
tied the contents of his revolver upon the crowd, 
was shot while attempting to escape from a window, 
and fell to the ground dead. This was on June 27, 
1843. 

Brigham Young was appointed to the head of the 



church, and in 1847, like the Boers of South Africa, 
who treked hundreds of miles into the interior of 
their country, to be by themselves, the Mormons 
emigrated into the wilds of the Rocky Mountains 
to enjoy their religion unmolested, and settled in 
the valley of the Great Salt Lake. 

POLYGAaiY AFFIRMED BY BRIGHAM YOUNG. 

In 1852, nine years after the alleged revelation to 
Smith, Brigham Young affirmed the revelation au- 
thorizing polygamy, which has been a distinctive 
feature of the Mormon religion until recent years. 

Thus the Mormons, like many another religious 
organization before and since, were land seekers 
from religious zeal. A quiet, industrious people, 
they constructed the beautiful city of Salt Lake 
planted orchards, beautified and improved the whole 
region where they settled, in agricultural conditions, 
and tauglit western pioneers, many years ago, the 
possibilities and benefits of irrigation. 

UTAH COLONY OF 140 MEN AND 3 WOMEN. 

The claim is made that the advance army of the 
Mormons, who arrived in tlie Salt Lake Valley, July 
24, 1847, included 140 men and three women. These 
were the people who laid the foundation of a city 
which is today the center of a thriving country of 
over a thousand miles in diameter. 

Salt Lake City, which is situated 4,261 feet above 
sea level, is the metropolis of the inter-mountain 
region. Its more important industries are mining, 
agriculture, horticulture, the manufacture of sugar, 
salt refining, brick making, smelting, the manufac- 
ture of mining and milling machinery, and a dozen 
other branches of business connected with the devel- 
opment and reclamation of the arid West. 

THE STATE YET WAITING FOB SETTLERS. 

By the report sent out from the general land 
office at Washington there were seen to be, July 1, 
I'JOO, over 38,000,000 acres of government land yet 
unappropriated and waiting for homestead settlers, 
in Utah. On a visit to the Government Land Office 
at Salt Lake, it will be seen that there are numerous 
fertile valleys in this state where large cities can 
and will yet be built up. 

,^ t the land office here will be learned also con- 
cerning the irrigation project of the Utah Lake, the 



201 



Utah Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



Bear Lake project and the Strawberry Valley Irri- 
gation project. It is probable that a visit into this 
region will disclose to the land seeker many superior 
openings for investment. See Utah in our depart- 
ment of government irrigation. 

But whether or not it is decided to make Utah a 
permanent abiding place, a journey to Salt Lake City 
will be exceedingly interesting. The city today, 
which in 1900 had 80,000 population, has a growing 
population, seen in our list of towns, has 132 miles 
of street railway, streets 132 feet wide, with double 
avenues of trees on each side, between which, at the 
roadside, flow clear streams of rippling water, which 
come down from the melting snows of the Wasatch 
mountains which shelter the city to the east and 
north. 

Four years ago, when we visited the place, there 
were here fifteen banks having aggregate deposits of 
$20,000,000; four daily papers, two morning and two 
evening; a splendid water supply; four big pleasure 
resorts, two tlieaters, five hospitals, three large, 
modern hotels and numerous smaller ones; three 
natural hot spring baths equipped with plunge pools; 
a delightful public park with free music; many fra- 
ternal, social and intellectual clubs — while, when it 
comes to a climate, for those suffering from pul- 
monary diseases, Salt Lake City offers the weak- 
chested a very elixir of life. Those troubled with 
rheumatism, kidney troubles, and obstinate skin dis- 
eases hold Salt Lake in high esteem after having 
taken a course of the hot curative waters that, 
within the city limits, issue scalding from nature's 
caldrons in the bowels of the earth. 

The big Mormon Temple, which cost $3,000,000, 
Iminediately arrests the eyes of the traveler on ar- 
riving here, while the Mormon Tabernacle, seating 
12,000 people, is equally interesting. 

THE GREAT SALT LAKE. 

Great Salt Lake is 16 miles from Salt Lake City. 
This lake is supposed to be the last remnant of an 
immense ocean that once spread itself over all this 
region, the supposition being, inasmuch as latterly it 
has been decreasing in size, that ultimately it would 
completely dry up; but for some unexplained cause, 
at this writing, the lake is again filling, and before 
the year is ever may raise a foot or more in height. 

Salt Lake is about 80 miles long and from 30 to 
50 broad. Its area is 3,000 square miles and its 
waters are 22 per cent salt. 

Utah Lake, 40 miles south of Salt Lake, is 25 
miles long and 13 wide, has an area of 130 square 
miles, and is connected by the Jordan River with 
Great Salt Lake. Sevier Lake, in Millard County, 
another large sheet of water, has no outlet but re- 
ceives from the north, Sevier River, 150 miles in 
length. Salt and thermal springs in this region are 
numerous. 

BAD SOIL TO BEGIN WITH. 

The soil of the lowlands of Utah is somewhat 
alkaline, extremely sardy in portions, and very dry. 
Much of it. however, has been reclaimed by irriga- 
tion and rendered profitably productive. 

The precipitation of rain on the highlands is suf- 
ficient for vegetation. The annual average tempera- 
ture in spring is 46.20, in summer 73. .^7, in winter 
30.38. The average annual rainfall is 15.10 inches. 

THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRY, 

Aside from mining, the principal industry is agri- 
culture, which is conducted In some ten of the great 
valleys of the state. With the extension of irriga- 
tion the cultivated agricultural area will be propor- 
tionately enlarged. In the meantime the mountains 
and high valleys produce an abundance of nutritious 
grasses, in consequence of which a large live-stock 
industry has been developed. 

PRODUCTIONS OF ONE YEAR IN UTAH. 

Among minerals, and to show the various resources 
of Utah, the government report of mineral output, 
in one recent average year, gives the following in- 
come: 

Asphaltum stone $ 92,540 

Brick 311,899 

Brick and tile 544,578 

Coal 1,793,510 

Coal Tar 6,830 

Copper 8,938,496 

Lead 4,882,454 

Zinc 196.489 

Mercury 36,000 

Gold 5,140,920 

Silver 6,666,028 

Iron 120,296 



Total mineral income for that one year was $25,- 
980,682. 

For agricultural and manufacturing products the 
list was also large 

It should be borne in mind that Utah is compara- 
tively a young state yet, has been isolated from the 
great thoroughfares of travel, has, at the 1900 cen- 
sus, only 3.4 persons to the square mile, has had 
religious prejudice to overcome and an arid climate 
to contend with, yet, in spite of all this, as shown 
by statistics of one year, is in a highly prosperous 
condition with an excellent outlook for the future. 

CONDENSED LVIPORTANT FACTS RELATINfe TO 
THE STATE. 

Altitude. — Highest in Utah, Mt. Emmons in the 
Uinta Mountains, in Wasatch Co., 13,694 feet. 

Climate. — Winters usually mild. Summers dry and 
warm, rainfall scanty. Range of temperature be- 
tween summer and winter and day and night often 
very great. At Salt Lake City, average January 
temperature, 28 above zero; July, 76. Extremes, 
warmest, 102; coldest, 20 below zero. Yearly rain- 
fall, 16.2 inches. 

Dimensions. — Extreme length, north and south, 345 
miles; width, 275 miles, east and west. Area of the 
state, 84,970 miles. 

Histor.y. — First explored by the Spaniards about 
1540; settled by the Mormons in 1847, who called 
the region Deseret, and application was made in 
1862 for admission of the territory under the name 
"State of Deseret." The application was refused. 
The Edmunds bill passed in 1882 for the suppression 
of polygamy and disfranchising polygamous Mor- 
mons met with stubborn resistance and was followed 
by a bill in 1SS7 restricting the suffrage and escheat- 
ing a large amount of Mormon property, real and 
personal. This led the Mormons in 1890 to pledge 
themselves to discontinue the practice of polygamy. 
After a full agreement to obey the laws of Congress 
Utah was admitted to the Union as a State, January 
4, 1896. 

San Juan County occupies the southeastern corner 
of the State, witli Monticello the county seat. It is 
triangular in shape, the extremes being 100 mil< s 
north and south and 125 miles east and west. The 
Colorado River forms the west line, and the whole 
region is desert and mountaino;US and far from rail- 
roads. Agriculture is confined to a few small re- 
claimed areas. There is some stock growing and 
some mining, the latter being in the prospecting 
stage. Some gold has been discovered in quartz 
and a number of placers have been found; but up 
to this time, mining has not taken on much impor- 
tance. The belief prevails that the region will ulti- 
mately produce much copper and gold; but investi 
gation has not yet made this certain. Assessed 
valuation, 1910, $533,475, which includes live stock 
at $384,700, representing three-fifths of the total 
property of the county. The population is 2,377. 

The principal water courses are the San Juan and 
Colorado Rivers. These, with several of their trib- 
utaries, furnish water for a limited irrigated area. 
The Navajo Indian Reservation occupies the south- 
east corner of the county. The region of the San 
Juan is wild and picturesque and only partially ex- 
plored. It contains many interesting topographical 
features, among which are the Canon of the Colo- 
rado, the great Natural Bridges, and many monu- 
ments of stone that have resisted the erosion of the 
centuries. Much effort is being made to have the 
Government set apart portions particularly weird 
and picturesque as a National Pari?, and the prom- 
ise is that this will ultimately be done. The region 
is now probably the least known of any portion of 
the West and every year something new and inter- 
esting in Nature is being discovered there. Oil 
seepages along the San Juan River have been known 
for years, and thirty drilling rigs were in operation 
January, 1910, and two wells have been opened with 
a flow of thirty-five gallons to 200 barrels each per 
day. The oil has a paraffine base and the indic:^- 
tioiis are now that the San Juan region is likely to 
ultimately become a considerable producer of petro- 
leum products. Early in 1911, the development of 
the San Juan oil fields was being carried on at a 
rapid rate, the monthly expenditures being at least 
$30,000. 

THE GREAT S.\LT LAKE. 

The Great Salt Lake is counted one of the marvels 
of creation, and much has been the speculation as 
to its origin. There is no mystery about that, how- 
ever. It is all that is left of old Lake Bonneville — ■ 
the prehistoric sea that once washed over the greater 
portion of Utah and engraved upon the mountain 
sides three distinct lines as records of its ancient 
levels. In a book entitled "Lake Bonneville," which 
may be obtained from the Department of the In- 



202 
« 



Utah Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



terior, Mr. Gilbert, of the United States Geological 
burvey, has elaborately discussed this old sea and its 
geology. 

The principal valleys of Utah were once covered 
by the waters of Lake Bonneville, and the moun- 
tains in the broken ranges about the center of the 
State were islands on its surface. Geology points 
out that one primordial day Lake Bonneville broke 
through the mountain barriers on the north and 
carving out Bear River Canon, emptied into the 
ocean by way of the Snake and Columbia Rivers. 
After that, another and much lower shore line, still 
to be plainly seen, was carved out on the mountains 
by the chisels of the waves, and from that line the 
old lake has been coaxed down by evaporation 
through the centuries, until the present levels of the 
Great Salt Lake were reached. Every now and 
then alarmists threaten Utah with a loss of its dead 
sea. But there is no great fear of that. The 
lake rises and falls as the region is affected by wet 
and dry cycles. In 1843 John C. Fremont drove 
to Antelope Island over dry sand. In ISOS eight 
miles of water divided the island from the shore. 
And thus does the lake reflect wet and dry extremes. 
About 1903 the waters were at low ebb, but since 
then the rains have been plentiful and the water 
I'ine has steadily moved outward until Saltair 
Beach, which five years ago was 2,000 feet without 
the water line, is now 4,000 feet from shore. 

The lake has several inlets, but no outlets. It 
is about seven times the area of the Dead Sea of 
I'alestine and carries about the saine percentage 
of salt, which varies froin VJ to 22 per cent, accord- 
ing to the season of the year. The waters are 
green-hued and so buoyant that the bather floats 
without effort upon their surface. The theory is 
that Lake Bonneville carried about the percentage 
of salt of the oceans, and that gradual concentra- 
tion by the process of evaporation is responsible 
for the extreme density of tlie present lake. 

The first mention of the lake was by Baron La 
Honton, who, according to vague tradition, visited 
it In 16S9, and afterwards told strange tales of 
bearded men who lived in powerful cities on its 
shores and navigated its waters in boats 130 feet 
long. 

Father Escalante reached Utah Lake in 1776 and 
was told by the Indians of another and larger lake 
to the north — the waters of which were "noxious 
and extremely salt, producing an itching s^ensation 
in the moistened part." 

Mr. Miller of the Astor Party saw the lake in 
1820, and in the same year Provost trapped along 
its tributary streams. The credit is, however, gen- 
erally given to Jim Bridger for the discovery of 
the lake. His first view of it was in 1824 from 
the mouth of Bear River, and the accounts lie gave 
of it were tlie first to contain accurate infonnation. 
In 1826 four trappers sailed around it in hide 
canoes, searching for beaver. About 1831 or 1832 
Captain Bonneville examined the region and wrote 
an account of the lake, whereupon Washington 
Irving gave it the name of Lake Bonneville, which 
it bore until 1843, when John C. Fremont, Kit 
Carson, and others explored it, fixed the latitude 
and longitude, and gave it its present name. Then 
came the Mormons in 1847 and founded Salt Lake 
City, since which time much has been written and 
said of the water-wonder. The accepted area of 
the lake is about 2, .500 square miles, and its 
greatest depth is about thirty-three feet. Nothing 
lives in it except a shrimp no larger than the head 
of a pin; but thousands of sea-gulls sport on its 
waves and have one of its eight mountain islands 
as a breeding place. Ordinarily the lake is placid; 
but it is subject to sudden storms which lash it 
into fury, and then bathing and boating are diffi- 
cult and dangerous. 

The pleasure of a bath in the lake cannot be 
described. Those who visit it for that purpose 
number nearly one-half jnillion a year. The buoy- 
ant waters bear the bather upon the surface and 
the bath is exhilarating and healthful. Regular 
bathing in the evening, followed by early retiring, 
will overcome insomnia, and because of that, 
nervous and overworked people resort there in 
great numbers. 

The sunsets over the lake are gorgeous beyond 
description. These reach perfection in the summer 
season and are especially vivid when the clouds 
arc massed in the west. Then the sky is aflame 
with every color of conflagration, and the cloud 
castles are bordered with gold and dyed with all 
the tints of rose and purple. The mountains, 
valley, and lake take on the reflection and are 
suffused with' a splendor — a delirium of dyes that 
the brushes and the paint pots of all the world 
could never produce. These startling effects are 
attributed bj' artists to the influence of the sun- 
light upon the saline element in the atmosphere. 
The lake has a marked effect upon the climate 



of the immediate region. It tempers the extremes 
of winter and summer for a hundred miles around 
and gives a delightful softness and a faint saline 
taste to the air. 

Saltair Beacli is the principal 'oleasure resort. It 
is eleven miles from Salt Lake City and is reached 
by steam road. The patronage of this resort is 
generous and the facilities for enjoyment there 
are numerous. The anticipated improvements for 
the near future are a trolley line from Salt Lake, 
a large hotel, and a sea-wall to control the infiow 
of the water and make the shore available for the 
location of summer cottages. An automobile speed- 
way from Salt Lake City is also in contemplation, 
and the tract of level plain between the city and 
the resort is a popular and well adapted field for 
aviation. 

Saltair Beach pavilion is said to be the largest 
for bathing purposes in the world. It stands over 
the waves 4,000 feet from the shore and is of 
Moorish design. The pavilion and other structures 
represent an expenditure to date of $.5."iO,000. The 
pavilion proper is 1,200 feet long and its extreme 
width 365 feet. The main tower rises 130 feet. 
Trains reach it upon piling and passengers are 
received at tlie grand entrance. All the pleasures 
usually found at bathing resorts are offered at 
Saltair. There is an interesting Midway, an ample 
space for basket luncheons which are very popular, 
a ship-restaurant of mammoth proportions, and a 
large hippodrome for summer opera, and the pre- 
sentation of spectacular attractions. 

The dancing pavilion on the upper floor is 140 
by I.'jO feet and will accommodate 1,000 couples. 
Arched over this is a roof similar to that of the 
Mormon Tabernacle. The pavilion is crescent- 
shaped and the horns of the crescent carry more 
than 1,000 drr&sing-rooms provided with stationary 
wash-stands and shower-baths. Convenient access 
to the water is had from these rooms. 

Saltair at night presents a magnificent sight and 
is distinctly visible from the higher portions of 
Salt Lake City. 

SOLID SAXT SEA. 

One of the most curious illustrations of nature- 
work in Utah is the solid sea which lies between 
the south shore of the lake and the Deep Creek 
Mountains. Access to this remarkable spectacle 
has. until recently, been made difflcult by the for- 
bidding barriers of the Great American Desert, 
which surrounds it on three sides. Now, however, 
it is crossed by a railroad and is only a three-hour 
rail ride from Salt Lake City. The salt area is 
twelve miles wide by thirty miles long, and was 
formed by wind-driven waves from the Great Salt 
Lake, which little by little deposited their saline 
contents over the low levels of the desert. There 
is not an undulation upon it — not a sign of vegeta- 
tion. It is just a great level, glittering white 
expanse. Engineers compute its salt contents to 
be about 380,000,000 car-loads — enough to salt the 
nation for some time to come after all other sup- 
plies are exhausted. The salt is almost pure and 
has an average depth of twelve feet. From a com- 
mercial viewpoint its value is almost incalculable 
and some time it will be a tremendous endowment 
for the University of Utah, which received it from 
the Government under the terms of the Utah 
Enabling Act. The wonders of the mirages of the 
desert are here intensified. Probably no other por- 
tion of the world can produce sucn iiiarvelous 
imagery as may be seen every summer day under 
the blistering sun. In the heated air are exaggera- 
tions of every object upon the surface; the tum- 
bleweed blown in from the desert, the carcasses of 
animals that have strayed too far from shore and 
perished from thirst, are all reflected in the mirrors 
of the air, and imagination may easily give the 
presentations forms that range all the way from 
the domes and turrets of an oriental city, to the 
commonest object of every-day life. And the sea 
itself is so duplicated around these creations that 
they seem to be afloat on vast areas of living 
waters. 

OTHER LAKES AND RESORTS. 

ITtah Lake is a fresh water body in Utah County 
with an area of about 12.') square miles. It is 
convenient to the town of Provo and is much used 
as a pleasure resort and for flshing and shooting. 
The waters have been stocked by the State with 
black-bass, whitefish. and other food flshes, and 
are drawn upon daily during the open season by 
professional fishermen for the markets. Hook and 
line fishing for bass in this lake is a favorite 
aii.usement and myriads of wild ducks feed about 
its shores and furnish shooting for a number of 
gun clubs. 



203 



VERMONT 



STATE AND THE 14 COUNTIES OF VERMONT 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 

of 

VERMONT COUNTIES 



Lo- 
ca- 
tion 



COUNTIES 



Pop. 
1!)10 



1 Grand Isle. . 3,761 

2 Franklin. .29,866 

3 Orleans. .23,337 

4 Essex. . 7.384 

5.... Chittenden. .42,447 

6 Lamoile. .12,585 

7 Caledonia. .26,031 

8... Washington. .41,702 

9 Addison. .20,010 

10 Orange. .18,703 

11 Rutland. .48.139 

12 Windsor. .33,681 

13... Bennington. .21,378 
14 Windham. .26,932 

Total 355,956 



CITIES AND VILLAGES 
or VERMONT WITH 
1910 POPULA- 
TIONS 



Addison 9. 

Albany 3. 

Alburg 1. 

Alburg Center. ..1. 
Alburg Junction. 1. 
Alburg Springs..!. 

Andover 12. 

Arlington 13. 

Ascutneyville ..12. 

B 

Eakersfield . . 

Bai-nard 

Barnet 

Barre 

Barton 

Bartonsville . 
Beebe Plain . . . 
Beecher Falls 
Bellows Falls. 
*Bennington . 

Benson 

Berlin 

Bethel 

Bloomfield . . . 

Bolton 

Bondville .... 

Bradford 

Braintree .... 

Brandon 

Brattleboro . . 
Bridgewater . 
Bridgewater 
Corners .... 

Bridport 

Brighton 

Bristol 

Brookfield . . . 
Brownsville . . 
*Burlington . . 



.12. 
. .7. 
..8. 
.3. 
.14. 
. .3. 
.4. 
.14. 
.13. 
.11. 
..8. 
.12. 
..4. 
..5. 
.13. 
.10. 
.10. 
.11. 
.14. 
.12. 

.12. 
..9. 
..4. 
..9. 
.10. 
.12. 



. . 856 
. . 528 
.1,109 
. . 275 
. . 200 
. . 502 
. . 250 
. . 466 
. . 320 



..1,158 
. . . 620 
. . . 550 
.10,734 
. .1,330 
. . . 226 
. . . 226 
. . . 502 
..4,883 
..6,211 
. . . 826 
,..510 
,.3,506 
, . . 564 
...275 
. . 462 
. . 631 
.476 
. .1,608 
, .6,517 
. . 426 

. . 250 
. . . 945 
, . . 526 
, .1,180 
, . . 526 
, . . 513 
.20,468 



Cabot 

Calais .... 

Cainbridge 

Canaan . . . 

Castleton 

Cavendish 

Center 

Ruthland 
Centervale 
Charlotte . 

*Chelsea 10 

Chester 12 

Chester Depot. 12 



.8. 


.. 200 


.6. 


. . 595 


.4. 


.. 208 


11. 


.1,125 


12. 


.. 652 


11. 


.. 520 


.7. 


.. 366 


.5. 


.1,102 


10. 


.1,070 


12. 


.. 666 


12. 


.. 726 




VERMONT CITIES AND VILLAGES AVITH 1910 POPULATIONS 



Towns 



Lora. Pop. Toictis 



Chittenden . 
Clarendon 

Springs . . 
Colchester . . 
Concord . . . . 
Conicut .... 
Corinth .... 
Cornwall . . . 
Coventry , . . 
Craftsbury . 
Cuttingsville 

r 

Danby 



..11. 

.11. 

...5. 
. ..4. 

.10. 

.10. 
...9. 
...3.. 

..3.. 

.11., 

.11. . 



, 4: 6 

. 215 
, 330 
. 339 
. 225 

414 
, 846 
, 262 
, 200 

490 

890 



Loca. Pop. 



Ttncns 



Loca. Pop. 



Danville 


.7.. 


. . 828 


East 


Braintree 


10. 


. . 330 


Derby 


.3.. 


. . 316 


East 


Burke. .. 


.7.. 


. . 434 


Derby Line. . . . 


..3.. 


. . 390 


East 


Calais. . . 


.«. 


. . 690 


Dorset 


.13.. 


. . 690 


East 


Charleston. 3. 


. . 406 


Duxbury 


.8., 


. . 478 


East 


Clarendonll. 


. . 2.50 








East 


Corinth. . 


10. 


.. 414 


East Alburg 1.. 

East Arlington. 13. . 


., 226 
. . 630 


East 
East 


Dorset. . . 
Dover. . . 


13. 
14. 


. . 690 
.. 230 


East Barnard. 


12. . 


. . 240 


East 








East Barnet. . 


.7.. 


. . 263 


Du 


nmerston. 


14. 


.. 275 


East Barre. . . . 


..8.. 


. . 966 


East 


Fairfield. 


.3. 


.1,006 


East Berkshire 


2 


. . 926 


East 


Hardwick 


..7. 


. . 406 


East Bethel. . . 


.12. . 


. . 311 


East 


Highgate 


2 


.. 380 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Nimes of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

204 



Cities and Villages of Vermont with 1910 Populations 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



-East Johnson... C. 
East 

aiiddlebury ...9. 
East 

Montpelier . . .8. 
East Peachani..7. 
East Poultney.ll. 
East Randolph. 10. 
East Roxbury . . .8. 
East Rupert. . .13. 
East Ryegate. . .7. 
East 

Wallingford .11. 

Eden 6. 

Eden Mills 6. 

Elmore (i. 

Enosburg Falls. 3. 

Essex 5. 

Essex Junction.. 5. 



3(J« 
34(5 
62 (i 
336 

■ZDO 



. . 4i6 
. . 5Si) 
. . 530 

.l.loo 



Fairfax 3. 

Fairfield 3. 

Fair Haven. . . .11. 

Fairlee 10. 

Fayston 8. 

Felchville 13. 

Ferrisburg . 

Forest Dale. .. .11. 

Fowler 11. 

Franklin 3. 



G 



Gaysville 13. 

Georgia 3. 

Glen 11. 

Glover 3. 

Goshen 0. 

Grafton I J. 

fJrand Isle 1. , 

Graniteville ... .8. 

Granville 9. 

Green River... .li. 

Greensboro 3.. 

Greensboro BendS. , 

Groton 7. 

Guilford 14. , 

H 

Halifax 14., 

Hancoclv 9. . 

Hirdwick 7. . 

Hartford 13. , 

Hartland 13. . 

Heartv.'ellville..l3. , 

Highgate 3. , 

Highgate Center3. . 
Highgate 

Springs 3. , 

Hinesburg 5. , 

Holden 11., 

Hortonville ...11., 
Hubbardton ...11., 
Huntington . . . .5. , 
Huntington 

Center 5. , 

*Hyde Park 6., 

Hydeville 11., 

I 

Inwood 7. , 

Ira 11., 

Irasburg 3. , 

Island Pond. . . .4. 
Isle La Motte. . .1. , 



Jacksonville ..14. 

Jamaica 14. 

Jeffersonville ...6. 

Jericho ..5. 

Jericho Center. ..5. 

Johnson 6. 

Jonesville 5. 



1,33;< 

. 73-,' 

2,544 

38? 

4So 

46 J 

l,6ii; 

35i 

360 

930 



550 
680 

32 G 
791 
386 
794 
€66 
422 
544 
56 J 
2fJ0 
g«(j 
,093 
S20 



253 

,«:;4 

4.J79 

i.r-tO 

226 
650 
650 

360 
2t:l 
22i 
240 
248 
338 



320 



3-Vi 
200 



212 

mm 

650 
l.«13 



^^51 
320 



Leicester 9. 

Lincoln 9. 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



. .14. 
...3. 
.. .8. 
..12. 
...4. 



7. 
r. .7. 

7. 



Londonderry 

Lowell 

I^ower Cabot 
lAidlow .... 
Lunenburg . 
Lunenburg 

Station . . . 
Lyndon .... 
Lyndon Cente 
Lyiidonville 

M 

Mclndoe Falls. ..7. 
*Manchester . .13. 
Manchester 

Center 13. 

Manchester 

Depot 13. 

Marlboro 14. 

Marshtield 8. 

Mechanicsville..ll. 

Mendon 11. 

*Middlebury ...9. 
Middletown 

Springs 11. 

fllilton 5. 

Monkton 9. 

Montgomery ...3. 
Montgomery 

Center 3. 

Montpelier 

(capital) 8. 

Moretown 8. 

Morristown 6. 

Morrisville 6. 

Mount Holly. ..11. 

N 

Newark 7 . 

JSewbury 10. 

Newbury 

Center 10. 

New Haven 9. 

ISew Haven 

Mills 9. 

* Newport 3. 

North 

Bennington ..13. 

Northboro 10. 

North 

Clarendon . . .11. 
North 

Craftsbury . . .3. 
North Danville.. 7. 
North Duxbury..8. 
North Ferrisburg9. 

Northfield 8. 

Northfield Falls.8. 
*North Hero....l. 
North Hyde 

Park 6. 

North 

Montpelier . . .8. 
North PownaL .13. 
North 

Shrewsbury .11. 
North 

Springfield ..13. 
North Thetford.lO. 

North Troy 3. 

North 

Tunbridge . . .10. 
North 

Williston 5. 

Norwich 12 . 



Orange 10. 

Orleans 3. 

Orwell 9. 



. . 463 
. . 202 
. . 250 
.1,621 
. . 290 

. . 426 
. . 956 
. . 259 
.1,573 

. . 406 
. . 478 

. . 702 

. . 755 

. . 468 
.1,026 
. . 620 
. . 392 
. 1,860 

. . 746 
. . 634 
. . 912 
. . 950 

. . 990 

1 
.7,856 
. . 902 
. . 290 
.1,445 
. . 320 



. . 562 
. . 720 

. . 490 
.1,107 

. . 229 
.2,548 

. . 663 
. . 390 

. . 250 

. . 200 
. . 226 
. . 226 
. . 201 
. I,»i8 
..206 
. . 790 

. . 520 



461 

826 



432 
?.3C 
771 



. . 676 
. 1,103 

. . 530 
.1,131 
.1,150 



jPanton 9. 

iPassumpsic ....7. 

Pawlet 11. 

Peachani 7. 



831 
390 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



Perkinsville ...12., 

Peru 13. 

Pittsfield 11., 

Pittsford 11. 

Pittsford Mills. 11., 

Plainfleld 8. 

Plymouth 12. 

Plymouth 

Union 12 . , 

Post Mills 10. 

Poultney 11. 

Pownal 13. 

Proctor 11. 

Proctorsville . . 12. , 
Putney 14. , 

Q 

Quechee 12. , 

B 

Randolph 10. 

Randolph 

Center 10., 

Readsboro 13. . 

Richford 2. , 

Richmond 5., 

Richville 9. , 

Ripton 9., 

Rochester 12. , 

Roxbury 8. , 

Royal ton 12. , 

Rupert 13., 

*Rutland 11., 

Ryegate Station. 7., 

S 
*Saint Albans.. .2., 
*Saint 

Johnsbury . . .7. . 
Saint Johns- 
bury Center. ..7. . 

Salisbury 9. . 

Sandgate 13. , 

Saxtons River. .14.. 

Sharon 12.. 

Sheffield 7., 

Shelburn 5. . 

Sheldon 2., 

Sherburne . . . .11. . 

Shoreham 9. . 

South Barre. . . .8. . 
South Cabot.... 8.. 
South Dorset. . .13. . 

South Hero 1.. 

South Lincoln. . .9. , 
South 

LondKmderry .14. . 
South Lunenburg4.. 
South Newbury. 10. . 
South Peacham.7.. 
South Pomfret.l2.. 
South Royalton.l2. . 
South Ryegate.. 7.. 
South 

Shaftsbury ..13.. 
South 

Starksboro . . .9. . 
South Stafford. 10.. 
South 

Wallingford .11.. 
Springfield ....12., 
Stamford . . . ..13. . 

Stannard 7. . 

Starksboro 9., 

Stockbrid.ge ...12.. 

Stowe 6.. 

Strafford 10.. 

Stratton 14.. 

Sudbury 11. . 

Sunderland . . ..13. . 

Sutton 7.. 

Swanton 2. . 

T 

Taftsville 12.. 

Talcott 5.. 

Thetford CenterlO. . 
Tinmouth 11.. 



. . 603 
. . 373 
.. 435 
. 1,290 
.. 409 
. . 341 
.. 200 

.. 346 
. . 350 
.2,706 
.1.036 
.2,75(i 
.. 706 
.. 894 

.. 306 

.2,466 

.. 200 
.. 864 
.1,922 
.. 857 
.. 236 
. . 535 
.1,250 
. . 512 
. . 327 
. . 400 
13,.546 
.. 220 

.6,239 

. 6,693 

., 303 
.. 692 
. . 482 
.1,409 
.. 709 
. . 724 
.1,202 
.1,062 
. . 302 
,1,203 
. . 309 
.. 250 
,, 226 
. 1,106 
,. 201 

.. 561 

.. 490 



. . 200 
. . 577 
.1,120 
. . 650 

.1,726 

. . 803 
. . 590 

. . 320 
.3,250 
. . 677 
. . 222 
. , 902 
273 
!i,809 
. , 530 
. . 371 
. . 474 
. . 518 
. . 694 
.3,495 

. . 336 
. . 350 



Loca. Pop. 



Topshani 10. 

Townshend . . ..14. 
Tunbridge 10. 

U 

Underbill 5. 

Underhill Centers. 

U 

Vergennes 9. 

Vershire 10. 

W 

Waitsfield 8. 

Waits River. . .10. 

Walden 7. 

Wallingford ..11. 

Watham 9. 

Wardsboro ....14. 

Warren 8. 

Washington . ..10. 

Waterbury 8. 

Waterbury 

Center 8. 

Waterford 7. 

Waterville 6. 

Wells 11. 

Wells River 10. 

West Barnet....7. 
West Berkshire. 2. 

West Berlin 8. 

West Bolton.... 5. 
West 

Brattleboro .14. 
West 

Bridgewater .13. 
West BrookfleldlO. 

West Burke 7. 

West 

Cliarleston . . .3. 
West Danville. ..7. 

West Derby 3. 

West Dover... .14. 
West 

Dummerston .14. 
West Fairlee. ..10. 

Westford 5. 

West Georgia. . .2. 
West Glover.... 3. 
West Halifax.. 14. 
West Hartfordl2. 
West Haven... 11. 
Westminster . .14. 
Westminster 

Station 14. 

Westminster 

West 14. 

Weston 12. 

West Pawlet. . .11. 
West Rupert. . .13. 
West Rutland. .11. 
West Salisbury. .9. 
West Topsham.lO. 
West 

Wardsboro ..14. 

Weybridge 9. 

Wheelock 7. 

White River 

Junction ... .12. 

Whiting 9. 

Wliitingham ..14. 

Wilder 12. 

Williamstown .10. 
Williainsville .14. 

Williston 5. 

Williston 

Station 5. 

Wilmington ...14. 

Windham 14. 

Windsor 12. 

Winooski 5. 

Wolcott 6. 

Woodbury 8. 

Woodford 13. 

♦Woodstock ...12. 
Worcester 8. 



. 417 

, . 730 
. 362 

. 840 
. 220 



.1,753 
, . 541 

. . 760 
. . 200 
. . 364 
.1,102 
. . 264 

• • 2^1 

! '. 795 
.2,310 



. . 536 
. . 505 
. . 529 
. . 606 
. . 865 
. . 302 
. . 376 
. . 511 
. . 210 

. , 560 

. . 390 
, . 390 
. . 636 

. . 625 
. . 426 
.1,109 
. . 320 

. , 350 
, . 539 
. . 863 
. . 250 
. . 200 
. . 430 
. . 466 
. . 855 
. . 845 

. . 200 

. . 250 
. . 756 
. . 936 
. . 306 
.3,427 
. . 336 
. , 562 

. . 237 
. . 518 
. . 467 



.2,309 
. . 361 
. . 302 
. . 303 
.1,610 
. . 430 
. . 250 

. . 676 
.1,221 

. . 256 
.1,656 
.4,520 
. . 990 
. . 762 
. . 279 
.2,066 
. . 636 



CO?^'nEX.SKD I3IPOBT.4NT FACTS RELATING TO THE ST.ATE 



.\ltitutle — Highest, Mt. Marsfield in La Moile 
coi.jity, 4,430 f-.«et. 

Climate — Healthful, winters long, snows deep con- 
sidtrubly and sometimes the mercury goes below 
zero. The average annual temperature is 45 degrees 
above zero; average annual temperature in January 
is 19 above; July 71. Extremes: warmest, 97; cold- 
est. 2;") below; yearly rainfall 28.8 inches. 

Dimensions — Length from north to south, 15."i 
miles: width 35 to 85 miles from east to west. 
Area 90 square miles. Over 10(7 miles of frontage on 



Lake Champlain. The state is noted for its scenery 
and many summer resorts, being in general descrip- 
tion very much like New Hampshire. 

Histor.v — Visited by Champlain in 1609 and be- 
tween 1665 and 1601. The French erected forts on 
Lake Champlain. Immigrants from Massacliusetts 
erected Fort Dummer near site of Brattleboro, 1724. 
"Green Mountain Boys" under Ethan Allen were 
prominent in the war of the revolution. First state 
constitution adopted 1777; last constitution adopted 
1870. 



205 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



VERMONT 

A Pictui-esque Region of Channingr Kesorts, Running: Broolts, line Apple Orcliards, Maple Sugar Groves, 
Large Woodpiles, Skating and Good Sleigliing. 



In Home Comforts Like Its Sister State of New Hampshire. For Winter Comforts Nearly the Same 

Description May Be Applied. 



For several generations the trend of emigration 
has been westward. No matter how savage the In- 
dians, iiow filled the country might be with thieves 
and cut-throats, how filled the soil might be with 
alkali, how dry the climate or sandy the desert — 
"To the West, to the West" has been steadily the 
cry, until the young men of many a prosperous town 
in" the East have been induced to leave good homes 
where it would have been much to their advantage 
had they remained. 

In a certain sense this has been all right. Begin- 
ning in a bleak New England region, where land had 
to be cleared of timber, stones to be picked and roads 
to be opened after snow storms, it was natural that 
enterprising youth should seek another clime in 
which to get a living. 

And so the multitude has pressed to the westward 
and taken along the sturdy New England boys. That 
is all well. It was necessar.v that the West should 
be settled. It lias been and it is. Now comes a 
period for reflection. Conditions have changed. 

That old Vermont farm that used to seem so far 
back has seemingly been moved right to the front. 
The daily paper, with all the news of the world, is 
brought to the farm every day. The telephone that 
reaches out to the nearby village store, permits a 
conversation with all the neighbors for miles around 
and all the old acquaintances in Bo.ston, New York, 
and other metropolitan cities. That road that used 
to seem so long has been shortened by the recently 
introduced automobile, and the multitude of people 
from the city who come out so quickly, and so 
easily, fill the old house with gaiety that the old 
time's knew nothing about. 

DID NOT KNOW ITS BEAUTIES IN OUR YOUTH 

How deUghtful is the old farm today! That 
winding, rapid running brook — just a few rods 
away — it used to be a river when we were on the 
old farm, full of speckled trout as it is today. 
And those brooks that come jumping down the 
hillside with some of their sparkling water running 
into the kitchen— all day and all night — clear, 
bright, fresh water and no water tax to pay, and 
no notice from the health authorities advising that 
we boll the water to destroy the germs. 

aiANY WAYS OF MAKING MONEY 

Sit down upon the broad porch here and con- 
template. There is a maple sugar orchard on the 
place that will give an excellent revenue annually 
from real genuine "Vermont maple sugar." 

There is a bee house where the bees go out, 
come in and deposit the sweets which they gather 
far up the mountain side. They want only enough 
of their honev to carry them through to another 
year. They will give the balance away and will 
be glad if we get a goodly sum for the honey 

There is a strawberry field adjoining the kitchen 
garden, from which the children of the nearby 
town pick for us many dollars' worth of berries 
each season. There is an apple orchard that gives 
us a good many barrels of apples every year. And 
so after we have taken the product of our poultry 
yard, and the income from city people who tented 
on our grounds and boarded with us, through the 
summer, we find, putting our sources of revenue 
all together, that we are some hundreds of dollars 
ahead. 

When winter comes, and the great pile of wood 
waits for us, at the end of the house under cover, 
a wood pile gathered from the hillside, after we 
had sold many cords of wood from the timber lot — 
we say, when winter comes, with barrels of applea 
in the cellar, the flour barrel full, bushels of hickory 
nuts and butter nuts gathered from our own fields, 
the sweetest of butter and cream from our own 
cows, the freshest of eggs, the mealiest of potatoes 
raised on our own grounds, with maple sugar, honey, 
pancakes from buckwheat, raised en our land, — we 
repeat when winter comes, with plenty of money 
made in the past summer permitting us to go to 
some warm climate during the cold weather if we 



choose, we simply decide that we can get more 
pleasure in our cozy home, by the warm fire, eating 
apples, drinking cider, cracking hickory nuts, 
sugaring off our maple sugar, just attending to 
poultry, cattle, getting In wood and sitting by the 
warm winter fire, reading the magazines, papers and 
the latest books — we decide we repeat, that all this 
will afford us more real enjoyment than to go 
anywhere away in the winter. 

EXCELLENT VERMONT SCHOOLS 

And as the years go so pleasantly by and our 
children are so well educated in the excellent Ver- 
mont schools, and we get support and a competency 
from our little farm, we rejoice that it was our 
fortune to find a property so low in cost and that 
we got located where we are amid the fresh water 
brooks and the picturesque scenery of Vermont. 

Productions — I'JOo — Agricultural: oats, 3,094,924 
bushels; corn, 2,020,S.j9 bushels; wheat, 27,467 
bushels. Manufactures — capital employed, $62,6.jS,- 
741. Wage earners, 33,106. Wages paid, ,$1.5,221,059. 
Value of productions, $63,083,611. Minerals — stone, 
$6,9;i3,765; slate, $1,352,541; lime, $188,921. 

State Public Institutions — Location of — Asylum for 
the Insane, Waterbury; Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, 
Bennington; House of Correction, Rutland; State 
Prison, Windsor; University, Burlington; Industrial 
School, Vergennes; Agricultural College, Burlington; 
Normal Schools, Johnson, Castleton and Randolph; 
Brattleboro Retreat, Brattleboro; State Improvement 
Association, Vergennes. 

ETHAN ALLEN. 

A prominent Vermont man during the revolu- 
tionary period in the United States was Ethan Allen, 
born in Connecticut in 1739, who died in Burlington, 
Vt, Feb. 13, 1780. 

His biographer, in the American Cyclopedia, says: 
About 1703 he settled, with four younger brothers, 
in the township of Bennington, Vt. Previous to the 
revolution there existed a dispute between the col- 
onies of New York and New Hampshire, relative 
to their boundaries, and the debatable land included 
the whole of the present state of Vermont, then 
called the New Hampshire grants. 

Ethan Allen first became conspicuous In the con- 
troversy which grew out of the attempt to enforce 
a New York law. Actions of ejectment being- 
brought against those who held land under grants 
from New Hampshire, Allen was selected. In 1770, 
as agent to represent the settlers, in the litigation 
at Albany. The decision was adverse to them and 
they resolved to resist. They adopted Allen's own 
phrase, "The gods of the valleys are not the gods 
of the hills." The New Y'ork authorities were 
everywhere set at defiance. Allen was made colonel 
of an armed force which not only protected the New 
Hampshire grantees, but removed the New York 
settlers. Governor Tryon, of New York, proclaimed 
a reward of $150 for Allen's arrest. 

This state of affairs remained unaltered till the 
revolution. New York maintaining her hostile atti- 
tude, and the Vermonters the possession of tlieir 
farms. In 1775, when war with the mother country 
had become inevitable, the occupation of Ticon- 
deroga was determined on, and the task was con- 
fided to Allen, who set out at once at the head of 
his "Green Mountain Boys," reaching Caselton May 
7, 1775. A party was also detached, under Captain 
Herrick, toward Skenesborough, and another, under 
Captain Douglass, to Panton in the vicinity of 
Crown Point. 

On the morning of May 10 Allen, who had pre- 
viously been joined by Arnold, surprised Ticon- 
deros?a, summoning Captain Delaplace, who com- 
manded the post, to surrender in the name of "the 
great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." By 
this coup de main, 2 officers, 48 rank and file, 120 
pieces of artillerv, and a large quantitv of small 
arms were captured, and the command of the Green 
Mountains was wrested from the English. Only 80 
Americans were present at the capture. The other 



206 



Vermont Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



enterprises were equally successful, Skenesborough 
and Crown Point being also captured. 

A dispute ensued between Arnold and Allen rela- 
tive to the coinnaand, which the latter maintained 
until he was relieved by the arrival of the Con- 
necticut regiment, commanded by Colonel Hinman, 
to whom he delivered his conquests. Allen imme- 
diately proposed to the authorities of New York an 
invasion of Canada, which was refused, and he then 
proceeded to Philadelphia, where the Continental 
Congi'ess offlcially acknowledged his services. 

He next joined General Schuyler's army as a vol- 
unteer, was employed in secret missions to sound the 
views of the Canadians, and rendered valuable aid 
in Montgomery's expedition to Canada, but in an 
unfortunate doinonstration against Montreal with a 
small force of American and Canadian recruits, 
made on the persuasion of Major Brown, Sept. 2.5, 
1775, he was captured and sent a prisoner to Eng- 
land. A few months later he was sent back to 
America and confined in prison ships and jails at 
Halifax till May 3, 1778, when he was exchanged. 

During inost of his captivity he was treated as a 
felon and kept heavily ironed, but for a part of 
1776-7 was allowed restricted liberty on parole. 
Kindly received at Congress and by Washington, he 
was about to enter the military service again when 
the old colonial troubles regarding Vermont were 
revived. 

Allen was now chosen general, and appointed to 
command all the militia of that State. In the 
meantime 16 of the western townships of New 



Hampshire sought annexation to Vermont, sending 
a petition to that effect to the legislature, who re- 
ferred the matter to the people. The governor of 
New Hampshire protested against this course, writ- 
ing to the Continental Congress to interpose its 
authority. 

Allen was sent as the agent of Vermont to explain 
to Congress the course of the state. About this 
time the English commanders in America began to 
meditate the restoration of royal authority in Ver- 
mont, and while the Vermont claim of self-govern- 
ment was in abeyance, sought to take advantage of 
the dispute. A tempting offer was made to Allen 
through Beverly Robinson, a well-known tory of the 
time, without any result except that by feigning 
negotiations Allen was able to preserve the neutral- 
ity of the English authorities toward the moun- 
taineers, who were consequently unmolested until 
nearly the end of the war. Before that time he 
removed to Bennington, thence to Arlington and 
subsequently to the vicinity of Oman River, where 
he resided till his death, serving for some time in 
the legislature. 

He was twice married and left a wife and several 
children. In addition to a history of the contro- 
versy between Vermont and New York, a narrative 
of his captivity and various political pamphlets, he 
was the author of a work entitled "Reason the Only 
Creed of Man" (8vo, Bennington, 1784), in which the 
Bible and the Christian religion are assailed from a 
purely delstic standpoint. 



VERMONT PRODUCTIONS AND RESOURCES. 



Agricultural Productions. — These include wheat, 
Indian corn, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, 
tobacco, butter, cheese, hops, maple sugar, honey, 
poultry, apples, strawberries and maple molasses. 

Birds, — The birds are those of New England gen- 
erally, besides aquatic fowl which frequent Lake 
Champlain. 

Fish. — Lake Champlain yields large quantities and 
numerous varieties of fish, including muscallonge, 
lake whitefish, salmon trout, pickerel, roach, perch, 
and other smaller fish, while the brooks and rivers 
teem with speckled trout. 

Forest Trees. — There are nearly one hundred spe- 
cies of trees and large shrubs. The principal forest 
trees are hemlock, fir and spruce on the mountains, 
pine, oak, beech, sugar maple, hickory, elm, butternut, 
basswood and birch on the lower land, and cedar in 
the swamps. The mountains are generally covered 
with timber or afford good pasturage. 

Green Mountains. The northernmost portion of 
the Appalachian chain, extending from Canada south 
through Vermont. To this State, over which they 
are largely spread, they give its name, from the 
term, nionts verts, mountains green, by which they 
were known to the early French settlers. The 
continuation of the range through Massachusetts 
and Connecticut is also known to geographers as 
the Green mountains, but by the inhabitants of 
those states other names are applied to them; as 
the Hoosac in Massachusetts for that portion lying 
between the Connecticut and Hoosatonic rivers and 
constituting the most elevated portion of the State, 
and the Tetonic mountains for the western part of 
the range along the New York line. These ranges 
extend into Vermont near the Southwest corner of 
the State, and join in a continuous line of hills that 
pass through the western portion of the State nearly 
to Montpelier. 

Miles Miles 



Lakes. 



long. wide. 



Bomoseen Lake, Rutland Co 8 _ 

Bristol Lake, Addison Co , 2 1 

Caspian Lake, Orleans Co 3 1 

Crystal Lake, Orleans Co 2'/. i^ 

Lake Champlain, Western Vt 12.'i."%tol5 

Lake Dunmore, Addison Co T> 1 

Lake Memphremagog, Orleans Co 33. .. .2 to 4 

Seymour Lake, Orleans Co 4 2 

Silver Lake, Addison Co % % 

Willoughby Lake, Orleans Co 6 1 V^ 

■Live Stock. — As a large proportion of the land is 
better adapted to grazing than to tillage, much at- 



tention has been given to the raising of live stock, 
and the horses, cattle, sheep and swine of Vermont 
are of excellent quality. 

Manufacturing: Industries. — Agricultural imple- 
ments, blacksmithing, boots and shoes, carriages and 
wagons, cars, freight and passenger; cheese, cotton 
goods, flour and grist-mill products, furniture, 
leather, lumber, machinery, musical instruments, 
sash, doors and blinds; tin, copper and sheet iron 
ware, woolen goods. 

Marbles and Slate. — Vermont is rich in marble and 
slate. Marble was first quarried at Rutland in 1844, 
and the quarries there now supply about half of the 
production of Vermont. The marbles obtained are 
the white statuary, the variegated, mottled and blue 
The white is not inferior to the Italian. Other mar- 
bles of various colors are obtained in different parts 
of the state. Thus the Swanton and Isle La Motte 
marble, when polished, is a jet black; Winooski 
yields a fine sienna, and other grades of pale, red 
and white colors. 

Religious Denominations. — Baptist, Christian, Con- 
gregational, Episcopal, Friends, Methodist, Presby- 
terian, Roman Catholic, Second Adventist, Spiritual- 
ist, Unitarian, Universalist, Unknown, Various Unions. 

Reptiles. — The rattlesnake, black snake, two or 
three species of adder, and the harmless species of 
serpents are not infrequent. 

Wild Animals. — The wild animals are the panther, 
wild cat, lynx, raccoon, wolf, fox, elk, deer, black 
bear, rabbits and squirrels of different species. 

Waterfalls. — The state abounds in beautiful water- 
falls and picturesque natural curiosities. The most 
remarkable, besides BcUard's Falls, in the Connect- 
icut, are the Great Falls on the La Moile, in Milton- 
the O'Connel's Falls, and the natural bridge, a little 
below them in Johnson; the great falls on the Clyde 
in Charleston, where there is a descent of 100 feet 
in 40 rods; the numerous falls on the Winooski, with 
its natural bridge and caverns in Duxbury; the mag- 
nificent fall of 70 feet in the Missis-quoi, at Troy 
and the gentler one at Highgate; the falls in the 
Passumpsic at Lyndon; the falls in the Black River 
at Springfield, and the caves at Dorset and Plym- 
outh. Many of the streams flowing west unite to 
form fine rivers which enter Lake Champlain. Eleven 
smaller rivers flow into the Connecticut, which drains 
about one-third of the area of Vermont. Three 
streams run north to Lake Memphremagog, about 
one-fifth of which is within the state, and two 
streams flow south to join the Hudson River. Most 
of the larger streams flow through wide, fertile val- 
leys. 



207 



VIRGINIA 



STATE AND THE 100 COUNTIES OF VIRGINIA 

With Their Boundaries 



VIRGINIA 



X, 








^^"© 



.M V 














©IRTH CAlR@LyL'^A| 





LOCATION AND 1910 rOPFTATION OF VIKGTNIA COUNTIES. 



Lnrn. County 

1 . . . . Frederick. 

2 Clarke., 

3. . . . I^oudoun . . 
4. . Shenandoah. 

5 Page. 

6 Warren. . 

7 Rappahannock. 

8 Fouquier. 

9. .Prince 

William. 
10 Fairfax. 

11. . . Alexandria. 

12. Rockingham. 

13 Greene. 

14 Madison. 

15. . . . Culpepper. 

16 Stafford. 

17 Highland. 

18 Bath. 

19 Augusta. 

20.. . . Albemarle. 

21 Louisa. 

22 Orange. 

23. .Spottsyl- 

vania. 

24 Caroline. . 

25.. King George. 



Pop. 



12,787 

7,468 

21,167 

20,942 

14,147 

8,589 

8,044 

22,526 

12,026 
.20.536 

10,231 
,34,903 
, 6,937 
,10,055 
,13.472 
. 8,070 
, 5.317 
. 6,538 
.32,445 
.29,871 
,16,578 
,13,486 

. 9,935 
16,596 
, 6,378 



Lora. 



Count}/ 



Pop. 



26 Westmoreland.. 

27. . . . Alleghany . . 

28. .liock Bridgf . . 

29 Amher.st . . 

30 Nel-son. . 

31.. Buckingham . . 

. . Fluvanna . . 
Cumberland. . 
.. Goochland . . 
. . Powhatan. . 
. . . Hanover. . 
37 Henrico . . 

38. King William. . 

39. King & Queen. . 
40 Essex. . 



32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
30. 



Richmond 
Northumber- 
land. , 
, . Middlesex. , 
.. Lancaster., 
Acooumac . 

Giles.. 

47 Craig. 

48.... Botetourt. 

49 Bedford. 

50.... Campbell. 
51... Appomattox 



41. 
42. 

43. 
44. 
45. 
46. 



9,313 

14,173 

24,416 

18,933 

16,831 

15,304 

8,323 

9,195 

9,237 

6,099 

17,300 

33,437 

8,.547 

9,576 

9,105 

7,415 

10,777 

8,853 

9,7.53 
36,650 
11,623 

4,711 
17,737 
29,849 
23.043 

8,904 



Loca. 



County 



Pop. 



52 Prince 

Edward. 

53 Amelia. 

54. . Chesterfield. 
55. Prince George. 
56.. Charles City. 
57... . Kew Kent. 
58. . . Gloucester. 
59 Mathews. 

60. Northampton. 

61 . ... Buchanan. 

62 Tazewell. 

63 Bland. 

64 Pulaski. 

65.. Montgomery. 

66 Roanoke. 

67. . .. Dickenson. 

68 Wise. 

69 Lee. 

70 Scott. 

71 Russell. 

72.. Washington. 

73 Smyth. 

74 Grayson. 

75 "W^ythe. 

76 Carroll. 

77 Floyd. 



.14,266 
. 8,720 
.21,299 
. 7,848 
. 5,253 
. 4,683 
,12,477 
. 8,932 
.16,673 
.13,334 
.24,946 
. 5,154 
.19,246 
.17,268 
.19,623 
. 9,199 
.31,162 
.23,840 
.23,814 
.23,474 
.32,830 
.20,336 
.19,856 
.20,372 
.21,116 
.14,092 



Loca. 



County 



Pop. 



78 Patrick. 

79 Franklin. 

80 Henry. 

81. ..Piftsylvania. 

82 Halifax. 

83.. Charlotte, 

84. Mecklenburg, 
. Lunenburg, 
. . Nottoway, 
. . Dinwiddle. 
. Brunswick-, 
Greenesville, 

Sussex. 

Southampton 



85. 
86. 
87. 
88. 
89. 
90. 
91. 



92 Surry. 

93. .. James City. 

94 York . 

95. . . . Warwick . 
96 Elizabeth City. 
97. Isle of Wight, 
98.. Nansemond. 

99 Norfolk, 

lOO.Princess Anne. 



.17,195 
.26,480 
.18,459 
.30,709 
.40,044 
.15,785 
.28,956 
.12,780 
.13.462 
.15.442 
.19,244 
.11,890 
.13,664 
.26,302 
. 9,715 
. 3,634 
. 7,757 
. 6,041 
.21,225 
.14.929 
.26,886 
.,53,774 
.11,526 



Total 2,061,612 



Cities and Villages of Virginia with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



*.Vbingdon 
*Accomac . 
Adamar . . 
Alberenc . 
Alexandria 
Alfredton 
Almagro . 
AltaVista 
*Amelia C 
♦Amherst 



.72... 1,757 

.45 713 

..70 309 

.20 363 

..11.. 15,329 
.63... 1,036 



..81. 
. .50., 
..53.. 

..29. 



990 
526 
380 
550 



Pop. 



Anchor 


..92. 


.. 200 


Appal,achia . 


..68. 


.1,090 


*Appomatox 


. .51. 


. . 223 


Arlington . . 


..11. 


.1,536 


Ashburn . . . . 


...3. 


.. 220 


Ashland . . . . 


..36. 


.1,324 


Atlantic 


..45. 


.. 250 



Ballston 
Barhamsville 



.11. 

.57. 



Barton Heights37. 



,. 860 
. . 250 
.1,388 



Tou-ns 



Loca. Pop. 



Basic City 19., 

Bealeton 8. , 

♦Bedford City. .49. 
Belle Haven. . .45. 
Belspring . . . 
Bentonville 
Berkley .... 
*Berryville ... 2. 
Bi.g Stone Gap. 68. 
Blacksburg ...65. 
Blackstone ...86. 



.64. 
.6. 
.99. 



.1,633 
. . 2.50 
.2,508 
. , 296 
. . 336 
. . 268 
.4,988 
. . 876 
.2,590 
. . 875 
.1,486 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



Blackwood . . . . 

Blairs 

*Bland 

Blankenship . . 

Bluemont 

Boissevain . . . . 
Bondtown . . . . 
♦Bowling Green, 

*Boydton 

Boykins 

Branchville . . . 




Exnliuiation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Samf> 
as Niimber of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star In Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 



208 



Cities and Villages of Virginia with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop, 



.15. 
.71. 

.60. 
.12. 

.72. 
. 9. 
100. 
.12. 
.50. 
.28. 



Brandy Sta. 
Brewster 
Bridgetown 
Bridgewater 

Bristol 

Bristow .... 

Broadcreek 

Broadway 

Broolineal 

Brownsburg 

Brucetown i 

Buchanan 48 

*Buckingham .31 

Buell 99 

Buena Vista . .28 
Buffalo Station. 30 
Burl-ves Garden. 62 
Burkeville 86 

C 

Cambria 65. 

Cape Charles.. 60. 



100. 
.58. 
.33. 
.62. 



Cape Henry. . 
Cappahosic 
Cartersville . 
Cedar Bluff. . 
♦Charlotte 

Court House. 83 
'Charlottesville 20 
Chase City.... 84 
*Chatham ....81 
Cherrydale ...11 

Chestei-' 54 

Chilhowie ....73 
Chincoteague 

Island 

*Christians- 

burg 

Christiansburg 

Station 65 

Churchland ..99 
Churchville . 
City Point.. 
Claremont . . 
♦Clarendon 
Clarksville . . 
Clayville 
Clifton Forge 
Clifton Sta.. 
Clinchfield .. 
Clinchport . . 
*Clintwood 
Clopton .... 

Clover 

Clovercreek . 
Cobbs Creek. 
Coeburn .... 
Collierstown 
Colonial Beach. 26. 



.. 201 
.. 226 
.. 322 
.. 859 
.6,247 
.. 362 
.. 563 
.. 416 
.. 504 
.. 325 
.. 338 
.. 792 
. . 462 
.. 250 
.3,245 
. . 326 
.. 250 
. . 653 

. . 535 
.1,948 
. . 200 
. . 200 
. . 262 
. . 250 

. . 329 
.6,765 
.1,662 
.1,113 

'. '. 201 
. . 362 

.1,419 



.4S 

.65... 1,568 



.19. 
.55. 
.92. 
.11. 
.84. 
.35. 
.27. 
.10. 
.71. 
.70. 
.67. 
.54. 
.82. 
.17. 
.59. 
.68. 



Cornland 
Coulwood 
*Courtland . 
Covesville 
*Covington 
Crab Neck. 

Crewe 

Crittenden . 
Crockett . . . 

Crozet 

*Culpeper 



.99. 

.71. , 
. .91. 
..20. 

..27. 

.94., 
..86. 
,.98. 
. .99. 

.20. 

.15., 



.72. 
.94. 
.71. 
.81. 
.94. 
.12. 
.99. 
.43. 
.95. 
92. 



D 

Damascus 

Dandy 

Dante 

Danville 

Dare 

Daytcn 

Deep Creek . 
Deltaville 
*Denbigh .... 

Dendron 

Dover Mines. . .34 
Drakes Branch. 83 

DMver 98. 

Dublin 64. 

Dungannon . . .70. 
Dunnsville . . . .40. 

Eagle Rock. . . .48. 

Earnest 94 

East Falls Ch.ll. 
East Radford.. 65. 
East Stone Gap68. 



Eastview 
*Eastville 
Eastville 
Edgars . . 
Edinburg 
Elba 



.77. 
.60. 
.60. 
.24. 
..4. 
.81. 



... 426 
.1,102 
... 230 
. . 409 
, . . 630 
... 430 
. . 794 
. . 250 
.5,748 
.. 304 
.. 568 
2.53 
.' '. 342 
.. 200 
.. 238 
.. 228 
.. 266 
.. 645 
. . 426 
.. 721 
.. 220 
. . 275 
.. 283 
.. 230 
.4,234 
.. 566 
.1,802 
.. 830 
.. 226 
. . 250 
.1,795 

. .1,299 
. . . 220 
. . . 862 
.19,020 
. . . 220 
. . . 516 
. . . 730 
. . . 762 
. . . 426 
..1,6.53 
. . . 250 
. . . 703 
, . . 226 
, . . 3.50 
,..228 
, . . 290 

. . 590 
. . 626 
.1.026 
.2,022 
. . .391 
.. 263 
.. 333 
.. 226 
. . 226 
.. 574 
.. 330 



Towiib 



Loca. Pop. 



Elkton . , 
Elliston 
Elverton , 
*Emporia 
Esmont 
Ettricks , 



12. 

. . . . 65 . 

68. 

89. 

20. 

54. 



.10. 
.74. 
.10. 
.11. 

..16. 
, .52. 

.99. 

.48. 

. .87. 



* Fairfax 

Fairwood .... 
Falls Church. 
Falls Ch Sta. . 
Falmouth 
*Farmville 
Fentress . , 
*Fincast]e 

Flake 

Flat Top Yard. 63. 

Flint Hill 7. 

*Floyd 77. 

Ford 87. 

Fordwick 19. 

Forestville . . . .4. . 
Ft. Elacl;more.70. 

Fort Hunt 10. 

Fort Myer 11., 

Fortress Monroe96. 
Fosters Falls.. 75., 

Foxhill 96., 

Franklin 91. , 

Franklin City. .45., 
Franklin Jet... 81., 
Franktown ...60., 
Fredericksburg 23., 

Fries 74. , 

*Front Royal... 6., 



. . . 873 
. . . 390 
. . . 349 
..2,018 
. . . 590 
...991 



. . . 413 
, . . 220 

,.1,128 
..1,066 
, . . 326 
.2,971 
, . . 250 
. . 479 
.. 200 
.. 240 
.. 237 
. . 379 

'.'. 636 

.. 236 
. . 205 
.. 394 
.1,060 
.1,220 
.. 326 
.. 720 
.2,271 
.. 236 
.. 436 
.. 362 
.5,874 
.1,775 
.1,133 



G 



Galax 
*Gate City. 

Genito 

Gertie 

Gilmerton 



..74. 
,.70. 
..35. 
,.99. 
.99. 



Glade Spring. .72! 



.63. 
. .28. 
..43. 
..33. 

'. ioo .' 

.63 



Gladeville 
Glasgow . . , 
Glen Wilton 
♦Gloucester 
Gordonsville 

Grace 

Graham „. 

Grahams Forge75 

Gray <>o 

Great Brid,se..99 
Greenbackville 45 
Greenville ... .19 

Gressitt 39 

Grimstead . . . .59 
Grottoes 
f'^Grundy 
Gwynn 



.1; 
. .61. 
..59. 



.59. 
.11. 



H 

Hallieford ... 

Halls Hill ^^ 

Hamilton 3 

Hampden 

Sidney .... 
♦Hampton , . 
Harborton . . 
Harpersville 
Harris Grove 



. . . 755 

, . . 399 
. . . 200 
. . . 250 
...636 
. . . 334 
. . . 806 
. . . 407 
. . 330 
...338 
. . 564 
. . 360 
.1,917 
. . 262 
.. 230 
.. 326 
.. 506 
.. 330 
. . 326 
.. 330 
.. 736 
.. 264 
.. 550 

.. 250 
. . 496 
.. 315 



.53.. 
.96., 
.43.. 
.95.. 
.94.. 



♦Harrisonburg 12., 
♦Heathsville ..42., 

Herndon 10. , 

Hicks Wharf.. 59., 
Highland Park. 37., 
♦Hillsville ....76., 

Holland 98. . 

Holstein Mills. 73.. 

Honaker 71. , 

Horntown ....45.. 
Hot Springs. . .18. . 

♦Houston 82. . 

Howardsville . .20. . 

I 
Indian Creek , 
Iron Gate. . . . 
Irvington .... 
Islandford . . , 

Ivanhoe 

Ivor 



Jamesville 

Java 

Jetersville 
♦Jonesville 

Kasey 

Keezletown 



K 



.99. 

..27. 
. .44. 
. .12. 
. .75. 
. .91. 

..60. 
..81. 
, .53. 
.69. 

.49. 
.13. 



.. 536 
.5,505 
.. 330 
. . 862 
.. 326 
.4,874 
.. 200 
.. 802 
. . 2.59 
.1,817 
.. 288 
.. 236 
. . 590 
. . 869 
. . 236 
. 1,026 
. . 516 
. . 336 

. . 250 
. . 636 
.1,026 
. . 250 
. . 662 
. . 263 

. . 250 

. . 333 
. . 200 
. . 383 

. . 363 
. . 203 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Keller .... 
Kempsville , 
Keokee ... 
Keysville 
Kilmarnock 
Konnarock 



. . .45. 
. .100. , 
. . .69. , 
. . .83. , 
...44. , 
..73., 



320 
263 
526 
433 
430 
366 



Lacrosse 84. 

Lamberts Point99. 
'Lancaster . . . .44. 



Laurel 

Laurel Grove . 

♦Lawrenceville 

♦Lebanon . . . . 

♦Leesburg 

♦Lexington 

Lignite 

Lincoln 

Linville 

Lotus 

♦Lovington 
Lowmoor . . . . 

♦Luray 

Lynchburg . . . 
Lynhams . . . . 
Lynnhaven 

M 

McGaheysville 

♦Madison . . . . 

Madison Hghts 

♦Manassas . . . 

Manchester . . 

♦Marion 

Marshall .... 

♦Martinsville 

Maryus 

♦Mathers 

Matoaca 

Max Meadows 

Meadowview . 

Meadowville . 

Menchville . . . 

Mendota 

Messick 

Middlebrook . 

Middleburg . . 

Mjiddletow'n . , 

Midlothian 

Miller School. 

Millwood 

Mobjack 

♦Monterey . . . 

♦MontroES . . . , 

Montvale 

Moorings 

Morrison 

Motonun 

Mt. Clinton . . . 
Mt. Crawford , 
Mt. Jackson . . 
Mt. Sydney . . . 
Mulberry 

Island 



37 
.81. 

88. 
.71. 
..3. 
.38. 
.48. 
..3. 
.13. 
.68. 
.30. 

. .5. 
.30. 
.43. 
100. 



.13. 
.14. 
.39. 
. .9. 
.34. 
.73. 
..8. 
.80. 
.58. 
.39. 
.54. 
.75. 
.72. 
.54. 
.95. 
.72. 
.94. 
.19. 
..3. 
. .1. 
.54. 
.20. 
..2. 
.59. 
.17. 
.26. 
.49. 
.92., 
.95., 
59. , 
13. . 
12., 
.4., 
19.. 

95.. 



...281 

.2,906 

. . 200 

. . 336 

.. 350 

.1,733 

. . . 366 

..1,597 

..2,931 

... 218 

. . . 280 

'.'.'. 200 

. . . 390 
..1,066 
..1,318 
.29,494 
. . . 366 
...333 



. . 468 
. . 580 
. . 536 
.1,217 
.9,715 
.2,727 
. . 250 
.3,368 
. . 200 
. . 335 
. . 661 
. . 750 
. . 520 
. . 226 
, . 226 
. . 262 
, . 526 
, . 368 
, . 263 
. 363 
. 363 
. 363 
. 403 
. 220 
. 240 
. 426 
. 226 
. 320 
. 562 
. 236 
. 236 
. 228 
. 479 
. 331 

. 850 



N 



Narrows 46. 

Nassawadox . .60. 
National Soldiers' 



.96. 
.47. 
. 4. , 
.59., 
46. , 



Home 
♦Newcastle . 
New Market 
Newpoint . . 
Newport . . . 
Newport News. 95 
New River 

Depot 64. 

Norfolk 99. 

North 59. 

North Emporia.89. 
North Tazewell. 62. 
Norton 68. 



O 

Occoquan . . . . 
Ocean View. . . 

Odd 

Onancock . . . . 

♦Orange 

Osaka 

Osborne 



. 9. 

.99. 
.94. 
.45. 
.22. 
.68. 
.75. 



Painter 45. 



Palmer 
Parksley . . 
Patterson . . 
♦Pearisburg 
Pearisburg 
Station . . 



.44. 

.45. 
, .75. 
.46. 



. . . 975 

. . 200 

.3,803 
. . 733 
.. 638 
.. 300 

.20,305 

, . . 563 
,67,453 
, . . 363 
. . 464 
. . 343 
.1,866 

.. 346 
.. 330 
. . 320 
.1,001 
.. 674 
.. 362 
.. 230 

.. 366 
.. 220 
.. 328 
.. 348 
.. 470 

.. 267 



Toivns 



Loca. Pop. 



Peers 

Pennington 

Gap , 

Petersburg 
Phoebus .... 
Pine Beach. . , 

Pinners , 

Pocahontas . 
Poquoson . . . . 
Port Norfolk, 
♦Portsmouth , 

Potomac 

♦Powhatan 
Preacher . . . , 
♦Princess 

Anne 

Pughs , 

♦Pulaski 

Pungoteagne , 
Purcellville . . 

R 



.34. 

.69. 
.87. 
.96. 
.9S). 
.99. 
.63. 
. !M . 
.9^. 
. 99 . 
. 9. 
.35. 
.68. 



100. 
.99. 
.64. 
.45. 
. 3. 

.65. 



.31. 
.15. 
.88. 
.43. 
.11. 
. 8. 
100. 
.63. 

.37. 
.80. 
.65. 
. 6. 
.39. 
.66. 
.79. 
.11. 
. 3. 
.13. 



Radford 
Ramble .... 
Ransons . . . 
Rapidan . . . 
Rawlings . . 
Reedville , . 

Relee' 

Remington , 
Renoville . . , 
Richlands 
Richmond 
(capital) 
Ridgeway 

Riner 

Riverton . . . 
Riverville 
Roanoke .... 
♦Rockymount 
Rosslyn .... 
Round Hill.. 
Ruckersville 
Rural Retreat. 75 
♦Rustburg . . . .50 

S 

♦Salem 

Saltville 

♦Saluda 

Saxis 

»Schocl 

Schoolfleld ... 

Schuyler 

Scottsburg . . . 
Scottsville ... 

Seddon 

Severn 

Sharps 

Shenandoah . . 

Shendun 

Simplicity . . . 

Sinai 

Smithfield ... 
Snowville .... 
Somerton .... 
South Boston. 
South Hill. . . . 
South Norfolk 
Sperryville 
Spottsylvania . 
♦.Stanardsville 
Stanloyton . . . 

Starcave 

♦.Staunton 
Stephens City 
Stonega ....'. 
Strasburg .... 

♦Stuart , 

♦Suffolk 

♦Surry 

♦.Sussex , 

Swords Creek. . 



. . . 200 

. . . 793 
.24,127 
..2,394 
. . . 3.S0 
..1,566 
..2,452 
. . . 638 
..1,226 
.33,190 
. . . 559 
. . . 2.50 
. . . 390 

. . . 303 
. . . 230 
..4,807 
. . . 431 
. . . 388 

. .4,203 
. . . 350 
. . . 330 
. . . 200 
. .. 336 
. . . 920 
. .. 330 
. .. 251 
. . . 230 
..743 



78. 
98. 
92. 
.59. 
71. 



T 

Tampico 

Tangier 

♦Tappahan- 

nock 

♦Tazewell ... 
Tazewell 

Station . . . . 
Temperance- 

ville 

Theological 

Seminary . . 
Timberville . . 

Toano 

Toms Brook. . 
Toms Creek. . 
Townsend 



.94. 
.45. 

.40. 
.62. 

.63. 

.45. 

.10. 
.12. 
.93. 
. 4. 
.68. 
.60. 



137,638 
. . . 393 
... 350 
. . . 790 
. . . 366 
.34,874 
... 967 
... 563 
... 379 
... 202 
..1,066 
.. . 331 

..3,849 
..1,628 
. . . 250 
. . . 730 
. . . 333 
. . . 200 
...399 
...297 
...283 
. . . 347 
. . . 396 
. . . 200 
..1,431 
. . . 456 
. . . 563 
. . . 562 
..1,278 
. . . 312 
. . . 250 
..3,516 
. . . 735 
.3,026 
..426 
. . . 150 
. . 350 
. . 218 
. . 290 
10,604 
. . 483 
. . 2.50 
.. 762 
.. 388 
.7,008 
. . 203 
. . 363 
.. 230 

. . 562 
. 1,403 

. . 478 
.1,230 



. . 230 

. . 236 
. . 240 
.1,306 
. . 463 

. . 733 
. . 266 



209 



Cities and Villages of Virginia with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Trout Dale. . . 


.77. 


,. 431 


Troutville 


.4«. 


.. 326 


U 






University . . . 


.'Hi. 


.1.036 


Upperville . . . 


. 8. 


.. 296 


Urbanna 


.43. 


.. 475 


V 






Vesuvius . . . . 


.28. 


.. 230 


Victoria 


.8.5. 


.. 682 


Vienna 


.10. 


.. 578 


Vinton 


.66. 


.1,928 



Towns 



Loca. 



Pop. 



Virgilina 83. 

Virginia 

Beach 100. 

Virginia City.. 68. 

W 

Wachapreague 45. 

Wakefield 90. 

Wallace 72. 

*Warm Springs.l8. 
*Warrenton ... 8. 
*Warsaw . . .41. 



270 



330 
350 



. . 485 
. . 570 
. . 250 
. . 590 
.1,427 
. . 230 



Toivns 



Loca. Pop. 



* Washington . . 7 
Waterford .... 3 

Waterloo 15 

Waverly 90 

Waynesboro ... 19 
West Norfolk.. 99 
West Point.... 38 
Whaldyville 
Whealton 
White Post. 
White Stone 
Whitmell . . 



.98. 
.44. 



.44. 
.81. 



. . 235 
. . 331 
. . 350 
.1,064 
.1,389 
.1,200 
.1,397 
. . 409 
. . 306 
. . 336 
. . 350 
. . 226 



Toicuis 



Loca. Pop. 



* Williamsburg 
Willis Wharf. 
♦Winchester 

Windsor 

Winterpock . . 

*Wise 

♦Woodstock . . 
*Wytheville 

Y 
Yards 



93. 
.60. 
. 1. 
.97. 
.54. 
.68. 
. 4. 
.75. 



.97. 



.2,714 
. . 200 
.5,864 
. . 328 
. . 733 
. . 538 
.1,314 
.3,054 

. . 240 



VIRGINIA 



Native Soil of Seven Presidents of the United Stat es — First Public School — ^Begrinning: of Silk Culture 

in America. 



In history, birthplace of distinguished men and 
Bcenes of important achievement Virginia has been 
prominent in the events of civilization for over 300 
years. 

To assemble a number of people together, to go 
away into unknown America, found a settlement, 
niaintain existence, obtain a support from the soil 
and finally grow into a prosperous colony has been 
the ambition of tens of thousands of people in the 
Old Country since the days of Columbus. It was not 
surprising, therefore, when Captain Gosnold, an Eng- 
lishman, who had visited America, told Captain John 
Smith of the possibilities of this new land, that 
Smith should have been enthused with the idea of 
getting together a company of people for the pur- 
pose of exploring the New World and founding a 
colony in a region where the leaders of the expedi- 
tion could be in supreme command. 

FIRST VIRGINIA COLONY. 

With that purpose in view an expedition, compris- 
ing 105 men, in three vessels, under command of 
Captain Newport, set sail from England Dec. 19, 
1606, and arrived at a promontory of land in the 
James River, Maryland, debarked there, and began 
the building of the town May 13, 1607. 

The site chosen was on a point of land projecting 
from the north bank of James River about 15 miles 
from its mouth. The encroachments of the river, 
since then, have converted the promontory into an 
island, and a portion of the site of the settlement 
has been entirely swept away. 

RELICS OF THE FIRST SETTLEJIENT YET RE- 
MAINING. 

A' part of the old tower of a church, believed to 
have been built by the colonists in 1619, and some 
of the tombstones are the only relics of the town 
left in 1907. Besides these on the island there has 
been a private residence. An exposition was held 
in 1907, to commemorate the 300th anniversary of 
the founding of this first settlement, and the rebuild- 
ing and restoration of the old Episcopal church has 
been made as near as may be, so that the tourist 
may find additional attraction in visiting the various 
points of interest hereabouts, which include Fortress 
Monroe, Wiliamsburg, Yorktown, Norfolk, Hampton 
Roads, the Chesapeake Bay, up to Annapolis and 
Baltimore, and the Potomac River, up to Washington. 

NARROW ESCAPE FOR JOHN SMITH. 

All Virginia is historic ground. At Jamestown, 
July 30, 1619, was held the first colonial assembly 

ever convened in America. Twelve years had gone 
by, since the first settlement, and many events had 
transpired in that time. On one occasion, the story 
goes. John Smith, a leader prominent among the 
whites, had been captured by the Indians, his head 
laid upon a stone, and as the savages were brandish- 
ing their clubs, preparatory to dashing out his 
brains, Pocahontas, a twelve-year-old daughter of 
the Indian chief, Powhatan, threw herself upon the 
captain's body, and her intercession, with her father, 
saved his life. 

When Smith returned to Jamestown he sent her 
presents, and thenceforth she visited Jamestown as 
frequently as she did her father's habitation. Later, 
an acquaintance sprung up between her and an Eng- 
lishman, named Rolfe, and the consent of her father 
and Sir Thomas Dale, the governor of the colony, 
having been obtained, they were married at James- 
town, April, 1613. A peace of many years' duration 
between the English and the Indians was the result 
of this union. 



POCAHONTAS BAPTIZED. 

Before her marriage she was baptized, receiving 
the name of Rebecca. In 1616, with her husband, 
she accompanied Dale to England, where she was an 
object of great interest to all classes of people and 
was presented at court. When Smith visited her in 
London, after saluting him she was so unnerved, she 
turned away her face and hid ijt in her hands, and 
remained in this position for two or three hours. 
■She had been taught to believe that he was dead 
and there is no doubt that her husband was a party 
to the deception, he probably thinking she would 
never marry him while Smith was living. 

DEATH OF POCAHONTAS. 

Pocahontas prepared to leave England with re- 
gret, but she suddenly died as she was on the point 
of embarking. She left one son, Thomas Rolfe, who 
was educated by his uncle, a London merchant, and 
in after life went to Virginia, whe»'e he became a 
person of note and influence. The Boiling, Randolph, 
Fleming, and other families in that state are his 
descendants. 

Eventful history followed with the colonists. 

Puritans from England had arrived, were enjoying 
religious freedom, and. on the whole, the colony was 
prospering, when orders were received and laws were 
passed, in 1643, compelling conformity with the 
church of England, followed by fine and imprison- 
nient with those who would not accept. This caused 
an emigration from the colony by the independents, 
who went to Maryland and New England. 

FIRST PUBLIC SCHOOL IN THE COLONY. 

In 1643 a public school was opened. Silk culture 
was undertaken ; trade became brisk with England, 
Holland and New England, and in 1649 the colony 
was increased by the arrival of 300 royalist fugitives. 
Then followed controversies with England, but, not- 
withstanding political contentions and Indian mas- 
sacres, in 1671 the population was claimed to be 
40,000 with 2,000 black slaves. 

The years passed on. The colonies grew in popu- 
lation and dissatisfaction with the oppressions im- 
posed by the mother country. Patrick Henry was 
reared in Virginia, George Washington was from 
this state, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James 
Monroe, Harrison, Tyler and Taylor, seven presi- 
dents, all of them natives of the State and several 
of them residents — all came from Virginia. 

The revolutionary war history is full of names 
closely identified with gaining the independence of 
America, clear down to the surrender of Cornwallis 
at Yorktown. 

VIRGINIA MADE THE THEATER OF WAR. 

Then came the Civil war, when, unfortunately, 
there was so much proslavery sentiment in the state 
as to carry for secession. Through this Virginia 
became the theater of many battles and the losses 
to the people were enormous, the desolated proper- ^ 
ties being yet seen on many a side. All of our older 
readers will recognize the familiar words "Rich- 
mond," "Aquia Creek," "Bull Run," "Antietam." 
"Winchester," "Cedar Run," "Shenandoah Valley," 
"Culpepper Court House," "Gettysburg," "Battles of 
the Wilderness." "Siege of Petersburg," "Lee," 
"Sheridan," "Grant" and a host of other great gen- 
erals and brave men, both on the Union and Confed- 
erate side, who left their dead on many a battlefield 
in this state, clear on down through that terrific 
struggle to the final surrender of Lee at Appomattox 
Court House in Virginia. 



210 



Virginia Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



And so through all the 300 years of history, from 
the foundnifj of the first settlement in tlie United 
Slates at Jamestown, down to the Jamestown Ex- 
position in 1907, the state has been celebrated for 
groat names and great events which have molded 
the destinies of the nation. 

A STATE OF GREAT NATURAL ADVANTAGES 

Virginia is remarkable for its many natural advan- 
tages to people who seek the State to get support. 
The Civil war so greatly impoverished many estates 
as to cause their lands to be abandoned to dwarf 
pines and cedars. The soil on those plantations can 
fortunately be renovated by the free use of gypsum 
and marl which, in great abundance, is found in 
the State. 

There are a variety of elevations, soils and cli- 
mates, here. The eastern part of the state, border- 
ing on" the Atlantic ocean and Chesapeake Bay, is 
known as the tidewater region, with no elevations 
over 100 feet above sea level. Curiously, while the 
mountain ranges extend across the state, from north- 
east to southwest, the principal rivers tlow from the 
northwest to the southeast. Be.vond the tidewater 
region comes a range which follows across the state 
having an elevation of about 400 feet. Westward 
come the foothills of the Blue Ridge, the Blue Ridge 
Mountains and the great valleys between the Blue 
Ridge and the AUeghenies. giving variety of soil, 
climate, and picturesque scenery. 

CHARACTER OF THE SOILS. 

The soil of the tidewater region is a light sandy 
loam, capable of yielding large crops of fruits and 
esculent vegetables, but it has been so greatly worn 
out by superficial cultivation, without manure, that 
many estates, formerly among the finest in the state, 
have been greatly lowered in worth and value. It 
is to these once fertile lands and grand old Virginia 
homes that the attention of land seekers should be 
directed. The broad verandas are there on those old 
colonial homes, the towering columns, the great 
front doors, the broad, long halls, the massive stair- 
ways and imposing newel posts at the foot of the 
landing, are .vet there, in their regal grandeur, as 
they were generations ago, when blacks did all the 
work here, and the aristocratic old owner of the 
estate was rich in lands and slaves. 

It takes but a few hours' ride from Washington to 
go down into the interior of Virginia and find there 
fine old ancestral homes that can be bought for a 
small fraction of what the buildings would cost that 
are now on the premises. 

EASY TO INVESTIGATE THE OLD PROPERTIES. 

It can readily be seen how the individual of 
enterprise and taste will bring back the landscape 
grounds to their former beauty, the phosphates and 
marls so abundant in the State spread over the land 
bringing back its fertility. The property bought so 
cheaply now in a few years will yield handsome 
returns in fruits and grains and the property will 
regain its former value. 

A brief study of a recent railroad map will show 
that, aside from a good soil, the means of transpor- 
tation by rail, and especially by water, to the great 
markets of the Atlantic Coast are such as to permit 
the quick sale of every agricultural and horticultural 
production at a good price. 

SUPERIOR TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. 

It is seldom that a state is so abundantly blessed 
with navigable interior waterways and it is rare that 
a state has within itself so many resources by which 
its inhabitants may get support. Thus profitable 
employment may be found here in oyster cultivation 
on the Chesapeake, fisheries on the coast, lumber in 
the interior, coal and iron mines, entertainment of 
guests at summer resorts, sale of mineral waters, 
production of clay products, lime, salt, gypsum, 
marl, pottery, paints and other industries. 

CONDENSED I3IPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
THE STATE. 

Altitude. — Highest, Balsam Mountain, in Grayson 
Co., 5,700 feet. 

Climate. — In mountainous sections short, severe 
winters, long, delightfully cool summers. In tide- 
water regions, mild winters and less healthful sum- 



mers. Average annual temperature from fyO and 64 
in the southeast and 48 and 52 in the mountainous 
regions. Summers hot in the east and southeast 
and in the vicinity of swampy lands billions of 
typhoid fever germs prevail. The region lying on or 
near Hampton Roads is, however, healthful and 
agreeable at all seasons of the year. 

At Norfolk the average January temperature is 40 
above zero, and July is 79. The extremes are, warm- 
est 102 .ibove, and coldest 2 above, with yearly rain- 
fall of 52.1 inches. 

At Lynchourg, Campbell Co., the average January 
temperature is 36 above, July 78; warmest 102, cold- 
est 6 below, and yearly rainfall of 42.S inches. 

Collection of Debt. — Open accounts outlaw in 2 
yeais, promissory notes in 5 years, judgments 20 
years. Legal interest is G per cent, allowable rate 
6 per cent. Limit of jurisdiction, justice of the 
peace, $100; exempt from forced sale, home and per- 
sonal property, $2,000. 

Dimensions. — Extreme length of the state, north 
and south, 205 miles. Extreme width, east and west, 
425 miles. Area, 42,450 square miles. 

Histor.y. — Oldest successful English colony; settled 
by 105 colonists at Jamestown, on James River, in 
James City Co.. in 1607. Slavery introduced 1619. 
Williamsburg became capital in 1700. Richmond 
founded 1737; became capital 1779. Surrender of 
Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781. Seceded April 
17, 1861. Surrender of Lee at Appomattox and close 
of the Civil war, April 8, 1865. Exposition at 
Hampton Roads, commemoratory 300th year of set- 
tlement at Jamestown, 1907. 

Rockbridge Alum Springs and Rockbridge Baths — • 

In Rockbridge County, Va., near Goshen, there are 
5 fountains, brick cottages, a hotel, with fine 
grounds and beautiful scenery. Chronic dyspepsia, 
irritation of the stomach, scrofula and. skin diseases 
are relieved by the waters. Near the springs are 
the Baths, on the shore of North River, amid pleas- 
ing scenery. Iron and carbonic-acid gas enter 
largely into the waters, which are recommended as 
a tonic. 

Rawley Springs, Va. — Nestled in the midst of de- 
lightful scenery, in Rockingham County, 11 miles 
from Harrisburg, not far from the Luray Caverns, 
these 5 fine mineral springs, at an elevation of 2,000 
feet above tide-water, invite the tourist to a pleas- 
ant retreat. The waters — strong chalybeate — pos- 
sess tonic properties which, with the bracing moun- 
tain air, invigorates the visitor. 

Richmond, Va. — Like ancient Rome, the beautiful 

capital of Virginia lays claim to seven hills. The 
city, besides all its natural and architectural advan- 
tages, possesses numerous objects of especial interest 
to visitors, including the grave of President Monroe, 
the famous Libby war-prison, the equestrian statue 
of Washington by the sculptor Crawford, as well as 
Houdon's statue of Washington in Revolutionary uni- 
form, the elegant State House, and St. John's 
Church, where Patrick Henry delivered his memor- 
able and eloquent speech on the eve of the Revolu- 
tionary War, in which he said with fervent patriot- 
ism: "There is no retreat but in submission and 
slavery!" 

Old Point Comfort, Va. — This favorite Southern 
bathing and pleasure resort is three miles each from 
Hampton and P'ortress Monroe, near the mouth of 
the James River as it empties into Chesapeake Bay. 
Near by is the Government Home for Soldiers. Surf- 
bathing, steamboat excursions, etc., enter largely 
into the recreations of visitors. 

Natural Bridge of Virginia, in Rockbridge Co. — 
The fissure crossed by the bridge (which is a rock, 
covered with earth) is estimated at a depth of from 
205 to 290 feet. This fissure is about 45 feet wide at 
the bottom and about 90 feet at the top. The length 
of the bridge is about 90 feet; its breadth, in the 
middle (or thinnest part) is about 60 feet; and at 
the summit, about 40 feet thick. A portion of this 
thickness is composed of soil, on which large trees 
have grown. The view from the top of the bridge is 
quite extensive and very pleasant, including North 
Mountain and the Blue Ridge. The stream passing 
under the bridge is a branch of the James River, 
called Cedar Creek. 



211 



WASHINGTON 



STATE AND THE 39 COUNTIES OF WASHINGTON 

With Their Boundaries 







LOCATION AND IfMO POPl'T-ATIONS OF WASHINGTON COI'NTIES 



Loca. 



County Pop. 



1. . . . San Juan . . 
2.... Whatcom.. 

3 Skagit.. 

4. . . . Okanogan . . 

5 Ferry. 

6 Stevens. . 

7 Pend D'Oreiile 

8 Clallam.. 

9 Jefferson. . 

10 Kitsap.. 



,603 
,511 
,241 
,887 
,800 
,297 



,7.55 
,337 
,647 



Lnca. 



County Pop. 



11 Island.. 4,704 

12... Snohomish.. 59,209 

13 Chelan.. 15,104 

14 Douglas.. 9,227 

15 Grant.. 8,698 

16 TJncoln. . 17,539 

17 Spokane. .139,404 

18 Chehalis. .35,590 

19 Mason.. 5,156 

20 Thurston.. 17,581 



Lof-a. 



County 



Pop. 



21 Pierce. 

22 King. 

23 Kittatas. 

24 Pacific. 

25 Lewis . 

26 Yakima. 

27 Benton . 

28 Adams. 

29 Whitman. 

30 Franklin. 



.120 
.384 
. 18 
. 12 
. 32 
. 41 
7, 
. 10 
. 33 
. 5 



812 
638 
561 
533 
,127 
,709 
.937 
920 
,280 
,159 



Loca. 



Count 11 



Pon. 



31. .Walla ■VValla.. 

32. . . . Columbia. . 

33 Garfield.. 

34 .\sotin. . 

35. . Wahkiakum . 

.S6 Cowlitz.. 

37 Clarke.. 

38. . . . Skamania. . 
39 Klickitat.. 



931 
,042 
,199 
831 
285 
,561 
,115 
,887 
,180 



Total 1,141.990 



Cities and Villages of Washington with 1910 Populations 



Towns Loca. Pop. 

A 

Aberdeen 18. .13,660 

Acme 2 200 

Addy 6 396 

Albion 29 320 

Almira 16 365 

Anacortes 3... 4,168 

Anatone 34. . . . 220 

Arlington 12... 1,476 

* Asotin 34 820 

Auburn 22 957 

Avon 3. . . . 320 

B 
Barneston . . . .22. . . . 2.50 
Bayne 22. . . . 250 



Towns Loca. 


Pop. 


Towns 


Loca. 


Pop. 


Towns 


Loca. 


Pop. 


Belfast 3. 


. . . 208 


Burlington 


3. 


.1,302 


*Chehalis . . . 


05 


.4,507 


*Bellingham . . .2. 


.24,298 


Burnett . . . 


21. 


. . 262 


Chelan 


.13. 


. . 682 


Biglake 3. 


. . . 330 




C 




Cheney 


..17. 


.1,307 


Black Diamond22. 


. . . 561 


Camano . . 


....11. 


.. 250 


Chesaw 


. ..4. 


.. 350 


Blaine 2. 


. .3,289 


Camas . . . 


....37. 


.1,125 


Chewelah . . . 


. ..6. 


. . 833 


Bordeaux 20. 


. . . 390 


Carbonado 


21. 


.. 850 


Chinook . . . . 


. .24. 


.. 596 


Bossburg 6. 


. . . 247 


Carson . . . 


.. .38. 


. . 250 


Christopher . 


. .32. 


.. 300 


Bothell 23. 


. . . 599 


Cashmere . 


....13. 


. . 625 


Clarkston . . . 


..34. 


.1,257 


Bremerton ... .10. 


..2,993 


Castlerock 


36. 


. . 998 


Clavton .... 


. ..6. 


.. 336 


Brewster 4. 


. . . 396 


*Cathlamet 


. ...35. 


. . 353 


Clearlake . . . 


. .3. 


. . 376 


Bridgeport . . . .14. 


. . . 431 


Catlin 


36. 


.. 200 


Cle Elum.... 


..23. 


.2,749 


Brinnon 9. 


. . . 463 


Center . . . 


9. 


. . 350 


*Colfax 


..29. 


.2,783 


Bryn Mawr. . . .23. 


. . . 220 


Centerville 


39. 


. . 290 


College Place 


..31. 


. . 866 


Buckley 21. 


. .1,272 


Centralia . 


25. 


.7,311 


Colton 


. .29. 


. . 393 


Bucoda 20, 


. . . 463 


Charleston 


10. 


.1,063 


*ColviIle . . . 


...6. 


.1,512 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names af Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column. Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

212 



Cities and Villages of Washington with 1910 Populations 



Tuicihs 



Loca. Pup. 



*Conconully . .. .4. 

Concrete 3. 

Connell 30. 

Cosmopolis ....18. 

Coulee City 15. 

*Coupeville ....11. 
Creston 16. 

D 

Darrington . . ..12. 
•Davenport . . ..Ifi. 

♦Dayton 32. 

Deep River.... 35. 

Deer Park 17. 

Des Moines 22. 

Dixie 31. 

Dockton 22. 

Downs 16- 

Dryad 25. 

Du Pont 21. 

Earlington ....22. 
East Seattle. . .22. 

Eastsound 1. 

Eatonville ....21. 

Edison 3. 

Edmonds 12. 

Elberton 29. 

Electron 31 . 

Elk 17. 

*Enensburg . ..23. 

Elma 18. 

Eltopia 30. 

Endicott 29. 

Enumclaw ....22. 

*Ephrata 15. 

* Everett 12. 

Everson 2. 



. . 357 
. . 945 
. . 836 
.1,132 
. . 276 
. . 310 
. . 308 



. . 200 
.1,229 
.2,389 

'. '. 875 
. . 350 
. . SGZ 
. . 226 
. . 236 
. . 336 
. . 300 



. . 336 
. . 332 
. . 275 
. . 754 
. . 363 
.1,114 
. . 330 
. . 296 
. . 526 
.4,209 
. 1,532 
. . 226 
. . 474 
. . 526 
. . 323 
24,814 
. . 250 



Fairfield 17. 

Fall City 22. 

Farmington . . .29. 

Ferndale 2. 

Fern Hill 31. 

Fort Flagler. .. .9. 
Fort Steilacoom31. 

Foster 22. 

Frances 24. 

Franklin 22. 

Fravel 3. 

Freeman 17. 

*Friday Harbor. 1. 

G 

Garfield 29. 

Getchell 12. 

Gig Harbor. .. .21. 
♦Goldendale . ..39. 

Govan 16. 

Grandview ....36. 

Granger 26. 

Granite Falls. ..12. 
Guy 29. 



. . 308 
. . 420 
. . 489 
. . 691 
.1,060 
. . 350 
.1,106 
. . 340 
. . 200 
. . 647 
. . 200 
. . 226 
. . 422 

. 932 
. 250 
. 262 
1,203 
. 366 
. 320 
. 453 
. 714 
. 323 



H 

Hamilton 3. 

Harper 10. 

Harrington . . ..16. 

Hartline 15. 

Hillyard 17. 

Hoquiam 18. 



. . 405 
. . 536 
. . 661 
. . 337 
.3,276 
.8,171 



Loca. Pup. 



Humptulips ...18. 
Huntsville ....32. 



Ilwaco 24. 

Index 12. 

Inglewood 22. 

lone 7. 

Irondale 9. 

Issaquah 22. 



Johnson 29. 

Junction City. .18. 

K 

*Kalama 36. 

Kamilche 19. 

Kangley 

Junction . . . .22. 

Kapovvsin 21. 

Kelso 36. 

Kennewick ....27. 
Kennydale . . . .22. 

Kent 23. 

Kettle Falls 6. 

Kiona 27. 

Kirkland 22. 

L, 

La Conner 3. 

Lacrosse 29. 

Lake Park 21. 

Lakeside 13. 

La Push 8. 

Latah 17. 

Leavenworth . .13. 

Leban 24. 

Lester 23. 

Lind 28. 

Little Falls 25. 

Little Rock 20. 

Lochsloy 12. 

Loomis 4. 

Lopez 1. 

Lyman 3. 

Lynden 3. 



. . 664 
. . 417 
. . 200 
. . 634 
.1,062 
. . 628 

. . 200 

. 816 
. 522 

. 233 
. 350 
2,039 
1,319 
. 590 
1,908 
. 377 
. 323 
. 532 

. . 603 
. . 350 
. . 262 
222 
'. . 231 
. . 339 
.1,551 
. . 420 
. . 326 
. . 831 
. . 631 
. . 380 
. . 362 
. . 536 
. . 226 
. . 441 
.1.418 



M 

Mabton 26. 

McKenna 21. 

McMurray 3. 

Manette 10. 

Mansfield 14. 

Maple Falls 2. 

Marysville . . . .12. 
Medical Lake. .17. 
Meyers Falls. .. .6. 

Miles 16. 

Milltown 3. 

Milton 21. 

Monroe 12. 

*Montesano ...18. 
* Mount Vernon. .3. 
Myrtle 8. 



666 

262 

328 

330 

266 

233 

1,239 

1,730 

. 450 

. 336 

. 262 

. 448 

1,552 

2,488 

2,381 

. 350 



N 

Napavine 25. 

Newcastle ... .22. 

♦Newport 7. 

Northbend ....22. 

Northport 6. 

♦North Takima.26. 



. . . 326 
. . . 547 
..1,199 
, . . 362 
. . . 476 
. 14,082 



Loca. Pop. j 'iiiicny 



Locti. Pop. 



O 



Oakesdale 

Oak Harbor... .11 

Oakville 18 

Odessa 16 

Okanogan 4 

Olympia 
(capital) 

Omak 

Opportunity 
Oroville . . . 
Orting .... 



..20., 
...4. . 
.17., 
..4., 
.21., 



Pacific 22. 

Palouse 29. 

Pampa 29. 

Parkland 21. 

♦Pasco 30. 

Pe Eel 25. 

Pilchuck 12. 

Pleasant BeachlO. 
Point Roberts . . . 3 . 

♦Pomeroy 33. 

♦Port Angeles. .8. 
Port Blakely. . .10. 
Port Gamble. . .10. 
Port Hadlock...9. 
Port Ludlow. . . .9. 
♦Port Orchard. 10. 
♦Port Townsend.9. 

Potlatch 19. 

Poulsbo 10. 

Prescott 31. 

Preston 22. 

♦Prosser 27. 

Pullman 39. 

Puyallup 21. 

Q 

Quilcene 9. 

Quincy 

R 

Ravensdale . . . 
Raymond .... 

Reardan 

Redmond .... 
Regents Park. 

Renton 

*RepubIic 

Ridgefleld 

♦Ritzville .... 
Riverside .... 
Roche Harbor. 

Rockford 

Rosalia 

Roslyn 

Roy 

Ri;ston 

S 
Saint John. . . . 

Satsop 

♦Seattle 

Sedro Wooley. 

Selleck 

Sequim 

♦Shelton 

Silvana 

Simpson 

Skykomish . . . 
Snohomish . . . 



.15. 



.24. 
.16. 
,22. 
,21. 
,22. 
,.5. 
.37. 
,28. 
. .4. 
..1. 
.17. 
,29. 
.23. 
.21. 
.21. 



. . 883 
. . 362 
. . 465 
. . 885 
. . 611 

.6,996 
. . 366 
. . 433 
. . 495 
. . 863 

. . 413 
. 1,549 
. . 234 
. . 588 
.2,083 
. . 838 
. . 250 
. . 290 
. . 230 
.1,605 
.2,286 
.1,205 
. . 622 
. . 266 
. . 350 
. . 682 
.4,181 
. . 203 
. . 364 
. . 502 
. . 436 
.1,298 
.2,603 
.4,544 

. . 526 
.. 364 

. . 463 
.2,450 
. . 537 
. . 300 
. . 300 
.2,740 
. 1,000 
. . 297 
.1,859 
. . 500 
. . 247 
. . 663 
. . 767 
.3,126 
. . 315 
. . 780 



... 421 

... 200 
237,194 
. .2,139 
... 230 
... 250 
. .1,163 
. . . 362 
. . . 202 
... 238 
. .3,244 



Snoqualmie . . 

Sopenah 

♦South Bend. . 
South Prairie. 
Spanaway . . . , 

Spangle 

♦Spokane 

Sprague 

Springdale 
Stanwood . . . . 
Starbuck .... 

Startup 

Steilacoom . . . 
Stevenson . . . , 

Sultan 

Sumas 

Summit 

Sumner 

Sunnyside . . . . 

T 

Tacoma 

Taylor 

Tekoa 

Tenino 

Thomas 

Thornton 

Thorp 

Toledo 

Toppenish ... 

Touchet 

Tukwila 

Tumwater . . . , 

Twisp , 

Two Rivers. . . 
Tyler , 

U 

Uniontown . . , 



Vanasselt . . . . 
♦Vancouver . . 

Vashon 

Vaughn 

W 

Waitsburg . . . 

Waldron 

♦Walla Walla. 

Wallula 

Wapato 

"VVashougal . . . 
Washtucna 
♦Waterville . . 

Waverly 

♦Wenatchee . . 

Westport 

White Salmon. 

Wilbur 

Wilkeson 

Wilson Creek. 

Winlock 

Winona 

Winslow 

Woodinville . . 
Woodland . . . . 

Y 

Yacolt 

Yakima 



,25 430 

,24. ..3,023 

,21 264 

.21 226 

,17 326 

.17.104,402 
.16. . .1,110 

..6 251 

13 544 

.33 761 



13. . 

31. . 
.38. . 
.12. . 

,.2. ., 
.18. . 
21. . 
,26... 



. 250 
. 430 
. 387 
. 576 
. 902 
. 200 
. 892 
1,379 



.21. .83,743 
.22 526 



.29.. 
.20.. 
.32. . 
.29. . 
.23.. 
.25. . 
.36.. 
.31.. 

.20] ; 

..4.. 
.31.. 
.17.. 



1,694 
1,038 
. 266 
. 322 
. 284 
. 375 
1,598 
. 250 
. 361 
. 490 
. 227 
. 262 
. 200 



.22 266 

.37. . .9,333 
347 
.21 208 



31. 
..1. 

31. 

31. , 
,26. 

37. , 

28. , 

14. 

17. , 
.13. 

18. 
.39. , 
.16. 
.21. 

15. 

35. 
,29.. 

10. , 



.37. 
.26. 



1,237 
. 362 
19,364 
. 320 
. 463 
. 456 
. 326 
. 950 
. 318 
4,050 
. 262 
. 682 
. 757 
. 899 
. 405 
1,140 
. 302 
. 560 
. 350 
. 384 

. 435 
. 263 



.36 235 



WASHINGTON 



Is called the "Evergreen State" from its extensive 
forests of evergreen trees, including the fir, spruce, 
cedar, pine and hemlock, which cover the mountains 
and seacoast region, and also from the fact that in 
the western part the winters are so mild that the 
grass remains green throughout the year. This great 
state has an area of 60,91)4 square miles, of which 
3,114 are water, leaving 66,880 square miles of land, 
or 42,803,200 acres — about as much as Ohio and In- 
diana combined. It contains a great variety of sur- 
face, soil and scenery, and has two distinct climatic 
divisions, separated by the Cascade Mountains. West 
of these mountains the climate is as mild as that 
of North Carolina or Tennessee, owing to the influ- 
ence of the warm Japan current which strikes Its 
shores. There are nearly 2,600 miles of railway and 
1,000 miles of navigable watercourses. A large por- 
tion of the surface is still covered with primeval 
forests. Nearly all of the state west of the Cascade 
Mountains is, by nature, a forest country; the most 
important and valuable timber being the red, or 
Douglas, fir. 

The timber districts, where not mountainous, have, 



as a rule, a rich soil, which well repays the farmer 
for the labor of clearing the ground. Thus it will 
be seen that there is a great deal of good farming 
land in Washington. There are fertile government 
lands for free homesteads, and railroad lands are 
sold at low prices and on ten years' credit. The 
remarkable variety of resources offered by this great 
state, its peculiarly agreeable and healthful climate, 
its strikingly beautiful landscapes and snow-capped 
mountains, noble rivers, great estuaries of the sea, 
magnificent forests, charming lakes, and fertile 
prairies combine to make it a region particularly at- 
tractive to all who seek new homes in the great 
Northwest. Every settler can find the particular 
character of country best suited to his tastes, and 
the climate best adapted for his health and well- 
being. 

The transportation facilities are abundant, schools 
and churches are numerous, the people are intelli- 
gent and progressive, and property is constantly in- 
creasing in value. The numerous growing towns in- 
vite mercantile, manufacturing, and professional en- 
terprises. 



213 



Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



WASHINGTON STATE 



Two Divisions of the Stale — ^Each Has Its Particular Merit — Both Described. 



In describing conditions in the State of Washing- 
ton one could fill a large space relating to Seattle, 
Tacoma, Olympia and other cities, while description 
of the varied resources of Washington will show 
abundant reason for emigrating to this State. 

Naturally, with so great a variation in the face of 
the country, and so wide a difference in climatic 
conditions, the reasons for going to one locality will 
be entirely unlike those which would exist in another 
region. 

TWO DISTINCT PARTS OF THE STATE. 

First, there are two distinct parts of the State, 
the result of the Cascade Mountains, which extend 
from north to the south. This divides the State 
into eastern and Western Washington. The western 
part comprises all the waterway region that borders 
the Pacific for a distance, north and south, of 180 
miles, in which section of the state, with Puget 
8ound, the lakes, bays and rivers, the area covered 
by water is about 3,000 square miles. 

From this broad space moisture is ever rising, 

which floats up to the tall mountains of the Cas- 
cades, and there on those lofty elevations, perpetu- 
ally covered with ice and snow, the moisture con- 
geals, falls there in snow, and leaves very little in 
the cloud to provide moisture for the landscape 
which spreads itself over eastern Washington. 

ROSES BLOOM AT CHRISTMAS. 

In Western Washington, which includes the Puget 
Sound country, there is really no winter and almost 
no ice or snow. Roses bloom in December and grass 
is green all the year round. Fifty varieties of flow- 
ers have been plucked out of doors even at Christ- 
mas. Winters are warm and moist, summers cool 
and dry. 

In eastern Washington the climate is very differ- 
ent. It is much drier and somewhat colder in win- 
ter, drv and considerably warmer in summer, but 
the nights are always comfortably cool. 

COLORADO CLIMATE. 

At many points in eastern Washington is found 
almost the exact climate of Denver, Manitou and 
the Salt Lake Valley of Utah. 

In some sections of eastern Washington irrigation 
is carried on and enormous fruit, grain and pasture 
crops are raised. 

TFMBER AND PRAIRIE LAND. 

Western Washington is a wooded country. Much 
of the la>:id is covered with a dense growth of the 
finest trees known in the world. The mainland bor- 
dering Puget Sound is made up of mountain spurs, 
table lands, river valleys and fresh-water and tide- 
water marshes and deltas. These all, except marsh 
and delta, are timbered with unbroken forests. The 
higlier altitudes grow fir, hemlock and spruce. The 
table lands, fir and spruce, and the valleys, fir, cedar, 
spruce, Cottonwood, maple and alder. 

This timber is surpassed in size only by the red- 
wood forests of California. 

The valley lands bordering the rivers and creeks 
are very rich and productive, especially in vegeta- 
bles fruits and succulent grasses. The forests of 
these valleys are fast breaking up before the wood- 
man's ax and the farmer's plow. The uplands have 
been invaded but little, but where the forests are 
felled rich pasturage follows and in many places 
great veins of coal are found to underlie the surface 
or strike into the hillside. Marsh lands and deltas 
in their native state are overgrown with brush. They 
are easily cleared and reclaimed from overflow by 
dikes and ditches, when they produce the greatest 
tonnage of fine hay, the most prolific yield of oats, 
heavy hops, nice vegetables and fine orchards. 

Eastern Washinsrton as a whole is the valley of 
the Columbia River, as most of the surface is 
drained bv this mighty stream, though there is a 
considerable extent of wooded and partially wooded 
country. The great grain fields of the Big Bend 
District are as level as the prairies of the Middle 



States. Around Spokane is a varied (country com- 
prising fine prairie land, also an abundance of tim- 
ber land, especially in the foothills. All this land is 
wonderfully productive. Whatever a man wants in 
the way of land he can find and the quality of the 
soil is good almost everywhere. 

NUJIEROUS GREAT RIVERS. 

Several great rivers course their way through 
eastern Washington, their valleys being wide, level 
plains on which, at various points, irrigation is 
being; and has been, introduced with great success. 

FRUITS. 

To properly describe the fruit-growing industry 
of Washington would fill a large book. Different 
parts of the State vary so much in altitude, rainfall, 
quality of soil, etc., that almost any fruits except 
the citrus family will thrive and bear bountiful har- 
vests somewhere. To inention the kinds of fruit that 
do well is almost to name them all. West of the Cas- 
cade Mountains and along Puget Sound are grown 
magnificent specimens of apples, peaches, pears, 
quinces, plums, cherries, strawberries and all kinds 
of small fruits and berries. Apples have done won- 
derfully well on both the uplands and the islands. 
Frost never in,jure8 the fruit or prevents setting". 
Worm-eaten fruit is almost unknown. 

ASSISTANCE FROM THE GOVERN3IENT. 

The United States Government is aiding in various 
irrigation projects. In the meantime private corpo- 
rations have entered upon the project of supplying 
irrigation water to residents in certain districts. We 
quote here from the circulars of one of these irriga- 
tion companies in eastern Washington, located in 
the valley of the Yakima River, Yakima County, in 
order thai our readers may know prices: 

THE PRICE OF LAND. 

The price of land in Yakima County varies ac- 
cording to its character and location. Cheap lands 
may be had for grazirig. Wheat farms in the sec- 
tion where irrigation is not necessary may be had 
for from $5 to $20 per acre. In the irrigated valleys 
raw lands with perpetual water rights are on the 
market at from .$30 an acre up to $125. The last 
named figures are for land near the railroad — the 
choicest that is left. Generally speaking raw land 
under the canals can be had for $.50 to $75 an acre, 
and $125 an acre will buy the best producing alfalfa 
farms in the valley. Many improved farms within 
10 or 12 miles of the railroad are available at even 
less than $00 per acre. Some land is selling much 
higher than any figures here given, but the high- 
priced land usually is suitable for suburban resi- 
dences or has expensive improvements, such as good 
buildings, bearing orchards or hop yards. 

Terms of sale are usually made upon a basis of 
one-third or one-fourtli cash and the balance in four 
or five equal annual payments, with interest on de- 
ferred payments at six or eight per cent per annum. 
An annual fee for maintenance of canal and laterals 
is charged on all the canals. This fee varies from 
25 cents to $1.50 per acre. Yakima lands may seem 
high to farmers who are accustomed to the ruling 
values in the prairie states, but the price of land 
must depend upon its fertility and the class of its 
productions, its proximity to and the excellence of 
its markets — in short, upon its earning capacity, 
and judge.l by these standards, land in the Yakima 
valley is cheap and not dear. Judging by the history 
of other irrigated districts, Yakima valley lands will 
in a few years be worth $300 to $1500 an acre. 

STOP OFF AND STUDY THE CONDITIONS. 

In going over to the Puget Sound country by way 
of the Northern Pacific railroad it will be well to 
stop at North Yakima, in Yakima County, and see 
for one's ei\t the results of irrigation. Before going 
obtain from the Great Northern and the Northern 
Pacific their literature relating to Washington. We 
clip the following from one of the irrigation cir- 
culars: 



214 



Washington Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



HOW TO MAKE A TEN ACRE TRACT PAY ITS WAY FROM THE START. 



"Of coursf I know it pays better to raise fruit 
than it does to raise hay and corn, but liow am I 
to get along until my trees begin to bear?" This is 
the first thought that occurs to the man with small 
capital who is ambitious to increase his income and 
make his way in the world. He has been told that 
it takes from four to six years to get any returns 
from an orchard and the long wait makes it look 
impossible that he should ever become an orchard- 
ist. For the information of such men we have pre- 
pared this schedule, showing just how a man with 
money enough to make his tirst payment on his 
land and to build him a small house can make 
his land support him from the start and pay for 
the land as well. This has been done many times 
right here ii' Yakima. 

TEN ACRES IN FRUIT »IAKE A MAN 
INDEPENDENT. 

Reserve one acre for house, barn and kitchen 
garden. 

Plant six acres in apples and peaches, alter- 
nate rows, seventy of each kind, or 140 trees to 
the acre, total 840 trees. 

Plant three acres in pears and peaches, alter- 
nate rows, 100 of each kind, 200 to the acre, or 600 
trees. 

Around the young trees plant nine acres in pota- 
toes. The same cultivation required for the pota- 
toes will cultivate the trees. Plant twenty-five 
cherry trees along the road and blackberries and 
raspberries along the fences. 

First Year's Receipts: 

90 tons of potatoes, 10 tons to the acre at 

$14 per ton $1,260 

Less experise of planting young trees.. $180 

l.,ess expense of planting potatoes.... 90 270 



Net for wcrk on first year $ 990 

Second Year Receipts: 

90 tons potatoes at $14 $1,260 

Get some berries this year also. 

No new expense, so net for work second 

year $1,260 

Tiiird Year Receipts: 

Pea.ches and pears begin to bear, also cherries. 
720 boxes peaches Irom 720 trees, at 50 

cents . ^ ^60 

300 boxes pears from 300 trees at $i '.!'.'.'. '. 300 

45 tons potatoes at $14 630 

Blackberries and raspberries '..... 50 



Gross third year $1,340 

Less 1,020 boxes at 10 cents $ 102 

Net for work third year $1,238 

Fourth Year Receipts: 

2,880 boxes peaches, 720 trees, at 50 cents. .$1,440 

1,200 boxes pears, 300 trees, at $1 1,200 

300 boxes apples, 420 trees, at $1.25 375 

1,250 pounds cherries at 8 cents 100 

Berries 50 



I-ess 4,380 boxes at 10 cents. 
Extra help 



.$438 
. 500 



$3,165 
938 
Net for work $2,227 

Fiftli Year Receipts: 

Peach and pear trees in full bearing. 

7,200 boxes peaches, 720 trees, at 50 cents. .$3,600 

3,000 boxes pears, 300 trees, at $1 3,000 

1,200 boxes apples, 420 trees, at $1.25 1,500 

1,500 pounds cherries, at 8 cents 120 

Berries 50 



$8 270 

Less 11,400 boxes at 10 cents $1,140 

Extra help 1,000 2,140 



AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE. 



$6,130 



Hops • one ton 

Potatoes ten tons 

Timothy, first cutting four tons 

Timothy and clover, second cutting two tons 

Alfalfa, three cuttings seven tons 

With from two to six weeks' pasture. 

Fruits vary according to age and varieties of trees. 
Apples, 70 trees per acre 500 to 2,000 boxes 



Pears, 100 trees per acre 200 to 1,000 boxes 

Peaches, 100 trees per acre 200 to 2, »)()() boxes 

Apricots, 120 trees to acre 200 to 2,000 boxes 

Cherries 100 to 1,000 pounds per tree 

Grapes from $200 to $SO(i per acre 

Berries from $200 to $700 per acre 

PRICES, 

Hops, from lOc to 30c per pound 

Potatoes, from $12 to $25 per ton 

Timothy $12 to $14 per ton 

Timothy and clover $9 to .$11 per ton 

Alfalfa $7 to $9 per ton 

Fruit varies according to quality and variety. 

Apples average $1.25 per box 

Pears average $1.00 per box 

Peaches average 50 cents per box 

Apricots average 40 cents per box 

Plums average 3.5 cents per box 

Cherries average S cents per poin^rl 

Strawberries average per crate, $3.00 

CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO 
THE STATE. 

Altitude. — Highest in the state. Mount Rainier in 
Pierce county, in the Cascade Range, 14,526 feet. 
Mount Baker, 10,827 feet. 

Climate. — Generally healthful of western Wash- 
ington; moist, uniform and heavy winter rainfall. 
Eastern Washington, hot, dry summers, with gen- 
erally sliort cold winters. Average yearly. 

Dimensions. — Extreme length of state, north to 
south, 230 miles; width, east to west, 340 miles; 
area, 69.180 square miles. Three-flfths of the stale 
included in eastern Washington coast line. Pacific 
Coast line ISO miles. Puget Sound with its inlets 
and arms has a shore line of 1,594 miles. Strait of 
Guan de Fuca, 95 miles long, average width, 11 
miles. Rise and fall of the tides, IS feet. 

History. — The region discovered by Juan de Fuca, 
a Greek, 1592. Visited by Spanish navigator, 1775, 
and three years afterward by Captain Cook. Cap- 
tain Gray ascended Columbia River, 1792; by Lewis 
and Clark, 1804-5. Fur traders settled near the 
mouth of the Columbia, 1811. Catholic mission 
established at Vancouver, 1838. American settle- 
ment at Tumwater, 1845. Washington Territory 
organized and Seattle platted, 1853. Frazer River 
gold excitement, 1858. Admitted to the Union, 1889. 

FRUIT GROWING. 

Fruit growing is principally carried on in three 
different sections in western Washington — in the 
islands of the upper Puget Sound, in Island and San 
Juan Counties; in the niore southerly portion of 
Puget Sound, embracing the White River and Puy- 
allup Valleys and King and Pierce Counties, and in 
parts of Clark County, bordering on the Columbia 
River. 

In the Island section cherries, strawberries, black- 
berries, raspberries, plums, pears and apples attain 
a size and quality hard to match anywhere, while 
fruit and \egetables of all sorts reach the market 
earlier from this district than from any other part 
of western Washington. 

In the Puyallup and White River Valleys all the 
fruits mentioned above can be grown, but perhaps 
berry growing is given the greatest prominence. 
During the last six years the crop of berries has 
grown from about 300 crates, which then realized 
only 80 cents a crate, to 20,000 crates in 1902, which 
averaged ,$1.50 a crate. The estimated crop for 1903 
was 50,000 crates, and that quantity is expected to 
be doubled this year. From one acre of raspberries 
near Puyallup an income of $500 has been realized 
in a single year. From two and one-half acres of 
raspberries in the same locality 1,000 crates were 
gathered in 1903. Land which produces results of 
this kind is not in the market for sale at any price, 
but unimproved land adapted for this purpose in the 
neighborhood of Sumner and Puyallup is worth from 
$100 to $250 an acre. 

In Clark County, on the Columbia River, prune 
growing is carried on extensively and successfully. 
There seems to be Just the quality of soil and the 
amount of rainfall needed to produce the best re- 
sults with this crop. At present about 100 carloads 
of prunes are shipped annually. 



215 



WEST VIRGINIA 



STATE AND THE 55 COUNTIES OF WEST VIRGINIA 

With Their Boundaries 




LOCATION AM) 1910 POPUrATIOXS OF WEST VIRGINIA COFNTFES 



Lrira. 



C'lunhj 



Pop. 



1 Hancock, 

2 Brooke. 

3 Ohio. 

4 Marshall. 

5 Wetzel. 

6. . . Monongalia. 

7 Preston. 

8 Pleasants. 

9 Tyler. 

10.... Doddridge. 

11 Marion . 

l'> Harrison . 

13 Taylor. 

14 Wood. 



.10,465 
.11,098 
.57,552 
.32,388 
.29,855 
.24,334 
.26,341 
. 8,074 
.16,211 
.12,672 
.42.794 
.48,381 
.16,554 
.38,001 



Lord. 



Ciiinitij Pop. 



15 Wirt, 

16 Ritchie, 

17 Gilmer. 

18 Lewis, 

19 Uphur. 

20 Barbour, 

21 Tucker, 

22 Grant. 

23 Mineral. 

24.... Hampshire, 

25 Morgan, 

26 Berkeley, 

27 Jefferson, 

28 Mason, 



. 9,047 
.17,875 
.11,379 
.18,281 
.16,629 
.15,858 
.18,675 
. 7,838 
.16,674 
.11,694 
. 7.848 
.21.999 
.15,889 
.23,019 



Count y Pop. 



29 Jackson. 

30 Roane. 

31 Calhoun. 

32 Braxton. 

33 Webster. 

34 Randolph. 

35 Pendleton. 

36 Hardy. 

37 Cabell. 

38 Putnam. 

39 Kanawha. 

40 Clay. 

41 Nicholas. 

42... Pocahontas. 



.20,956 
.21.543 
.11,258 
.23,023 
. 9,680 
.26,028 
. 9,349 
. 9,163 
.46.685 
.18,587 
.81,547 
. 10,233 
.17,699 
.14,740 



Lora. 



County 



Pop. 



43 Wayne. 

44 Lincoln. 

45 Boone. 

46 Fayette. 

47 Greenbrier. 

48 Mingo. 

49 Logan. 

50 Wyoming. 

51 McDowell. 

52 Raleigh. 

53 Mercer. 

54 Summers. 

55 Monroe. 



.24,081 
.20,491 
.10,331 
.51,903 
.24.833 
.19,431 
.14,476 
.10,393 
.47.856 
.25,633 
.38,371 
.18,420 
.13,055 



Total 1,221.1)9 



Cities and Villages of West Virginia with 1910 Populations 



Tutcns 



Loca. Pop. 



Academy 
Acme . . . 
Ada'mston 
Adkin 
Affinity .. 
Albert ... 
Alderson . 



, .42. 
.39. 
.12 



, . . 209 
. . 502 
,,1,202 



.50 209 



,.53. 
.21. . 
.55. 



J08 
, . 390 
.1,252 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Alexander 
Algoma . . 
Alumville 
Alvy . . . . 
Alvord . . . 
Ainos . . . . 
Anawalt . 



..19. 
..51. 
..39. 
..9. 
. .30. 
..11. 
..51. 



. . 366 
. . 366 
. . 320 
. . 738 
. . 229 
.1,509 
. . 330 



To lots 



Loca. Pop. 



Ansted 
A rroyo . 
Ashland 
Athens . 
Auburn 
Austen 
Avis . . 



.46. 

. 1. 
, .51. 

.53. 
, .16. 
.. 7. 

.54. 



.1,030 
. . 200 
. . 250 
. . 575 
. . 209 
. . 320 
.1,432 



Loca. Pop. 



B 



Backus . . . 
Baileysville 
Bakerton 
Barboursville ..37 
Barnestown ...11. 
Barnum 23. 



.46. , 
.50. , 

.27. . 



. 209 
. 250 
. 561 
. 907 
. 6,55 
. 266 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

216 



Cities and Villages of West Virginia with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Barrackville 


. .11. 


... 250 


Bass 


. . H(i . 


... 220 


Baxter 


. .11. 


... 630 


Bayard 


23 


...417 


Beale 


.28. 


... 236 


*BeckIey 


.52. 


..2,161 


Beech 


.SI. 


... 263 


Beechwood . . 


. «. 


... 626 


Belington . . . 


.20. 


..1,481 


Belleville ... 


.14. 


. . . 208 


Bellton 


. 4. 


. . . 336 


Belmont .... 


. S, 


. . . 250 


Benwood .... 


. 4. 


. .4,976 


•Berkley Spgs.25. 


. . . 864 


Berryburg . . 


.2<». 


. . . 590 


Berwind .... 


.51. 


. . . 536 


Beth 


.SO. 


. . . 350 


Bethany .... 


. 2. 


. . . 433 


Beulah 


.:u. 


. . . 336 


Beury 


.4«. 


. . . 520 


Beverly 


.Hi. 


. . . 438 


Bigfour 


.51. 


. . . 526 


Big Springs. . 


.31. 


...220 


Black Betsy.. 


.8S. 


. . . 520 


Blacksville 


. «. 


.. 204 


.Blajne 


.23. 


.1,290 


Blakeley 


.Hi). 


. . 366 


Bluefleld 


.58. 


11,090 


Blue Jay 


.52. 


. . , 509 


Bolivar 


.27, 


.. 687 


Bolt 


.,52. 


.. 331 


Boomer 


.4<i. 


.1,030 


Boone 


.4(i. 


.. 320 


Boothsville .... 


.11. 


.. 363 


Borderland . . 


.48. 


.. 350 


Bowen 


.48. 


. . 362 


Bower 


.82. 


.. 320 


Boylen 


.20. 


.. 236 


Bradshaw . . . 


.51. 


.. 226 


B ram well 


.58. 


.. 835 


Branchland . . 


.44. 


.. 533 


Bridgeport . . . 


.12. 


.. 464 


Brighton 


.28. 




Bristol 


.12, 


.. 220 


Brooklyn 


. 5. 


.. 566 


Brooks 


.54 


.. 820 


Brownwood . . . 


A(i. 


.. 562 


*Buckhannon . 


.19.. 


.1,589 


Buckhorn .... 


. 7, 


.. 320 


Buffalo 


.88 


. . 565 


Bunker Hill. . . 


. 2(! , 


.. 363 


Burner 


.42. . 


.. 350 


Burning Spngs 


.15. . 


.. 543 


Burnsville . . . 


. 82 . . 


.. 890 


Burton 


. 5, , 


. . 250 


Byrnside 


.88. . 


.. 396 


Byron 


.13.. 


.. 350 



Cairo 

Camden on 

Ganley ... 

Cainp 

Cane Fork. . . 
Cannelton . . , 
Capon Bridge 

Carbon 

Carbondale . . 

Cascade 

Cass 

Catawba 11 

Cedargrove . . . .39. 
Centerpoint . . ..10. 
Centerville . . . .19. 
Central Station. 10. 

Ceredo 43. 

Chapmanville ..49. 
Charleston 

(Capital) ...39. 
'Charles Town. .27. 



16 653 



.33., 
.40. . 
.39., 
.39. , 
.24. , 
.39.. 
.46.. 
. 7.. 
.43.. 



Chattaroy 

Chelyan 39. 

Chesapeake . . ..39. 

Chester 1. 

Cleremont 46. 

*Clarksburg ...13. 

Clato^ 3 

*Clay 40. 

Clendenin 39. 

Clifftop 46. 

Clifton 38 

Clifton Mills. ... 7. 

Coalburg 39. 

Coaldale 53. 

Coal Fork 39. 

Coalton 54. 

Coalwood 51 . 

Coketon 21. 

Colliers 2. 

Concho 46. 



390 
223 
350 
200 
356 
330 
726 
. . . 226 
. . . 436 
...220 
...236 
, . . 266 
. . . 250 
. . . 292 
.1,375 
. . . 250 

,22.996 
. .2,662 
, . . 563 
. . 526 
. . 250 
.3,184 
. . 666 
.9,201 
. . 536 
. . 536 
. . 815 
. . 490 
.. 360 
. . 606 
.. 360 
.. 326 
. . 350 
. . 325 
. . 350 
.2,026 
.. 436 
. . 336 I 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. I Towns 



Loca. Pop. I Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Confidence . . , 

Congo 

Coopers 

Cora 

Cornwallis . . . 

Cossie 

Cottageville . , 

Cowen 

Craigsville . . . 
Cranberry .. . . 

Crawley 

Crescent 

Crosby 

Crown Hill... 

Crystal 

Curtin 



Dacota 
Dallas . . . . 
Danville . . 
Darkesville 

Davis 

Decota ... 
Denver ... 
Diana .... 
Dingess . . . 
Dobbin 
Donwood . . 
Donze . . . . 
Dotham . . . 
Douglas . . . 
Duffiields . . 
Dunlevie . . 
Diinloop 
Dunlow . . . 
Durbin .... 



D 



.38. 
. 1. 
.53. 
.49. 
.16. 
..44. 
.29. 
.33. 
.41. 
52 
.47! 
.46. 
.40. 
.39. 
.53. 
.41. 

.39. 
. 4. 
.45. 
.26. 
.31. 
.39. 
. 4. 
.33. 
.48. 



Eagle , 

Eastbank . . . , 
East Sewell.., 

Eccles 

Eckman 

Edgarton 

Edgewood . . . . 

Eglon 

Egypt 

*Elizabeth ... 
Elk Garden... 

Elkhorn 

*Elkins 

Elkridge 

Elkwater 

EUamore .... 
EUenboro . . . . 
Elm Grove . . . 

Elverton 

Emmons 

Ennis 

Erbacon 

Eskdale 

Ethel 

Eureka 

Eventon 

F 

♦Fairmont . .. . 
Fairview . . . . . 

Fairview 

Fairview 

Falling Spring. 
Farmington . . 

Fayette 

*Fayetteville . 

Fenwick 

Fetterman . . . 

Finlow 

Fire Creek. . . . 
Flanagan .... 

Flatrun 

Flat Wood. . . . 
Flemington . . 

Foley 

Follansbee . . . 

Folsom 

Fort Gay 

*Franklin .... 

Freeman 

Friendly 

Frozen 

Fulton 



..39. 

.31. 

.46. 

.31. 
..27. 

.43. 

.46. 
.43. 

.42. 

.46. 
.39. 
.46. 
..53. 
,.51. 
.48. 
. 3. 
. 7. 
.43. 
.15. 
.23. 
.51. 
.34. 
.46. 
.34. 
.34., 
.16., 
. 3. 
.46. 
.39., 
.51. , 
.33., 
.39., 
.49. , 
. 8. , 
.39.. 



.11. . 
. 1. . 
.11.. 
.43.. 
.47.. 
.11.. 
,46.. 
.46.. 
.41.. 
,13.. 
.46.. 
.46.. 
.51.. 
11.. 
32. . 
13.. 
49. . 

2.. 
, 5. . 
43.. 
35. . 
53. . 

9.. 
31.. 

3.. 



Gary 

Gassaway . . . . 
Gauley Bridge. 

Gentry 

Gerrardstown 

Geatto 

Gilliam 



.51. . 
. 32 . . 
.46. . 
.46. . 
.26. . 
.53. . 
.51.., 



. . . 223 
. . . 362 
. . . 326 
. . . 250 
. . . 200 
. . . 436 
. . . 326 
...313 
. .. 336 
. . . 309 
. . . 209 
, . . 430 
...363 
, . . 240 
, . . 536 
, . . 236 

,..236 
,..312 
. . 326 
, . . 225 
, .2,615 
. . 300 
..333 
. . 266 
.. 250 
. . 536 
.. 536 
.. 236 
. . 226 
.. 330 
.. 250 
.. 336 
. . 526 
. . 533 
.. 390 

. 1,590 
.. 551 
. . 290 
. . 438 
.1,099 
. . 306 
.1,455 
. . 200 
. . 326 
. . 674 
. . 438 
.1,220 
.5,360 
. . 363 
. . 320 
. . 508 
. . 204 
.1,899 
. . 250 
. . 226 
. . 336 
. , 396 
. . 350 
. . 326 
. . 326 
, . 350 



.9,711 
. . 407 
. . 782 
. . 384 
. . 370 
. . 519 
. . 490 
. . 671 
. . 502 
. . 796 
. . 230 
. . 250 
, . 230 
, . 266 
. . 384 
, . 250 
. 262 
3,031 
. 622 
. 536 
. 226 
1,090 
. 217 
. 202 
1,038 

1,208 
1,086 

. 582 
. 508 

. 233,- 
l,08i3 
. 330' 



Girta 

Given 

Glady 

Glen 

Glendale 

Glen Falls 

Glen Ferris. . . 

Glen Jean 

*Glenville .... 
Glen White. ... 

Goodwill 

Gormania .... 

*Grafton 

*Grantsville . . 
Granville .... 
Grape Island. . 
Great Cacapon. 
Grifflthsville . . 

Gulf 

Guyan 

Guyandotte . . . 
Gypsy 

II 

Hackers Junc'n.30. 



. . . 350 
, . . 330 
,..381 
, . . 326 
...320 
, . . 250 
. . . 320 
...733 
, . . 336 
, . . 563 
, . . 526 
, . . 502 
.7,563 
. . . 282 
...350 
, . . 330 
. . 350 
.. 350 
. . 360 
. . 330 
.1,703 
.. 663 



Halcyon . . . 
Halltown . 
Hambleton 
Hamiltonia 
*Hamlin . . 
Handley . . 
Hansford 



.49. 
.27, 
.21, 
.30, 
.44. 
.39. 
.39. 



.16, 
. . .38, 
. ..26, 
. ..28. 
...34. 
, . .51. 



Harpers Ferry.. 27, 
*HarrisvilIe 
Hartford . . 
Hedgesville 
Heights . . 
Helvetia . . 
Hemphill . 
Henderson . 
Hendricks , 
Heni'y .... 
Henry .... 
Herberton . 
Herndon . . 
Hewlet .... 

Hico 

Hilltop ... 
*Hinton . . . 

Holden 

Hollidays Cove 

Horton 

Hotcoal 

Ho\Tesville . . . 
Hubbardstown 

Huger 

Hughestown . . 

Hundred 

Hunt 

Huntersville 
*Huntington 
Hurricane . 
Hutchinson 
Huttonsville 



laeger 

Independence 
Institute . . . . 

Irona 

Ivydale 

J 

Janelew . . . . 

Jed 

Jennings . . . . 
Junior 



. ..21. 
.. .40. 

."!!46; 

...50. 

...43. 

...46. 

...46. 

. ..54. 

.49. 

. 1. 

.34. 

.53. 

. 7. 

.43. 

.51. 

..39. 

.. 5. 

..39. 

..43. 

. .37. 

..38. 

..11., 

..34. 

..51., 

..7., 
..39., 
..7., 
..40.. 

.18.. 

.51. . 

, . 33 . . 

.20.. 



K 

Kanawha City. 39. 

Kay Moor 46. 

Kearneysville ..37. 

Kenova 43. 

Kerstetter 34. 

Kevser 33. 

..51. 

. .46. 

. .51. 

..46. 

..46. 

. . 7. 

..51. 



Keystone . . 
Kilsyth ... 
Kimbal! 
Kimberly 
Kincaid . . 
*Kingwood 
Kyle 



Lanark .... 
LandgrafC . 

iLandisburg 
Laneville . 
Lansing 46. 
Launa 53. 
Lawton 46. 

Lazearvllle .... 2. 



..52. 
.51. 
..46. 
..31. 



. . . 308 
. . . 380 
..1,302 
. . . 330 
. . . 660 
. . . 563 
. . . 350 
. . . 766 
. . . 608 
. . . 358 
. . . 338 
...275 
. . . 280 
. . . 390 
. . . 286 
. . . 640 
. . . 393 
. . . 339 
. . . 326 
. . . 730 
. . . 326 
. . . 200 
, . . 761 
.3,656 
, .2,036 
. . . 223 
, . 1,066 
, . . 350 
. . 326 
..326 
.. 260 
. . 326 
. . 557 
.. 326 
.. 320 
31,161 
. . 432 
.. 326 
.. 351 

.. 362 
.. 303 
.. 300 
.. 330 
.. 336 

.. 337 
.. 336 
. . 263 
. . 435 

. . 863 
. . 530 
. . 463 
. . 992 
. . 236 
.3,705 
.2,047 
. . 730 
.1,630 
. . 280 
. . 308 
. . 822 
. . 363 



, . 526 
, . 302 
, . 330 
, . 333 
. 200 
. 362 
. 526 
. . 523 



Leander .... 

Leon 

Lester 

Lewis 

*Lewisburg . . 
Lewistown . . . 

Littleton 

Lizemores . . . 
Locust Lane. , 

* Logan 

London 

Longacre . . . . 

Lookout 

Lost City 

Lost River. . . 

Lough 

I..umber 

Lumberport . . 

M 



.46. 
.28. 
.52. 
.39. 
.47. 
.39. 
. 5. 
.40. 
.28. 
.49. 
.39. 
.46. 
.46. 
.36. 
.36. 
.16. 
.K4. 
.12. 



. . 230 
. . 240 
. . 536 
.1,209 
. . 803 
. . 369 
. . 712 
. . 526 
. . 27i> 
. 1,640 
. . 326 
. . 350 
. . 330 
, . 230 
. . 236 
, . 265 
, . 666 
, . 656 



Mabie 
Mabscott 

McAlpine 

McDowell 51 

McMechen 4 

Macdonald . 46 

*Madison 45 

Mahan 

Maiden .... 

Mamie 

Mammoth . . 
Mannington 
Maplewood . 
*Marlinton . 
Marmet .... 
Marshes . . '. 
Marting .... 
"Martinsburg 

Marvel 

Mason 

Mason Town 
Masseysville 
Mate wan 

Maybeury „. 

Meadow Creek . 54 
■ Middlebourne . 9, 
..11. 



.34. 
..52. 



.46. 
. .39. 
. .40. 
,.39. 
..11. 
..46. 

.42. 

.39. 

.53. 
.46. 
..36. 

.46. 
..38. 

. 7. 

.53. 

.48. 

.51. 



Middleton 
Middleway 
Mill Creek 
Millwood 

Milton 

Blinerva . . 
Mink .... 
Minnora . 
Mohawk . . 

Monongah ^.. 

arontana Mines. 11. 
Montgomery . .46. 
*Moorefleld . 
Morgansville 
*Morgantown 

Morlan 

Mound , 

*Moundsville .. -t. 
Mount Carbon. .46. 
Mount Clare... 1 
Mount Hope. 
Mount Nebo. 
Muck low . . . 
Mullens .... 



.34. 
.29. 
.37. 
.44. 
.39. 
.31. 
.51. 
..11. 



..36 
..10. 
. 6. 
. 7. 
.39. 
4 



..46., 
..41.. 
..39. 
, .50.. 



. . . 363 
...561 
...226 
..1,536 
..2,921 
..1,153 
. . . 295 
. . . 300 
. . . 355 
. . . 326 
..1,023 
..2,673 
. . . 296 
. .1,045 
. . . 650 
...390 
. . . 420 
.10,698 
. . . 250 
, . . 784 
. . . 520 
. . 390 
.. 588 
.3,026 
. . 250 
. . .546 
.. 536 
.. 466 
.. 740 
.. 350 
. . 837 
. . 433 
. . 236 
. . 308 
. . 326 
.2,084 
. . 450 
.1,888 
. . 646 
. . 330 
.9,150 
.. 300 
. . 363 
.8,918 
. . 432 
. . 350 
. . 494 
. , 336 
. . 490 
. . 330 



.20.. 
.41.. 

. 7.. 



N 

Nestorville . . . 

Nettie 

Newburg 

*New Cumber- 
land 1. 

New Haven. . . .38. 

*New Martins- 
ville 5. 

New Richmond. 54. 



Northfork . 
North Point 
Pleasant . 
Nuttallburg 



.51. 



..38. 
.46. 



O 



.46. ., 
.53.., 
39.. , 



Oak Hill.. 
Oakvale . . 

Odell „„ 

Ogden City 46 

Olcott 39 

Olmsted 51. 

O'Neal 46. 

Orleans Cross 

Roads 25. 

Oswald 53. 

P 

Page 46. 

Paint Creek 

Junction ....39. 



396 
290 
833 

.1,807 
.. 750 

.2,176 
. . 333 
. . 425 

. . 452 
. . 430 

764 
278 
303 
.210 
520 
360 
326 

350 
375 



609 
350 



217 



Cities and Villages of West Virginia with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pup. 



Palestine 15. 

Panlher 51. 

*Parkersburg ..14. 



.21. 
. 3. 
.25. 



'Parsons 
Patterson . , 
Paw Paw.. 

Pear 

Pennsboro . 
Penrith . . . 
♦Petersburg 
Peterstown 
Peytona . . . 
*Phillppi . . 

Pickens 34. 

Piedmont 23. 

Pine Grove 5. 

*Pineville 50. 

Pittman 46. 

Pleasant Valley. 3. 

Plymouth 38. 

Poca 38. 

•Point Pleasant.28. 



.16. 
. 1. 
.22. 
.55. 
.45. 
.20. 



.39. 
.46. 
.51. 



.51. 
.52. 



Pondgap . 
Powellton 
Powhatan 
Pratt .... 
Premier . . 
Price Hill. 

Prince 46. 

♦Princeton . . . .53. 

Procious 40. 

Proctor 5. 

Prosperity 52. 

Prosperity 

Station 52. 

Prudence 46. 

Pruntytown ...13. 

Pullman 16. 

Putney 39. 

Q 

Quiet Dell 12. 

Quinnimont ...46. 

B 

Raleigh 52. 

Rapp 48. 

Ravenswood ...29. 



. . . 225 
. . . 309 
.17,842 
. .1,780 
. .. 713 
. . . 735 
. . . 320 
. . . 930 
, . . 309 
. . . 350 
. . . 257 
...230 
..1,038 
. . . 626 
..2,054 
. . . 474 
. . . 334 
. . . 250 
. . . 346 
. . . 390 
. . . 350 
. .2,045 
. . . 236 
...413 
. . . 450 
. . . 306 
. . . 220 
. . . 320 
. . . 251 
..3,027 
. . . 206 
. . . 250 
. . . 330 

. . . 250 
. . . 406 
. . . 420 
. . . 230 
. . . 426 

. . . 250 
. . . 466 

. . . 350 

222 

! .1,081 



To IV Its 



Loca. Pop. 



Red House . . . 
Red Jacket. . 

Redstar 

Reedsville . . . 

Reedy 

Renick 

Richwood . . . 
Ridgeley . . . . 

♦Ripley 

Rippon 

Riverside . . . . 

Robson 

Rock 

Rolfe 

♦Romney . . . . 
Ronceverte . . 
Roneys Point. 
Rosemont . . . 
Rowlesburg . 

Royal 

Rush Run. . . 

S 
Sabraton 
Saint Albans. 
Saint George. 
♦Saint Marys. 

Salem 

Salmon 

Salt Sulphur 

Springs . . . . 
Sand Fork. . . 
Sandstone . . . 
Sandyville . . . 

Sardis 

Saxman 

Sayre 

Scarbro .... 

Seth 

Sewell 

Sharon 

Shaw 

Shenandoah 

Junction . . 
Sheperdstown 
.Sheridan .... 
Sherrard .... 
Shinnston . . . 



..38. 
. .48. 

.46. 
.. 7. 

.30. 
..47. 

.41. 
..23. 
..29. 
..27. 
..39. 
..46. 
..53. 
, .51. 
..24. 
..47. 
.. 3. 
..13. 
.. 7. 
.46. 
..46. 

.. 6. 
.39. 
..21. 
. . 8. 
..12. 
..48. 

..55. 
..17. 
, .54. 
..29. 
,.12. 
. .41. 
. .29. 
..46. 
,.45. 
..46. 
..39. 
,.23. 

..27. 

.27. 

.44. 
. . 4. 
. .12. 



. . 226 
. 1,202 
. . 536 
. . 208 
. . 313 
. . 270 
.3,061 
. . 596 
. . 591 
. . 236 
. . 236 
. . 250 
. . 530 
. . 330 
.1,112 
.2,157 
. . 236 
. . 330 
. . 936 
. . 260 
. . 390 

. . 790 
.1,209 
. . 245 
.1,358 
.2,169 
. . 308 

. . 296 
. . 223 
. . 326 
. . 250 
. . 336 
. . 406 
. . 262 
.1,533 
. . 226 
. . 225 
. . 362 
. . 250 

. . 320 
.1,070 
. . 226 
. . 360 
.1,224 I 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



53. 

13. 

44. 



..52. 

..52. 

.25. 

5. 



Simmons 

Simpson 

Sioto 

Sistersville . . 

Skelton 

Slab Fork... 

Sleepy Creek. 

Smithfield „. 

Sophia 53. 

South Buckhan- 
non 19. 

South Carbon.. 39. 

South Charles- 
ton 39. 

South Keyser. ..23. 

So. Rush Run. .46. 

♦Spencer 30. 

Spillman 28. 

Sprague 53. 

Star City 6. 

Stealey Heights.l2. 



Stone Cli 
Stumptown . . 
♦Summersville 
Summit Point 

Sun 

♦Sutton 

Sweetsprings 
Sylvia 



46. 
..17. 
.41. 
..27. 
. .46. 
..32. 
...55. 
..53. 



Talcott 

Terra Alta 

Thacker 

Thayer 

Thoburn 

Thomas 

Thurmond . . . 
Triadelphia . 
Tunnelton . . . . 
Twin Branch. 
Tyrconnell . . . 

U 

Ungers Store. . 

♦Union 

Uniontown . . . 



.54. 

. 7. 
.48. 
.46. 
.11. 
.21. 
.46. 
. 3. 
. 7. 
.51. 
.13. 



.25. 
.55. 
. 5. 



.1,060 
. . 225 
. . 200 
.2,684 
. . 309 
. . 250 
. . 306 
. . 765 
. . 203 

.2,681 
. . 220 

. . 530 
. . 692 
. . 336 
.1,224 
. . 250 
. . 250 
. . 318 
. . 511 
. . 630 
. . 697 
. . 204 
. . 330 
. . 800 
.1,121 
. . 250 
. . 490 



. . 620 
.1,126 
. . 263 
. . 520 
. . 230 
.2,354 
. . 315 
. . 261 
. . 792 
. . 490 
. . 320 



. 262 

. 298 
, . 200 



Loca. Pop. 



Valley Bend. . ..34. 

Villa 39. 

Vivian 51. 

W 

Wabash 23. 

Wake Forest.. .39. 

Walton 30: 

War Eagle 48. 

Watoga 43. 

Watson Siding. 11. 

♦Wayne 43. 

Webster 13. 

♦Webster Sps. ..33. 

Weirton 1. 

•Welch 51. 

'Wellsburg .... 2. 
West Columbia.28. 
West Grafton. .13. 
West Hamlin.. 44. 
West Liberty. 
•Weston .... 
•West Union. 
West Vivian. 
Wevaco .... 
♦Wheeling . . , 
White Sulphur 

Springs 47. 

Whitmer 34. 

♦Williamson ...48, 
Williamstown 
Wilsonburg . . 
Winding Gulf. 
♦Winfield .... 
Winifrede .... 

Winona 

Wintjt burn 
Witcher . . . 
Womelsdorf 
Woodman . 
Woodsdale . 

Worth 51. 

Worthington . .11. 

Wright 52. 

Wyndal 46. 

Wyoming 51 . 



3. 
.18. 
.10. 
.51. 
..39. 

3. 



.14 
..12. 
, .52. 

.38. 

.39. 
,..46. 
..42. 
..39. 
..34. 
..47. 
3. 



, . . 688 
. . 262 
, . . 662 



.. 266 
. . 222 
.. 236 
.1,500 
.. 390 
.. 519 
.. 530 
. . 262 
.. 526 
. . 426 
.1,536 
.4,189 
.. 205 
.1,590 
.. 290 
. . 350 
.2,213 
.. 779 
.1,630 
. . 208 
41,641 

.. 338 
. . 650 
.3.561 
.1,139 
.. 350 
. . 228 
.. 291 
.. 226 
.3,066 
.. 326 
.. 330 
. . 665 
. . 490 
.. 831 
.. 330 
.. 293 
.. 250 
..29.0 
. . 230 



WEST VIRGINIA 



A State with the Finest of Public Buildings Paid For and State Out of Debt 



GENERAL, DESCRIPTION 

The Impression may prevail that it would not be 
possible to take off a slice of territory from the 
northwest corner of old Virginia and get a state, 
the area of which would be of much consequence; 
nevertheless, that was done and our regret is. as 
we write this brief sketch, that we cannot more 
fiill.v show the numerous public state buildings, the 
educational institutions, the manufactories, the 
hotels and other features of public interest which 
abound in this young state. 

SIZE OF WEST VIRGINIA 

But, though only a portion of Virginia was taken, 
it gave the people of West Virginia an area of 
territory comprising 24,715 square miles. To judge 
the size of this the reader has only to understand 
that this area is almost twenty times that of 
Rhode Island, twelve times that of Delaware, five 
times that of Connecticut, three tiines that of 
Massachusetts, more than twice that of Maryland, 
twice that of Belgium, twice that of Holland, a 
third larger than Denmark, and more than a third 
larger than Switzerland. 

It is seen in this that the piece taken was no 
very small, little slice either. But that was not all. 
Virginia had passed the ordinance of secession April 
17, 1861. In the convention which passed the act, 
of the forty-six delegates, from the territory now 
comprising this state, twenty-nine voted against 
secession. 

HOW WEST VIRGINIA KEPT OUT OF THE WAR 

A general election in Virginia was called for May 
23, 1861, to act upon ratiiiiation of the act of 
secession. A count of the votes from the counties 
comprising the present West Virginia showed, that, 
out of 44,000 votes cast from this territory, 40,000 
were opposed to secession. 

Then followed conventions at Wheeling in which 
provisions were made for forming a new state. 
Application for admission to the Union was made 



to Congress and permission was granted on condi- 
tion that slavery should be abolished in the new 
state. 

EXTERMINATION OF SECESSION ELEMENT 

The result of the definite stand taken by the 
West Virginia people was the driving out of the 
secession element from this portion of the country, 
and the giving to the Union cause of 20,000 soldiers. 
The great beneficial effect was the escape of West 
Virginia from becoming the battle ground of the 
contending forces, while the horrors of war were 
centered on the territory of old Virginia. Beginning 
thus a free state, and pledged to the Union cause, 
the prosperity of the new state has gone steadily on 
ever since the day of its birth. Something of its 
wealth and resources is shown in that item relat- 
ing to the state under the head "Productions." 

PROSPERITY ON EVERY SIDE 

Among the evidei.ces of prosperity is a superior 
state home erected in 1SS5, at a cost of $390,000; 
hospitals for the insane, and an asylum, Miners' 
hospitals, penitentiary, reform schools for boys, and 
industrial schools for girls. University buildings 
and grounds, university preparatory schools at 
Montgomery and at Keyser, state normal school, 
branches of the normal school at Fairmount, West 
Liberty. Shepardstown, Glenville, Athens, school for 
deaf and blind, and two institutes for colored 
students. These schools are nearly all in large 
imposing buildings, and everything about them 
having the latest improvements. 

THE STATE OUT OF DEBT. 

Another matter we wish the landseeker to ob- 
serve, which is, that while this state is evidently at 
the ver.v head in modern public buildings, the state 
is not in debt one dollar! And not only that, but 
the tax rate on each $1,000 is only 85 cents. Under 
the head of "valuations" it is interesting to see 
this tax rate with states in general. 



218 



West Virginia Opportunities in Agriculture and Varied Enterprises 



The prosperity which has come to this state is 
partially explained by the enormous resources of 
the state. This is seen under the head of "Pro- 
ductions." But it is only partly explained there 
from the fact, that while we mention the revenue 
from a few items the income from ininerals alone, 
in one year, is $74,731,376. 

WHAT ABOUT THE FUTURE. 

But if this young state can at this age, in her 
history, have all of her public buildings in such fine 
condition, all paid for, and the state be out of 
debt, with only a tax rate of S5 cents on a thousand 
dollars, what of the future? 

Let us investigate for the benefit of the land 
investor and home seeker who contemplates removal 
but is undetermined yet where to go. 

The coal area of West Virginia covers over 16.000 
square miles, the seams of coal in some places 
being 2.j0 feet thick. Great beds of this fuel adjoin 
the Ohio river, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
and other lines of transportation, convenient for 
shipment. This fuel, in unlimited amount, which 
brings into the state annually, over $30,000,000, con- 
tains every quality of cannel, splint, coking, black 
and bituminous coal, and all these varieties are in 
thick and easily worked veins. 

A GREAT FUTURE COMING IN IRON 

Iron ore exists in twenty-two counties; the best 
ores being, according to the state geologist, in 
Grant, Pendleton, Hardy, Pocahontas and Greenbrier 
counties. As yet the people have been so busy 
with other enterprises that the iron industry has 
not been developed, but the supply is here for great 
manufactories when time comes for their establish- 
ment. 

Fire clay and potter's clay is found here in such 
abundance as to bring over $2,000,000 annually into 
the state from the manufacture of clay products. 

There being only comparatively few persons to the 
square mile here, there has been as yet but little 
inducement, and no time to begin the extensive 
manufacture of woodenware. But when piano 
makers, furniture workers and vehicle dealers are 
ready, they should know that there are 11,776,000 
acres, in West Virginia, covering 73 per cent area 
of the state which, at the prevailing price of lumber 
would be worth, it is estimated, naoi'e than twelve 
hundred millions of dollars. 

Under the head of "Productions" and department 
of "Manufactures" it is seen that the value of 
manufactured products In West Virginia annually 
Is over $128,000,000. 

Our space does not permit us to enumerate fully 
- — but in brief there are in making tlour and grist- 
mill products, 730 establishments, 16 glass factories, 
23 factories for car building and repairs, 62 foundry 
and machine shops, and 83 planing mills.. 

It is difficult to predict what the leading indus- 
tries will be in the future inasmuch as so many are 
yet waiting on time and capital for development. 

There are some ten points in the state where 
there are sulphur, medicinal and mineral springs. 
Some of these are famous as pleasure and health 
resorts. 

SALT, BRICK AND DR.\IN TILES 

There are numerous salt wells, and salt is just 
begrinning: to be made as a marketable commodity. 

Much of the soil is composed of a clay suitable 
for the making of fire brick, sewer and drain tiles. 
With the immense amount of this raw material 
accessible there can be unlimited expansion in this 
industry. 

About two-thirds of the people are engaged in 
agriculture, and with the favorable conditions which 
prevail in West Virginia this must always be the 
leading industry of the state. 

By the census of 1000 it was shown that only 
about one-half of the agricultural land of the 
state was improved and that over 5,000,000 acres 
are, a.t this writing, unimproved. 

GREAT FIELD FOR THE TRUCK GARDENER. 

The growth of population in the various indus- 
tries, outside of agriculture, is making a local mar- 
ket for the sale of all kinds of garden products. 
And the attention of land seekers is especially 
called to the growing opportunities offered in this 
state for market gardeners in the vicinity of the 
towns. 

So rapid has been the growth of demand for fresh 
garden products in the coal and manufacturing towns 
of late in this state as to increase the sales 413 per 
cent in the past ten years. 



IM3IENSE COMING DEM.4ND FOR FOOD 
TKODLCTS 

A writer treating on the subject of market gar- 
dening in West Virginia and the means by which 
the business has been advanced says "this increase 
has been made iii an effort to produce vegetables 
and small fruits in the valleys and on the hills, to 
supply not only the toilers in the factories, but the 
more than forty thousand miners who toil beneath 
the hills for those dependent upon them. No other 
American state has a better home market for its 
vegetables — garden products — than West Virginia." 

As has been shown under the head of topography, 
the soils of our river bottoms, composed of the dis- 
integration of the rocks, are extremely fertile and 
especially adapted to the cultivation of garden 
products. The AVest Virginia gardener, with his 
home market in the coal fields, and manufacturing 
centers, all around him, is not confronted with the 
problem of transportation and storage as are those 
who must sli*p long distances. 

NATURAL ADVANTAGES HERE. 

Thus he is not subjected to losses in a glutted 
market where railroad traffic and commission rates 
absorb his profit, he receiving small returns for his 
industry. Neither is he subjected to losses because 
of the perishable nature of his crops, for he has 
his regular customers, who are largely the con- 
sumers as well and they need stated supplies at 
regular intervals. Neither does he have the expense 
of insurance. It is estimated that he who produces 
and ships to far-away markets, after paying freiglits, 
drayage, insurance and commissions, scarcely re- 
ceives forty per cent of the price which the con- 
sumer pays for his vegetables. Not so with the 
West Virginia gardener who sells to the local mar- 
kets around him, directly to the consumer or re- 
tailer, and thus receives the seventy-five to one hun- 
dred per cent of the price of his products. Not in 
thirty years to come will our gardening industry be 
able to supply existing and ever increasing demands 
for their products in the home markets of the coal 
fields, and other centers of industry within the staje. 
And when a surplus is created, the great market 
centers of Pittsburg and other cities lie within a 
few hours of their doors. 

As home seekers and investors in land carefully 
Investigate they will find superior opportunities for 
getting suppoi't for themselves in West Virginia, 
while rapid increasing population must result in 
greatly advancing values of land. 

CONDENSED IMPORT.\NT FACTS RELATING TO 
THE STATE. 

Altitude. — Highest in the state. Spruce Knob in 
Pendleton County, 4,780 feet. 

Cliniate. — The average annual temperature is 56.4. 
At Morgantown, Monongalia County, in the extreme 
northeastern part of the state, the average January 
temperature Is 35 above zero. July, 74. Extremes 
are, warmest, 97; coldest, 25 below. Yearly rain- 
fall, 46.9 inches. Remarkably healthful climate. 
Many people having come here for the springs and 
highland air after recuperation become permanent 
settlers. 

Dimensions. — Extreme length north to south, 225 
miles; width, east to west, 200 miles. Area, 24,780 
square miles. 

Histor.v. — Counties of northwestern Virginia re- 
jected the ordinance of secession passed by Virginia 
April 17, 1S61, at Richmond, and delegates from 
counties now comprising state of West Virginia met 
in Wheeling June 11, 1801. and organized a new state 
government. Constitutional convention met in Wheel- 
ing November 24. Constitution ratified by the people 
May 3, 1862. Consent of Virginia legislature given 
for forming a new state May 13. West Virginia ad- 
mitted to the Union June 20, 1863. Wheeling made 
first seat of government and lastly Charleston be- 
came the capital of the state. 

Valuations, 1906: Real estate, $475,080,584; per- 
sonal property, $400,000,000. Tax rate on each $1,000 
is 85 cents. No bonded debt of the state. 

Productions, 190.'). — Agricultural: Oats, 1,980.586 
bushels; corn, 22,813,122 bushels; wheat, 4,373,080 
bushels. 

Manufactures: Capital employed, $86,620,823; wage 
earners, 43.758; wages paid, $21,153,042; value of 
products, $99,040,676. 

Minerals: Value of products — Coal, $32,341,790; 
clay products, $2,018,795; coke, $6,548,205; iron, pig, 
estimated, $5,250,000; natural gas, $10,075,804; pe- 
troleum, $16,132,631; stone, $842,627; lime, $255,337; 
mineral waters. $50,063. 

The raw material for the manufacture of every 
deLcripticn of product is here in such abundance 
as to build up the factor.v, and all employes in the 
factories must be fed. 



219 



WISCONSIN 



STATE AND THE 71 COUNTIES OF WISCONSIN 

With Their Boundaries 




33 i 34 135 ! 36 T 37_l_j 

42i-*3 r--T--^_-|tV:? 
\ 145^46, 48^ jsi 

55 1 56 i 57 J58^7S 
-^"f 62 r— f'-- T^^^^" 



61 



i MADisoMJ 63 i 64 UiS^f Cia 
7Q_ 



MAOlSOKi I 63 1 64 H^ 



fie i e? i 68 ; 69 Lr^-f ^ 

DO . 0« ; LAKE c-cijEVM r71 dOi ^ 

Q LUPOUS 



LOCATION AND 1910 POPULATION OF WISCONSIN COUNTIES. 



Lrtca. 



County 



Pop. 



1 Douglas. .47,422 

2 Bayfield. .15,987 

3 Ashland. .21,965 

4 Iron. . 8,306 

5 Vilas. . 6,019 



Lora. 



County 



Pop. 



6 Forest. 

7 Florence. 

8 Burnett. 

9 Washburn. 

I 10 Sawyer. 



6,782 
3,381 
9,026 
3,196 
6,227 



Locn. 



County 



Pop. 



11 Price. .13,795 

12 Oneida. .11,433 

13 Polk. .21,367 

14 Barron. .29,114 

15 Busk.. 11, 160 



Loca. 



County 



Pop. 



16 .... Taylor. .13,641 

17 Lincoln. .19,064 

18 Langlade 

19 .... Oconto. .25,657 
20 Marinette. .33,812 



220 



Location and 1910 Population of Wisconsin Counties — Continued 



Luva. 



County 



!'()[). 



21 St. Croix. 

22 Dunn. 

23 Chippewa. 

24 Pierce. 

25 *Pepin . 

26. . . . Eau Claire. 

27 Clark. 

28 Marathon. 

29 Shawano. 

30 Buffalo. 

31.. Trempealeau. 

32 Jackson. 

33 Wood. 



.25,910 
.25,300 
.32,103 
.22,079 

^32,721 
.30,074 
.55,054 
.31,884 
.16,005 
,23,928 
,17,075 
30,583 



Loca. 



Count y 



Pop. 



34 Portage. 

35 Waupaca. 

36.... Outogamie. 

37 Brown. 

38 Kewaunee. 

39 Door. 

40 La Crosse. 

41 Monroe. 

42 Juneau. 

43 Adams. 

44 Waushara. 

45 Marquette. 

46.... Green Lake. 



. 30,945 
.32,783 
.49,102 
.54,098 
.16,784 
.11,711 
.43,996 
.28,881 
.19,569 
. 8,604 
.18,886 
.10,741 
.15,491 



Loca. 



County 



J'op. 



47.... Winnebago. 
48. . . Fond du Lac. 

49 Calumet. 

50. . . . Manitowoc. 
51.... Sheboygan. 

53 Vernon. 

53 Crawford. 

54 Richland. 

55 Sauk. 

56 Columbia. 

57 Dodge. 

58... Washington. 
59 Ozaukee. 



.63,116 
.51,610 
.16,701 
.44,978 
.54,888 
.28,116 
.16,288 
.18,809 
.32,869 
.31,129 
.47,436 
,23,784 
.17,123 



Loca. County Pop. 

60 Grant. .39,007 

61 Iowa.. 22,497 

62 Dane.. 77,435 

63 Jefferson. .34,306 

64.... Waukesha. .37,100 
65.... Milwaukee. 433,187 

60 Lafayette. .20,075 

67 Green. .21,641 

68 Rock.. 55,538 

69 Walworth. .29,614 

70 Racine. .57,424 

71 Kenosha. .32,929 

Total 2,333,860 



Wisconsin Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. 



Abbottsford . . 

Abelman 

Abrams 

Adams Center. 

Aden 

Albany 

Albion 

Algoma 

Allen Grove. . . 

AUenton 

Allouez 

*Alma 

Alma Center. . 

Almond 

Alois 

Alto 

Altoona 

Amberg 

Amery 

Amherst 

Aniwa 

*Antigo 

Appollonia .... 
*Appleton .... 
Arbor Vitae. .. 

Arcadia 

Arena 

Argyle 

Arkansaw .... 

Arkdale 

Armenia 

♦Ashland 

Athens 28. 

Auburndale ... .33. 

Augusta 26. 

Avoca 61. 

Aztalan 63. 

B 

Babcock 33. 

Badger Mills. . .23. 

Bagley 60. 

Baileys Harbor. 39., 

Baldwin 21. , 

*Balsam Lake.. 13., 

Bancroft 34. , 

Bangor 40. , 

*Baraboo 55. , 

Barnes . . . 
Barneveld 
*Barron . . 
Barronett 
Barton .. . 
Bavaria . . 
Bay City. . 
Bayfield 



.61. 
.14. 
.14., 
.58., 
.18., 
.24.. 
. .2., 
Bay Settlement.37. 



947 

. . . 444 
. . . 200 

250 

250 

. . . 669 
. . . 250 
..2,083 
...321 
. . . 350 
. . . 830 
..1,011 
. . . 417 
...487 
. . . 806 
. . . 220 
. . . 824 
. . . 431 
. . . 659 
. . . 629 
. .. 274 
..7,196 
. .. 226 
.16,773 
..1,200 
..1,212 
. . . 354 
. . . 603 
. . . 262 
. . . 220 
. . . 801 
,11,594 
. . . 904 
. . . 297 
..1,405 
, . . 436 
. . 250 



. . 520 
. . 230 
. . 300 
..250 
. . 584 
. . 279 
. . 226 
. . 693 
.6,324 
. . 326 
. . 317 
.1,449 
. . 230 
. . 563 
. . 200 



Bear Creek 
Beaver Dam. . 
Beetown . . . . 
Beldenville . . 
Belgium . . . . 
Bell Center. .. 
Belleville . . . 

Bellevne 

Belmont . . . . 

Beloit 

Benton 

Berlin 

Bigbend 

Big Flats 

Big Suamico. 



36. 
. .57. 
. .60. 
..24. 
. .59. 
. .53. 
. . 63 . 
. .37. 
. .66. 
..68. 
. .66. 

.46. 

..64. 

..43. 
. .37. 



.1,689 
.. 386 
.. 436 
.6,758 
.. 232 
.. 250 
.. 228 
.. 216 
422 
'. '. 808 
. . 532 
15,125 
. . 652 
.4,636 
.. 200 
.. 280 
. . 336 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Birchwood . 
Birnamwood 
Blackcreek . 
Black Earth. 
*Black River 

Falls 

Black Wolf. 

Blair 

Blanchardvill 
Bloom City. . 
Blooiner . . . . 
Bloomington 
Blue River. . 

Boaz , 

Bonduel .. . . , 
Boscobel . . . 

Boyd , 

Brandon . . . , 
Brantwood . , 
Bridgeport . , 
Brillion . . . . , 

Bristol 

Broadhead . 

Brokaw 

Brooklyn . . . , 
Browntown . 

Bruce 

Brule 

Bryant 

Buffalo 

Burlington . . 

Burnett 

Butternut . . . 



.9. 

29. 

. . .36. 

..62. 

. .32. 
..47. 
. .31. 
e. .66. 
..54. 
..23. 
. .60. 
..60. 
..54. 
..29. 
. .60. 
. .23. 
..48. 
. .11. 
..53. 
..49. 
..71. 
. .67. 
..28. 
..67. 
..67. 
..15. 
.. .1. 



.18. 
.30. 
.70. 
.57. 
..3. 



. . 530 
. . 678 
.. 516 
.. 479 

.1,917 
. . 671 

. . 486 
. . 643 
.. 230 
.1,204 
. . 626 
. . 287 
. . 226 
.. 350 
.1,525 
. . 527 
. . 684 
. . 336 
. . 500 
. . 998 
. . 236 
.1,517 
. . 458 
. . 363 

V. 565 
. . 250 
. . 333 
. . 255 
.3,212 
. . 266 
. . 717 



Cadott 

Calamine . . 
Calumetville 
Cambria . . . 
Cambridge . 
Cameron . . . 
Campbellsport .48. 
Camp Douglas. .42. , 

Carrolville 65., 

Carter 6. , 



...23. 
, . .66. 
, ..48. 
. . .56. 
. .63. 
.14. 



Cascade 

Casco 

Cashton .... 
Cassville . . . 
Catawba . . . 
Cazenovia . . 

Cecil 

Cedarburg . . 
Cedar Grove 
Centuria . . . 
Charlesburg 
Chaseburg .. 

Chat 

Chelsea 

Chetek 

*Chilton .... 
*Chippewa Falls33 
Clarks Mills. ...50 

Clay 

Clayton . . . 
Clear Lake 
Clinton .. . 
Clintonville 
Clyman . . 

Cobb 

Cochrane . 
Colby .... 
Coleman . 



51. 

.38. 
.41. 
.60. 
.11. 
.54. , 
.29., 
.59., 
.51., 
.13., 
.49. , 
.52. . 
.17. . 
.16. , 
.14. , 
.4;). , 



..13. 
..13., 
. .68., 
. .35., 
..57., 
. .61. . 
..30.. 
. . 38 . . 
. .20. . 



.. 765 
. . 226 
. . 330 
.. 654 
. . 507 
. . .563 
. . 650 
. . 473 
. . 362 
. « 250 
. . 322 
. . 399 
. . 568 
. . 890 
. . 200 
. . 392 
. . 351 
.1,777 
. . 498 
. . 301 
. . 363 
. . 336 
. . 203 
. . 426 
. . 829 
.1,530 
.8,893 
. . 226 
. . 316 
. . 220 
. . 498 
. . 897 
.1,747 
, . 200 
. . 230 
. . 2.50 
. . 869 
, . 436 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Colfax 33. 

Coloina 44. 

Columbus 56. 

Commonwealth . . 7 . 

Concord 63. 

Conover 5. 

Coon Valley. , 
Cooperstown 

Corliss 

Cormier ...... 

Cottage Grove. .62. 

Couderay 10. 

*Crandon 6. 

Crivitz 20. 

Cross Plains.. .63. 

Cuba 60. 

Cudahy 65. 

Cumberland ...14. 
Curtiss 27. 



.50. 
.70. 
.37. 



.36. 
.14. 
.62. 
.69. 
.66. 
.67. 
.62 



D 

Dale 

Dallas 

Dane 

Darien 

*Darlington . . 

Dayton 

Deerfield 

Deer Park 21 

De Forest 63 

Delafleld 64 

Delavan 69 

Delton 55 

Denmark 37 

De Pere 37 

De Pere Station.37 

De Soto 53 

Dexterville ... .33 
Diamond Bluff. 34 



Dickeyville 
*Dodgeville 
Donaldson . 
Dorchester 
Dousman . . 
Downing . . . 
Downsville 
Doylestown 
Drummons 
Duckcreek . 
Dueholm . . 
Dunbar .... 
*Durand . . 
Dyckesville 



.60. 
.61. 
. .5. 
.37. 
.64. 



..56. 
, ..2. 
..37. 

.13. 

.20. 



E 



Eagle 

*Eagle River 
Eastman . . . . 
East Troy. . . 
*Eau Claire. . 

Eden 

Edgar 

Edgerton . . . , 

Eland 

Elcho . 
Elderon 

Eleva 

Elkhart Lake 
*Elkhorn ... 
Elk Mound. .. 
*ElIsworth . . 
Elmwood . . . . 

Elrov 

Elton 



.64. 

..5. 

. . . 53 . 

. . .69. 

. . .26. 

...48. 

. . .28. 

.. .68. 

. . .29. 

.. .18. 

. . .38. 

. ..31., 
.51. , 
.69. , 

.34.'! 
.24. , 
. 42 . . 
.18.. 



. . 701 
. . 320 
. 2,.523 
. . 866 
.1,236 



. . 391 
. . 226 
. . 535 
.1,663 
. . 250 
. . 326 
.1,833 
. . 22G 
. . 3.50 
. . 967 
.3,691 
.1,445 
. . 332 



.. 426 
.. 342 
.. 296 
.. 389 
.1,808 
.. 250 
.. 533 
.. 326 
.. 431 
.. 261 
.2,450 
. . 236 
.. 250 
.4,477 
.4,293 
. . 331 
. . 354 
. . 233 
. . 250 
.1,791 
. . 366 
. . 476 
. . 250 
. . 319 
. . 286 
. . 259 
. . 522 
.1,606 
. . 236 
. . 526 
.1,503 
. . 206 



.. 339 
.1,454 
.. 233 
. . 673 
18,310 
.. 250 
.. 746 
.2,513 
. . 368 
.. 520 
.. 236 
.. 319 
.. 499 
.1,707 
. . 303 
.1,005 
. . 585 
.1,739 
. . 493 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Embarrass . 
Emmerton . 
Ephraim . . . 
Esdaile .... 

Ettrick 

Eureka 

Evansville . . 



. 35 . 

\'.3i)'. 

.34. 
..31. 

.47. 

.68. 



Fairchild .... 
Fair Oaks. . . 
Fall Creek... 
Fall River. . . 
Fennimore . . 
Fenwood .... 
Ferrvville . . . 

FiHeld 

Fish Creek. . . 
* Florence . . . 
*Fond du Lac 
Footvllle .... 
Forest Junction. 49 
Forestville ....39 
Fort Atkinson. .63 

Fosterville 5 

Fountain City. .30 
Fox Lake 
Junction 
Frederic . . 
Fredonia . . 
Freemont . 
♦Friendship 



, .57. 
..13. 

.59. 

.35. 

.43. 



G 



Galesville . 
Gays Mills. 
Genesee . . . 

Genoa 52. 

Genoa Junction.60. 



.31. 
.53. 
.64. 



Germantown 

Gile 

Gilett 

Gilmanton . 
Glenbeulah . 
Glen Flora.. 

Glenrock 

Glenwood City..21 

Glidden 3 

Gordon 1 

Gotham 54 

Grafton 59 

*Grand Rapids..33 
Grandview . . 

Granton 

*Grantsburg . 

Gratiot 

*Green Bay. . 
*Green Lake. 
Greenleaf . . . 
Greenstreet . 
Greenwood . . 
Gresham .... 

H 

Hackley 5. 

Hales Corners. .65. 



..27. 

. . .8. 
. .66. 
..37. 
. .46. 
. .37. 
. . 50 . 
. .37. 
. .39. 



Hamburg 
Hammond 
Hancock . 
Hartford . 
Hartland . 
Hatley ... 
Haugen . . 
Hawkins . 



. . 38 . 
, .21. 

.44. 

.58. 
..64. 

.28. 

.14. 

.15. 



... 283 
. . . 462 
... 720 
... 303 
... 363 
. . . 362 
..2,061 

... 678 
. . . 891 
... 523 
... 360 
..1,159 
. . . 220 
. . . 280 
...326 
... 200 
..1,870 
.13,797 
. . . 392 
... 250 
. . . 250 
. .3,877 
.. . 326 
..1,031 

. . . 851 
...511 
. . . 750 
. . . 305 
...276 

. . . 973 
. . . 557 
. . . 250 
. . . 275 
. . . 709 
. . . 205 
. . . 451 
. .. 610 
. . . 250 
. . . 562 
. . . 520 
...277 
. . . 954 
. . . 606 
. . . 366 
. . . 350 
. . . 848 
..6,521 
. . . 436 
. . . 250 
...721 
. . . 368 
.25,236 
. . . 563 
. .. 226 
. . . 336 
. . . 665 
, . . 305 

. . 526 
, . . 200 
. . 350 
. . 408 
. . 510 
.2,982 
.. 738 
. . 3.S0 

.' .' 460 



Fxplanation : Index to Towns Fir.st Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat 



221 



Cities and Villages of Wisconsin with 1910 Populations 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Hawthorne . . . 

Hay ton 

•Hayward . . . . 
Hazel Green. .. 
Hazelhurst . . . 
Heineman . . . . 
Helenville . . . . 

Hersy 

High Bridge. . 
Highland . . . . 

Hika 

Hilbert 

Hiles 

Hillsboro 

Hines 

Hingham . . . . 

Hixton '. . 

Holcombe . . . . 
Hollandale . . . 

Holmen 

Honey Creek.. 

Horicon 

Hortonville . ., 

Houlton 

* Hudson 

Humbird 

♦Hurley 

Hustisford . . . 



. .1. 
.49. 
.10. 
.60. 
.13. 
.17. 
.63. 
.21. 
. .3. 
.61. 
.50. 
.49. 
. .6. 
.53. 
. .1. 



, . . 350 
, . . 230 

.3,741 
, . . 621 
, . . 375 
, . . 230 

. . 350 

. . 260 

. . 250 
, .1,096 

. . 275 
, . . 573 
, . . 526 
. . . 804 

. . 526 
, . . 32P 
, . . 291 
, . . 326 
. . . 265 
, . . 300 
. . . 300 

.1,881 
. . . 863 
, . . 466 
. .2,810 
. . . 500 
..2,523 
. . . 615 



Iduna 31. 

Independence ..31. 

Ingram 15. 

lola 35. 

Iron Belt 4. 

Iron Mountain. .57. 

Iron Ridge 57. 

Iron River 2. 

Ironton 55. 

Itasca 1. 



. . 630 
. . 664 
. . 360 
. . 850 
.1,000 
. . 200 
. . 250 
.1,266 
. . 250 
. . 336 



Jacksonport . . .39. 
* Janesville . . . .68. 

*Jefferson 63. 

Johnsburg 48. 

Johnson Creek. 63. 
Johnstown Cen.68. 

Juda 67. 

Junction 34. 

* Juneau 57. 



K 



Kansasville 
Kaukauna . . 

Kellcy 

Kellnersville 
Kendall .... 

* Kenosha . . 
Kewaskum . 

* Kewaunee . 

Kiel 

Kilbourn . . . 
Kimberly . . 

Kingston 46. 

Knapp 23. 



.70. 
.36. 

.28. 

. 50 . 

.41. 
, .71. 
, .58. 
, . 38 . 

..50. 
. .56. 
, .36. 



Lac du Flam- 
beau 5. 

•La Crosse 40. 

*Ladysmith ...15. 



Lake Geneva. 


.69 


Lakemills . . . 


..63 


Lake Nebaga- 




mon 


. .1 


•Lancaster . . . 


.60 


Laney 


.29 


Lannon 


.64 


Laona 


...6 


Larrabee . .. . 


.50 


La Rue 


.55 


Lavalle 


..55 


I^eadmine . . . 


.66 




19 


Levis 


.32 


Limeridge . . . 


.55 


Linden 


.61 


Little Chute.. . 


.36 


Livingston . . 


.60 


Lodi 


.,56 


Loganville . . . 


.55 


Lohrville .... 


.44 


Lomira 


.57 


Lone Rock. . . 


.54 


Lostcreek . . . 


.24 


Louisburg . . . 


.60 


Lowell 


.57 


Loyal 


.27 


Luck 


..13 


Luxembourg . 


.38 



. . . 236 
.13,894 
..3,583 
. . . 253 
. . . 435 
...220 
. . . 291 
. . . 263 
. . . 603 

. . . 366 
..4,717 
. . . 300 
. . . 435 
...477 
21,371 
. . . 625 
..1,839 
, .1,244 
..1,170 
. . . 200 
. . . 204 
. . . 413 



, . . 226 
.30,417 
. .2,353 
..3,079 
..1,672 

. . . 483 
..3,329 
..1,814 
. . . 450 
. . . 720 
. . . 362 
. . . 250 
. . . 421 
. . . 226 
. . . 350 
. . . 200 
. . . 350 
. . , 580 
. . . 354 
. . . 662 
. .1,044 
. . . 260 
. . . 301 
. . . 529 
. . . 497 
..1,066 
. . . 228 
...318 
. . . 677 
. . . 383 
. . . 402 



Loca. Pop. 



Lyndon Station. 42. 

Lynxville 53. 

Lyons 69. 

M 

Macfarland 62. 

Madison (capi- 



62. 
..34. 
..35. 
. .46. 
..13. 
..50. 
. .39. 
..28. 
..48. 
. . .3. 
. .20. 
..35. 
. .46. 
. .46. 
. .62. 
. .33. 
..67. 



tal) 
Maiden Rock 
Manawa .... 
Manchester 

Manico 

•Manitowoc 
Maplewood . 
Marathon . . 
Marblehead 
Marengo . . . 
•Marinette . 

Marion 

Markesan . . 
Marquette . . 
Marshall . . . 
Marshfleld . 
Martintown 

Mason 

Mattoon .... 
•Mauston . . . 
Mayville . . . 
Mazomanie . 
•Medford ... 
Medina .... 

Mellen 

Melrose 32 

Menasha 47 

Menomonee 

Falls 

•Menomonee 
Mercer .... 
•Merrill .... 
Merrillan . . . 
Merrimack . 
Middleton . . 

Mifflin 

Milladore . . 
Milltown . . . 

Milton 

Milton Junction. 68 
•Milwaukee ... .65 
Mineral Point. .01 



.29. 
.43. 
.57. 
.62. 
.16. 
.36. 
.3. 



.64 
.22 
...4 
.17 

.32 
..55 
.63 
.61 
.33 
.13 
.68 



. .13 
. . .9 
. . 50 
..30 
. .67 
.45 



Minocqua 
Minong . . 
Mifhicot . 
Mindovi . 
•Monroe . 
•Montello 
Montfort June. .61. 

Monticollo 67. 

Montreal 4. 

Morrisonville ..62. 

Mosinee 28. 

Mount Calvary. 48. 
Mount Hope. . . .60. 
Mount Horeb. . .62. 
Mount Sterling. 53. 
Mukwanago ...64. 
M usco da 60 . 

N 

Nashotah 64. 

Nashville 6. 

National Home.65. 



274 
426 



. . . 420 

.25,531 
. . . 337 
... 820 
... 230 
... 650 
.13,037 
. . . 260 
... 656 
... 275 
... 250 
.14,610 
... 798 
... 892 
... 313 
... 459 
. .5,783 
. . . 200 
... 750 
. . . 868 
..1,701 
..3,382 
. . . 917 
. .1,843 
. . . 236 
. .3,833 
... 250 
. .6,081 

... 919 
. .5,036 
.. . 226 
. .8,689 
. . . 625 

312 

679 

350 

325 

250 

833 

926 

373,857 
. .2.935 
... 470 

200 

450 

..1,325 
. .4,410 
. .1,104 
. . . 558 

671 

562 

230 

482 

350 

302 

..1,048 

303 

615 

798 



Necedah 

Neenah 

•Neillsville . . 

Nekimi 

Nekoosa 

Nekoosa June 

Nelson 

Nsosho 

Neshkoro 4 

New Auburn... 23. 

New Berlin 64. 

Newburg 58. 

New Cassel 48. 

New Digging. . .66. 
New Glarus. . . .67 . 
New Holstein . .49. 



.45 

.47. 

.27. 

.47. 

.33. 

.33. 

.30. 

.57. 



New Lisbon . . . 
New London. . . 
New Munster. . 
New Richmond 

Niles 

Norrie 

North Crandon 



N. Fond du Lac. 48. 



N. Freedom . 
N. La Crosse. . 
N. Milwaukee. 
Northport . . . . 
North Prairie. 



.55 
.40 
.65. 
.35. 
.64. 



. . . 226 
. . . 233 
. .2,100 
. .1,054 
. .5,734 
..1,957 
. . . 908 
. .1,570 
. . . 285 
. . . 285 
. . . 304 
. . . 308 
. . . 364 
. . . 380 
. . . 483 
. . . 326 
. . . 350 
. . . 708 
. . . 839 
..1,074 
. .3,383 
. . . 200 
..1,938 
...226 
. . . 226 
. . . 508 
. .1,960 
. . . 647 
. . 7.096 
. .1,860 
. . . 420 
. . . 266 



Loca. Pop. 



Norwalk 
Nye 



O 



Oakfield 

Oakland 

Oconomowoc 

•Oconto 

Oconto Falls. 

Odanah 

Ogdensburg . . 

Ogema 

Omro 

Onalaska . . . 

Oneida 

Ontario 

Oostburg . . . . 
Orfordville . . 

Osceola 

•Oshkosh . . . 

Osseo 

Ot.ien 

Ottawa 

Owen 

Oxford 

P 

Packwaukee 
Palmyra . . . 
Pardeeville . , 
Park Falls. . , 
Paynesville 



.41. 
.57. 

.48. 
.63. 
.64. 
.19. 
.19. 
..3. 
.35. 
.11. 
.47. 
.40. 
.36. 
.52. 
.51. 
.68. 
.13. 
.47. 
.31. 
.65. 
.64. 
.27. 
.45. 

.45. 
.63. 
.56. 
.11. 
.65. 



Pelican Lake. ..12. 



.20. 
...4. 
.19. 



.16. 
. .20. 
. .64. 

.11. 

.18. 

.37. 

.44. 
..17. 

.33. 

.44. 



Pembine 

Pence 

Pensaukee . . . 

Pepin 

Perkinstown 
Peshtigo . . . , 
Pewaukee . . 
•Phillips .... 

Phlox 

Pine Grove. . . 
Pine River. . 
Pine River. . 
Pittsville .... 
Plainfleld .... 

Plainville 43. 

Platteville 60. 

Pleasant Prairie71. 

Plover 34. 

Plum City 24. 

Plymouth 51. 

Polonia 34. 

•Portage 56. 

Port Edwards. .33. 

Portland 57. 

*Pt. ■Washingt'n59. 

Port Wing 2. 

Potosi 60. 

Pound 20. 

Povgan 47. 

Poynette 56. 

•Prairie du 

Chien 53. 

Prairie du Sac.55. 
Prairie Farm. ..14. 

Prentice 11 . 

Prescott 24. 

Princeton 46. 

Pulaski 29. 

B 

•Racine 70. 

Randolph 57 

Random Lake... 51 



Readstown 
Reedsburg . . . 
Reeseville . . . 
Reesevile .... 
Redgranite . . 

Rewey 

•Rhinelander 
Rib Lake. . . . 

Rice Lake 14. 

•Richland 

Centre 54. 

Richmond Falls. 



.55 
.55. 
,.57. 
.57. 
.44. 
.61. 
.12. 
.16. 



Richwood 
Ridgeway . 

Rio 

Ripon 

River Falls. 
Robbins ... 
Roberts .... 
Rochester . . 

Rockdale 62 

Rockmont 1 

Rome 63 

Rosecrans .50 

Rosendale 48 



57. 
. .61. 
. .56. 
..48. 
. .24. 

..13. 
. .21. 

.70. 



. . . 502 

. . . 226 

. . . 522 
..1,287 
. . 3,054 
..5,629 
..1,427 
..2,109 
. . . 308 
. . . 250 
. . 1,385 
. .1,146 
..3,380 
. . . 383 
. . . 380 
. . . 449 
. . . 634 
.33,063 
. . . 690 
. . . 366 
. .1,.500 
. . . 745 
. . . 250 

. . . 250 
. . . 649 
. . . 987 
..1,972 
. . . 522 
. . . 220 
. . . 390 
... 409 
. . . 250 
. . . 397 
. . . 306 
..1,975 
... 749 
..1,948 
. . . 250 
...201 
.. . 201 
..1,213 
... 450 
. . . 733 
... 901 
..4,453 
... 301 
...319 
... 305 
. .3,094 
... 201 
..5,441 
... 750 
... 250 
..3,792 
. . . 251 
... 464 
... 301 
... 662 
... 656 

..3,149 

... 702 
... 368 
. . . 606 
. . . 936 
..1,269 
... 436 

.38,002 
937 
408 
... 515 
..2,615 
... 353 
. . . 352 
.1,521 
... 329 
. .5,637 
. .1,018 
..3,968 

. .2,652 
...211 
... 212 
... 437 
... 704 
..3,739 
.1,991 
. . 201 
. . 203 
. . 284 
. . 203 
. . 301 
. . 225 
. . 201 
. . 304 



Loca. Pop. 



Rosholt 34. 

Royalton 35. 

Rudolph 33. 

S 

Sagole 36. 

St. Anna 51. 

St. Cloud 48. 

St. Croix 13. 

St. Francis 65. 

St. Lawrence. . .58. 
St. Nazianz. . . .50. 

Salem 

Sauk City. .. 
Saukville ... 

Sawyer 

Scandinavia 



71. 

..55. 

. .59. 

..39. 

. ..35. 

Schlesingerville.58 



.28. 
.51. 
.53. 
.36. 
..3. 
.69. 
.29. 
.51. 



Schofield 

Scott 

Seneca 

Seymour .... 
Shanagolden 

Sharon 

•Shawano .. 
•Sheboygan . . — 
Sheboygan Falls51 

•Shell Lake 9 

Sherry 33 

Shiocton 36 

Rhopiere 68 

.Shullsburg ... .66 

Silverlake 71 

Sinsinawa 60 

Soldiers Grove. .53 
Solon Springs. . .1 

Somers 71 

Somerset Sta. . .21 

Soperton 6 

S. Germantown.58 
S. Milwaukee. .65 
South Range. 
South Wayne. 

•Sparta 

Spencer 

Spirit 

Spooner 

Springfield . . 
Spring Green. 

Springlake . . 

Spring Meadow. 65 
Spring Valley.. 24 

Stanley 23 

Starlake 5 

Star Prairie. . . .21 
State Hospital. .47 
Stetsonville .16 

Steuben 53 

•Stevens Point. 34 

Stiles 19 

Stinnett 9 

Stitzer 60 



.1. 

. .66 
..41 
. .28 
..11 
...9 
..69 
. .55 
, .44 



Stockbridge 
Stockholm 
Stoddard . . 
Stoughton . 
Stratford .. 
Strum 



..49 
. . 25 
..52 
, ..62 

, . .28 
.31 



•Sturgeon Bay.. 39. 



Suamico 
Sullivan .... 
Sun Prairie. 
•Superior . . 

Suring 

Sussex 

Symco 



37 
..63 
. .63 
...1 
. .19 
..64 
. .35 



. . 383 
. . 203 
.. 203 

.. 201 
.. 201 
. . 309 
. . 569 
.1,503 
.. 203 
. . 503 
. . 303 
. . 867 
. . 200 
. . . 301 
. . . 355 
. . . 538 
. . . 889 
. . . 202 
. . . 254 
. .1,109 
. . . 301 
. . . 879 
..2,923 
.26,398 
. .1,633 
. . . 902 
. . . 252 
. . . 536 
. . . 301 
. .1,063 
. . . 301 
. . . 701 
. . . 667 
. . . 253 
. . . 251 
. . . 351 
. . . 403 
. . . 205 
. .6,093 
. . . 351 
... 301 
. .3,973 
... 363 
... 801 
..1,453 
... 251 
... 733 
... 203 
. .3,104 
. . . 973 
..2,675 
...201 
... 253 
..1,111 
...201 
... 237 
. .8,692 
. . . 46« 
... 301 
... 275 
... 328 
... 204 
... 343 
..4,761 
... 763 
. . . 253 
. .4,262 
... 301 
... 301 
. .1,119 
. 40,.S84 
. . . 211 
...211 
... 313 



Taylor 33. 

Theresa 57. 

Thiensville . . . .59. 

Thorp 27. 

Three Lakes. . .12. 

Tigerton 29. 

Tisch Mills 50. 

Tomah 41. 

Tomahawk . 

Tony 

Trego 

Trempealeau 

Tripoli 

Truesdell . . , 
Turtle Lake. 
Two Rivers. . 

V 

Union Center. . .43. 
Union Grove. . .70. 

Unity 28. 

Utica 62. 



..17. 

.15. 
,..9. 

.31. 

.12. 

.71. 

.14. 

.50. 



. . 254 
. . 345 
. . 254 
. . 741 
. . 301 
. . 728 
. . 225 
.3,419 
.2,907 
. . 201 
. . 201 
. . 535 
. . 253 
.1,680 
. . 443 
.4,851 



. . 301 

. . 616 

, . 363 

. 855 



222 



Wisconsin Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations 



Loca. Pop. Towns 



Valders 

Valley Junction. 41 



Vandyne 
Verona . . 
Vesper . . 

Viola 

*Viroqua 

Wabeno . 

Waldo 

Walworth . . 
Warrens . .. , 
•Washburn . 
Washington 
Harbor . . . 



W 



.50. 


. . . 222 


an. 41. 


. . . 201 


..48. 


.. 218 


..62. 


.. 355 


. .33. 


. . . 261 


..54. 


.. 671 


..52. 


.2,059 


...6. 


.. 503 


. .51. 


. . 252 


. .69. 


.. 755 


..41. 


. 1,408 


.. .2.. 


.3,832 



Loca. Pop. 



.39. 



738 



Waterford , 
Waterloo . . 
Watertown 
Waukau . . . 
*Waukesha 
Waunakee . 
*Waupaca . 
Waupun . . . 
*Wausau . . 
Wausaukee 
'Wautoma 
Wauwatosa 
Wauzeka . . , 
Wayside . . , 
Weiskisit 
Welcome . . . 



.70. 

.63. 

.63. 

.47. 

.64. 

.62. 

.35. 

.48. 

.28., 

.20.. 

.44.. 

.65., 

.53.. 

.37.. 

.18.. 

.36. . 



. . 581 
.1,222 
.8,829 
. . 301 
.8,744 
. . 551 
.2,739 
.3,362 
16,563 
.2,066 
.. 964 
.3,346 
. . 470 
. . 302 
. . 253 
. . 341 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



West AUis. . . . 
♦West Bend. . . 

Westboro 

Westby 

West be Pere. 

Westfield 

W. Milwaukee. 

Weston 

West Salem. . . 
West Sweden.. 
Weyauwega . . 
Weyerhaeuser. 
Whitefish Bay. 
•Whitehall ... 
Whitewater . . 
Wild Rose 



.65. 
.58. 
.16. 
.52. 
.37. 
.45. 
.65. 
.22. 
.40. 
.13. 
.35. 
.15. 
.65. 
.31. 
.69. 
.44. 



.6,645 
.2,462 
.. 704 
.. 902 
.4,292 
.. 729 
. 1,458 
.. 327 
. . 842 
.. 401 
. . 967 
. . 371 
. . 542 
. . 703 
.3,224 
. . 531 



Towns 



Williams Bay.. 69., 



Wilmot 

Wilson 

Wilton 

Winchester . 
Windsor . . . 
Winnebago . 
Winneconne 

Withee 

Wittenberg . 
Wonewoc . . . , 
Woodford . . , 
Woodville . . . 
Wrightstown 
Wyocena . . . 



Loca. Pop. 



.. 553 
. . 251 
. . 505 
. . 510 
. . 968 
. . 203 
.1,104 
, . 943 
, . 443 
1,091 
. 789 
. 200 
. 320 



71. 
. .21. 
..41., 
. .47., 
..62.. 
. .47., 
. .47.. 
..27.. 
..29.. 
..42. . 
. .66.. 
.21.. 
. .37. . 
..56.. 



WISCONSIN 

INFORMATION CONCERNING NORTHERN WISCONSIN LANDS 

In reply to our questions about Wisconsin cut-over timber lands we receive the following: 



. College of Agriculture, Madison, Wis. 
r.,Z^t ?J!''^® °f ••cut-over" lands, i. e., those from 
Which the valuable timber has been removed, in 
Isorthern Wisconsin, ranges from $5.00 to S20.00 per 
acre; for lands carrying valuable timber the prices 
range from $10.00 to iSiO.OO. 

. Kentucky blue grass, red top and timothy flourish 
in ^.orthern Wisconsin in great profusion. Blue grass 
soon forms a dense sod and timothy, on fertile 
tracts, grows luxuriantly, yielding crops for many 
years without reseeding. Red, alsike and white clover 
nourish, the two former usually giving two cuttings 
a year. Clover does not so often winter kill as in 
the southern part of the state because the ground 
does not thaw out in winter and is usually covered 
with snow. ^ ^^j. 

Indian corn can be successfully grown over a large 
part of the north on the warmer sandy-loam soils. 
As the country becomes more settled considerable 
crops of corn will be grown. Oats are at home in 
Northern Wisconsin and yield large crops of heavy 
grain. Barley grows well there. Some wheat is 
grown, but the settler should not rely upon that 
crop Rye IS largely grown and the field or Canada 
pea flourishes to a surprising degree. Already there 
are .scores of canning factories in the state canning 
green peas. The yield of ripe peas is from 15 to 30 
bushels or more per acre. They are extremely val- 
uaole for feeding stock, especially hogs for producing 
choice bacon and hams. 

Root crops of all kinds flourish. Potato growing is 
already an enormous industry in the north central 
portion of the state, and where the soils are not too 
heavy, this is one of the most profitable crops of the 
northern farmer. Cabbages, rutabagas, beets, etc., 
yield large returns of excellent quality. The sugar 
beet grows well in the north and on suitable soils 
carries a very heavy percentage of sugar. 

Dairying is destined to become the great industry 
of our new north. The abundant grasses and clovers 
the pure cool waters, the temperate summer climate 
all combine to this end. The writer predicts that 
IVorthern Wisconsin will become the greatest cheese 
region in all America. Sheep husbandry is also prof- 
itable. Hogs do well and can be fed upon peas, clover 
and other grains grown by the farmer 

As to healthfulness, it may be said that there are 
no diseases peculiar to Northern Wisconsin The 
water is pure and the air invigorating. Malaria is 
unknown. Ihere are no blizzards in the true sense 
of that word. There is abundance of fuel for the 
cutting. Never is there a failure of all crops in any 
one season. Under the worst of possible conditions 

one IS sure of abundance of food, fuel and water 

Items not always available to pioneer settlers in 
many parts of the west 

Every land seeker coming to Northern Wisconsin 
should know that this vast district possesses all 
kinds of soil — good, medium and poor. There ire 
"l"*"^'. inferior tracts of land in our new north which 
at this time should be severely let alone by the land 
seeker. In some places there are gravelly ridijes 



"^'th a ^hin. light soil which burns out in drv 
weather. In other places there are swamps to? deen 
and miry to be successfully drained Again thire 
are districts where drift bowlders cover the ground 
so thickly that, although the soil itself is good one 
cannot afford to make a farm at the present time 
Finally there are regions with a coarse-sand suS' 
On some of these sandy lands there is only 1 ifsht 
vegetable mold which will give fair crops for two or 
three years and then leave fields in which the loose 
sand will be blown into heaps by the wind and 
profitable cultivation become an impossibility A«a^n 
there are sandy regions covered with a peat or moor 
land formation. Some of these soil^ ar^ r.^ ?i„^^? T 
agricultural value. In some of'?hl sand/ d?str cU 
the sand is of fine particles and suited to profltahlP 
agriculture. ^The land seeker should avoid al? land" 
of questionable character, since there Wr^ nl L ^ 
tracts of good land available at relsonlbre^ricTs' 
One should not take poor lands because thev can !fp 
bought for a few dollars less per acre than the 
tracts with a good soil. There are good lands and 

''°The^?nde"-'''"^ ^"'^ ^^'^'■y northeri county ' ''"'^ 
The undersigned cannot undertake to inform ner 
?°"^ "^^o^^"'"**^ him as to the merits of parTicSur 
iuS^-^-A .^"^""^ separate tract must be seen and 
studied to gam a correct idea of its value 
i„J o^^if"^ ^^^ *° proceed advantageously in secur- 
ing a home m our new north is to visit one or more 
seemingly desirable districts. It does not master so 
much which county one goes into as It does that a 
wise selection be made when one has rea?hld somt 
given point Railroads cross every porUon of t^e 
state and the highways are generally laid out 4t 
tiers abound everywhere. The land seeker should 
carefully examine the growing crops in the region 
visited and from them make up his mind al to the 
possibilities of other tracts in the same locluty it 
should not be forgotten that soils differ sometimes 
on two adjoining farms and sometimes ll^d^ot 
worth a dollar an acre lies only a short distance 
from that which when improved will be worth S50 
or even inore per acre. All such facts come out 
himself. ""^ ^*"'^*^^ northern Wisconsin for 

The writer believes that no region in the United 
States today offers more favorable opportunities for 
persons with limited means to surely and success- 
^"''ys*'^"';?,. homes and ultimately good farms than 
Northern Wisconsin. At the same time some land- 
seekers are making serious mistakes by going about 
this matter in an unbusinesslike manner, not giving 
U rneri™^"''^''"* ^'*^^ "'''"^'' *^^ thought and carl 
Government land offices are located at Wausau 
Eau Claire and Ashland, Wisconsin. Government 
va"u^ unsold are generally of low agricultural 

Concerning State lands address State Land Com- 
missioner, State Capitol, Madison, W^s 
Wisconsin has no Board of Immigration 

W. A. HENRY, Dean and Director. 



CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO THE STATE. 



Altitude.— Rib Hill, in Marathon Co., 1,940 feet 
CUmate. — Winters long and severe, yet healthful 
To"|- '^'^f.^'age annual temperature at Green Bav is 
4d.bo. Snow, falling usually before heavy freezing 
and continuing through the winter, protects the 
roots of plants from frost and hastens vegetation in 
the spring. Average January temperature at La 
Crosse, l.j above zero; July, 73: warmest, 104: cold- 
est, 4o below zero; yearly rainfall, 30.7. At Milwau- 
,oo^ January average, 19 above; July, 69; warmest, 
100; coldest, 2o below; yearly rainfall, 32.1. 



/^®?^n*'°*-^^-'^'-"'^« length of state, north and 
south, 300 miles. Width, east to west 290 miles 
Area of state, 56,040 square miles 

History.— Many evidences of this region having 
been occupied by the Mound Builders. Visited bv 
Jean Nicolet, a Frenchman, in 1634; French fur- 
traders built a small stockade near the present town 
of Ashland 1661; Jesuit mission founded at La 
Pomte, 166.5; Green Bay, 1669. Trading post estab- 
lished at Milwaukee, 17S5; Milwaukee founded 1835- 



223 



WYOMING 



STATE AND THE 15 COUNTIES OF WYOMING 

With Their Boundaries 



Location and Population 

of 

WYOMING COUNTIES 



Lo- 

ca- 
tion 



COUNTIES Pop. 
1910 



1.. National Park.. 519 

2 Park . . 4,909 

» 3 Big Horn.. 8,886 

4 Siieridan.. 16,324 

5 Johnson.. 3,458 

6 Crook. . 6,492 

7 Weston. . 4,960 

8 Uinta.. 16,982 

9 Fremont.. 11,822 

10 Natrona. . 1,766 

11 Converse.. 6,294 

12.. .Sweet Water. .11,575 

13 Carbon. .11,282 

14 Albany. .11,574 

15 Laramie. .26,137 

Total 145,956 



WYOMING CITIES AND 

VILLAGES WITH 

1910 POPULATIONS. 



Townft 



Lnra. Pop. 



A 

Afton 8 570 

Almy 8 450 

B 

*Basin ."? 763 

♦Buffalo 5. . .1,368 

Burlington 3. . . . 465 

C 

Cambria 7 909 

Carnevville 4.... 406 

*Casper 10. . .3,639 

Cheyenne 

(capital) 15. .11,320 

*Codv 2. . .1,132 

Cowley 3. . . . 574 

Cumberland ... .8 200 

D 

Dayton 4 313 

Diamondville . . .8 696 

Dietz 4. . .1,209 

•Douglas 11 . . . 2,246 

Elkol 8 250 

Encampment . .13. . . . 421 
Evanston 8. . .2,583 

F 

Fairview 8. . . . 350 

Fort Mackenzie. .4. . . . ,S62 
Fort Russell 15... 1,066 




WYOMING CITIES AND VILLAGES WITH 1910 POPULATIONS. 



Towns 



Loca. Pop. 



Fort Washakie. .9. .. . 
Frontier 8. . .1 

G 

Gillette 6 

Glencoe 8. . . . 

Glenrock 11 ... . 

*Green River. . .12. 

Greybull 3. 

Grover 8. 

Guernsey 15. 



Gunn 12. 

H 

Hanna 13... 2 

Hartville 13. . 

Hudson 9. . 

Hyattville 3. . 

K 

Kemmerer 8. . 

Keystone 14. . 

Kinnear 9. . 

Kooi 4. . 

L 
*Lander 9. . ,1,812 



328 
520 

448 
590 
42G 
,313 
258 
250 
274 
220 

,066 
235 
319 
220 

843 
309 
620 
250 



Toicns 



Loca. Pop. 



* Laramie 14. 

Lonetree 8. 

Lovell 3. 

Lusk 11. 

M 

Manville 11. 

IMeeteetse 2. 

Monarch 4. 



.8,237 
. . 200 
. . 726 
. . 419 



.. 250 
. . 207 
. . 375 



♦Newcastle 7. 

O 

Oakley 8. 

Otto 3. , 



975 



590 
202 



.15. 



Q 



Quarry Spur. . . .8. 

R 

♦Rawlins 13. 



. . 246 
.. 562 
.4,256 



Towns 



Lora. Pop. 



Riverton . . . . 
Rock Springs. 



. .9. 
.12. 



Saratoga 13. 

Shell 3. 

*Sheridan 4. 

Shoshoni 9. 

Sublet 8. 

♦Sundance 6. 

Sunrise 15. 

Superior 12 . 

Sweetwater ....12. 



Thermopolis ....9. 

U 
Upton 7. 

W 

Wheatland . . . .15. 

Winchester 3. 

Wind River 9. 

Worland 3. 



. . 483 
.5,778 



557 
226 
8,408 
604 
347 
281 
226 
602 
306 



. 1,524 
. . 244 



796 
226 
226 
265 



WYOMING. 



ONE OF THE RICHEST OF THE UNITED STATES IN NATURAL RESOURCES. 



As the reader will observe by examination of di- 
mensions, this state is more than twice the size of 
Pennsylvania, which is of itself a large state. 

What the ultimate outcome of Wyoming will be, 
when its resources are fully developed, it is imj^os- 
sible to foresee. In the first place it is a very young 
state. It was admitted to the Union no longer ago 
than 1890. It is so young yet in being settled that 
at the census of 1900 there was less than one person 
to the square mile, while Pennsylvania had 140 per- 
sons to the square mile, being over 200 years older 
than Wyoming. 

We speak of Pennsylva.iia in comparison because 
Wyoming has several of the natural resources of 



Pennsylvania, though vastly greater. Thus the coal 
area of Pennsylvania covers 470 square miles and 
had an output of coal in 1906 valued at $25.j,269,507. 
If Pennsylvania coal is worth over $255,000,000, with 
470 square miles of coal area, what will the coal 
output of Wyoming be when the 20,000 square miles 
of coal area is fully developed? 

CLIMATE COMPARED WITH PENNSYLVANIA. 

Climate has very much to do with the growth and 
ultimate development of a region. In speaking of 
the two states, compare the temperature of the lead- 
ing cities. Thus, the average January temperature 
of Pittsburg is 30 above zero, Cheyenne is 2.'); August, 



Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same 
as Number of the County Where Town is Located; Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- 
cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. 

224 



Wyoming a State Rich in Minerals and Natural Resources 



at Pittsburg, is 74, at Cheyenne it is C7; the warm- 
est at Pittsburg is 1U3, the warmest at Cheyenne is 
100. The coldest at Pittsburg is 20 below zero, 
while the coldest at Cheyenne is 38 below. In Penn- 
sylvania the annual average teinperature is 53.0, 
while in Wyoming it is -14.1). But the average ele- 
vation of 6,000 feet above sea level makes an air so 
dry as to relieve cold weather of the disagreeable 
tinge of cold, which is experienced in a moist at- 
mosphere. 

The climate here is similar to the moiintaiii region 
of Italy and is not severe in winter. There are few 
cloudy days. Winds sometimes prevail during the 
spring and fall, but cyclones and tornadoes are un- 
known. Snowstorms are usually followed by Chinook 
winds from the Pacific ocean which, with their 
warmth, uncover the pastures, so that live stock get 
the benefit of the grasses cured by the summer sun, 
and as the cured native grasses retain their nutri- 
tion, it enables the stockman to support his stock 
upon the open range with little, and in the case of 
sheep raising, no additional food. But few climates 
are niore bracing, healthful or pleasant than the cli- 
mate of the mountain region of the western states. 
The almost constant sunlight is not only pleasant, 
but beneficial from a sanitary standpoint, and it is a 
well recognized fact in the inedical profession, that 
certain diseases, notably pulmonary afflictions, are 
much benefited by change from the states of lower 
altitudes to Wyoming or adjacent states. 

Gold, copper and coal mining, petroleum produc- 
tion and raising live stock are the most important 
business interests of the State up to the present 
time. 

RICH IN NATURAL RESOURCES. 

The State is destined in the very near future to 
become the richest, in its diversified natural re- 
sources, of any State in the Union. The minerals are 
here in quantity. There are vast coal fields as yet 
unopened and subject to entry under the United 
States statutes. There is an enormous area of oil 
land, most of which is still open for location. There 
are mountains of iron ore. There is probably more 
copper than in any other state — veins from four to 
twenty-five feet wide, running from 15 per cent to 
70 per cent, and many rich gold-bearing lodes. 

Hot springs abound, which not only equal but 
surpass the famous Carlsbad Springs of Europe. The 
analysis of the waters and the results of their use 
have demonstrated this to be true. 

BETTER TRANSPORTATION NECESSARY, 

The only thing necessary to make the state all 
and more than is claimed for it is more transporta- 
tion facilities — -railroads operated in the interest of 
local development and not solely for trans-continen- 
tal traffic — more capital invested on a business basis, 
and more men of brains, push and honest purpose. 
To all such Wyoming extends a hearty greeting and 
a co-operative hand. 

In Albany County there is over $2,000,000 Invested 
in live stock and just to the south end of the city 
of Laramie are the Acme Cement Company's works, 
which owns a thousand acres of plaster land which 
has a deposit of natural plaster from six to eight 
feet in thickness. The output is about ten cars per 
day. 

Large shops are here used for the purpose of pre- 
serving railroad ties by a process which is said to 
prolong their life two and a half times. 

A large quantity of limestone is shipped to the 
beet sugar plants and smelters of Colorado from 
quarries just to the east of Laramie. This limestone 
is the purest discovered in the LTnited States and 
is practically inexhaustible. It was used some years 
ago in the manufacture of glass. All the other in- 
gredients for the manufacture of glass of a superior 
quality are found at Laramie and it is within the 
realm of reason to predict that this industry will 
soon be in a flourishing condition at this point. At 
the State Fishery, located at this point, more than 
a million of small fry are hatched annually and 
distributed among the streams of the state. 

WHY CALLED BIG HORN. 

Big Horn County is named from the Big Horn or 
Rocky Mountain sheep, which abound in the Big 
Horn Mountains, on the east side of the Big Horn 
Basin. It is anticipated that at an early day, among 
other enterprises, a beet sugar factory will be estab- 
lished in this county, 400,000 acres of land being soon 
placed under irrigating ditches. All the roots, vege- 
tables, such as potatoes, carrots, rutabagas and foods 
of all kinds thrive excellently well up to 6,500 feet 
elevation. It is not uncommon for beets to attain a 
weight of ten and fifteen pounds and be solid to 
the core. 



HOT SPRINGS HERE. 

The Big Horn hot springs in this county are cer- 
tain to be widely celebrated. From the main spring 
a stream seven feet wide and two feet deep, with 
a temperature of 135 degrees F., flows continually. 
It possesses strong curative properties. 

Carbon County is named from the immense coal 
deposits which underlie the county. The Saratoga 
hot spring waters in this county, having a tempera- 
ture of 135 degrees Fahrenheit, have strong medic- 
inal qualities beneficial to the stomach and kidneys, 
and when bottled is a pure and pleasant water to 
drink. These springs are in an ideal place for a 
summer resort and sanitarium. The streams here 
abound in trout and the region is waiting the com- 
ing of parties who will utilize the locality for resort 
purposes. 

GREAT SIZE OF VEGETABLES. 

Converse County, named after a prominent cattle- 
man of that name, has a record for producing on 
the irrigated lands here several hundred bushels of 
potatoes to the acre; pumpkin and squash which 
reach a weight of 100 and 160 pounds. Coal, iron 
and copper are among the principal mineral prod- 
ucts of this county. Large oil fields are in this 
county and gas has been struck here in commercial 
quantities. 

THE MINERAL PRODUCTS. 

Placer mining is going forward in Crook County. 
Gold, silver, tin, copper, lead, manganese and bitu- 
minous coal are found here also in considerable 
quantity. 

Three improved flouring mills are in Fremont 
County. Coal is here in great quantity; also a num- 
ber of flowing oil wells. 

In Johnson County there are 30,000 acres under 
irrigation and 200,000 acres are susceptible of irriga- 
tion and only await the advent of the industrious 
settler who can here obtain a good home cheap. 
Pasture lands sell for ,$2; irrigated from iflS to Jl!2.j. 
Gold, silver, copper and oil are here in large quan- 
tities, but are not worked yet from lack of trans- 
portation facilities. Water power is also here for a 
hundred factories. 

Cheyenne, the county seat of Laramie County, 
has a population of 14,000; two daily, newspapers; 
the capitol building, costing $300,000; postoffice, 
$3.J0,000; Opera House, $80,000; Elks' Home, $30,- 
000; Masonic Temple, $50,000; convent school, 
$50,000. 

In the northern half of Laramie County the Wy- 
oming Development Company has reclaimed a hun- 
dred thousand a<Tes of arid land for the Wheatland 
Colony. Parties wishing to study large and superior 
systems of irrigation and the beneficial results should 
come into Wyoming. Independent of the general 
government, these iinprovements have been going- 
forward in this region for years. With the assist- 
ance of the government every valley and broad pla- 
teau, located lower than a stream, will be given the 
benefit of water supply in regular quantities some 
day in the future. 

That newspaper men, who are abreast of the 
times, great readers and know what is going on, 
are alive to the future possibilities of this state is 
shown in the many newspapers of the state estab- 
lished in small towns in the full belief that the 
towns will be many times larger. This is seen in 
the little town of Wheatland, which has a popula- 
tion of 800 and two newspapers. But these papers 
are on hand to get the advantage and be on the 
ground floor when the town numbers a population 
of 8,000. 

To show how a little Tillage of 800 people in 
Wyoming will push right along in business enter- 
prise, look at the directory of Wheatland. Three 
churches — Methodist, Congregational and Catholic; 
a library and good library building; a telephone ex- 
change and connections with all towns in Wyoining, 
Colorado, Utah and I.daho; five general stores; drug 
store, two livery stables, two hotels, one bank, a 
harness and saddle inanufacturing establishment, 
two blacksmith and carriage shops, five secret or- 
ders, a good hall and modern roller mill with a 
capacity of 125 barrels a day. 

PLENTY OF EMPLOYMENT. 

Among the primar>' reasons for the future growth 
and prosperity of such a' town as this Is the fact 
that there is plenty of employment for every person 
at good pay in the business houses or out in the 
field helping to harvest the products grown in the 
sunshine on the irrigated lands. 



225 



How Little Villages Start in Wyoming and Become Prominent. 



EASY TO GET STARTED HERE. 

And then it is so easy to get iiold here. Coal is 
cheap. Wood is abundant and may be had for 
simply the cutting and hauling. The pure, bracing 
air puts life into the newcomer at once, and he feels 
just like good, active work. After building up a 
large wood pile he goes to the lumber mills and 
buys the material for his house at $7 and $10 per 
thousand. Building stone is plenty and bricks are 
close by. 

Located right in the midst of the irrigated lands, 
where crops are sure and the land owner knows 
what to depend on, it can readily be seen that this 
town, like many others in the State, has a good 
outlook with promise of speedy returns for capital 
invested. 

The agriculturist who is looking for an ideal 
farming country; cattle and sheep producers who 
are desirous for the most advantageous conditions 
for stock raising; the business man who is seeking 
the new town full of promise, with the growing sur- 



rounding, country; and those broken in health who 
seek a favorable climate, will find good openings 
right here in Wheatland. And we might speak of 
many other little villages just as approvingly as 
this. The lands are selling here at $22 and $3.5 per 
acre. Ten years' time is given with equal annual 
payments at 6 per cent interest. No payment except 
the interest has to be made the second year, which 
gives the settler an opportunity to pay for his farm 
even though his means be limited. 

PLENTY or WATER. 

A perpetual water right goes with each piece of 
land, and the purchaser of a Wheatland farm cannot 
be deprived of an equal water right with every other 
land holder any more than he can be deprived of 
the land itself. The land and water go together. 
When the lands and water have all been sold, the 
irrigation works will be absolutely under the control 
of those holding lands in the colony. 



CONDENSED IMPORTANT FACTS RELATING TO WYOMING. 



Altitude — Highest, Fremont Peak, in Wind River 
Range, Fremont County, 13,790 feet. 

Climate — Temperature varies with elevation. Win- 
ters severe in higher altitudes, comparatively mild 
in Ihe sheltered valleys. Average annual tempera- 
ture for the state 44°. Average, January, at Fort 
Washakie, on the Shoshone Reservation in Fremont 
County, 10 above; July 67; warmest, 100; coldest, 
54 below. Average, January, at Cheyenne, 25 above; 



July, 67. Warmest, 100. Coldest, 38 below. Yearly 
rainfall, 12.2 inches. 

Dimensions — Length, north to south, 275 miles. 
Width, east to west, 365 miles. Area of the state, 
97,800 square miles. 

History — Territory partly included in the Louis- 
iana Purchase of 1803. Territory taken from Da- 
kota, Idaho and Utah and organized July 25, 1868. 
Explored by Fremont about 1842. 



FACTS OF INTEREST ABOUT WYOMING. 



Yellowstone National Park occupies the northwest 
corner of the State of Wyoming and strips of the 
adjacent states — Idaho and Montana. In 1872, by 
Act of Congress, this portion of the Rocky Moun- 
tains was set aside as a national park, "for the 
benefit and enjoyment of the people." 

It is rectangular in shape, fifty-five by sixty-five 
miles in size — the greater dimension running north 
and south; it embraces practically three and one- 
half thousand square miles. Snow-clad mountains 
within and adjacent to the Park range in eleva- 
tion from ten to fourteen thousand feet above sea- 
level; while the Park stage route ascends from 
6,700 feet at Yellowstone Station, to an aliitude of 
8,300 feet in crossing the Continental Divide. No- 
where in the world are there geysers to compare, 
either in magnitude or number, with those in Yel- 
lowstone Park. The terraces and beautiful pools of 
Mammoth even surpass those in New Zealand. The 
Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone is unsurpassed in 
beauty and coloring; and the Great Falls, at its 
head, is three hundred and sixty feet in height. 

The acting superintendent of the park is the com- 
manding officer of Fort Yellowstone, a four-company 
post. Mounted guards escort the coaches on the 
tour; and scouts are employed to protect the game. 

Hunting is not permitted in the park, but the vis- 
itor may ejoy trout fishing in mountain streams and 
Yellowstone Lake, where it is exceptionally good. 
The animals have government protection. The rock- 
formations and deposits are preserved in their nat- 
ural state. 

The road system, under the direct supervision of 
Government engineers, is one of the best in the 
country. The cost is defrayed by annual Congres- 
sional appropriations, and no pains have been spared 
to make the grades easy, and the roads so wide 
that coaches can pass at practically every pomt. 
Steel and concrete bridges span (he streams, doing 
away with fords and making .iccessible to the 
tourist many sights heretofore inaccessible. The 
roads are sprinkled and kept constantly in repair. 

PARK ANIMALS, 

The animals of the Park are objects of peculiar 
interest. No sound of gun or bark of dog is ever 
heard, and the animals, though wild, have become 
so tame that they give only curious notice to tourists 
as they pass. Deer, elk and bear roam at will 
throughout Geyserland. The red squirrel and the 
chipmunk scamper along the roadway, and those 
furry little bundles, the woodchucks, flatten out on 
the rocks and take no heed of your passing. It is 
an everyday sight to see deer and their young by 
the roadside, and now and then you get a glimpse 
of an antlered elk, with his family of cows, swim- 
ming the streams of <he Park. So much has been 
accomplished by law in robbing man of his terrors 



to the wild, that all of the animals in the Park, 
except those that — like the mountain lion and sheep 
— frequent places inaccessible to travelers, have well 
nigh lost their fears. 

The bears, some of them wrapped in robes that 
would command a fancy price, come down in the 
evening from their homes in the hills to feed around 
the hotels. The after-dinner entertainment they 
afford to guests is an everyday pleasure. 

EDUCATION. 

Wyoming was the first state to grant political 
rights to men and women, and it is but natural that 
the subject of education should receive the most 
profound attention. The schools of Wyoming are 
second to none, and in each county of the state 
every facility is extended to the children, however 
isolated are their homes, to secure an education. 
Schools are provided where there are even a very 
small number of pupils, and in all large towns are 
good high schools, which fit the young people for 
the State University. 

The University of Wyoming, located at Laramie, is 
an admirable institution, which offers splendid 
courses in literature, science and art, as well as in 
mining, mechanical and irrigation engineering, agri- 
culture and commerce 

Bulletins are issued by the University from time 
to time on topics of general interest to farmers and 
others, and are sent free upon request to all who 
will apply for them. 

BUFFALO BILL. 

Last Appearance as a Showman. 

A Richmond, Va., newspaper says: 

Richmond, Va., Nov. 1, 1911.— Colonel William F. 
Cody — "Buffalo Bill" to all the world — retired from 
public life tonight. His show was packed off to 
winter quarters and his Indians will return to their 
tepees in what is left of the red man's land, while 
"Buffalo Bill" intends to spend his remaining years 
in the Wyoming Big Horn country, where he helped 
make American history. So far as public exhibitions 
are concerned he has chased his last Indian. 

During a career which began as a pony express 
rider, led him through more Indian battles than any 
other living white man, and included twenty-eight 
years as a showman, Colonel Cody became known as 
one of the most picturesque figures of American 
frontier life. 

The sobriquet "Buffalo Bill" he earned in the early 
60s, when he contracted to furnish buffalo meat to 
the laborers building the Kansas Pacific Railroad 
and in less than eighteen months killed 4,2-80 bison. 



226 



Wyoming, a Wonderfully Interesting Region to Visit 



CANAXS CONSTRICTED. 

The State Land Board has taken especial and 
practical interest in I'urtliering the interest of tiio 
settlers. The state and national governments afford 
perfect protection for capital invested and to tlie 
settler for title to his land and the perpetuity of his 
water right. There is no possibility of loss to the 
individual investors or the settlers. The soil, cli- 
mate and altitude of Wyoming are especially adapted 
to the most profitable crops grown by irrigation. 

LIST OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS. 

The Cody Canal Association, Cody, Wyo. 

The Big Horn Basin Colonization Co., Cowley, 
Wyo. 

The Big Horn County Irrigation Co., Basin, Wyo. 

Hanover Canal Co., Worland, Wyo. 

North Platte Canal and Colonization Co., Wyn- 
cotte, Wyo., and James Lak-j Irrigation Co., Laramie, 
Wyo. All have practically completed their projects 
and sold out their lands. There are, however, sev- 
eral companies which are ready for settlers and 
information in regard to the lands can be secured 
by writing to the following: 

Sahara Ditch Company, Buffalo, Wyo. 

Boulder Lake Canal Co., Boulder or Rock Springs, 
Wyo. 

Lovell Irrigation Co., Lovell, Wyo. 

Wheatland Industrial Co., Cheyenne or Wheat- 
land, Wyo. 

Rock Creek Conservation Co., Rock River, Wyo. 

Wyoming Land & Irrigation Co., Marquette Bldg., 
CTiicago. 

La Prele Ditch & Reservoir Co., Douglas, Wyo. 

North Laramie Land Company, Uva, Wyo. 

Lake View Irrigation Co., Cody, Wyo. 

Uinta County Irrigation Co., Marbleton, Wyo. 

There are a dozen other companies having proj- 
ects in more or less advanced stages of development 
and some of them will no doubt have lands avail- 
able for contract during the season of 1911. Two 
of the largest irrigation enterprises in the west are 
the Oregon Basin project comprising about :iOO,000 
acres of land in Big Horn County, between Cody and 
Greybull, Wyoming and the Central Wyoming proj- 
ect on the Indian Reservation near Riverton in Fre- 
mont County, which will reclaim over 300,000 acres. 
At this time propositions are being made to the 
State Land Board for the building of the necessary 
irrig.ation systems and it is hoped that these two 
projects, which are probably the best in the west, 
will be begun during the season of 1!)11. By writ- 
ing to the Commissioner of Public Lands, Cheyenne, 
you can secure the biennial report of that depart- 
ment for the period expiring September 30, 1910, 
which will give a full statement of the present con- 
dition of each and every irrigation project. 

CHEYENNE. 

The capital city of Wyoming: and the county seat 
of Laramie County has a population of 11,320 and 
adjoins Fort Russell, one of the four largest- military 
posts in the United States, which has a TnlnJmum- 
population of about 3,500. An electric railway' con- 
nects the Fort with the city. 

For tlie use of the Fort and the city one of the 
finest gravity water systems in the United States 
has been built embracing five storage reservoirs 
which will afford a pure and abundant watef- sup- 
ply for domestic irrigation and manufacturing pur- 
poses. A home building and loan association with 
$.jOO,000 assets has enabled many people of mod- 
erate means to build and own their own homes. 
"Tlie Plains," a large hotel whicjh would be a credit 
to any city, was completed January 10, 1011, and 
represents an investment of $300,000, and several 
other smaller hotels have recently be«n built in ad- 
dition to those which have heretofore taken care of 
the people, so that in future Cheyenne will be able 
to care for the large tourist travel. One thousand 
skilled mechanics are employed in tjie Union Pacific 
shops. The State Capitol, the $400,000 Federal 
Building. Catholic Cathedral, Elks' Home, Masonic 
Temple and magnificent church, school and library 
buildings in the city are the source of constant 
admiration to visitors. The Park system of Chey- 
enne is a credit to the community. The annual 
Frontier celebration is known wherever the English 
language is spoken and every ycr attracts parties 
from outside of the limits of the United States. The 
climate of Che.venne and its altitude are the same as 
that of Colorado Springs, Colorado. Surrounding 
the town are excellent roads which extend in every 
direction and which are available for automobile 
travel, affording excellent trout fishing within a 



few hours ride. Cheyenne has many manufacturing 
establishments. Its pressed brick plant is supplying 
millions of brick to the surrounding country. A 
modern packing house offers a ready market for all 
the hogs and cattle of the vicinity. The Govern- 
ment and State Experimental larms show the results 
ol dry farming and irrigation methods, and over 
4,000 people have settled on faims in the vicinity 
of Cheyenne in the last few years. The Cheyenne 
Industrial Club, composed of 300 live citizens is 
always ready to give information to prospective 
homcseekers or investors. 

^II'OMING AT .V GLANCE. 

From Wyoming Commercial Club Circular. 

Area, 97,890 square miles. 

Average temperature, 44 degrees. 

Wool clip worth $0,000,000. 

Peerless in its educational facilities. 

Area of coal land, 20,000 square miles. 

Cattle, 700,000, worth $14,000,000. 

Highest grade of soft coal known. 

Finest trout fishing known to mortal man. 

Mean elevation, 6,000 feet above sea level. 

Area covered with timber, 10,000,000 acres. 

Tons of stream tin have been mined and sold. 

Lofty mountains, rolling plains, vast plateaus. 

Iron, copper and coal enough for a vast empire. 

Five million head of sheep, valued at $17, .500, 000. 

Finest natural plaster on earth, manufactured at 
Laramie. 

Area subject to irrigation and cultivation, 10,000,- 
000 acres. 

Father of modern irrigation law and the reclama- 
tion act. 

Foremost in the application of the Carey desert 
land act. 

Hundreds of miles of railroad construction laid out 
for the future. 

Nutritious grasses, furnishing abundance of feed 
for live stock. 

One hundred cars per day of iron ore shipped 
from Sunrise to Pueblo, Colo. 

Natural gas in commercial quantities discovered 
southwest of Douglas. 

Average interest rate in Wyoming, about 8 per 
cent, indicating good business conditions and a 
strong demand for money. Gilt-edged security, of 
course, brings money at a lower rate. 

In round numbers, the life insurance policies 
aggregate $5,000,000. 

Great opportunities for making money in sheep, 
cattle and horses. 

Greatest wonderland of the world, the Yellowstone 
National Park. 

All the materials necessary for the manufacture 
of the finest glass. 

Coal mines are being operated in all the counties 
of the state, save one. 

Area subject to entry under the land laws of the 
United States, 48,000,000. 

The property of Wyoming is insured against fire 
to the extent of $7,000,000. 

Most famous rendezvoux in the world for large 
game; the hunter's paradise. 

Source of the Columbia, the Missouri,' the Colorado, 
-the Rio- Grande a** the Platte. 

One "million acres of land now being reclaimed 
under government and private enterprises. 

\'ast iinn deposits, second to no State in the 
Union, cheaply mijied and high in value. 

Finest hot springs on earth, equal to Carlsbad in 
minet-al properties, located at Thermopolis and 
Saratoga. 

All the mountain ranges contain gold and silver 
deposits, awaiting the hand of the prospector and 
the miner. 

Resources practically undeveloped. Greatest field 
on the continent for moneyed men to get in on the 
ground fioor. 

Sulphur, asbestos and plumbago are among the 
minerals discovered in quantities considered com- 
mercially valuable. 

Grand opportunity for making money in the fat- 
tening of Iambs upon field peas and alfalfa raised 
upon Wyoming soil. 

The rate of taxation throughout, the state has 
decreased in the aggregate during the past ten 
years two mills on the dollar. 

Semi-anthracite coal has been discovered in John- 
son County, and coking coal has been discovered 
in two or three localities, notably at Newcastle. 

County bonds have sold as low as 4 per cent; 
school district bond.s, 4% per cent and municipal 
bonds at the same price, showing in the most con- 
clusive manner that the ( redit of the state is 
very high. 



227 



An Expert's Advice on the Fertilization of Land 



HOW TO RESTORE FERTILITY TO WORN-OUT SOILS 

The Restoration of Fertility to Worn-out Land Being a Matter of Importance to All 

Tillers of Soil, We Publish the Following Information for Land Cultivators, 

Issued by the U. S. Bureau of Agriculture at Washington. 

These Directions About Land Culture Come 

In a Pamphlet Entitled 

RENOVATION OF WORN-OUT LAND 

By W. J. Spillnian, 

AEfi-iculturist in charge of Farm Management Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. Assisted by 
^ Dr. J. A. Bonsteel of Bureau of Soils Industry. 



A summary of subjects treated includes: Differ- 
ences in Natural lertility — Nature of the Soil— 
Jlineral Plant Food — Nitrogen Compounds — Sou 
moisture and Humus — Soil Air — Substances Thrown 
Off in the Soil by Oro\vins; Plants— Effects of Tillage 
— Effect of Plowing Soil When Too Wet or Too Dry 



— Terracing and Soil Washing — Improving the Soil — 
Increasing the Stock of Humus — Stable Manui-e — 
Green Manures — Crimson Clover — Vetches — Kye — 
Cowpeas — Jliscellaneous Green Manure Crops — Types 
of 1< arming That Build Vp the Soil Quickly. 



PRELIMINARY REMARKS 



For nearly two centuries after the advent of the 
white man "in America farming was confined to a 
narrow strip of land adjacent to the Atlantic; the 
poDulation was sparse, and when a field became 
worn out the near-by woodland was cleared. As 
population increased, the younger generation crossed 
the AUeghenies, beginning the tide of migration 
which has moved westward until the present time, 
but which has now occupied nearly all of the easily 
available lands from the AUeghenies to the Pacific. 
In its westward course this advancing host farmed 
virgin soils for a century. The marvelous develop- 
ment which has occurred in this country during the 
past century was made possible by the abundant 
fertility of the new lands brought under cultivation 
and the consequent abundance and cheapness of 
farm products. 

So long as plenty of fertile land remained unoc- 
cupied in the West the exhaustion of the older land 
in the East was a matter of concern only to the 
farmers of the older settled communities. But now 
w^ are confronted by the necessity of tilling soils 
whose ability to produce satisfactory crops has been 
greatly impaired. There is even a perceptible flow 
of immigration from the high-priced lands of the 
Middle West to the depleted lands of the Atlantic 
seaboard. This has been made possible by the re- 
cent remarkable development of agricultural science, 
which has demonstrated the feasibility of restoring 
fertility to exhausted soils. Agricultural science is 
also responsible for the present movement from the 
city to the country. The conditions of country lUe 
have been alleviated; the farm has been made at- 
tractive bv adding the zest of intellectual occupation 
in the sp'lendid agricultural literature of the day; 
and farming, when intelligently followed, has been 
made profitable, even on lands that were formerly 
unproductive. 

DIFFERENCES IN NATLRAL FERTILITY. 

There is a vast difference in the natural fertility 
of soils Some do not produce well from the start 
unless special attention is given to making them 
productive; others produce large crops for a short 
time and then rapidly diminish in fertility; while 
others, known as strong soils, remain productive tor 
many years without attention to their fertility. But 
even the strongest soils will wear out in time unless 
they are intelligently managed. Curiously enough, 
as the tide of migration went westward in this coun- 
try the settlers found soils of increasing natural 
fertility as they went, and in each new settlement 
the opinion prevailed that the soil was inexhaustible. 
But even the strong soils of the western prairies 
have now been cropped with grain and abused by 
improper methods of tillage until they show signs 
of approaching exhaustion. 

Fortunately, while the rich soils of the West were 
being depleted of their fertility, the development of 
agricultural science was going forward with rapid 
strides, and, while there is much yet to learn about 
the soil, we now know, in a general way, the steps 
necessary to build up and maintain soil fertility. In 
fact, soils that were originally only moderately pro- 
ductive, and that have been rendered almost sterile 
bv improper methods of farming, can be made richer 
than they ever were. 



NATURE OF THE SOIL. 

In order to understand the methods necessary for 
restoring worn-out soils, let us consider what occurs 
in a fertile soil that is growing a large crop. Imagine 
a cubic inch of ordinary field soil magnified into a 
cubic mile. It would then present very much the 
appearance of a mass of rocks varying from the size 
of a pea to masses several feet in diameter. Scat- 
tered among these rock masses would be many pieces 
of decaying plant roots and other organic matter, 
resembling rotting logs in a mass of stones and 
gravel. The masses of organic matter would be 
found to contain large quantities of water, and to 
somewhat resemble wet sponges, while every mass of 
rock would have a layer of water covering its sur- 
face. Tlie open spaces between the solid masses 
would be filled with air. 

If a crop were growing on this soil, its roots would 
be found threading their way among the masses or 
rock and decaying roots, and pushing these aside by 
the pressure exerted by the growing root. From the 
surface of the growing root, near its tip, small hol- 
low threads (the root hairs) extend into the open 
spaces and suck up the water covering the rock par- 
ticles. The root hairs are not open at the end; they 
absorb the water through their walls. The plant 
food is dissolved in this water, but is usuall.y present 
in exceedingly sinall quantities. While the plant is 
growing a constant stream of water flows up through 
it and evaporates at its leaves. For every pound of 
growth in dry matter made by the plant, from 300 
to SOO pounds of water flow up through it. 

The plant food substances dissolved in the soil 
water may be divided into two classes, according to 
their ultimate source. 

MINERAL PLANT FOOD. 

Plants in their growth make use of thirteen chem- 
ical elements, nine of which they secure directly 
from the soil. These are called the mirieral plant 
foods; they are phosphorus, potassium, calcium, mag- 
nesium, sodium, iron, silicon, chlorin and sulphur. 
We have already seen that the soil consists mainly 
of small particles of rock. The rock particles are of 
many kinds, but nearly all kinds contain more or 
less potassium, calcium, phosphoric acid, etc. Every 
year the soil water dissolves off a thin surface layer 
from each particle. Plants appropriate this water 
and thus secure mineral plant food. 

3Ian.v generations of plants have thus been collect- 
ing their small toll of food from the soil and storing 
it up in their tissues. The amount of plant food 
made ready for plant use during each growing sea- 
son through the slow solution of the mineral par- 
ticles of the soil is doubtless supplemented to a con- 
siderable degree by the same kinds of material set 
free from the organic matter also found in the soil — 
that is, the mineral matter originally secured from 
the dissolved minerals, but built into plants during 
some former season, may again be used by other 
plants when the old matter is given an opportunity 
to decay in the soil. These foods derived directly 
from the mineral matter of the soil and indirectly 
from it through the growth, death, decay, and re- 
turn of former crops, are also supplemented in many 
cases by the application of mineral matter in the 
form of commercial fertilizers. 



Effects of Moisture, Air and Cultivation 



BEST KINDS OF MANURE IN RENOVATING SOIL 

Growing Crops to Plow Under 



NITROGEN COMPOUNDS. 

In addition to the nine elements already men- 
tioned, the growing plant requires four other ele- 
ments, as follows: Hydrogen, which it secures from 
water (water is a compound of hydrogen and oxy- 
gen); oxygen, which it secures partly from water 
and partly from the air; carbon, which is secured 
from carbonic-acid gas in the air; and nitrogen. 

>iitrogen is in many respects the most important 
of all the plant-food elements. It is not found in 
appreciable quantities in the rock particles of the 
soil. Ordinarily plants depend for their nitrogen 
entirely on decaying organic matter. As decay pro- 
ceeds nitrates are formed from the nitrogen con- 
tained in organic matter. The nitrates are exceed- 
ingly soluble, and unless soon made use of b.\- 
growing crops they are washed out of the soil 
Nitrogen is therefore usually the first element to 
become exhausted in the soil. 

Fortunately, there are certain species of bacteria 
that can use atmospheric nitrogen, of which there 
is an inexhaustible supply. One family of plants — 
the legumes — has learned to exchange work with 
these bacteria, and these plants are thus easily sup- 
plied with an abundance of nitrogen in a form they 
can use. When these nitrogen-fixing bacteria are 
present in a soil on which a leguminous crop is 
growing, the bacteria invade the roots of the legume 
and live there. Their presence is usually made 
manifest by swellings — the so-called tubercles — ofi 
the roots of thrifty plants of clover, alfalfa, beans, 
peas, and other legumes. Nitrogen from the soil air 
filters into the roots, where the bacteria appropriate 
it, manufacture an abundance of nitrates, and give 
a portion to the plant in exchange for starch. The 
tissues of leguminous plants become very rich in 
nitrogenous compounds, and when they decay in the 
soil they set free large amounts of nitrates for the 
use of any crop which may be growing at the time. 

The rultivation of leguminous crops is one of the 
most important and economical means of maintain- 
ing a supply of nitrogenous plant food in the soil. 
Nitrates may, of course, be supplied in commercial 
fertilizers; but fertilizers containing nitrogen are 
very expensive, and it usually pays better to supply 
nitrogen by growing legumes or by the application 
of stable manure, which is rich in nitrogen when 
properly handled. In good farm practice both stable 
manure and leguminous crops are used as sources of 
nitrogen. 

SOIL MOISTURE AND HUMUS. 

In order to produce a ton of dry hay on an acre of 
land it is necessary that the growing grass pump 
up from that acre approximately 500 tons of water. 
In order to supply this enormous quantity of water, 
the soil must not only be in condition to absorb and 
hold water well, but it must be porous enougli to 
permit water tj flow freely from soil grain to soil 
grain. Tiie presence of large quantities of decaying 
organic matter (humus) adds enormously to the 
water-holding capacity of the soil. One ton of 
humus will absorb 2 tons of water and give it up 
readily to growing crops. Not only that, but the 
shrinkage of the particles of decaying organic mat- 
ter and the consequent loosening of soil grains keep 
the soil open and porous. 

Furtherniore, humus of good quality Is exceed- 
ingly rich in both nitrogen and mineral plant food. 
The maintenance of fertility may alinost be said to 
consist in keeping the soil well supplied with humus. 
The first step in renovating worn-out soils is to give 
them an abundant supply of huinus of good quality. 
Perhaps the best source of humus is stable manure 
coRtaining both the liquid and the solid excrement, 
especially when the stock are fed rich nitrogenous 
foods. Even a poor quality of barnyard manure, 
which has had much of the plant food leached out 
of it, has considerable value because of the humus 
it makes. 

Another cheap and valuable source of humus, but 
one which must be used understandingly, is crops 
grown to turn under as manure. The legumes are 
especially valuable for this purpose because of the 
nitrogen they contain, but other crops, such as rye, 
and even corn sown thick, may sometimes be made 
to supply large quantities of humus of fair quality. 
Crops thus used are called green manures. They 
are more fully discussed farther on„ 



SOIL AIR. 

A proper cir<'ula(i(in of air in the soil is just as 
important as any other factor of plant growth. 
Nearly half of the volume of ordinary soils is occu- 
pied by air spaces. The air spaces in the soil wind 
in and out between the soil particles, just as they 
do in a pile of larger stones. If the layer of water 
on the surface of the soil grains becomes so thick 
as to stop the air passages here and there the soil 
is then too wet for most crops and needs drainage. 
I'lants have no special breathing organs, the oxygen 
required in their breathing finding entrance all over 
the surface of the plant. Plant roots must there- 
fore be supplied with air, and hence the soil must 
be porous enough to permit of free circulation of 
air. A good supply of humus and proper tillage will 
accomplish this result in clay soils. Sandy soils are 
usually too porous, needing humus to help them re- 
tain water. 

Another reason why air must circulate freely in 
the toil is that large quantities of oxygen are re- 
quired to insure proper decay of organic matter to 
supply plant food. Also, carbonic-acid gas is pro- 
duced by the decay or organic matter, and this must 
escape easily to make room for the atmospheric 
oxygen needed in the soil. The movement of air in 
the soil is frequently shown by the bubbles which 
appear at the surface of the soil just after a hard 
rain. As the water soaks into the soil it drives the 
air out, and bubbles may be seen at the surface if 
water enough is present to form them. 

One of the most important objects of plowing is to 
loosen up the soil and mix fiesh air with it. 

SUBSTANCES THROWN OFF IN THE SOIL 
BY GROWING PLANTS. 

Considerable evidence has been accumulated during 
recent years to show that the cause of the failure 
of soine soils to produce satisfactory crops may be 
ascribed to unfavorable conditions produced in the 
soils by the plants themselves. It is thought that 
during the growth of the plant certain unknown 
organic substances are given off which, when they 
accuniulate in the soil to any extent, are harmful to 
the further growth of plants of the kind that pro- 
duced them. It is possible that some of the benefits 
known to arise from systematic crop rotation may 
be explained on this basis. These harmful sub- 
stances seem to be disposed of rapidly by certain 
soils, usually those in which organic matter is 
readily converted into humus. Other soils, usually 
marked by a lack of the brown carbonized organic 
matter, do not seem to possess this property of re- 
moving harmful plant products to such a degree. 
This idea is in accord with the common experience 
that dark-colored soils, well filled with organic mat- 
ter, are usually very productive. 

In connection with the study of these poisonous 
organic products, it has been found that they may 
be destroyed or at least rendered harmless in a 
variety of ways. Barnyard manure or decaying or- 
ganic matter, such as a green crop of rye or cow- 
peas, turned under has a very marked effect in 
freeing the soil froin them. Almost all of the 
common commercial fertilizing materials act more 
or less in the same way. Commercial fertilizers for 
soil iinprovement have, therefore, another value 
besides adding plant food. Thorough and complete 
airing of the soil will often destroy or overcome 
these poisonous substances. The beneficial effects of 
plowing and of thorough surface tillage are thus 
explained, in part at least, on the basis of the 
thorough aeration secured. When the same crop is 
not grown oftener than every three or four years 
on the same land the injurious substances a crop 
throws off seem to have time to disappear before 
the same crop is grown again; hence the benefit 
from crop rotation. When the soil is well supplied 
with humus there is seldom any trouble from this 
source, and the same crop may be grown year after 
year with good yields, though continuous cultivation 
of the same crop may invite injury from certain in- 
sects and fungous diseases which live over in the 
soil or in the remains of the crop. 

EFFECTS OF TILLAGE. 

Improper methods of tillage add very greatly to 
the evil effects that result from lack of humus. In 
many parts of the country the land is plowed only 



229 



Treatment of New Land When First Broken 



PLOWING— WHEN TO PLOW— DEPTH TO PLOW 

Effect of Plowing When Soil Is Too Wet 



3 or 4 inches deep. Below the plowed stratum the 
soil becomes sour, densely packed, and unfit for 
plant roots. When such soils are plowed deep and 
this sour packed subsoil is mixed with the upper 
portion, the growth of many crops is greatly re- 
tarded. This has led many farmers to b'?lieve that 
deep plowing is ruinous. Some farmers have tried 
to remedy the difficulty by subsoiling. The subsoil 
plow breaks up the packed layer but does not throw 
it out on top. But while subsdihng does break up 
the hard layer into chunks it does not pulverize it 
or put humus into it. In most cases work done in 
subsoiling is practically wasted, and it is doubtful 
if it ever pays. A much better method is to plow 
a little deeper each year until a depth of 8 or lu 
inches is reached. This gives a deep layer of good 
soil, particularly if the supply of humus is kept up. 
When new soil, or that which has lain undisturbed 
for several years, is broken up, it is always best to 
plow deep from the beginning, for the deeper layers 
will be about as fertile as any, except the top inch 
or two. It is wise, too, never to plow the same 
depth twice in succession. In general, fall plowing 
should be from 7 to 9 or 10 inches and spring 
plowing from 5 to 7 inches deep. There are special 
cases in which these rules do not apply, but their 
discussion would take us too far from the purpose 
of this paper. 

We plow the soil in order to loosen up its texture 
and get air into it; also to turn under stubble, 
manure, etc., to make humus. Killing weeds is an- 
other object accomplished by plowing. After a soil 
has been thoroughly pulverized to great depths, so 
that there is no danger of turning up packed clay, 
the deeper the plowing the better the crops. But 
the cost also increases with depth, so that ordinarily 
it does not pay to plow more than about 10 inches 
deep. 

Some crops prefer rather a loose seed bed. Millet 
is such a crop. Farmers sometimes plow a second 
time in order to sow millet on freshly plowed land. 
Other crops, such as wheat and alfalfa, prefer a 
fairly compact seed bed; hence, frequent harrowing 
and rolling after plowing is good practice before 
seeding to these crops. Nevertheless, it pays to plow 
the land for them, even if we have to compact it 
again before seeding. The plowing aerates the soil 
and helps to set plant food free. 

EFFECT OF PLOWING SOIL WHEN TOO WET 
OK TOO DRY. 

Sand.v soils are usually not injured by handling 
when wet; but the case is different with clay soils. 
A fair quality of brick can be made from any 
heavy clav soil by working it thoroughly when wet 
and then "drying it in the sun. The effect produced 
by working clay soils wet is known as puddling. 
Irrigation ditches in the West are puddled by first 
flooding them to make them muddy and then driving 
bands of sheep along in this mud. This makes the 
bottom impervious to water and prevents loss from 
leakage. If a clay soil is plowed, or even harrowed, 
when too wet it is more or less puddled. In this 
condition it becomes cloddy and impervious to air 
and water. Old roadways that have been thoroughly 
puddled from traffic in all kinds of weather may be 
distinguished in fields many years after they have 
been plowed up and put into cultivation. 

The proper time to plow land is when it is just 
moist enough to break up mellow, neither wet enough 
to leave a slick surface where rubbed by the mold- 
board nor dry enough to break up in large clods; 
or, as the southern farmer puts it, when the soil 
has a good season in it. If continued rain follows 
wet plowing, little harm follows; but hot, dry winds 
would soon leave only a mass of unmanageable clods. 
In spring: and midsummer plowing, particularly, it is 
of the utmost importance to run the harrow imme- 
diately after the plow. This prevents the formation 
of clods. In late fall plowing, the clods are no 
disadvantage, for they will be broken up by freezing 
and thawing during the winter. 

TERRACING AND SOIL WASHING. 

One of the most serious results that follow shallow 
plowing, at least in hilly regions, is the washing 
away of the soil in torrential rains. In some sections 
particularly in the southern portion of the Appa- 
lachian Mountain region, farmers have attempted to 



counteract this by means of terraces. Much of the 
farm land in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabaina 
is nothing but a Series of stair steps. When terraces 
are properly laid out they do prevent washing, but 
they are a very expensive means of accomplishing 
the end sought. They- occupy land that ought to be 
in crops. They seed the land with weeds. When 
improperly constructed, and they usually are, they 
cause great ditches to be washed in the hillsides. 
Besides this they cut the land up into small, irregu- 
lar patches and greatly increase the cost of tillage. 
There is a better way of preventing washing in 
nearly all cases. 

In the first place, where land has been plowed only 
3 or 4 inches deep for several years the subsoil be- 
comes impervious to water and can not absorb a 
heavy rainfall fast enough to prevent its flowing 
over the surface. But when the land is plowed 
gradually deeper until a good depth of loose soil is 
obtained, and particularly when an abundance ot 
humus is supplied from grass roots and stubble, or 
from green crops turned under, or, better still, from 
barnyard manure, the soil becomes so porous that 
the heaviest rains cause little or no flowing of water 
on the surface. Striking illustrations of this fact 
are to be found on the farm of Mr. W. L. William- 
son, of Jackson County, Ga., and on the farm of 
Rev. J. D. Detrich, described in the Yearbook of 
the Department of Agriculture for 1903 under the 
title "A Model Farm." In the Yearbook paper re- 
ferred to, illustrations are shown of two fields lying 
side by side, both in rye. The pictures were taken 
within a few feet of each other. In one two large 
ditches had just been filled with dirt. In the other 
there was no tendency to wash. Mr. Williamson's 
farm Is located in a region where terracing is very 
general. Since he abandoned cotton culture and 
began dairying he has plowed up all his terraces, 
and his land does not wash. He plows deep and 
manures heavily. But it is possible to accomplish 
similar results, even on a farm largely devoted to 
cotton, by deep plowing and the use of green 
manures to supply humus. 

IMPROVING THE SOIL. 

W^e have seen that poverty in soil may be due to 
poor texture, unfavorable structure, lack of humus, 
deficiencies in the amount, form, or proportion of 
plant food, and to the presence of harmful mineral 
and organic compounds. With the exception of 
nitrogen, most soils, even those that are very poor, 
usually contain an abundant supply of plant food, 
though sometimes other elements are lacking or are 
present only in those forms that plants can not use. 

To increase fertility we must improve texture and 
add plant food and humus. Tillage may do much to 
improve texture, but tillage alone will not suffice. 
We must add humus. In doing so we add plant 
food, and make the soil more permeable to air and 
water. 

INCREASING THE STOCK OF HUMUS. 

There are three general methods of supplying 
humus to the soil. The first and best is the addition 
of stable manure. When properly managed it adds 
large quantities of both plant food and humus. But 
manure is not always available. When sach is the 
case, the best thing to do is to mako it available. 
Raise more forage, keep more stock, and make more 
manure. But this takes time and capital, so that 
other means are sometimes necessary. When stable 
manure is not to be had. we may plant crops for the 
purpose of turning them under, thus adding large 
quantities of humus at comparatively little cost. 
Plowing under green crops is called green manuring. 
Under certain conditions this is an excellent prac- 
tice. Crops adapted to this purpose and the method 
of using them are discussed farther on (p. 12). 

A third method of adding humus is to grow crops 
like clover and timothy. These crops are usually- 
left down for two years or more. During this time 
their roots thoroughly penetrate the soil. Old roots 
decay and new ones grow. When the sod is plowed 
up, more or less vegetable matter is turned under. 
This, with the mass of roots in the soil, adds no 
small amount to the supply of humus. Another ad- 
vantage from the cultivation of clovers and alfalfa 
is found in the fact that they are deep-rooted plants, 
and when their roots decay they leave channels deep 



230 



The Careful Saving of All Manures 



HOW TO GET BEST RESULTS IN MANURING 
The Waste of Manure On Farms 



Into the earth, thus aiding in the absorption of rains 
and letting in air to sweeten the soil. 

STABLE MANURE. 

Properly bandied, stable manure is by all nie',.is 
the best remedy for poverty of the soil. Very few 
farmers handle manure so as to get even as much 
as half the possible value from it. There is prob- 
ably no greater waste in the world than in connec- 
tion with the handling of manure by the American 
farmer. Five-eighths of the plant food ^ manure 
is found in the liquid part of it. This is usually all 
lost. Not only is this the case, but the solids are 
piled beside the barn, frequently under the eaves, 
where rains wash away much of their value. Fer- 
mentation in these manure piles also sets free much 
Of the nitrogen to escape into the air. 

The writer has seen few farmers who had no 
apologies to maite for their r'ethods of handling 
manure. He has seen one, however, who believed he 
was getting every particle of value from the manure 
it is possible to get. The farm in question was a 
dairy farm, and the methods used are not applicable 
to all types of farms. The cows were kept in their 
stalls the year around. Every day in the year they 
had either silage or green stuff from the fields. 
They also had enough dry hay to Iceep the manure 
from beinr. too washy, and what grain they needed. 
Behind each row of eight cows was a ditch IS 
inches wide and 8 to 10 inches deep. This ditch was 
cleaned thoroughly every morning after milking 
hours. After the cleaning, a small quantity of wood 
ashes was sprinkled in the ditch to dry it; then a 
layer about ] i^ inches deep of rotten sod or leaf 
mold was added. Next morning the contents of the 
ditch were lifted into a cart by means of forks, and 
the cart went imniediately to the field where the 
manure was scattered. In exceptionall.v bad weatber 
the ditch was sometimes left for two days. Thi.«: 
farmer always had a place to put manure. 

This method may not be applicable to all dairy 
farms, but it is the ideal to be followed as closely 
as circumstances will permit. If there is no sod on 
which to haul manure in wet weather, it is well to 
ha\ e a cemented pit under cover, in which to place 
the manure until it can be hauled to the field. 
When the ground is frozen in winter, manure can 
be spread on almost any field. Generally speaking, 
it should be spread on the field next to be plowed. 
The above method of handling manure gets both 
liquids and solids on the land. If any leaching 
occurs, let it be into the soil where the leachings 
will do the most good. Recent investigations indi- 
cate that when liquid manure is applied to the soil, 
the plant food in the manure is absorbed and held 
in the soil, and is not immediately washed out if not 
made use of by the plants. 

GREEN MANURES. 

Tbe practice of plowing: under green crops as 
manures is not very general, and we do not know as 
much as we should like to know of the value of 
this method. Some crops do not thrive when sown 
on land into which a green crop has recently been 
plowed. This is particularly true of those crops that 
like a solid seed bed, or which are sensitive to acids. 
When a heavy green crop is plowed under, it goes 
through a fermentation not unlike that which oc- 
curs in a barrel of kraut, resulting in the formation 
of a considerable amount of acid. 

Alfalfa is particularly sensitive to acids, and it 
also requires a compact seed bed. It is unwise, 
seeding to alfalfa. The cereals, particularly wheat 
and rye, do not do well after a green manure. On 
the other hand, potatoes and corn are not seriously 
injured by green manures. In fact potatoes are 
benefited by them, since the resulting acif condition 
of the soil prevents the development of potato scab. 

Generally speaking, when it is desirable to plow 
in a green crop before fall-sown crops, it should be 
done a month or six weeks before planting time, and 
the soil should be harrowed frequently or otherwise 
compacted. A few good rains will wash out most of 
the acids and aid in compacting the soil. The acid 
may also be counteracted by adding lime. 



I CRIMSON CLOVER. 

I ilong: Ibe Atlantic coast as far north as New Jer- 

» ey and south at least to Georgia, crimson clover, 
frequently called German clover, thrives as a winter 
annual. Like all the legumes it stores up much 
nitrogen and greatly enriches the soil in this ele- 
ment. This crop deserves a much wider field of use- 
fulness than has yet been accorded it. In the 
northern part of its territory it should be sown in 
July. In the South, September is supposed to be 
the best time to sow it. It is best adapted to 
sowing in corn or cotton. In sections where it has 
not previously been grown it frequently tails, appa- 
rently from lack of its proper bacteria. It is theie- 
fore well to inoculate the seed when it is sown for 
the first time. 

This crop furnishes valuable winter pasture, makes 
good hay if cut when just coming into full floW(;r, 
and is valuable as a green feed in spring. It helps 
to fill the gap in the soiling system between green 
wheat and early corn. Perhaps its greatest useful- 
ness is as a green manure. It may be plowed under 
any time in the spring and be followed by corn or 
potatoes. 

In this connection, the practice of a farmer near 
Hagerstown, Md., is of interest. Ten years ago he 
began sowing crimson clover in corn at the last 
plowing, covering the seed with the cultivator, and 
using 10 pounds of seed to the acre. In the spring 
the clover was plowed under and another crop of 
corn planted. Ten consecutive crops of corn have 
been taken from this field, a crop of crimson clover 
being plowed under each spring. The yield of corn 
has increased during that time from about 3.5 bush- 
els, in the beginning, to about 50 bushels at the 
present time. Evidently the practice was a good 
one in this case. 

Those who are not familiar with crimson clover 
should try it on a small scale at first, as there have 
been many failures with it. The following five-year 
rotation is a good one on stock farms in middle lati- 
tudes, and shows one way of securing the benefits of 
crimson clover as a green manure: Corn with 
crimson clover sown at last cultivation, corn, oats, 
wheat, clover (common red). 

VETCHES. 

Tbe vetches can be made to occupy a somewhat 
similar place as a green manure, at least in the 
S(julh. Prof. E. R. Lloyd, ot the Mississippi Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, reports an instance of 
a cotton grower who uses hairy vetch and cowpeas 
in a unique manner. At the beginning he sowed 
hairy vetch broadcast in his cotton at the last 
plowing. The next spring the old cotton stalks were 
left standing, the new rows of cotton being planted 
in the middles, which were bedded up in the usual 
manner. When the vetch had made seed, the stalk 
cutter was run over the old rows and they were then 
plowed out and cowpeas planted in their place. Sub- 
sequent cultivation was between the cotton and the 
cowpea rows. In the autumn the vetch sprang up 
again and grew during the winter, the cowpeas being 
left to decay in place. The following spring the 
cotton rows followed the old cowpea rows, and the 
vetch was left to seed on the old stalks as before. 
This method reouires that the cotton rows should be 
about .5 feet apart, but the farmer who practices it 
assured Professor Lloyd that his yield of cotton had 
doubled in the three years since the practice was 
started. This method is worth the attention of 
farmers who grow cotton continuously on the same 
land, and this class includes the vast majority of 
cotton growers. 

RYE. 

R.ve is not half appreciated by the American 
farmer. It is very hardy, will grow on the poorest land, 
makes good winter and spring pasture, and if sown 
early enough makes good fall pasture. It is a good 
spring soiling crop, giving the earliest bite of green 
stuff. It makes a fair quality of hay if cut in 
bloom or before, and its straw always sells at good 
prices and makes the best of bedding for cattle and 
horses. It is also an excellent green manure crop 



231 



How Frequently Rotate Crops 



FERTILIZERS THAT BUILD UP SOIL MOST QUICKLY 

Valuable Crops in Plowing to Turn Under 



for turning under in early spring. Wliile it does 
not add nitrogen as the clovers do, it makes a great 
deal of humus, and thus improves the texture of 
worn out soils. It will grow in any section that can 
grow any of the small grains. Where corn or pota- 
toes or cowpeas are grown after corn, rye inay be 
sown in the corn at the time of "laying by," or may 
be sown on the stubble after the corn is cut, and be 
plowed imder in the spring for any of the crops 
mentioned. 

COWPEAS. 

The cowpea has been a boon to the farmers of the 
Fouth, and its value is coming to be generally recog- 
nized. During the past few years the demand for 
cowpea seed has exceeded the supply, and high 
prices have resulted. A good way to secure ils 
beneficial effect on- the soil is to sow it in corn at 
the last cultivation. This practice has become well- 
nigh universal in the South and is extending north- 
ward. This crop may also be sown after wheat, 
oats, or rye, at least from the latitude of Washing- 
ton, D. C southward, and may be harvested for hay 
in time for another fall crop to be sown. Prof. 
H. J. Waters, of the Missouri Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, has grown cowpeas between whesL 
crops for several years past and increased the yield 
of wheat in a marked degree. 

It seldom pays to turn under a crop of cowpeas 
in the green state. It is better practice to make 
hay of them, feed the hay, and put the manure back 
on the land. As is the case with all legumes, the 
roots of the cowpea crop add a great deal of nitro- 
gen to the soil, and have a marked effect on fer- 
tility. If a heavy green crop of cowpeas is plowed 
under in the autumn it is best not to plant the land 
until thie following spring. A very good plan for 
bringing up the fertility of a worn-out field is to 
sow rye in the fall, plow this under in the spring, 
harrovv thoroughly, let the land lie a month, and 
then sow cowpeas. Cut the peas for hay and sow 
rye again. A few seasons of such treatment will 
restoie fertility to the soil. Fortunately, both of 
these crops will grow on very poor land. 

MISCELLANEOUS GKEEN-3IANUKE CROPS. 

I^ Iniost any crop may be used as a green manure. 
as occasion demands. Those previously mentioned 
are more generally used lor this purpose than oth- 
ers. In plowing up clover sod, many farmers, par- 
ticularly on fields most in need of manure, wait 
until the clover is nearly ready to cut for hay 
before plowing, in order to get the additional nitro- 
gen and humus thus produced. Buckwheat is fre- 
quently .grown as a green manure. This crop is 
planted in early suinmer or late spring and turned 
under in the autumn. Even corn and sorghum have 
been used for this purpose. They produce large 
amounts of humus when thickly planted. Sufficient 
time should be given after plowing in such rank- 
growth to allow the soil to settle and the resulting 
acids to wash out of the soil before plantiTig an- 
other crop. In southern California, fenugreek and 
Canadian field peas (the so-called "English pea" of 



the South) are used extensively as winter cover 
crops in orchards. They are then plowed under in 
the spring as green manure. 

TYPES or EAR^nXG TH.\T BUILD UP THE 
SOIL QUICKLY. 

The quickest way to build up a worn-out soli 
when barnyard manure is not plentiful is to give it 
a course of treatment like that just described; then 
grow only forage crops, buy giain to feed v/ith them, 
and return .all the manure thus produced to the 
land. Dairy farming permits such a system to be 
practiced. No other type of farming builds up land 
so rapidly. 

Another t.vpe that gives fairly quick results is to 
grow a succession of pasture crops for hogs, keep 
the hogs on these pastures, and feed them a foui th 
to a half ration of grain. In middle latitudes the 
following system is adapted to this type of farming: 
Grow corn enough for the pigs on part of the farm, 
sowing either cowpeas or criinson clover or rye m 
the corn yearly, to keep up fertility. The two latter 
crops furnish v/inter pasture for the pigs. On the 
remainder of the farm run the following three-year 
rotation: Sow oats in early spring; follow by rye 
sown early in August; follow this by sorghum the 
following spring; in September or October sow rye 
again after the sorghum; late the next spring sow 
either sorghum or cowpeas, and begin over again 
with oats the succeeding spring. This may be made 
a four-year rotation by inserting ai'tichokes or 
sweet or Irish potatoes betvveen the August-sown 
I'ye and the sorghum. If these crops are all pas- 
tured down, the hogs being fed a little grain mean- 
while, the soil will improve. With such a system, 
at least on clay soils, the hogs must not be allowed 
on the fields when the soil is "Vet, as they will 
puddle it to such an extent as to do serious injury. 
To avoid this difficulty, there should be an additional 
field of good sod for the hogs to run on in wet 
weather. In sections where alfalfa thrives, hogs may 
be pastured on this crop in summer (in winter also 
in the far South) and fed a little corn. In winter 
such crops as rape and kale may take the place of 
the alfalfa, and the grain feed may thus be in- 
crease^l. Such a system takes nothing from the land, 
but care must be used not to puddle the soil by 
pasturing in wet weather. There should be a field 
of good sod in reserve for such periods. 

SU»IM.\RY'. 

We may sum up the matter briefly thus: To 
build up and maintain fertility in the soil, feed a 
large part of the crops and return the manure to 
the land. If manure is not available, plow under 
crops grown for the purpose. Plow deep (but do 
not subsoil). Grow leguminous crops for the nitro- 
gen they add to the soil. 

Commercial fertilizers and lime may be important 
means of improving the soil, but the fertilizer re- 
quirements of different soils and different crops in 
different seasons are so little understood that we are 
not yet in a position to make positive recommenda- 
tions that are of general application. 



Facts Concerning Poultry. 

-Different breeds, their live weight, when full errown, the annual number of eggs they will lay, etc 



Breeds. 



Mtlet. 



Kpir 



S.% 



Brabmas, light 11^.. 

Brahmas, dark 10}{., 

Cochins, black 10..., 

Cochins, buS 10.... 

Cochins, white U..., 

Cochins, partridge II..., 

Common 3K- < 

Dorkings 0)i., 

Domtnlques, American . . .6 

Games, black'breast'd, red.7X . . 

Baraburga. 4 

Hondans 7X . 

Leghorns, black i)^. 

Leghorns, brown i}4. 

Leghorns, dominlque t^. 

Leghorns, white 4>^. 

Plymouth Rocks 8)i. 



.7K....1S0 S 



.4 170.. ..10 

.6 170.... 10 



.3 180.... 12 



.6 170., 

.3K....200., 
.3K....200., 
.3ii....iOO. 
.SK....SO*. 
.ex.... 176. 



Breedt. 



LiM No. of No. of 



Polish 6)f.. 

Spanish, blaek 7...., 

Ducks, common 3..,., 

Ducks, Aylesbl^ry 7...., 

Ducka, Cayuga .,,..<...., 

Ducks, Pekin t...., 

Sucks, Rouen 7}^.., 

Geese, African 20. . , . 

Oeese. Egyptian 7.',.. 

Geese, Embden ;.18...: 

Geese, Toulouse ...23.... 

Turkeys, common 12..,. 

Turkeys, black IS.... 

Turkeys, bronze 24.... 

Turkeys, buff 16. . . . 

Turkeys, Narragan8ett...22. ... 



.3H....170 S 

.« 170 1))i 



..6^....100 8 

..6K '6 8 

.*H 80 6 



.16 20 3K 

40 S)f 



.10.. 



.60.. 



..7 



.12. ......60 6 

.16 60 6 

.12 60.. ...7 

.14 60 6 



Foods for Sheep. 

In the couwe of several experiment by Do 
Itaumer, a French scientist, It was found that l.QW 

Fiounds of different kinds of foods produced the 
ollowing results. It will be seen by examination 
that wheat proved the most valuable food, barley 
came next, while mangolds stood lowest in tke 
scale. 

- . . I IncTei«of weight I Wool I T»llo». 

BUbStarWea. | lobvmjmlanll. rprWucoa:! ftoduced 

Potatoes with salt 46^ Bs. . .6)4 fts. .12X Iks. 

Potatoes without salt.,.. 44 S>8...<K lbs.. 11)^ As.. 

MangoId-WuraelB S8K ?>.3-.-,63< ?>S...6)i lbs. 

Wheat .165 lbs. .14 Ibs..6«K»s. 

Oats. 146 ns'.'.ib ■ ii)3..42X»s. 

Barley ...>.13« tts;.ilK *3..6»' lbs- 

Pea* ........134 n>s..l«)i Ibs..41 Iks. 

Rye, with salt... .^..,,.138 n>s..lf lbs. 35 lbs. 
Kye, wit>i»utsalt....<...M 1bs..l2 lbs. .43 »8. 
Corn-meal) w«t. ,.>... .,121) 1bB..13>$ aiS'..17}{ Ds. 
Buckwheat... 120 lbs.'. 10 lbs.. 33 fts. 



232 



Matters of Interest to People who Cultivate the Soil 



PRACTICAL FACTS TAKEN FROM REFERENCE TABLES 

In Hill's Manual 
AGRICULTURAL TABLES FOB FARMERS, GARDENERS AND OTHERS. 

For many facts and figures in these varions reference tables, credit is due the " American Almanac," edited by A. R. Spoflord, "Koottt'S 
Universal Assistant," by R. Moore, the " American Farm and Home Cyclopaedia," by H. ft. Allen, " Farmers' and Mechanics' Mannal," by Geo. 
B. Warring, "Statesman's Year B6ok," by Frederick Martin, "The Circle of Usefal Knowledge "' and other valnable works. 



Vitality of Seeds. 



egetables. 



Teart. | Vegetables., 



Tears. 



Cucumber .... 

Melon 

Pumpkin 

Squash 

Broccoli 

Cauliflower... 
Artichoke .... 

Endive 

Pea 

Badish... 

Beets 

CreMS 

Lettuce 

Mustard 

Okra 

Rhubarb 

Spinach 

Turnip 

Asparagus.... 

fieaiis 

Carrots 

Celecy 

Com (on cob). 



„StolO 
..8 to 10 
..ft to 10 
..BtolO 
..6 to e 
..5to « 
..Bto « 
..Sto « 
..6to « 
..4 to » 
..Sto 4 
..Sto 4 
..Sto 4 
..Sto 4 
^.Sto 4 
..Sto 4 
..Sto 4 
..Sto 6 
. S to 3 
..2 to 3 
..2 to S 
..8fo S 
..Sto S 



Leek 2 to 'S 

Onion 2 to 3 

Parsley 2to S 

Parsnip Sto 3 

Pepper Sto S 

Salsify JitoJ 

Tomato Sto S 

Egg-plant Ito i 

Serb; 

Anise Sto4 

Hyssop. Sto 4 

Balm Sto 3 

Caraway 2..., 

Coriander 1 .... 

Dill 2toS 

Fennel 2 to 3 

Lavender 2 toS 

Sweet Marjoram. 2 toS 

Summer Savory 1 to2 

Sage stoS 

Thyme ,.2to$. 

Wormwood 2 to 3 



Numt>er to an Acre 

Of plaints or trees set at regular distajices Apart. 



Distances apart. \ fio-otpi^i^- \ instances apart. I Nft.0fPUais. 



3-lnches by 3 inches. , 
s Inches by 4 inches., 
6 Inches by 6 inches., 
9 inches by 9 inches., 

1 foot by 1 foot , 

IK feet by IH feet... 

2 feet by 1 foot 

2feetby2feet 

2Ji feet by 2H feet... 

3 feet by 1 foot 

3 feet by 2 feet 

Sfeetby Sfeet 

3)i feet by 3K feet... 

4 feet by 1 foot ,. 

4 feet by 2 feet 

4 feet by 3 feet , 

4 feet by 4 feet 

4K feet by 4M feet... 

5 feet by 1 foot 

5fsetby2 feet 

Sfeet by Sfeet 

5 feet by 4 feet 

5 feet by Sfeet 

6)i feet by 6K feet... 



.(M.960 
,.392,040 
.174,240 
,..77,440 
..43,560 
,..19,3«0 
,..21,780 
,..10,890 
...0,960 
...14,520 
...7,260 
...4,840 
,...3,565 
...10,890 
...5,445 
...3,630 
...2,722 
...2,151 
...8,712 
...4,356 
...2,904 
...2,178 
...1,742 
...1,417 



6feet by 6 feetr. 1,210 

6>i feet by 6H feet 1 ,031 

7 feet by 7 feet 881 

Sfietby Sfeet 680 

9 feet by 9 feet 637 

10 feet by 10 feet 435 

11 feet by 11 feet 360 

12 feet by 12 feet 302 

13 feet by 13 feet 257 

14 feet by 14 feet 222 

15 feet by 15 feet 193 

16 feet by 16 feet 170 

16)i feet by 16)i feet 160 

17 feet by 17 feet 150 

18 feet by 18 feet 134 

19 feet by 19 feet...„ 120 

20 feet by 20 feet 108 

25 feet by 25 feet 69 

SOfeetbySO feet 48 

33 feet by 33 feet 40 

40 feet by 40 feet 27 

SOfeetbySO feet 17 

60 feet by 60 feet 12 

66 feet by 64 feet 10 



Cost of Producing Pork. 

The eoat of producing » 
pound of pork depends upoa 
the cost of com per bashel, 
as follows : 



Corn DM 
BiuM 
IB Ccnlt. 


WUI iiuk« <ht 

CMtofpork per 

hudrxl. 


















22 




25 




30 




33 , 








38 


«.6t 


40 




42 




46 




60 








60 


.„ ...7.14- 


65 


7.74 


70 


8.6T. 



Cost of Small Quantities of Hay. 

Price per Ton. | „„,, | ,^„,^ | ,,^ | ,„„„ [ „„„ 

Four dollars 10 cts. .20 cts. . .40 cts. .60. . .t .80 

Five dollars 12 25 60 75.. ..1.00 

Sir dollars 16 30 60 90....i.20 

Seven dollars 17 SS 70 1.05... .1.40 

Eight dollars 20 40 80 1.20.... 1.60 

Klne dollars 2S 46 90.... 1.35.... 1.80 

Ten dollars 26 60 1.00. . . .1.50. . . .2.00 

FJeven dollars 27 66 1.10.... 1.65... .2.20 

Twelve dollars SO 60 1. 20 1,80 2.40 

Thirteen dollars.. .S2 46 1.30.,..1.95....2.'60 

Fourteen dollars... S5 70 1.40 2.10 2.80 

Fifteen dollars S7 76 1. 50... .S. 23.. ..S. 00 



Facts About' Sheep. 

The weight of any animal at a certain age. will, 
of course, depend upon the manner In which it is 
fed and cared for. Supposing sheep to be well 
fed and sheltered, the following presents on 
average yield of flesh and wool at a certain age. 



Breeds. 



Ac* .t I Adsu.1 
toalurify I Jialdcf 
Tew*. I VMtl lb 



..««. 



Catswold.... 300 200. 

Lit coin 300.... ,...200., 

Leicester 250 150. , 

Merino, American. 150 130., 

Merino. Spanish... 125 110 .S 10 

S<juthdown 200 140 .9 < 

Shropshire 200 140 2 C 

Common "Scrub ".120 90 S 4 



Weight of Horses. 



Bn.dl. 



I 0.) 
I mil 



ildloif I Ag» wb.a 
Hu.. I UatunO. 



Cleveland Bay 1,400 1,300 » ' 

Clydesdale ....1,900 1,700 ..4)tf 

ftngllsb draft.. 1,800. 1,650 « 

Hambletoniiui 1,160 1,100 ft 

Mambrino , 1 ,809 1, 150 & 

Morgan 950 900 S 

Percheron— Norman ...1,750 1,560 t 

Pony— Canadian 960 900 A 

Pony-Mustang 60C 450 J 

Pony— Shetland SOO 260 > 

"Scrub," or Native.... 1, 000 «iO iff 

Thoroughbred 1,180 1,000 > 

Ass 700 600 • 

Mule 1,000 B 



Quantity of Seed Required to Sow or Plant an Acre. 



Kind nf Seed. 



QuantUy. | Kind of Seed. 



QuantUy. | Kind of Seed. 



Quantitfi 



Asparagus in 12-inch drills , 

Asparagus plants, 4 by IK feet 

Barley 

Beans, bush, In drills 2K feet 

'Beans, pole, Lima, 4 by 4 feet 

Beans, Carolina, proliftc, etc., 4byS. , 

Beets and mangold, drills, 2K feet 

Broom corn In drills 

.Cabbage, outside, for transplanting. . 

Cabbage, soMm In frames 

Carrot In drills, 2K feet 

Celery, seed 

Celery, plant, 4 by K feet 

Clover, white Dutch 

Clover, Lucerne 

Clover, Alsike 

Clover, large red with timothy 

Clover, large red uithout timothy 

Corn, sugar 

Com. Held 

Corn, salad, drill 10 inches 

Cucumber, in hills 

Csetminer. in drills 



..16qts 
,. 8.000 
. 2Kbu 
..IKbu 
,.20qts 
.lOqts 
,. 9lbs 
..12 lbs 
..12 ox 
.. 4 OS 
,.4 lbs 
.. Soz 
..25,000 
..13 lbs 
..10 lbs 
.. «Ibs 
.12 lbs 
..16 lbs 
..lOqts 
. . 8qts 
..25 lbs 
. Sqts 
. 4qts 



Egg plant, plants S by 2 feet 

Endive, in drills 2K feet 

Flar; broadcast 

Grass, timothy with clover 

Grass, timothy without clover 

Grass, orchard 

Grass, red top or herds 

Grass, blue 

t^rass, rye 

Grass, millet 

Hemp, broadcast 

Kale, German greens 

Lettuce, in rowsSK feet 

Leek. 

Lawn grass 

Melons, water. In hills 8 by 8 feet. .% 
Melons, citrons. In hills 4 by 4 feet.. 

Oats. 

Okra, In drills 2K by 3i feet ,. . 

Onion, in t>eda for sets 

Onion, in rows for large bult>s 

Parsnip, In drills 2K 'eet 

Pepper. pla»ta, 2K by I foot 



. . 4 OS 
.. SIbs 
..20qts 
,. «qts 
.lOqts 
, .25 qts 
.SOqts 
.28 qts 
.80 qts 
.32 qts 
-Kbu 
,. Slbs 
.. Slbs 
.. 4 Its 
..36 lbs 
,. Slbs 
..Slbs 
. Sbu 
..20 lbs 
..SO lbs 
,. 7lbs 
. Slbs 
.17,600 



Pumpkin, in hills 8 by 8 feet Sqt* 

Parsley, In drills 2 feet 4 lbs 

Peas, in drills, short varieties Sba 

Peas, in drills, tall varistles 1 tolKba 

Peas, broadcast sba 

Potatoes tb«.. 

Radibh, in driUs Sfeet .- 10 lbs 

Rye. broadcast ly btt 

Rye, drilled iKba 

Salsify, in drilUSK feet to lbs 

Spinaclu broadcast ; so lbs 

Scoash, bush, in hills 4 by 4 feet Jitij 

Squash, running, 8 by Sfeet Slbs 

Sorgfauin (qta 

Turnips, In drills 2 feet Sib* 

Turnips, broadcast s lb« 

Tomatoes, in frames .' So* 

Tomatoes, seed In bills 3 by S feet. i I os 

Tomatoes, plants .^...'. S,98f^ 

Wheat, In drills ...IXb« 

Wheat, broadcast. . . !%•> 



233 



Government Map, Showing Percentage Increase of Population — 1900 to 1910 




INCREASE: 

I I UNDER 10 PER CENT 

I I 10 TO 20 PER CENT 

Y^l/^ 20 TO 30 PER CENT 

^^^ 30 TO 50 PER CENT 

C^^ BO PER CENT AND OVER 



POPrLATION PER SQUARE HIIEE BY STATES, 1910, 1900 AND 1890 





Population Per Square 


Mile. 


State. 


I'JIO. 


1900. 


1890. 


Continental United 


States. 30.9... 


25.6 


,.21.2 


Rhode Island 


508.5. .. 


...400.7 


.323.8 


Massachusetts , 


418.8. .. 


...349.0 


.278.5 




337.7. . . 


...250.7 

.. .188.5 


.192.3 


Connecticut 


. . .,. .231.3. . 


.154.8 




i;tl 2. . 


15'* 5 


.126.0 


Pennsylvania 


171.0. .. 


. ..140.6 


.117.3 




130.3. .. 


. ..119.5 

...102.1 

. ...94.0 

.. ..86.1 


.104.9 


Ohio 


117 


..90.1 




103.0. . . 


..85.8 


Illinois , . . 


100.7... 


..68.3 


Indiana 


7.5.3. .. 


.. ..70.1 


..61.1 


Kentucky 


57.0... 


....53.4 


..40.3 


Tennessee . . . , 


52.4. .. 


.. ..48.5 


..42.4 


Virginia 


51.2. .. 


40.1 


..41.1 


"West Virginia 


50.S. . . 


.. ..40.0 


..31.0 


South Carolina 


49.7. .. 


44.0 


..37.8 


Michigan 


48.9. . 


.. ..42.1 


..36.4 


Missouri 


47.9... 


....45.2 


..39.0 


New Hampshire 


47.7. .. 


.. ..45.6 


..41.7 


North Carolina 


45.3. .. 


....38.9 


..33.2 


Georgia 


44.4... 


,...37.7 


..31.3 


Wisconsin 


42.2. .. 


37.4 


..30.7 


Alabama 


41.7... 


.. ..3.5.7 


..29.5 


Iowa 


40.0. .. 


.. ..40.2 


..34.4 



Population Per Square Mile. 
State. 1910. 1900. 1890. 

Vermont 39.0 37.7 3G.4 

Mississippi 38.8 33.5 27.8 

Louisiana oG.5 30.4 ,.24.6 

Arkansas 30.0 25.0 21.5 

Minnesota 25.7 ,.21.7 16.2 

Maine 24.8 23.2 22.1 

Oklahoma 23.9 11.4 ,..3.7 

Kansas 20.7 18.0 17.5 

Washington 17.1 7.8 5.3 

Nebraska 1.5.5 13.9. , 13.8 

California 15.2 9.5 7.8 

Texas 14.8 11.6 8.5 

Florida 13.7 9.0. ..... ..7.1 

North Dakota 8.2 4.6 2.7 

Colorado 7.7 5.2 4.0 

South Dakota 7.G 5.2., 4.5 

Oregon 7.0 4.3 3.3 

I'tah 4.5 3.4 2.C 



Idaho 3.9. . 

New Mexico 2.7.., 

Montana 2.6. . , 

Arizona 1.8. . . 

Wyoming 1.5. . , 

Nevada 0. 7 . 



.1.9. 
.1.6.. 
.1.7. 
.1.1. , 
.1.0. , 
.0.4. 



Population of the 

The Thirteenth Census of the United States was 
taken by the Bureau of the Census as of April 15, 
1910. The total area enumer.ited includes continen- 
tal United States, the territories of Alaska and 
Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The enumeration also in- 
cludes persons stationed abroad in the military and 
naval service of the government, who were specially 
enumerated through the co-operation of the War 
and Navy Departments. 



.1.1 
.1.3 
.1.0 

.0.8 
.0.6 
.0.4 
District of Columbia 5,5178. .. .4,64.5.3. .. .3,839.9 

United States, 1910. 

Herewith is complete population statement for the 
area enumerated in 1910, distinguishing continental 
United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and mili- 
tary and naval. The last four classes are grouped 
together under the head of "Noncontiguous terri- 
tory." The corresponding figures of the Twelfth 
Census of 1900 are also given for purposes of com- 
parison. 



Population of the United States — Total Area of Enumeration, Continental United States, and 

Noncontiguous Territory: 1910 and 1900. 



1900. 

,a77,256,630 

Continental United States. ... .91,972,266. . .75,994,575 
Noncontiguous territory 1,429,885. .. .1,262,055 



1910. 
The United States (total area 

of enumeration) 93,402,151 . 



Alaska 64,356 63,592 

Hawaii 191,909 154,001 

Porto Rico.. 1,118,012 b953,243 

Persons ip military and naval 

service ■ stationed abroad ..... .55.608 91.219 

a — Includes 953,243 persons enumerated In Porto 
Rico in 1899. 



b — According to the census of Porto Rico taken 
in 1899 under the direction of the War Department. 

The rate of increase from 1900 to 1910 was 20.9 
per cent for the total area of enumeration and 21 
per cent for continental United States. It will be 
noted that Table I does not cover other possessions 
of the United States than the ones mentioned. In- 
cluding the population of Philippine Islands as 
enumerated by the census of 1903 under the direc- 
tion of the War Department, 7,635,426, and adding 
estimates for the islands of Guam and Samoa and 
the Canal Zone, the total population of the United 
States and possessions is about 101,100.000. 



234 



The United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean 

states and Territories. 

.Forty-eight states. The 
population of the United 
States including all the 
territories is about 101,- 
055,723. Olilahoma Terri- 
tory and Indian Territory 
in 1907 becaine one state, 
named Oklahoma. Area of 
the states, 3,010,484 square 
miles. 

I>engrth and Breadth. 
The greatest length of the 
territory from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific Ocean, occu- 
pied by the United States. 
on the parallel of 42°, is 
2,7GS miles; and its great- 
est breadth, from Point 
Isabel, Tex., to the north- 
ern boundary of North Da- 
kota, is 1,050 miles. Th3 
Mexican boundary line is 
1,500 miles in length. The 
boundary line separating 
the United States from the 
British possessions is about 
3,400 miles long. 

The star in the upper 
northwest corner of Wy- 
oming indicates the loca- 
tion of Yellowstone Park. 

3Iap of the States and Territories. AVhen States Were Settled, Areas, Capitals, Etc., Up to Date, 1912. 
Stars on Map Indicate Location of State Capitals. 




States and 
Territories. 



Admitt- 
,\^f , ed to the 
settled. Union. 



Area 
in Sq. 
Miles. 



Popu- 
lation, 
1910. 



No. to 
Sq. Mile. 



Capital of 
the State. 



opulation 


Elec- 


of the 


toral 


Capital. 


Vole. 



Governor. 
Term, Sal- 
Years, pry 



Legislature. 
.Session Days 
Begins. Limit. 



Alabama 1702. .1819.. .52,250. .2,138,093. 

Alaska 1801. .1868. .577,390 04,356. 

Arizona 1540. .1803. .113,020 204,534. 

Arkansas 1CS5. .1830. . .53,850. .1,574,449. 

California 17C9. . 1850. . 158,300. .2,377,549. 

Colorado 1S5S. .1876. .103,925 799,024. 

Connecticut 1633. .1788 4,990. .1,114,756. 

Delaware 1627. .1787 2,050 202,322. 

Dist. Columbia.. .1634. .1790 70 331,069.. 

Florida 1565. .1845. . .58,680 752,615. 

Georgia 1733. .1788. . .59,475. .2,609,121. 

Guam Colony 1898 150 11,378. 

Hawaii 1900 6,740 191,909. 

Idaho 1811. .1890. . .84,800. ..*325,594. 

Illinois 1720. .1818. ..56,6.50. .5,638,591. 

Indiana 1730. .1816. . .36,350. .2,700,876. 

Iowa 1788.. 1845... 56,025.. 2,224,771. 

Kansas 1831. .1801. . .82,080. .1,690,949. 

Kentucky 1765. .1702. . .40,400. .2,289,905. 

Louisiana 1690 .. 1812 .. . 48,720 . . 1,656,388 . 

Maine 162.1. .1820. . .33,040 742,371. 

Maryland 1634. .1788. . .12,210. .1,295,346. 

Massachusetts .. .1620. .1788 8,315. .3,366,416. 

Michigan 1070. .1837. . .58,915. .2,810,173. 

Minnesota 1805.. 185S. ..83,365. .2,075,708. 

Mississippi 1716. .1817. . .46,810. .1,797,114. 

Missouri 1764. .1821. . .69,415. .3,293,335. 

Montana 1809. .1889. .146,080. . ..376,053. 

Nebraska 1847. .1867. . .77,510. .1,192,214. 

Neveda 18.50. .1864. .110,700 81,875. 

New Hampshire. 1623. .1788 9.305 430,752. 

New Jersey 1620. .1787 7,815. .2,537,167. 

New Mexico. .. .1537. .18.50. . 122,580 327,301. 

New York 1614. .1788. . .49.170. .9,113,614. 

North Carolina. . .1650. .1785. . .52,2.50. .2,206,287. 

North Dakota 1780. .1889. . .70,795. ...577,056. 

Ohio 1788. .1802. . .41,060. .4,767,121. 

Oklahoma 1889. .1907. ..70,430. .1,657,155. 

Oregon 1810. .1859. ..96,030 672,765. 

Pennsylvania 1682. .1787. . .45,215. .7,665,111. 

Philippines 1570. .1898. .114,000. .7,635,426. 

Porto Rico 1510. .1898. . . .3,600. .1,118,012. 

lUi'.de Island 1630. .1790 1,250. ...542,610. 

South Carolina.. .1670. .1788. . .30,570. .1,515,400. 

South Dakota 18-56. .1889. . .77,6.50. . ..583,888. 

Ttnnessee ,1757. .1796. . .42,050. .2,184,789. 

Texas 1686. .1845. .265,780. .3,896,542. 

Utah lS47. .1396. ..84,970 373,351. 

Vermont 1764. .1791. .. .9,565 355,956. 

Virginia 1607. .1788. . .42,450. .2,061,612. 

"Washington 1811. .1889. . .69,180. .1,141,990. 

West Virginia 1802. .1862. ..24.780. .1,221,119. 

Wisconsin 1669. .1848. . .56,040. .2,333,860. 

Wyoming 1858. .1890. . .97,890 145,965. 



. . .41.7. 

1. 

l.S. 

.. .30.0. 
. . .15.2. 

7.7. 

,.231.3. 
. .103.0. 
,5,517.8, 
. . .13.7. 
...44.4. 

'.'..'23.9' 
. . .*3.9. 

..100.7. 

'.'.'.AO.O. 

.. .20.7. 
...57.0. 
...36. 5. 
. . .24.8. 
..130.3. 
..418.8 
. . .48.9 . 
...25.7. 
...38.8. 
. . .47.9. 

2.6 . 

. . .15.5. 

7. 

. . .47.7. 
..337.7. 

2.7. 

..191.2. 
.. .45.3. 

8.2. 

..117.0. 
. . .23.9. 

7.0. 

. .171.0. 



..508.5, 
. . .49.7 

7.6 

...52.4 
. . .14.8, 
. . ..4.5 
...39.0, 
. . .51.2, 
...17.1 
. . ..50.8 
...42.2 
1.5 



.Montgomery ....38,136.. 

.Juneau 2,000. . 

.Phoenix 11,143.. 

.Little Rock 4.5,941. . 

.Sacramento 44,696.. 

.Denver 213,381.. 

.Ilartlord 9S.915. 

.Dover 3,720. 

.Washington ....331,069., 

.Tallahassee 5,018.. 

.Atlanta 154,839. 

. Agana 

. Honolulu 39,306 . . 

.Boise City 17,358. . 

.Springfield 51,678. 

.Indianapolis ...233,650. 

.D(!s Moines 80,308. 

.Topeka 43,684.. 

. Frankfort 10,465 . . 

.Baton Rouge. .. .14,897. , 

.Augusta 13,211. 

.Annapolis 8,609., 

.Boston 670,585. 

.Lansing 31,229. 

.St. Paul 214,744. . 

.Jackson 21,202., 

.Jefferson City. .. .11.850. . 

.Helena 12,515. 

.Lincoln 43,973. 

.Carson City ,2,466.. 

.Concord 21,497. 

.Trenton 96,815. 

.Santa Fe 5,072. , 

.Albany 100,253. 

.Raleigh ,19,218.. 

.Bismarck 5,443.. 

.Columbus 181,511. 

.Guthrie 11,654.. 

.Salem 14,094- ■ 

.Harrisburg .64.186- 

,Manila 219.928- ■ 

.San Juan 32,048.. 

.Providence 224,326. 

.Columbia 26.319. 

.Pierre 3.656. . 

.Nashville 110.364.. 

.Austin 29.86". , 

.Salt Lake City.. .92.777. 
.Montpeller .... 
.Richmond .... 

.Olympia 

.Charleston ..... 

.Madison .25.531 

.Cheyenne .11,320. 



12. ..4. .$5,000. .Jan.... .JSO 

.,. ..4. ..5,000 

.3. . .4. . .3,000. .Jan *00 

.9 3,500. .Jan *60 

13. . .4. . .0.000. .Jan tCO 

.6. .,2. . .5,000.. Jan *90 

. .7. . .2. . .4.000. .Jan. .fNone 
.3. ..4. ..2,000. .Jan. .fNone 



.4. . .5,000. .Apr *60 

.2. . .5,000. .Nov *50 



.4. 
.29. 

15. 

13. 

10. 
13.. 
10. . 



38. 



,856. 
.86,514. 
. .6.9!t6. 
,.11,099. 



..5,000. 
..5,000. 
.12,000. 
. .8,000. 
. .0,500. 
. .5,000. 
. .6,500. 
. .5,000. 
..3,000. 
..4,500. 
. .8,000. 
. .4,000. 
. .7,500. 
. .4,500. 
. .5,0tK1. 
. ..5,000. 
. .2,5(10. 
. .4,000. 
. .2,000. 
.10,000. 
. .3,000. 
.10,000. 
..4,000. 
..3,000. 
.10,000. 
..4,500. 
. .5,000. 
.10,000. 
.15,000. 
. .8,000. 
. .3,000. 
. .3,500. 
..3,000. 
. .7.500. 
..4,000. 
. .4.000. 
..2,.500. 
. ,5,000. 
. .6.000. 
. .5,000. 
. .5,000. 
. .4,000. 



.Feb.., 

.Dec ,*60 

.Jan. .*None 

.Jan *60 

.Jan . . *None 

.Jan *40 

.Dec *60 

.May *00 

.Jan. .*None 
.Jan. ... .*90 
.Jan. . tNone 
.Jan. .*None 

.Jan *90 

.Jan *60 

.Jan *70 

.Jan *60 

.Jan *60 

.Jan »60 

.Jan. .*None 
.Jan. . fNone 

.Jan *60 

.Jan. .tNone 

.Jan *60 

.Jan *60 

.Jan. .*None 

.Jan *160 

.Jan *40 

. Jan. . *None 

.Jan 

.Apr *60 

.Jan. .tNone 
.Nov. -tNone 

.Jan *60 

.Jan *75 

.Jan *60 

.Jan *60 

.Oct. . *None 

.Jan 'OO 

.Jan *60 

,Mar *45 

.Jan. .*None 
.Jan *40 



101,055,723 



♦Biennially. tAnnually. JMeet once in 4 years. 

By Congressional apportionment, made Aug. 3, 191 1, the membership of the House of Representatives at 
Washington will be 435. .Adding 2 votes for 2 senators from each state will make the total 531. By later 
enactment this apportionment is liable to be changed. 



235 



"BACK TO THE LAND" 




"Back to the land is the cry today, back to the dear old farm; 
To the fields and the brook and the winding lane; back to their tylvan charm. 
Back to the little attic room, which in boyhood days you knew. 
When the raindrops pattered upon the roof, and sometimes pattered through." 



23G 



AGRICULTURE 



The Development of Agricultural Industry Since the Days of Abra- 
ham and Moses on the Banks of the Nile in Egypt 



In order to supply the human family with 
food the art of planting and stirring the soil 
for production of food came into existence, 
along with the invention of numerous imple- 
ments of husbandry designed to aid in the cul- 
tivation and production of various grains, vege- 
tables, and fruits. 

Gradually, through long ages the change from 
the state of nature, in which the human fam- 
ily must have lived, has been evolved. 

The early account of agriculture relates to 
the countries bordering on the Mediterranean 
Sea. Here the different soils watered by the 
Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Nile taught the 
inhabitants the difference in fertility, the val- 
ley lands being rich in vegetable production 
while the hilly countries were better adapted 
to grazing. 

The enrichment of land from overflow once 
a year on the eight-mile strip of land which 
borders the River Nile laid the foundation for 
much of the wealth of Egypt. 

The annual several-weeks' overflow extend- 
ing into the months of August, September, and 
October, taught the Egyptians the value of fer- 
tilization through the manurial deposits left on 
the land. 

From Egypt a knowledge of agriculture ex- 
tended into Greece, where it flourished a thou- 
sand years before Christ. Here the art was 
carried to a high degree of perfection. 

The Greeks had fine breeds of cattle, horses, 
sheep, and swine and importations were made 
from foreign countries for the purpose of im- 
proving the stock. 

The use and value of manures were well 
known to the Greeks, and the importance of 
thorough tillage was well understood. 

From Greece a superior agriculture extended 
into Rome, where a century previous to the 
Christian Era they had an agricultural litera- 
ture, which surpassed that of any other coun- 
try on the globe at that time. 

But gradually through wars and as a result 
of the country being overrun by races who 
knew little of scientific cultivation of the soil, 
agriculture in the Roman Empire declined, but 
not until the Rf^mans had carried their knowl- 
edge of agriculture to the Britons, where it 
has flourished, with varying success, up to the 
present time. 

The first English treatise on husbandry was 
published in 1534. This work was entitled 
"The Book of Husbandry," and contains di- 
rections for draining, clearing and enclosing a 
farm; for enriching the soil and rendering it 



fit for tillage, lime, marl, and fallowing being 
highly recommended. 

During Queen Elizabeth 's regin appeared 
Tusser's "Five Hundred Points of Good Hus- 
bandry, ' ' published in 1580. This work con- 
tained a great deal of useful information. 

About 1645 the field cultivation of red clover 
was introduced into England, the interest 
taken in that ' grass, we may suppose, be- 
ing similar to that experienced at the present 
time on the subject of alfalfa in the United 
States. 

The Dutch having devoted much attention 
to the improvement of winter roots, and also 
to the cultivation of clover and other artificial 
grasses, the farmers and landed proprietors of 
England soon saw the advantages to be derived 
from their introduction. 

Potatoes were introduced during the latter 
part of the sixteenth century, but were slow 
in coming into general cultivation. 

Eobert Bakewell and others effected some 
important improvements, in the eighteenth cen- 
tury, in the breeds of cattle, sheep, and swine. 
By the end of the century it was a common 
practice to alternate green crops with grain 
crops, instead of exhausting the land with a 
number of successive crops of any one kind of 
grain. 

The wars caused by the French Revolution, 
1795-1814, called so many men from the fields 
and so lessened production as to cause a great 
increase in price of farm products. This re- 
sulted in an extraordinary improvement in 
methods of agriculture. 

In like manner the great increase in price of 
food products in the United States, at the 
present time, will so stimulate improvement in 
cultivation of the soil as will result in great 
advance in agriculture throughout this country 
in the near future. 

While agricultural art is well advanced in 
Europe the conditions are particularly very 
favorable in the United States. 

The vast territory here presents every va- 
riety of soil and climate. Its agriculture em- 
braces all the products of European cultiva- 
tion, together with some of those of the warmer 
countries — as cotton, sugar, and indigo. 

This country exceeds all other nations in 
wonderful adaptation of machinery for all pur- 
poses of cultivation and harvesting of crops. 

The disposition of the American to experi- 
ment, to test alleged improvements, to adopt 
labor-saving devices and expedients, gives a 



237 



Improvement Being Made by Agricultural Societies 



great impulse to the genius of inventors. This 
mental activity of the local farmers is owing, 
in great measure, to his superior intelligence. 

The American reaper was invented by Mc- 
Cormick in 1834; by many improvements it 
has secured the European as well as the home 
market. In 1855 the first American Agricul- 
tural College was established. In 1862 the 
passage of the Homestead Law served to has- 
ten the occupation of public land. 

The dairy system based on the principle of 
association has advanced rapidly. Agricul- 
tural societies, both state and county, are es- 
tablished in all parts of the United States for 
the following objects: 

To encourage the introduction of improve- 
ments in agriculture. 

To secure improved agricultural implements 
and farm buildings. ^ 

To foster the application of chemical knowl- 
edge to agriculture. 

To forward the destruction of insects injuri- 
ous to vegetation. 

To promote the discovery and adaptation of 
new varieties of grain or vegetables. 

To collect information regarding the manage- 
ment of timber lands and plantations. 

To improve the education of those supported 
by the cultivation of the soil. 

To advance the veterinary arts and science. 

To improve the breeds of all the domestic 
animals. 

Fairs are held at which prizes are distributed 
for live stock, implements, and farm produce. 

Through efforts of the above-mentioned so- 
cieties, the investigations of scientific men, and 
the general diffusion of knowledge among all 
classes, by means of several hundred periodicals 
devoted to its interests, agriculture has made 
great progress during the past century. 

Among the improvements we may mention 
deep plowing and thorough drainage; with the 
introduction of new and improved agricultural 
implements, by which heavy farm labor has 
been greatly diminished. 

Science also has been called in to act as the 
handmaid of agricultural art, and, aided by the 
chemist and the entomologist, agriculture has 
been put on a really scientific basis. 

The organization of plants, the primary ele- 
ments of which they are composed, the food on 
which they live and thrive, and the constit- 
uents of soils, have all been investigated and 
most important results obtained, particularly in 
regard to manures and rotation of crops. 

Artificial manures in great variety to supply 
the elements needed for plant growth have 
come into common use, not only increasing the 
produce of land previously cultivated, but ex- 
tending the limits of cultivation itself. 



An improvement in all kinds of stock is be- 
coming more and more general, feeding of do- 
mestic animals is conducted on more scientific 
principles, and improved varieties of plants 
used in field crops have been introduced. As 
a result of the new conditions, to be a thor- 
oughly trained and competent agriculturist, re- 
quires a special education, partly theoretical 
and partly practical. 

In particular, no scientific cultivator can now 
be ignorant of agricultural chemistry, which 
teaches the constituents of the various plants 
grown as crops, their relation to the several 
soils and the nature and function of different 
manures. 

Nearly all the States have colleges or de- 
partments of colleges devoted to the teach- 
ing of agriculture and large allotments of 
public land have been made for their sup- 
port. 

In the United States the Department of Ag- 
riculture was organized in 1862, the secretary 
of which is now a cabinet officer. Through the 
enterprise and efforts of this department of 
the government, experiment is constantly go- 
ing forward at the different experiment sta- 
tions, the results of which are published in 
bulletins by the government and sent broad- 
cast throughout the country. 

At this writing the government, aided by 
public-spirited agriculturists, is putting forth 
special effort in the introduction of a new grass 
plant known as alfalfa, the merit, growth and 
cultivation of which we explain elsewhere. 
Other plants and improved features of agri- 
cultural industry will be developed from time 
to time. 

It is impossible to forecast the great future 
of agriculture in the United States, To par- 
tially imagine it we need only go back in mem- 
ory a short time to the period of the ox-cart, 
now supplanted by electricity; to the short 
time ago when the land, now yielding forty 
and fifty bushels of grain to the acre, gave us 
only eight and ten bushels. 

Today the farmer is just beginning to realize 
some of the profits of his vocation. Many of 
his fowls each give 200 eggs a year; he is 
making use of the reaper, the milking machine, 
the riding-cultivator, and the auto that goes 
to the market town to deliver in an hour the 
same bulk which would have formerly con- 
sumed the time of the farmer one whole day to 
transport. 

As we have advanced in the past, so will 
agricultural art progress in the future. This 
great advancement will largely come from the 
thousands of students now in the agricultural 
colleges, from the pupils that have graduated 
from the schools in domestic science, and from 
the knowledge that will be disseminated 
through the wonderful multiplicity of agricul- 
tural instruction that will come from hand- 
books distributed in the schools. 



2.38 



More People Must Engage in Cultivating the Soil 



Temporary Discouragement from Time 
to Time 

Eneouraffing as seem the prospects for the 
future of agriculture in the United States there 
come times v/hen the balance between produc- 
tion and consumption of food is disturbed. 
Such have been the conditions in recent years 
when the prices of food were excessive through 
scarcity of agricultural products. The cause 
for this is told in the following reasons: 

Cause for Advancing Prices of 
Foodstuffs 

1. Millions of immigrants coming into the 
United States, the majority of whom settle in 
the cities. There they consume but they do 
not produce food. 

2. Sale of government lands and fencing of 
the same by private parties, resulting in in- 
creased expense for pasturage which is charged 
to consumers. 

3. Universal killing of calves by farmers 
and selling to butchers for veal, making short- 
age of beef cattle, milk, and butter. 

4. Great numbers of graduates from educa- 
tional institutions into professions, all of whom 
consume, but do not produce food. 

5. Multitudes of people traveling the coun- 
try in automobiles, consuming, but not grow- 
ing farm products. 



6. Great multitudes of people at pleasure re- 
sorts — liberal consumers who never produce a 
pound of food. 

7. Merchants, clerks, policemen, firemen, 
government officials, hundreds of thousands — 
all eating, not one cultivating the soil. 

8. The public institutions, including asy- 
lums, jails, bridewells, State prisons — all filled 
— all consuming food, increasing its price. No- 
body producing. 

Must Get Back To Land 

It is plainly evident there is but one remedy 
for this lack of balance which makes consump- 
tion so much in excess of production of food- 
stuffs. 

More people must engage in cultivating the 
soil. The excess portion of the population now 
congested in the cities must get back to the 
land. 

The vacant government lands should be occu- 
pied. There are millions of acres of these free 
lands, waiting for settlers. 

Where are they? 

See the following list of States and the 
amount of vacant acres yet unappropriated for 
cultivation. 

Much information about land for new set- 
tlers may be obtained from reading the fol- 
lowing: 



VACANT PUBLIC LANDS IN THE UNITED STATES 



statement, by States, Territories, land districts, and counties, showing the area of land unappropriated and 
unreserved on July 1, 1912. Area unappropriated and unreserved. 



State or Surveyed. Unsurveyed. Total. 

Territory. Acres. Acres. Acres. 

Alabama 93,040 1,600 94,640 

Alaska *368,010,643 368,010,643 

Arizona 12,003,186 28,592,.53T 40,595,723 

Arkansas 436,210 82,000 518,210 

California 17,671,839 5,343,499 23,015,338 

Colorado 17,684,401 1,564,797 19,249,198 

Florida 240,408 155,.531 396,439 

Idaho 7,172,856 11,757,537 18,970,393 

Kansas 91,328 91,328 

Louisiana 69,198 69,198 

Michigan 92,544 ., 92,544 

Minnesota 1,525,775 1,525,775 

Mississippi 52,400 52,400 

Missouri 1,197 1,197 

Montana 13,697,086 15,356,909 29,0.53,995 

Nebraska ...... 832. 7.50 832,750 

Nevada 28,844,824 26,230,679 55,075,503 



State or Surveyed. 

Territory. Acres. 

New Mexico .... 22,241,833 

North Dakota . . 1,354,571 

Oklahoma 39,525 

Oregon 13,141,921 

South Dakota... 4,039,892 

Utah 12,011,921 

Washington .... 1,100,783 

Wisconsin ...... 11,520 

Wyoming 30,905,022 



Unsurveyed. Total. 



Acres. Acres. 

11,329,650 33,571,483 

1,3.54,571 

39,525 

3,346,148 16,888,069 

81,920 4,121,812 

22,037,256 34,049,177 

761,306 1,868,089 

11,520 

2,570,720 33,475,742 

Grand total ..185,362,030 497,622,732 682,984,762 
♦The unreserved lands in Alaska are mostly unsur- 
veyed and unappropriated. 

As change in amount of unappropriated land is 
liable to continually occur, land seekers should apply 
to the Land Office for specific information about 
land in localities where they may wish to go. 



PARTICULARS AT LOCAL LAND OFFICE 



No specific descriptions of the character of the 
land, climate, water, or timber can be given by the 
General Land Office. 

Unoccupied public lands, subject to settlement and 
entry, are to be found in all the States and Terri- 
tories west of the Mississippi River, except Iowa and 
Texas. There is also considerable vacant public land 
in the States of Michigan, Florida, Alabama, and 
Mississippi. 

Persons who desire to make homestead entry 
should first decide where they wish to locate, then 
go or write to the local land office of the district in 
which the lands are situated, and obtain from the 
records diagrams of vacant lands. 

A personal inspection of the lands should be made 
to ascertain if they are suitable, and, when satis- 
fied on this point, entry oan be made at the local 



land office in the manner prescribed by law. under 
the direction of the local land officers, who will give 
the applicant full information. Should a person de- 
sire to obtain information in regard to vacant lands 
in any district before going there for personal in- 
spection, he should address the register and receiver 
of that particular local land office, who will give such 
information as is available. 

Seeking Location for Permanent Home 

If desirous of settling upon government land, he 
has learned herewith where government land may 
yet be found and' the particulars about any which he 
wishes to investigate he will get from the land office. 



239 



General Directions for Procuring Government Land 



LIST OF UNITED STATES LAND OFFICES 



The General Land Office does not issue maps showing 
This information can be reliably obtained only from the 
are located as follows: 



the location of vacant public land subject to entry, 
records of the various district land offices, which 



ALABAMA: 

Montgomery. 
ALASKA: 

Fairbanks. 

Juneau. 

Nome. 

ARIZONA: 

Phoenix. 
ARKANSAS: 

Camden. 

Harrison. 

Little Rock. 

CALIFORNIA: 
Eureka. 
Independence. 
Los Angeles. 
Sacramento. 
San Francisco. 
Susanville. 
Visalia. 

COLORADO: 
Del Norte. 
Denver. 
Durango. 

Glenwood Springs. 
Hugo. 
Lamar. 
I..eadville. 
Montrose. 
Pueblo. 
Sterling. 



FLORIDA: 

Gainesville. 
IDAHO: 

Black foot. 

Boise. 

Coeur d'Alene. 

Hailey. 

Lewiston. 

KANSAS: 

Dodge City. 

Topeka. 
LOUISIANA: 

Baton Rouge. 
MICHIGAN: 

Marquette. 
MINNESOTA: 

Cass Lake. 

Crookston. 

Duluth. 

MISSISSIPPI: 
Jackson. 

MISSOURI: 
Springfield. 

MONTANA: 
Billings. 
Bozeman. 
Glasgow. 
Great Falls. 
Havre. 
Helena. 
Kalispell. 



Lewistown. 
Miles City. 
Missoula. 

NEBRASKA: 
Alliance. 
Broken Bow. 
Lincoln. 
North Platte. 
O'Neill. 
Valentine. 

NEVADA: 

Carson City. 
NEW MEXICO: 

Clayton. 

Fort Sumner. 

Las Cruces. 

Roswell. 

Santa Fe. 

Tucumcari. 

NORTH DAKOTA: 
Bismarck. 
Devils Lake. 
Dickinson. 
Fargo. 
Minot. 
Williston. 

OKLAHOMA: 
Guthrie. 
Woodward. 

OREGON: 
Burns. 
La Grande. 



Lakeview. 
Portland. 
Roseburg. 
The Dalles. 
Vale. 

SOUTH DAKOTA: 
Bellefourche. 
Gregory. 
Lemmon. 
Pierre. 
Rapid City. 
Timber Lake. 

UTAH: 

Salt Lake City. 
Vernal. 

WASHINGTON: 
North Yakima. 
Olympia. 
Seattle. 
Spokane. 
Vancouver. 
W^alla Walla. 
Waterville. 

WISCONSIN: 

Wausau. 
WYOMING: 

Buffalo. 

Cheyenne. 

Douglas. 

Evanston. 

Lander. 

Sundance. 



Directory of Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States 



state. Postoffice Address. 

Alabama Auburn (11 

Alabama Uniontown (2) 

Alabama ^"Sblnks 

Alaska Fairbanks 

Alaska Vi^°^'^.^ 

Alaska R^'^PfJ' 

Alaska W; ^ ^ 

Arizona ■ ■ • • .Tucson 

Arkansas Fayette viUe 

California Berkeley 

Colorado Fort Collins 

Connecticut New Haven (4) 

Connecticut Storrs (5) 

Delaware Newark 

Florida Lake City 

Georgia Experiment 

Idaho Moscow 

Illinois vV^^I^ 

Indiana Lafayette 

jo^a, Ames 

Kansas ' .' ." .' Manhattan 

Kentucky ■ • |i«''''"^*,°«'? 

Louisiana Baton Rouge (6) 

Louisiana New Orleans 7 

Louisiana Calhoun (8) 



State. Postoffice Address. 

Maine Orono 

Maryland College Park 

Massachusetts Amherst 

Michigan Agricultural College 

Minnesota St. Anthony Park 

Mississippi. . .Agricultural College 

Missouri Columbia 

Missouri Mountain Grove (9) 

Montana Bozeman 

Nebraska Lincoln 

Nevada Reno 

New Hampshire Durham 

New Jersey.. New Brunswick (10) 
New Jersey.. New Brunswick (11) 

New Mexico Mesilla Park 

New York Geneva (12) 

New York Ithaca (13) 

North Carolina Raleigh 

North Dakota Fargo 

Ohio Wooster 

Oklahoma Stillwater 

Oregon Corvallis 

Pennsylvania State College 

Rhode Island Kingston 

South Carolina. . .Clemson College 



State. Postoffice Address. 

South Dakota Brookings 

Tennessee Knoxville 

Texas . . .' College Station 

Utah Logan 

Vermont Burlington 

Virginia Blacksburg 

Washington Pullman 

West Virginia Morgantown 

Wisconsin Madison 

Wyoming Laramie 

(1) College Station. 

(2) Canebrake Station. 

(3) Tuskegee Station. 

(4) State Station. 

(5) Storrs Station. 

(6) State Station. 

(7) Sugar Station. 

(8) North Station. 

(9) Fruit Station. 

(10) State Station. 

(11) College Station. 

(12) State Station. 

(13) Cornell Station. 



U. S. Ten-Year Average Prices and Yield Per Acre for Certain Crops 



1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
19G9 
1910 
1911 
1912 



Wheat 
Yield Price 
bu. cents 
.12.9. . .69.5. . 
.12.5... 92.4.. 
.14.5. ..74.8.. 
.15.5... 66.7.. 
.14.0... 87.4.. 
.14.0.. .92.8. . 
.15.8. ..99.0.. 
.139. . .88.3.. 
.12.5... 87.4.. 
.15.9 



Buckwheat 


Potatoes 


Hay 


Corn 


Yield 


Price 


Yield 


Price 


Yield 


Price 


Yield 


Price 


bu. 


cents 


bu. 


cents 


tons 


$ 


bu. 


cents 


17.7. . 


.60.7. 


.84.7.. 


.61.4. 


..1.54. 


..9.08. 


.25.5.. 


.42.5. . 


18.9. . 


.62.2. 


110.4.. 


.45.3. 


. .1.52. 


. .8.72. 


.26.8.. 


.41.1. . 


.19.2.. 


.58.7. 


.87.0.. 


.61.7. 


..1.54. 


..8.52. 


.28.8. . 


.41.2.. 


.18.6.. 


.59.6. 


102.2.. 


.51.1. 


..1.35. 


.10.37. 


.30.3.. 


.39.9.. 


.17.9. 


.69.8. 


..95.4.. 


.61.8. 


. .1.45. 


.11.68. 


.25.9.. 


.51.6.. 


.19.8. 


.75.6. 


.85.7.. 


.70.6. 


. .1.52. 


..8.98. 


.26.2.. 


.60.6.. 


.20.9. 


.69.9. 


.106.8. 


.54.9. 


. .1.42. 


.10.62. 


.25.5. . 


.59.6.. 


.20.9. 


.66.1. 


..94.4. 


.55.7. 


..1.33. 


.12.26. 


.27.7.. 


.48.0. . 


.21.1.. 


.72.6. 


..80.9.. 


.79.9. 


..1.10. 


.14.29. 


.23.9.. 


.61.8.. 


.22.9.. 




.113.4.. 




..1.47. 


.11.79. 


.29.2. . 





Oa 
Yield 

bu. 
.28.4. . 
.32.1. . 
.34.0. . 
.30.2. . 
.23.7.. 
.25.0. . 
.30.3. . 
.31.6. . 
.24.4. . 
.37.4.. 



ts 

Price 
cents 
.34.1.. 
.32.3. 
.29.1. 
.31.7. 
.44.3. 
.47.2. , 
.40.5. 
.34.4. 
.45.0. 



Rye 
Yield Price 



bu. 
.15.4. 
.15.2. 
.16.5. 
.16.7. 
.16.4. 
.16.4. . 
.16.1. 
.16.0. 
.15.6. 
.16.8.. 



cents 
.54.5 
.68.8 
.61.1 
.58.9 
.73.1 
.73.6 
.73.9 
.71.5 
.83.2 



erage . . .14.15. •84.25. .19.79. 'ee.lS. .96.09. •60.27 . .1.42. .10.63. .26.98. *49.58. .29.71.^40.92. .16.11. •68.73 
>Prlce average for nine years. Compiled from the year books of the U. S. Department of Agricul- 



240 



Benefits of Small Farms 



The Island of Jersey, situated in the English Chan- 
nel, eleven miles long and less than six miles wide, 
nourishes a population of about two persons to the 
acre, or 1,300 inhabitants to the square mile. 

Compare this density of population with old, 
thickly-settled Massachusetts, settled in 1620, having 
41S persons to the square mile; with Rhode Island, 
having 508% persons to the square mile; with Cali- 
fornia and its delightful climate but having a popu- 
lation of only I."i.2 inhabitants to the mile; and 
Wyoming with 1 V2 inhabitants to the square mile. 

The density of population and capacity for sup- 
porting a dense population on small area of land in 
the old countries is largely the result of fertilization 
and intensive cultivation, the increased crop output 
coming from restricted area of farm land compelling 
better cultivation. 

It is readily seen in this what an immense increase 
of foodstuff would be produced if all land were made 
to do its best by manuring and cultivation. 



To Stop Land Monopoly 

Various plans have been suggested for reducing the 
size of farms and increasing the size of crops. 
Among these is Single Tax. 

Henry George, in a visit to Europe, had his atten- 
tion called to the vast inequality of land ownership. 
For the purpose of breaking up the enormous mo- 
nopolies of land which he found there, he devised 
the system of Single Tax, which various regions of 
the world are beginning to adopt. That system 
proposes that the tax on all land shall be five per 
cent on its rental value. 

That is, for any tract of land which upon being 
sold and the money coming from the sale placed at 
interest would yield a certain sum at five per cent 
interest, that that amount of interest should repre- 
sent the amount of tax which the land owner should 
pay. 

Thus, the individual who owns a tract of land, say 
100 acres adjoining a town, the land not in cultiva- 
tion, yet worth $300 an acre, as other land around it 
sells; 

That the owner of that 100 acres can any minute 
sell that property for $30,000, which placed at in- 
terest at 5 per cent would yield in interest the sum 
of |1,500. 

Yet the owner of the 100 acres will not sell. He 
is holding his land from sale expecting as the town 
grows in population to get $1,000 per acre. The 
single tax advocate looks up the tax on that 100 
acres and finds that the owner pays a very light tax, 
whereas it is clearly a property worth ,$30,000 and 
may pay its 5 per cent tax which would be $1,500 
annually. 

The single taxer claims that this tax, entirely 
reasonable, would induce the owner to sell such tract 
of land in small parcels and thus the monopoly of 
that land would be broken. 



Vacant City Lot Cultivation 

Pome years since an association was formed in 
Philadelphia for the purpose of utilizing the vacant 
lots throughout that city. 

In a report of the work of the association we find 
the following: 

First: That many people out of employment must 
have help of some kind; 

Second: That a great majority of them prefer self- 
help and many will take no other. Nearly all are 
able and willing to improve any opportunities open 
to them; 

Third: That to open opportunities to them does 
not pauperize or degrade, but has the opposite effect 
of elevating and ennobling. It quickly establishes 
self-respect and self-confidence. The best and most 
effectual way of helping people in need is to open a 
way whereby they may help themselves. The most 
effective charity is to give opportunity accompanied 
with kindly and a personal interest in those less 
fortunate than ourselves. 



Benefit of Vacant Garden Associations 

Among the benefits resulting from vacant garden 
associations which have been established in various 
eastern cities in the last few years are: 

Help extended to many families in need; they 
have taught the inexperienced how to get a living 
from the soil and in the hundreds of garden plots 
that have been cultivated they have demonstrated 
what can be grown on various sized parcels of land. 



To illustrate: "An area of 150x100, about two- 
fifths of an acre, is generally sufficient to supply a 
family of five persons with vegetables, not consider- 
ing the winter supply of potatoes; but the acres 
must be well tilled and handled," according to Bailey 
in "Principles of Vegetable Gardening." 



The Product of an Acre 

One farm in the Sacramento Valley, California, 
consists of one single acre of irrigated land and 
gives a better home and larger net income for its 
owner than many of his neighbors enjoy on places 
of thousands of acres each. The little farm is at 
Orland, in Glenn County, and is the property of 
Samuel Cleeks, who has grown old tilling it for the 
past thirty years. 

Mr. Cleeks makes a comfortable living from this 
one acre and is able to save an average of $400 a 
year besides. He has money to loan, if not to burn, 
as well as fruit, vegetables, and poultry products to 
sell to those who are getting poorer every year in 
carrying big farms without irrigation. Here Is a 
list of 



What the Place Contains 

Barn and corral space, 75x75 feet; rabbit hutch, 
25x25 feet; house and porches, 30x30 feet; two wind- 
mill towers, 16x16 feet each; garden, 46x94 feet; 
blackberries, 65x90 feet; citrus nursery, 90x98 feet, 
in which there are 23,000 trees budded; one row of 
dewberries, 100 feet long; 4 apricot; 2 oak trees; 
3 peach trees; 6 fig trees; 10 locust trees; 30 as- 
sorted roses; 20 assorted geraniums; 12 lemon trees, 
bearing, which are seven years old; lime tree, nine 
years old and bearing, from which were sold last 
year- 160 dozen limes; 8 bearing orange trees; 4 
bread-fruit trees; 5 pomegranate trees; one patch of 
bamboo; 3 calla lillies; 4 prune trees; 3 blue gum 
trees; 6 cypress trees; 4 grape vines; 1 English ivy; 
2 honeysuckle; 1 seed bed; one violet bed; 1 sage 
bed; 2 tomato vines; 13 stands of bees. (Wm. E. 
Smythe in Maxwell's Talisman. 

California is not the only place in the United States 
where a man can live on one acre of ground, by in- 
tensive culture and with irrigation. The Eastern 
and Middle States can present just as good if not 
better, opportunities especially where land in small 
tracts is available near large cities. 

At Hyde Park, a little village three miles north of 
Reading, Pa., there is a small farm owned by Oliver 
R. Shearer, who may be said to be one of the most 
successful farmers in the United States. This farm 
contains 3 1/3 acres, only 21/0 of which are culti- 
vated, but they yield the owner annually from $1,200 
to $1,500. From profits of his intensive farming 
Mr. Shearer has paid $3,800 for his property, which, 
besides the land, consists of a modern two-story 
brick house with barn, chicken yard, and orchard, 
the whole surrounded by a neat fence. He has also 
raised and educated a family of three children. 

There are no secrets, Mr. Shearer says about his 
method of farming. A study of conditions, the ap- 
plication of common-sense methods and untiring 
energy, he asserts, will enable any farmer to do what 
he has done. 



Amount of Fruit Grown on an Acre 

And Average Price at Which It Will Sell. 

Blackberries, 10.000 qts. at 7c a qt .$700 

Dewberries, 9,000 qts. at 7c a qt 630 

Gooseberries, 250 bu. at $2.00 a bu , 500 

Strawberries 8,000 qts. at 5c a qt 400 

Currants, 3,000 plants yield 6,000 bu , 200 

Raspberries, per acre $200 to 600 

Peaches, per acre 200 to 400 

Apples, per acre 100 to 500 

Grapes 100 



Profits from an Acre of Vegetables 

Asparagus, 3,000 bunches at 20c per bunch $600 

Cauliflower, 100 to 300 bbls. at $1.50 450 

Onions, 600 bu. at 75c per bu 450 

Cabbage Seed, 1.000 lbs. at 40c lb 400 

Brussels Sprouts, 3,000 qts. at 10c per qt 300 

Celery, 6,000 bunches at 5c per bunch 300 

Lettuce, 9,000 heads at 3c a head , 270 

Lima Beans, 50 bu. at $5.00 a bu 250 



241 



THE VEGETABLE GARDEN 



How to Prepare Soil, Plant, and Fertilize 

COMPILED FROM PUBLICATIONS OF PETER HENDERSON 



Author of many books on Agriculture and Horticulture 



Location of vegretable garden, — Where a choice can 
be made, the ground selected for the growing of 
vegetables should be level; if any slope, it should 
be smooth and toward the South. If the garden 
Is protected from the North and Northwest winds 
by either a hill, a tree wind-break, a high board 
fence or wall, it will greatly facilitate earliness in 
producing crops. 

Selection of suitable soil. — This is a most im- 
portant factor in the growing of vegetable crops. 
A sandy loam, at least a foot deep, with plenty 
of humus incorporated, overlying a gravelly or sandy 
subsoil through which surplus water readily filters, 
is the ideal for most vegetables, especially for early 
crops. The soil should be "quick," that is it should 
warm up early in the spring, and quickly get 
into working condition after rains. Should the sub- 
soil be clay, then under-drainage, or at least sub- 
soil plowing is essential. For late crops, especially 
for late peas, beans, cabbage and celery, a cooler 
soil is desirable, such as a well-drained clayey 
loam of friable texture. Hard clay is to be avoided 
always; it is cold, late, and hard to work, either 
wet or dry; plants start slowly and grow poorly 
in it. The physical condition of garden soil is 
considered of more importance every year, as better 
understood. Even the question of fertilizing is less 
vital to the production of bountiful crops, for if 
the physical texture is not suitable the effect of 
fertilizers is lost. The elementary principles are 
these: Originally soil was, and in rare localities 
still is, purely disintegrated rock, a chemical analy- 
sis of which might indicate an abundance of all 
of the essentials of plant food structure. Yet these 
constituents are so locked up in an insoluble form 
that but few plants, excepting lichens and the like, 
can extract the nutriment requisite for their growth. 
Slowly these rock particles are fined down by frost, 
rain and the other varied processes of nature, and 
gradually accumulate and become associated with 
animal remains and decayed vegetable matter (hu- 
mus), thus forming the organic matter of soils, 
which retains the soil moisture and holds in solu- 
tion the dissolved constituents of plant food, and 
plants thrive (other conditions being congenial) in 
proportion to their supply of requisite foods held 
in solution, for the only way they can absorb their 
food is through their root hairs. 

Effect of Humus in Fertilizing 

Humus improves the texture of the soil by ren- 
dering it open and mellow and it also contains 
plant food. Should the soil be lacking in humus, 
then it must be incorporated by plowing under 
some growing crop, preferably clover or some legu- 
minous crop, because they add nitrogen to the soil 
which they derive from the air. Stable manure 
assists in obtaining similar results. Aeration or 
Ventilation of the Soil is another essential condition 
to enable the millions of soil-germs (bacteria) in 
the soil to continue their work of converting the 
crude materials of manure and all organic matter 
into available plant food, for plants do not feed upon 
the raw fertilizers, etc., as they are put into the soil. 
Soil ventilation also enables the warm sunshine to 
more readily effect its share in the transformation 
taking place below the surface of the soil. Para- 
doxical as it may seem to the unthinking, yet one 
of the most serious problems of successful gardening 
is in supplying a continuous abundance of moisture 
to the growing plants, and yet allow sufficient air 
for the micro-organisms in the soil to thrive and 
surcharge the moisture with available plant food. 
There must not be too much air, nor too much water, 
but that happy balance which Is most nearly 
obtained in a finely pulverized, mellow, sandy loam 
with an open subsoil. 

Importance of Necessary Moisture 

The Water-Storing: Capacity of Soil is Dependent 
upon the Texture. The finer the texture of suitable 
loamy garden soil the greater will be the water- 



holding capacity, and the more uniformly will it 
be distributed. When rain saturates soil every indi- 
vidual atom of soil is enveloped with a film of mois- 
ture, and the smaller and more numerous the par- 
ticles the more water is contained in a given space, 
on the same principle that a clay marble withdrawn 
from the water will be enveloped with a film 
of moisture equal to the marble's surface, but 
break the marble into a thousand pieces and the 
aggregate surface area would then be increased by 
about one hundred times; this illustrates the water- 
storing value of well-pulverized soil over coarse- 
grained soil. 



Necessity of Proper Drainage 

Drainage is very essential for many garden soils, 
especially those of clayey texture or having clay 
subsoils. Nature's Drains, namely gravelly or sandy 
subsoils, are the best, but when gardens are not 
situated over such, then we must resort to arti- 
ficial drainage. For temporary purposes the land 
may be ridged, thus forming dead furrows, which 
act as surface drains, but these simply carry off 
the surface water and do not improve the texture 
of the soil like underdrainage, which makes the 
soil looser, more friable, and earlier. Clayey soils 
will cement or puddle when they remain wet for 
a long time and finally dry out hard and brick-like, 
whereas, if the surplus water is allowed to perco- 
late through them and is drained off from below, 
cementing does not take place and the soil be- 
comes friable, in which condition it retains the 
capillary moisture necessary for growing crops. 
Garden soil may be excellent in all respects and yet 
remain wet and "spongy," so that it is impossible 
to work or plant it until very late in the spring — 
in such cases it should be reclaimed by draining 
. — the drains should be placed about 3 feet below the 
surface and in stiff, clay soil lateral drains should 
be about 18 feet apart — in lighter, more porous 
soils, 20 to 25 feet apart, and in exceptional lo- 
cations and soils, 50 to 75 feet will answer. 



Best Materials for Drains 



Drains, of course, should have a clear outlet to 
allow unimpeded flow, and to secure this in some 
situations it may be necessary to connect the 
laterals with main drains, which should be placed 
somewhat deeper than the laterals; the positions of 
the mains depend entirely upon the lay of the land 
and the outlet to secure the necessary fall. The 
best and most effectual drains for a long term of 
years are those made with drain tiles, either the 
"sole" tile or the "horseshoe" pattern; the latter 
we prefer. We place this pattern of tile on nar- 
row hemlock boards at the bottom of the trench, 
which prevents sagging where there may be a 
soft spot in the earth; a strip of sod, grass down, 
is then placed on the joints of the tile to prevent 
earth getting in and stopping the flow — the trench 
is then filled in. Cheaper drains are made by fill- 
ing in the bottom of a 3-foot trench with about 
a foot of stones, placing the stones so they form 
a continuous conduit at the bottom; cover the stones 
first with straw, bru.=h or sod before filling the 
trench with soil. Board drains are made by nailing 
3 boards together thus A- 



Plowing to Loosen Soil 

Plowing. — The object of plowing is to pulverize 
the soil, and the character of the soil and the 
intended crop determines the depth. Under average 
conditions plow as deep as possible so long as the 
subsoil is not turned up. endeavor to deepen the 
soil, and if the subsoil is near the surface run a 
subsoil plow in the furrow of the turning plow. 



242 



How to Make Seed Grow 



The subsoil plow does not turn a furrow, but, like 
a huge mole, it lifts and breaks the hard crust 
that forms under the ordinary plow, thus deepen- 
ing the soil and allowing the roots to penetrate 
deeper, and rendering the crop less susceptible to 
drought. Shallow plowing is advisable in sandy, 
leachy soils, the object being to plow the same depth 
every year, so as to compact the undersoil and 
restrain leaching. Tall plowing improves the physi- 
cal condition, especially of heavy, loamy soils; left 
rough, the lumps slack and break down through 
the action of winter weather. Such soils, how- 
ever, should contain plenty of vegetable matter, 
grain or grass stubble, or be covered with manure 
before plowing, to prevent any tendency of the soil 
to puddle or run together. Light and sandy soils 
that dry out quickly in spring and are naturally 
early do not need to be plowed in the fall. 

Rolling. — The object of rolling soil is to com- 
pact light soils — break up lumps and pulverize 
heavier soils — rolling brings capillary water to the 
surface, and to prevent loss of same by evaporation 
the ground should be gone over within a day or 
two after rolling with a harrow. 



Success with Seeds 



Seed Beds. — Finely pulverized mellow soil, con- 
tinuously moist, and a congenial temperature are 
the essentials to success in germinating seeds. An 
even and continuous supply of capillary moisture 
to some extent regulates the soil temperature and 
this moisture — from the soil below — can be brought 
up to the seeds and soil surrounding them by merely 
compacting the soil over them with the foot, a plank 
or a roller; this, if properly done with mellow, 
dryish soil, brings the soil particles in contact 
and establishes the capillarity necessary to bring 
the moisture from the undersoil to the surface, 
thus hastening the germination of shallow-sown 
seeds that might otherwise "dry out." 



Better Get Moisture from Below 

When moisture from below can be secured it is 
better than surface watering from a watering pot 
or hose as they tend to cause the soil to crust 
over; of course, keeping seeds moist by capillarity 
is wasteful of the undersoil's stores of moisture, 
for it passes off into the air. So it is advisable, as 
soon as the seedlings are rooted and sturdy enough, 
to stir and loosen the surface soil about them, thus 
forming an "earth mulch" to check evaporation. 
Where large seeds, like beans, peas, etc., are sown 
deep, after the soil has been firmed over them, 
then the surface can be immediately loosened so 
there may be no undue loss of moisture. 



Secret of Success in Dry Farming 

Cultivation to Conserve Soil Moisture. — Many peo- 
ple imagine that as long as a garden crop is free 
from weeds it does not need to be cultivated, but 
nothing could be further from the fact; frequent 
cultivation, at least once in every ten days, is one 
of the most important factors in the successful grow- 
ing of vegetable or other crops, and especially so 
in dry weather. Growing plants require an immense 
amount of moisture and for perfect and unchecked 
development must have it continuously. As rain 
falls irregularly, plants must depend for their supply 
during dry periods upon the reserve moisture stored 
in the soil below them, as we have described pre- 
viou.sly in this article, and it is only by frequent 
cultivation that we can prevent this reserve mois- 
ture from escaping by capillary conduction into 
the dry summer atmosphere. 

Cultivate 3 inches deep — If the capillary tubes — 
between the stores of moisture and the surface — 
are not kept disconnected in dry weather, the quan- 
tity of moisture, drawn forth as effectually as 
through a suction hose, by drying winds and air, 
will in a few days' time deplete the entire re- 
serve store. The capillary rise of water to make 
good the evaporation from the surface sometimes 
equals a pound of water per square foot of soil 
a day. Therefore, one can realize the importance 
of checking this loss as soon as possible, which is 
effectually accomplished by cultivating the soil at 
least 3 inches deep, leaving the surface pulverized 
and open, thus forming an "Esrth Mulch." and be- 
fore the surface compacts again, allowing the suc- 



tion tubes to be connected, the ground should be 
again cultivated. By using the hand-power wheel 
hoes and cultivators for small gardens, and the rid- 
ing horse cultivators for market gardens, the work 
may be done cheaply, quickly and easily. 

Manures and Fertilizers. — This is a large question 
and the limited space at our disposal only allows us 
to generalize. (Those interested should get a special 
book on the subject; "p'ertilizers by Voorhees," one 
of the latest, is recommended. j 

Some Plants Come from the Air 

Plants are composed of many ingredients, some 
of which are drawn from the air and over which 
we have no control; but most of the materials for 
plant growth and structure are supplied through 
the soil, and we can, when necessary, supply the 
deficiency. Most of the plant-building constituents 
of the soil are therein stored in superabundance, 
and therefore they are seldom taken into considera- 
tion when the fertilizer question is considered; but 
there are three constituents: nitrogen, potash and 
phosphoric acid, that generally have to be supplied 
by the gardener. Flants cannot grow after the sup- 
ply of any one ingredient has been exhausted, on 
the principle that a chain is no stronger than its 
weakest link. To grow vegetable crops to perfection 
liberal quantities of plant-feeding materials must 
be applied to the soil, and we always find it ad- 
visable to use both manures and commercial fertil- 
izers. 

Best Manures 

Natural Manures (stable manures, etc.) usually 
contain varying quantities of the three essentials 
above mntioned, and when manure is intelligently 
stored and cared for, these essentials may all be 
retained until the manure is applied to the soil, 
but it is too frequently the case that "firing," 
"leaching," etc., cause more or less loss, reducing 
the value of such manure to its usefulness as humus. 
Natural manures feed plants more slowly but niore 
continuously than chemical fertilizers and improve 
the texture of the soil, the effects of which last for 
more than one season — .50 to 100 tons per acre is not 
too much to apply to a garden before plowing. 



Commercial Fertilizers 



Artificial or commercial fertilizers act immedi- 
ately, starting the plants into an early and rapid 
growth, and hasten maturity. A high-class "com- 
plete fertilizer," suitable for the variety of vegetables 
usually grown in a garden, contains all three of 
the needed constituents in about the following pro- 
portions: 98 lbs. nitrogen, 120 lbs. phosphoric acid 
and 120 lbs. potash per ton, and should be applied 
after plowing and before harrowing at the rate 
of 500 to 1,000 lbs. per acre, and rowed crops may 
be further stimulated by 2 or 3 supplementary side- 
dressings during the growing season, using 100 to 
200 lbs. per acre for each application. Commercial 
Fertilizers are composed of some base or superstruc- 
ture, such as ground bone, phosphate rock, etc., to 
which the three plant-feeding essentials — -nitrogen, 
potash, and phosphoric acid — are added in varying 
quantities suited to the needs of the crop the fer- 
tilizer is going to feed. As the quantity of each of 
the three essentials contained in a ton is always 
known, and as we know the average proportions 
that various crops consume, it enables us to approxi- 
mately estimate the quantities to apply. The miss- 
ing factor in enabling us to gauge the exact amount 
required of the essentials is the unknown quantity 
of each already in the soil. This can be approxi- 
mately judged only by experimental plots on which 
different crops and different essentials are used. 
(Full instructions and tables for this experimental 
work are given in several works on Fertilizers.) 



Nitrogen and Potash 

Nitrogen is conducive to rapid growth and should 
be used more freely early in the season where ten- 
der and succulent growth, especially leaf-growth, 
is desired. 

Potash hardens the wood-growth and checks too 
succulent leaf-growth, hastens maturity, and causes 
the plant to throw more vigor into fruits or flowers. 



243 



Importance of Firming the Soil 



Make Soil Firm 



The importance of firming' the soil after seeds 
are sown and covered is a detail that is not usually 
appreciated by the amateur gardener, and, in con- 
sequence, there is often a disappointment because 
seeds either do not "come up" or germinate feebly 
and irregularly. 

The failure to properly firm the soil after seeds 
are sown also has its effect upon the later growth 
and maturity of crop, particularly in light soil or 
during a dry season, as it allows too free a circula- 
tion of drying air and wind around the roots, de- 
priving them of moisture and checking the growth of 
the plants; for it must be remembered that a suffi- 
cient amount of moisture is necessary, not only to 
prevent plants from "wilting," but also to enable 
them to assimilate their food, which is consumed 
only in solution, through their root hairs. 



Vegetable, Flower, and Farm Seeds 

A soil may be ever so rich in fertilizing constit- 
uents, but if there is not sufficient moisture to 
dissolve these essentials, and if this plant-feeding 
solution is prevented by barriers of dry atmosphere 
from coming in contact with the thirsty little root- 
lets, then the plants languish, and possibly the 
crop "burns up," if the weather continues hot and 
dry. Therefore we cannot too strongly impress upon 
the cultivator the vital importance of properly com- 
pacting the soil, if dry enough, after sowing and 
covering seeds; whether vegetable seeds, flower seeds, 
farm seeds, or grass seeds. Of course, there are 
conditions of soil and weather that render it Inad- 
visable to press the soil too compactly about the 
seeds, as when the soil is heavy or too wet, or 



in very early spring or late fall, when copious rains 
can be depended upon to perform the operation for 
us, and when there is no danger from hot, drying 
atmosphere. 

Press Soil with Foot 

Under ordinary conditions when soil is of the 
mellow, friable and crumbly texture, in which it is 
suitable to sow seeds, then the planter should press 
every inch of soil over the seeds with the ball of 
his foot, allowing his whole weight to come on it, or 
the rows can be patted down with the back of a 
spade, or a narrow board may be placed over the 
row and be stamped down. But the foot is best 
because it confines the pressure to a narrow strip 
immediately over the seeds, bringing the moist 
soil into immediate contact with them, thus induc- 
ing quick and even germination, and gives them 
an earlier start than the weed seeds in the lighter 
soil between the rows. 



Loosen Soil After Pressing 

After the soli has been firmed as above described, 
the surface should be lightly raked over with a 
short-tooth rake, to prevent any tendency to "bake" 
or form a "crust," through which seedlings might 
have difficulty in forcing their way. This light 
raking leaves the immediate surface loose, like 
a "mulch," thus breaking the capillary tubes 
through which the soil moisture would otherwise 
escape. 

In large gardening and field operations, and on 
lawns, it is of course impossible to firm the soil 
with the foot, so the roller should be used to ac- 
complish a similar result. 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS RELATING TO GARDEN VEGETABLES 



Days Ready for 

to Use 

Kind of Vegetable. "Come from 

Up." Seed Sown. 

Asparagus, Seeds 20 to 28 3 to 4 years 

Asparagus, Roots 

Beans, Dwarf , 6 to 10 45 to 75 days 

Beans, Pole and Lima 6 to 10 6.'5 to 100 days 

Beets 7 to 10 60 to 75 days 

Borecole (Kale) for spring use. . 6 to 10 85 to 120 days 

Borecole (Kale) for fall use 6 to 10 85 to 120 days 

Brussels Sprouts , 6 to 10 100 to 120 days 

Cabbage, Early 6 to 10 100 to 125 days 

Cabbage, Late 6 to 10 120 to 180 days 

Carrot. Early 10 to 15 65 to 85 days 

Carrot, Late 10 to 15 100 to 120 days 

Cauliflower, Early 6 to 10 100 to 115 days 

Cauliflower, Late 6 to 10 100 to 135 days 

Celery 12 to 20 125 to 150 days 

Corn, Sugar 8 to 10 60 to 100 days 

Cucumber 6 to 8 60 to 85 days 

Egg Plant 10 to 14 125 to 160 days 

Endive 6 to 10 75 to 100 days 

Kohl Rabi 6 to 8 65 to 85 days 

Leek 6 to 10 120 to 160 days 

Lettuce 6 to 10 75 to 100 days 

Melon, Musk 6 to 10 90 to 120 days 

Melon, Water 8 to 12 100 to 125 days 

Onion, Seed 6 to 10 120 to 150 days 

Onion, Sets ...... 

Parsley 18 to 24 90 to 100 days 

Parsnip 12 to 18 100 to 150 days 

Peas, Wrinkled 5 to 10 50 to 75 days 

Peas, Smooth 5 to 10 50 to 65 days 

Pepper 10 to 14 135 to 150 days 

Potatoes 15 to 25 75 to 100 days 

Pumpkins 6 to 10 100 to 125 days 

Radish 4 to 6 25 to 50 days 

Salsify 8 to 12 125 to 160 days 

Bpinach 6 to 12 60 to 75 days 

Squash, Summer .., 6 to 10 60 to 75 days 

Squash, Winter 6 to 10 100 to 125 davs 

Tomato 6 to 10 125 to 150 days 

Turnip 4 to 7 60 to 75 days 



Distance Table 

Apart in Rows 

Rows. Apart. 



1 ft., 2 

3 in 2 

3 ft 4 

4 in 1 

2 ft 2 

2 ft 2 

1% ft.. 2 

1% ft 2 

2 % ft 2 

4 in 1 

5 in 2 

1% ft 2 

2ft., 3 

6 in 3 

3 ft 4 

4 ft 4 

2% ft 2 



1 ft 
1 ft. 
6 In. 

1 ft. 
4 ft. 
8 ft. 
3 in. 

3 in. 

4 in. 
6 in. 

2 in. 
2 in. 
2 ft. 

10 in 2 

8 ft 8 

2 to 4 in 1 



6 in. 
4 in. 
4 ft. 
8 ft. 
3 ft. 
6 In. 



ft 

ft 

ft 

ft 

% ft 

% ft 

1^ ft 

ft 

1/4 ft 

Vz ft 

ft 

'^ ft . 

ft 

to 5 ft. . . 

ft 

ft 

% ft 

ft. ..... . 

ft 

V2 ft 

ft 

ft 

ft ... 

ft 

ft 

ft 

% ft 

to 4 ft. .. 
to 4ft... 
% ft 

1/2 ft 

ft 

to 1% ft. 

% ft 

to IVi ft. 

ft 

ft 

ft 

tol% ft. 



Quantity of 
Seed, etc.. Required. 

2 oz. for 100 ft. row. 
100 for 100 ft. row. 
1 qt. for 100 ft. row. 

1 qt. for 100 hills. 

2 oz. for 100 ft. row. 
% oz. for 100 ft. row. 
% oz. for 100 ft. row. 
% oz. for 100 ft. row. 
% oz. for 100 ft. row. 
% oz. for 100 ft. row. 
1 oz. for 100 ft. row. 
1 oz. for 100 ft. row. 
% oz. for 100 ft. row. 
Vi, oz. for 100 ft. row. 
Vi oz. for 100 ft. row, 
1 qt. for 200 hills. 

1 oz. for 60 hills. 
% oz. for 100 ft. row. 
1 oz. for 100 ft. row. 
>4 oz. for 100 ft. row. 
1 oz. for 100 ft. row. 
Vi oz. for 100 ft. row. 
1 oz. for 60 hills. 
1 oz. for 30 hills. 
1 oz. for 100 ft. row. 

3 pts. for 100 ft. row. 
% oz. for 100 ft. row. 
% oz. for 100 ft. row. 
1 qt. for 100 ft. row. 

1 qt. for 100 ft. row. 
% oz. for 100 ft. row. 
1 peck to 100 ft. row. 
1 oz. for 30 hills. 
1 oz. for 100 ft. row. 
1% oz. for 100 ft. row. 
1 oz. for 100 ft. row. 
1 oz. for 50 hills. 
1 oz. for 50 hills. 
% oz. for 100 hills. 
% oz. for 100 ft. row. 



244 



FORTY VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES 
How to Plant and Cultivate 

Vegetable Plants in Colors Shown on Following Pages 



Artichoke 

Artischoke, Ger. Artichaut, FY. 

Sow seeds in deep, rich, sandy 
loam with plenty of rotted ma- 
nure. When large enough, trans- 
plant into rows three feet apart 
and two feet in the rows. 

This vegetable is a great deli- 
cacy, highly valued In all parts 
of Europe, and also one of the 
most prominent table vegetables 
in California and other parts of 
this country. It is a perennial 
producing the large flower heads, 
which are the part eaten, the 
second season, and every year 
thereafter. The young stalks are 
also sometimes tied and blanched 
like celery, but they are not equal 
to the flower heads. Cook like as- 
paragus and serve with cream or 
butter sauce. Sow seed early in 
hotbeds or box in the house, and 
when weather becomes settled 
transplant in rows four feet apart 
and two feet in the row. When 
started early sometimes blooms 
the first year. 

One Variety 

Tlie Globe Artichoke is culti- 
vated for its flower-heads, which 
are cooked like asparagus. Plants 
set in any good soil, with slight 
covering in winter, will remain 
in bearing several years. 



Asparagus 



One of the earliest and most 
delicious of spring vegetables. We 
strongly urge all those having 
enough available space to put in 
a bed for their own use, follow- 
ing carefully the cultural direc- 
tions given below. 

Beds are usually formed by set- 
ting roots, which can be procured. 
If you wish to grow plants from 
the seed yourself, pour warm 
water on the seed and allow it 
to stand until cool; pour it off 
and repeat two or three times 
with fresh warm water. Sow in 
spring in drills about 18 Inches 
apart and 2 inches deep, in light, 
rich soil, planting 15 to 20 seeds 
to each foot of row. When the 
plants are well up, thin to about 
one inch apart and give frequent 
and thorough cultivation during 
the summer. If this has been well 
done, the plants will be fit to set 
the next spring. 

The permanent beds should be 
prepared by deep plowing or spad- 
ing and thoroughly enriching the 
ground with stable manure or 
other fertilizer; a moist, sandy soil 
Is best. If the subsoil is not nat- 
urally loose and friable. It should 



be made so by thoroughly stirring 
with a subsoil plow or spade. Set 
the plants about 4 inches deep and 
1 to 2 feet apart in rows 4 to 6 
feet apart. After the plants are 
well started, give frequent and 
thorough cultivation. Early the 
next spring spade in a heavy dress- 
ing of manure and about one quart 
of salt and double the quantity of 
fresh wood ashes to each square 
rod, and cultivate well as long as 
the size of plants will permit, or 
until they begin to die down. The 
next season the bed may be cut 
over two or three times, but If 
this is done, all the shoots, no 
matter how small, should be cut. 
After the final cutting, give a good 
dressing of manure, ashes, and 
salt. Cultivate frequently until the 
plants meet in the rows. 

In autumn after the tops are 
fully ripe and yellow, they should 
be cut and burned. A bed 15 feet 
by 50 feet, requiring about 100 
plants, if well cultivated and ma- 
nured, should give the following 
season an abundant supply for an 
ordinary family and continue pro- 
ductive for 8 or 10 years. 

Three Varieties 

Palmetto. — A very early matur- 
ing and prolific variety, producing 
an abundance of very large, deep 
green shoots of the best quality. 

Conover's Colossal. — This sort is 
one of the largest and most ex- 
tensively used green varieties. 
Shoots bright green, sometimes 
tinged with purple at the top, very 
tender and of the best quality. 

Early Giant Argrenteuil. — A 
French variety of excellent qual- 
ity; very early, stalks large and 
thick; resists ravages of rust and 
blight better than any other sort. 



Asparagus Seed 

One Ounce Will Sow About 50 Feet 
of Drill 
Sow in autumn, or spring, when 
soil is in good working condition. 
Cultivate during summer; give 
plants light covering of stable lit- 
ter during winter. At 1 or 2 years, 
transplant to permanent beds. 



Asparagus Roots 

A saving of 1 or 2 years Is ef- 
fected by planting roots. For this 
you should select strong 2-year-old 
roots. For private use or for mar- 
keting on a small scale, beds 
should be formed 5 feet wide, with 
3 rows planted in each, one in the 
middle and one on each side a 
foot from edge; distance between 
plants in rows, 9 Inches. 



Beans 

Bohnen, Ger. Faijorenano, Sp. 
Haricot, Fr. 

Planting requires 1 quart to 100 
feet of drill or 200 hills; 2 bushels 
per acre, in drills. 

Warm, light, slightly fertilized 
soil, in a sunny situation, should 
be used. As soon as all danger of 
frost is past, plant in drills 18 to 
30 inches apart, 2 inches in depth, 
and at a distance of 3 to 6 inches 
in the row; the distance between 
both drills and plantings varying 
according to the habits of the va- 
rieties used. If hills be preferred, 
space them 2 feet apart one way 
and 3 feet the other. Never work 
among the vines when wet, as It 
induces rust. 

A succession of sowings can be 
made from the first week in May 
until September. Plant in drills 
about 2 inches deep, and from 18 
inches to 2 feet apart, according 
to the richness of the soil; the 
plants should be about 3 inches 
apart. 



Pole Lima Beans 

Lima beans are not only profit- 
able as green shell beans, but are 
also a paying crop to sell as dried 
beans during winter. They are 
always in demand and bring good 
prices. 

Lima beans will not grow until 
the weather and ground are warm; 
if planted earlier, the seeds are 
apt to rot in the ground. 

Two Varieties 

Seibert'6 Earl.v Lima. — In earli- 
ness, ease of shelling, and quality 
of the green beans, this variety la 
far in advance of all other early 
Limas for either the garden or 
market. The vine is very produc- 
tive; although the pods rarely 
contain more than four beans, the 
total yield is enormous. The 
green shelled beans are of im- 
mense size, tender, and of finest 
quality. 

King of the Garden Lima. — Vines 
vigorous and productive, produc- 
ing a continuous bloom and fruit- 
age to the end of the season. The 
pods are of enormous size, many 
specimens measuring from 5 to 8 
inches, and some containing seven 
beans to the pod, all perfectly 
formed and of superior quality. 



Dwarf, Bush or Snap 
Beans 

In many localities the low-grow- 
ing varieties are known under dif- 
ferent names. Under this classifi- 
cation we include the best sorts se- 
lected after years of careful ob- 
servation — bush, bunch, snap, 
string or dwarf beans. 



245 



Forty Varieties of Garden Vegetables. How Plant and Cultivate 



About the first of May select a 
warm, dry, sheltered spot; dig and 
manure slightly; make drills 2 
inches deep and 18 inches to 2 feet 
apart; drop the beans 3 inches 
apart in the drills, and cover not 
more than 2 inches deep. Hoe well 
in dry weather to keep down the 
weeds. Sow every two weeks for 
a succession until September. 
1 qt. to 100 ft. of drill; IVz bu. to 
the acre in drills 

Four Varieties 
Improved Red Valentine. — For 

snaps there Is nothing superior to 
this variety among the green- 
podded sorts, and many prefer it 
to the wax varieties. Vine erect, 
with dark-green leaves; pods me- 
dium length, curved, cylindrical, 
with crease in back, very fleshy, 
crisp and tender; seed long, of me- 
dium size and unsymmetrical in 
shape; pink, marbled with red. 

Black Valentine. — An extra early 
green-p6d bean. It produces long 
pods that are almost straight, 
round, thick and meaty. They are 
soft green in color; in flavor un- 
surpassed. A good bean to force 
as well as to use for late planting. 

Challenge Black Wax. — Fully 
one week earlier than any other. 
Pods clear waxv white, round, 
fleshy, crisp and tender. The dry 
bean is jet black, long, curved, 
and rather flat. 

Currie's Rust-Proof Wax. — Pods 
long, flat and tender. Seeds blue- 
black. 



Pole, or Running Beans 

One quart will plant 100 hills 
Plant in hills 3 to 4 feet apart 
each way, and 2 inches deep, al- 
lowing G seeds to each hill. When 
the plants are well established they 
should be thinned out to four. 
They are more sensitive to cold 
than the bush beans, and should 
not be planted before the middle 
of May. 

Three Varieties 

Extra Early Jersey IJma. — This 
is ten days earlier than the ordi- 
nary variety, while it is equal in 
flavor and productiveness. 

Dreer's Improved Lima. — Beans 
thick, sweet and tender; very pro- 
ductive. 

Largre White Lima. — A large, 
late sort; broad, very thick, dark 
green. 



ness. Extremely productive, ten- 
der and delicious. The dry beans 
are small and white. 



Dwarf Lima Beans 

Bush limas should be planted 
3 feet apart, dropping 2 or 3 beans 
17) inches apart in the row. Cover 
about an inch deep. Dwarf limas 
require no support. 

Three Varieties 

Burpee's Dwarf Lima. — Plants 

make perfect bushes from 18 
inches to 2 feet high. They are 
sure croppers and immense yield- 
ers. Pods as large as those of the 
pole lima, and contain three to 
five beans of the best quality. 

Dreer's Dwarf Lima. — Th i c k 
pods and large thick beans, three 
or four in a pod. Ripens fully ten 
days earlier than the pole lima 
of same name. 

Henderson's Bush Lima. — Valu- 
able on account of extreme earll- 



Beets 

Runkelrueben, Ger. Remolacha, Sp. 

Betterave, Fr. 

One oz. to 100 ft. drill; 5 to 6 lbs. 

to the acre, in drills 

A rich, deep, light soil is par- 
ticularly necessary for a success- 
ful growth of beets. For early 
supply, sow very early in spring, 
soon as ground can be worked, in 
drills 18 Inches apart, 1 inch deep 
and thin to 4 inches in the row. 
For autumn and winter crops, sow 
later in the season. When young, 
the leaves make excellent greens. 

If wanted very early, sow such 
sorts as Crosby's Egyptian and 
Detroit Dark Red in hotbeds and 
transplant, cutting off the outer 
leaves For general crop, sow in 
freshly prepared soil as soon as 
the ground will permit, about an 
inch deep and pressing the soil 
firmly over the seed. When the 
plants are well established, thin 
out. For winter use the turnip va- 
rieties may be sown in June so as 
to mature late in the season. The 
roots are stored in a cellar and 
covered with sand or sandy soil to 
prevent wilting, or they may be 
kept outdpors in pits such as are 
used for apples and potatoes. 

Three Varieties 

Albani. — One of the best, extra 
early beets in cultivation; very 
sweet and tender; fine for home 
and market garden use. 

Eclipse. — Very early and espe- 
cially desirable for the home gar- 
den; roots nearly globular, with a 
small tap root; flesh bright red. 

Edmand'B Blood Turnip. ^ — Very 
uniform; roots always smooth, 
round and handsome; top small, 
of good marketable size and among 
the best for table use; color dark 
red; crisp, tender and sweet; good 
keeper. 



Borecole, or Kale 

One ounce will produce 3,000 
plants 

To grow this valuable winter 
vegetable successfully, it is impor- 
tant that the soil should be deep, 
well worked, and liberally ma- 
nured. Sow about the middle of 
April in prepared beds, covering 
thinly and evenly; plant out in 
June, following directions recom- 
mended for cultivating cabbage. 

Three Varieties 

Dwarf Green Curled. — V e r y 

dwarf, spreading variety. I^eaves 
beautifully curled, quite hardy; 
will remain over winter where the 
temperature does not fall below 
zero. 

Dwarf-Brown. — Same as Dwarf 
Green, but dark purple. 

Siberian, or Sprouts. — One of the 
best known varieties of kale, also 
called sprouts or German greens. 
The green curled leaves are ten- 
der and of delicate flavor. 



Broccoli 

Nearly allied to the cauliflower, 
but more hardy. The seed should 
be sown in the early part of May 
and transplanted in June; south, 
the sowing should be delayed un- 
til June or July, and the trans- 
planting accordingly from August 
to October. In parts of the coun- 
try where the thermometer does 
not fall below 20 or 25 degrees 
broccoli may be had in perfection 
from November until March. It 
succeeds best in a moist and rather 
cold atmosphere. 

Two Varieties 

White Cape. — Heads medium 
size, close, compact, and of creamy 
white color. One of the most cer- 
tain to head. 

Purple Cape. — Differs only in 
color. 



Brussels Sprouts 

This is one of the best vegeta- 
bles for winter use, producing from 
the axils of the leaves an abun- 
dance of sprouts, resembling small 
cabbages, of excellent, mild flavor. 

Two Varieties 
Tall French. — Very fine. 
Dwarf Improved. — A variety 
producing compact sprouts of ex- 
cellent quality. 



Cabbage 



Kohl, Ger. Chou, Fr. Berza, Sp. 
One oz. will produce 1,500 plants; 
% lb. to transplant for an acre 
Culture.^ — For plants of the ear- 
liest sorts sow seed in January or 
February under glass, and prick 
out in flats or frames about 2 
inches apart each way. Trans- 
plant to open ground as soon in 
spring as the land can be properly 
prepared. A rich, warm, fibrous 
loam is best. Have the plants in 
the rows 20 to 24 inches apart, and 
rows at least 2 feet apart. Give 
thorough cultivation, and irrigate 
in dry weather if practicable. Pro- 
tect against the ravages of cut- 
worm, maggot and green worm. A 
little nitrate of soda applied 
around the plant is of great bene- 
fit. Potash applications, such as 
wood ashes or muriate, may also 
do much good. For late cabbage 
plants, sow seed in drills in open 
ground during April and May, and 
transplant in June and July, giv- 
ing the plants more room than al- 
lowed for earliest cabbages. Dust- 
ing with tobacco dust, insect pow- 
der, etc., or splashing with hot 
soapsuds, especially whale-oil soap 
solution, are good and safe reme- 
dies for some of the insect pests 
attacking plants of the cabbage. 

Early Varieties 
Copenhagen Market. — A new va- 
riety from Denmark, which ma- 
tures as early as Wakefield. Heads 
weigh 10 to 12 pounds and are 
very solid. It is the largest of the 



246 



Forty Varieties of Garden Vegetables. How Plant and Cultivate 



early round-head varieties, and of 
excellent quality. 

Small Extra Early Jersey Wake- 
field. — The earliest strain of Wake- 
field cabbage, very hardy, and 
may be set out early. Heads 
small, but very solid. 

Volga. — One of the earliest main 
crop cabbages of superior qual- 
ity. Very desirable where a large, 
uniformly round head with short 
stem and compact growth is 
wanted. Matures very early for a 
variety furnishing such large 
heads of excellent shape. Very 
hardy, good keeper. 

Early Drumhead. — A second 
early, sure heading cabbage of 
good quality. Plant of compact 
growth. Head large, thick, flat- 
tened on the top, solid, crisp and 
tender. 

Red Cabbage 

Red Delloaoy. — Medium size and 
late; most delicious of all red va- 
rieties. 

Early Red Dutch Erfurt. — Ear 
lier than the Red Drumhead, but 
equally as valuable for pickling. 

Red Dutch Drumhead. — A large- 
heading variety, fine for pickling. 

Mammoth Rock Red. — The larg- 
est and most solid of the Red va- 
rieties; a sure-heading sort and 
tender. 



Carrot 



Moehren, Ger. Zanahoria, Sp. 
Garrotte, Fr. 

One oz. 100 ft. drill; 3 lbs. per acre 
For early crops, sow as soon as 
ground can be worked, in drills 1 
inch deep and 1 foot apart (3 feet 
for field culture), thinning 4 to 8 
Inches, according to varieties. Keep 
your plants well cultivated. Under 
favorable conditions 600 bushels 
per acre is a fair crop. The car- 
rot, being enormously productive 
and of superior nutritive quality, 
is a desirable and profitable crop 
to grow for stock feed. 

Carrots do best in warm, deep, 
rather light and fairly fertile soil, 
that is well supplied with humus, 
or on strong loam having been in 
clover and broken the year before. 
For earliest crop sow seed of the 
early short-rooted sorts in April or 
May, in drills a foot apart, and 
thin to 2 inches. For main crop, 
sow in May or June, or for succes- 
sion even in July, using the longer- 
rooted varieties. The rows for 
these may be 10 to 20 inches apart, 
and the plants thinned to 2, 3 or 
even 4 inches. To raise carrots for 
stock, the rows may be made wide 
enough apart, say 2 to 2% feet, to 
allow of cultivation by horse pow- 
er. In sowing carrot or other small 
seeds, especially during dry weath- 
er, pains should be taken to fii'm 
the soil well over the seed, either 
by means of the feet or with the 
roller of the garden drill. 

Three Varieties 

Chantenay. — Tops medium sized, 
necks small; roots tapering slightly 
but uniformly stump rooted and 
smooth; color deep orange-red; 
flesh very crisp and tender. Al- 
though this is a medium early 
sort, it furnishes roots of usable 
size as early as any, is a heavy 



cropper, and is undoubtedly one 
of the best for both the market 
and private garden, while its great 
productiveness makes it very de- 
sirable as a field sort. 

I..ong Orange. — The most popu- 
lar of the older sorts for farm use 
on mellow soil. An improvement 
obtained by years of careful se- 
lection of the best formed and 
deepest colored roots. 

Victoria. — Largest carrot grown, 
heaviest cropping and most nutri- 
tious variety cultivated; roots re- 
markably fine, light orange; sym- 
metrical, excellent quality of high 
feeding properties; good keeper; 
heavy cropper on. all soils; best 
adapted for rich land; grows half 
as much weight again per acre as 
ordinary sorts; grows well out of 
ground; easily harvested. All who 
have cattle should raise a quan- 
tity of carrots for feeding milch 
cows in winter. It increases the 
flow of milk and gives to the 
butter a delicious flavor and a 
rich golden color. Breeders of fine 
horses feed carrots to help keep 
them in health and condition. 



Cauliflower 

Blumen Kohl, Ger. Choufleur, Fr. 

One ounce of seed for 3,000 plants 

Cauliflower succeeds well in any 
soil where cabbages will grow. It 
delights in a rich soil and plenty 
of water. For early sorts, sow in 
a hotbed in February or March; 
for later crop, sow in May in a 
moist place. Transplanting should 
be done in moist weather. 

Three Varieties 

Extra Earl.v Dwarf Erfurt. — 

Best for forcing, good for open 
ground. Dwarf and very solid, 
with short outside leaves. Can 
be planted 20 inches apart each 
way and forced. Almost as early 
as Snowball. 

Barnard's Snowball Cauliflower. 
— For main crop, and for every 
purpose except for first early, or 
for culture under glass (for which 
the Extra Early Dwarf Erfurt is 
excellent) growers recommend. 
Barnard's Snowball as a variety 
of the highest quality and reli- 
able, sure cropping strain. 

Vaughan's New .Snowball. — This 
is an excellent strain of this 
popular vegetable, the superior 
of which cannot be found. In 
size, compactnes.? and color it rep- 
resents quality of the highest type. 
A well grown head will measure 9 
or 10 inches across and have depth 
in proportion, very solid, and the 
core will be perfectly white. 



Celery 



Sellerie, Ger. Apio, Sp. Celeri, Fr. 
1 oz. to 2,000 seeds. 

Celery delights and thrives best 
in a muck land, but can be grown 
in any good garden soil. Sow the 
seed in the open ground early in 
spring, as soon as ground can be 
worked. 

Prepare the soil well, and sow 
in drills a quarter inch deep and 
about 10 inches apart, taking care 
to firmly press the soil over the 
seed. 



When 2 inches high, after care- 
ful hardening, transplant to 2 
inches apart each way. Later dig 
trenches 4 feet apart and C inches 
deep, or they may be set on level 
ground, and when large enough 
trim off the tops (to render stocky) 
and enough of the roots to admit 
of straight planting, and set in 
trenches 6 inches apart, covering 
to the crown only. 

Other Directions. — For first crop 
sow seed early in hotbeds, or in 
boxes in the house, in rich, moist 
soil, covering seed very lightly. 
For main crop sow in open ground 
in April, or soon as soil is in good 
condition. .Seed germinates slowly 
and if the weather is hot and dry 
protect with light covering of hay 
or straw. Stir soil as soon as plants 
are well up; thin out and trans- 
plant so that they stand about an 
inch apart in the row. If they 
grow too rapidly, shear the tops 
off when about 4 or 5 inches high, 
and this will make them more 
stocky. For main crop set plants 
out between June ITith and July 
15th, in rows 3 feet apart, and 
plants 6 inches apart in the row. 
Care should be taken to firm the 
earth well around plants when set- 
ting and they will root better. 
Keep clear of weeds until about 
the middle of August, when it 
will be time to begin earthing up. 
Draw the soil up against plants 
with a hoe as closely as possible, 
firming it enough to keep plants 
in an upright position. Later in 
the season the blanching process 
must be finished by digging soil 
from between rows and banking 
clear to the tops on each side of 
the row of celery. Much labor is 
saved by growing the self-bleach- 
ing varieties. They are easier to 
grow but do not do quite so well. 

Three Varieties 

White Plume — Stalks, portions 
of the inner leaves and heart nat- 
urally white, become fit for use 
by simply tying up closely with 
soft twine. More used than any 
other by gardeners. 

Golden .Self-Blanching. — By far 
the most popular sort on the mar- 
ket. It is of medium earliness, of 
dwarf, compact habit, with thick, 
solid, heavily ribbed stalks, which 
blanch easily to a clear waxen yel- 
low. When grown in rich, moist 
soil, the stalks are numerous and 
large, with a solid heart of beau- 
tiful yellow. 

Rose-Ribbed Self-Blanching. — Is 
a sport from the Golden Self- 
Blanching, having all its good 
qualities, with the additional at- 
traction of beautiful rose-tinted 
ribs, making it very handsome. 



Celeriac 

(Or Turnip-Rooted Celery) 
Knollen Sellerie, Ger. 

Celeri-rave, Fr. A pio nabo, Sp. 

A turnip-shaped, tender, 'mar- 
row-like variety, possessed of more 
pungent taste and odor than the 
common sorts. Keeps well, and is 
principally used for flavoring 
meats and soups. 

A popular German vegetable 
worthy of more extensive cultiva- 
tion. The roots, which are used in 
salads or boiled like parsnips or 
turnips, have a celery flavor that 



247 



Forty Varieties of Garden Vegetables. How Plant and Cultivate 



is particularly pleasant to those 
who like celery. These roots keep 
well all winter. Celeriac is de- 
serving of much more popularity. 
Three Varieties 

New Celeriac "DelicatesB." — Pro- 
duces perfectly smooth oval roots, 
without any side roots, and never 
rusts. Flesh is pure white, ten- 
der and of the best quality of all 
varieties of this vegetable. This 
size does very well on light soils. 

Giant Pragrue. — This is unques- 
tionably the largest and best cele- 
riac for main crop, and is the 
most popular with American 
growers. The roots are very large, 
almost twice the size of Erfurt, 
almost globe-shaped, smooth, and 
with only a few roots at the bot- 
tom. The flavor and quality are 
excellent. The common kinds of 
celeriac one sees while marketing 
are often small and crooked, with 
a mass of unsightly and useless 
roots. The Giant Prague averages 
very regular in shape and has few 
side roots. It is a general fa- 
vorite. 

Earliest of All. — This is a va- 
riety ready in June. Flesh pure 
white and very tender; roots of 
good size, fine quality and never 
woody. Foliage short and tubers 
remarkably smooth. On account 
of its earliness may be planted 
for succession as late as July. 



Chicory 



KafCeewurzel, Ger. 

One ounce of seed for 100 feet of 

drill 

Sow one-half inch deep, in drills, 
one foot apart and cultivate like 
carrots. 

The dried roots are used for mix- 
ture with coffee, or as a substitute. 
The young leaves make excellent 
greens, and are preferred by some 
even to the dandelion. 

Two Varieties 
large-Rooted Magdeburg. — The 

roots are cut in thick slices, roast- 
ed and used for coffee. The leaves 
in spring also make a good salad. 
Hitloof Chicory or French Kn- 
dive. — This European delicacy has 
in the past few years become a 
standard salad in all of the best 
American hotels and restaurants. 
It can be easily grown by any one. 
Seed is planted in the spring and 
roots like parsnips are produced. 
The roots are stored in sand un- 
til wanted for growing on during 
the winter. They are then forced 
In soil in some deep place. 



Citron 

Wassermelone, Ger. Sandia, Sp. 

Melone d'eau Pasteque, Fr. 
One oz. to 30 hills, 4 to 5 lbs. In 
hills to an acre. 
The culture of the citron is very 
similar in all respects to that of 
the musk varieties. Being hardier 
and of much more vigorous habit, 
however, it may be planted before 
settled warm weather appears, in 
hills not less than 8 feet apart, and 
thinned to two vines per hill. If 
melons of largest size are the ob- 
ject, remove all but a few when 
quite small. 



Collards 

Well adapted to the southern cli- 
mate, where it is extensively used. 
It is a species of cabbage, highly 
esteemed for its delicious flavor. 

Seed may be sown in the extreme 
south from early fall until late 
spring. The plant is quite hardy. 
Plants may stand 8 inches apart. 
Treat as cabbage. 



Corn 

Sweet or Table Varieties 

One quart for 200 hills. One peck 

for acre in hills. 

A rich, warm, alluvial soil is the 
best, but excellent sweet corn can 
be raised on any good, ordinary 
soil, if it is deeply and thoroughly 
worked before planting. In the 
north sweet corn should be planted 
as early as can be done without 
risking great loss from frosts or 
from rotting of the seed in the soil. 

If planted in rows, make the 
rows about 4 feet apart and place 
the seed 14 to 16 inches apart in 
the row, covering one inch deep 
with fine soil firmly pressed down. 

If planted in hills, make the 
hills for the early varieties 3 feet 
apart each way and plant 6 ker- 
nels to the hill. For the later sorts 
the hills should be not less than 4 
feet apart each way. Hoe fre- 
quently, and when C inches high 
thin so as to leave 3 or 4 plants in 
the hill. Give frequent and thor- 
ough but shallow cultivation until 
the tassels appear. For succession, 
plant every two weeks until late 
summer. 

Three Varieties 

Stowell's Evergreen. — This stand- 
ard main crop variety excels all 
other late sorts in sweetness and 
productiveness. It is more popu- 
lar than any other for canning, 
for marketing and for the home 
garden. CJreat care has to be ex- 
ercised in the selection of stock to 
grow seed from, as this variety 
has a tendency to deterioration 
and a shorter grain, which makes 
it less sugary and desirable. 

Mammoth Sugar. — A large, late 
variety, having ears of mammoth 
size, 14 to 20 rows. Quality ex- 
cellent, not exceeded by any va- 
riety. A good canners' variety, 
being white grained and very uni- 
form. A week later than Stowell's 
Evergreen. 

Early Evergreen. — The ears of 
this new corn grow 8 inches long, 
are mostly 14 to 18 rows. This is 
a magnificent kind for market gar- 
deners and for main crop in every 
home garden. It ripens 10 to 12 
days in advance of Stowell's Ever- 
green and is equally as good for 
all purposes. The kernels are 
very sweet and tender, and when 
eaten from the cob break off free 
from husky tips so common to 
some otherwise fine table corns. 



as a substitute for lettuce and 
spinach. 

During August and September 
sow the seed in shallow drills abqut 
one foot apart, covering with about 
one-fourth inch of fine soil firmly 
pressed down. On the approach 
of severe cold weather, cover with 
straw or coarse litter. The plants 
will also do well if the seed is 
sown very early in the spring, and, 
like most salad plants, are greatly 
improved if sown on very rich soil; 
indeed, the ground can scarcely be 
made too rich for them. 



Corn Salad 



A small, quick growing salad 
plant for late fall, winter and 
spring use. The leaves are used 



248 



Cress 

Briinnenkresse, Ger. Cresson de 

Fontaine, Fr. Berro, Sp. 
One ounce will sow 150 feet of drill 
A popular salad which should be 
sown early in the spring, very 
thickly in shallow drills, and at 
short intervals, for succession, as 
it soon runs to seed. 

This is a well-known hardy per- 
ennial, aquatic plant, growing 
abundantly along the margins of 
running streams, ditches and 
ponds, and sold in immense quan- 
tities in our markets in spring. 
Where it does not grow naturally, 
it is easily introduced by planting 
along the margins of ponds and 
streams, where it increases, both 
by spreading of the roots and by 
seeding. It has a particularly 
pleasant, pungent taste, agreeable 
to most people. 

Two Varieties 

True Water. — Sow seeds along 
the border of running water. 

Upland Cress. — A perennial va- 
riety; hardy, produces well; same 
flavor as water cress. Grown on 
high, dry land; does not run to 
seed rapidly. 



Cucumber 

Gurken, Ger. Concombre, Fr. 
Pepino, Sp. 
One ounce will plant fifty hills; 
two pounds will plant one acre 
Culture. — For very early cucum- 
bers, sow April 1st, in a hotbed 
upon pieces of sod (grass side 
down), so that they can be read- 
ily transplanted to the open 
ground, in rich soil, when danger 
of frost is over, or protect by hand- 
glasses. For early use, plant, if 
the weather has become settled 
and warm, in hills 4 to 6 feet apart 
each way; thin out to four of the 
strongest plants to each hill, after 
all danger from insects is over. 
They succeed best in a warm, 
moist, rich, loamy soil. Continue 
planting at intervals for a succes- 
sion. The cucumbers should be 
gathered when large enough for 
use, whether required or not; if 
left to ripen, it destroys their pro- 
ductiveness. For pickles, plant 
from June until the middle of July. 



Forty Varieties of Garden Vegetables. How Plant and Cultivate 



The yellow-striped cucumber or 
squash beetle is the most serious 
insect enemy of this crop. Bor- 
deaux Arsenate of Lead Mixture is 
by far the best remedy yet discov- 
ered. Dilute it with water, 3 
ounces to the gallon, and spray it 
on the vines when in danger of the 
beetle or blight. 

Two Varieties 

The Davis Perfect. — For a num- 
ber of years this variety was con- 
trolled by the originator, who 
states that he experimented sev- 
eral years in trying to get an im- 
proved strain of cucumber for 
forcing under glass and outside 
culture. The cucumbers grow long 
and slim, sometimes measure 12 
inches in length; the color is a 
rich, dark, glossy green, which 
they hold until nearly ripe. It is 
very tender, brittle, and of fine 
flavor. 

Everbearing. — This is a valuable 
variety, producing pickles and cu- 
cumbers until frost kills the vines. 
It is very productive; fruits of all 
sizes will be found ,on the vine at 
same time; size is small and well 
adapted for pickling. 



Dandelion 

One ounce will sow 150 feet of drill 
In spring the blanched leaves of 
this plant make a most delicately 
flavored and wholesome salad. The 
seed may be sown in May or June, 
in drills half an inch deep, and 12 
inches apart; thin out the plants 
to 6 inches; cultivate during sum- 
mer and the following spring the 
leaves will be fit to cut. The qual- 
ty is improved by blanching, which 
can be done by covering with 
leaves or other loose litter, or by 
placing a large inverted flower pol 
over each plant. 

Two Varieties 

Improved Thick-Leaved. — A very 
early, large-leaved variety. 

Common. — A popular sort for 
greens and salads. 



Egg Plant 



Eierpfianze, Ger. Aubergine, Fr. 

Berengena, Sp. 
One ounce will produce 1,000 to 
2,000 plants 
Culture. — Sow the seeds in hot- 
beds early in March. When 3 
inches high pot the young plants, 
using small pots, and plunge them 
in the same bed, so that the plants 
may become stocky. They can be 
planted out from the pots when the 
season becomes sufficiently warm, 
in May or June. Egg-plant seed 
requires a higher temperature for 
germination than any other garden 
vegetable, and this temperature 
should be maintained right along 
in order to maintain strong and 
healthy growth. The soil can 
hardly be made too rich. After 
settled warm weather has set in, 
set the plants in open ground, al- 



lowing 3 feet space between rows, 
and 2 feet space between the plants 
in the row. Watch for the potato 
beetle. This pest as well as blight 
may be controlled by spraying with 
Bordeaux Arsenate of Lead Mix- 
ture. 

Three Varieties 

New York Improved L.arg:e 
Purple. — This variety is largely 
grown and produces the egg plants 
in great quantities, as the plants 
bear from 6 to 8 fruits each. 
Tliey are large, nearly round, dark 
purple, free of thorns and of ex- 
cellent quality. 

Early Long; Purple. — Earliest and 
haidiest, very productive; fruit 6 
to 10 inches long. 

Black Pekin. — Fruit purplish- 
black, round, large, solid, smooth 
and glossy; very prolific and early. 



Endive 



Endivie, Ger. Chicoree, Fr. Endlbia 

6 Escarola, Sp. 
One ounce of seed to 300 feet of 
row 
Endive is one of the best and 
most wholesome salads for fall and 
winter use. Sow in shallow drills 
in April for early use or for late 
use in June or July. When 2 or 3 
inches high, transplant into good 
ground or thin out to 1 foot apart. 
When nearly full grown, and be- 
fore they are fit for the table, they 
must be bleached. This is done by 
gathering the leaves together and 
tying with yarn to exclude the 
light and air from the inner leaves, 
which must be done when quite 
dry, or they will rot. Another 
method is to cover the plants with 
boards or slats. In three or four 
weeks they will be blanched. 

Two Varieties 

Green Curled Winter. — Standard 
sort for fall and winter crop; when 
tied up this variety blanches 
splendidly. 

White Curled (Self-blanching.) — 
Leaves pale green, grows to a 
large size, always crisp and very 
tender. 



Gourds 

Sow in the garden, in late spring, 
after the ground has become warm. 
The plants are tender, requiring 
the same culture as squash or 
melon. Should be sown where they 
are to grow, as they do not trans- 
plant easily. 

Two Varieties 

Japanese Nest Egrgr. — Grows al- 
most uniformly to the size, color 
and shape of a hen's egg. The 
shells are hard and make the very 
best of nest eggs, as they do not 
crack. . The largest ones, when 
sawed in two. make excellent pots 
for starting tomato, strawberry 
and other plants. 

Dipper.- — Makes a lighter and 
more convenient dipper than can 
be bought. Dippers of various 
sizes of a capacity from a pint to 
a quart and a half, can be had 
from a few vines. 



Curious Vegetables 

The Iowa Seed Company, located 
at Des Moines, Iowa, suggests that 
exhibitors at agricultural fairs will 
aid in making the fair interesting 
by showing something new in veg- 
etables unlike what the neighbor 
grows, including mixed peppers, 
gourds, kale, endive, egg plants, 
brussels sprouts, kohl-rabi, okra, 
borekole, cress, dandelions, corn 
salad, chicory, celeriac, parsley, 
salsify, mustard and other plants 
not generally grown. Several of 
these are found in the list of vege- 
tables shown in this volume. 



Herbs, Sweet, Medicinal 
and Pot 

The cultivation of herbs is very 
simple, and but little care is need- 
ed beyond keeping down the weeds. 
Sow in April or May, in drills 12 to 
15 inches apart, and thin out the 
young plants where they stand too 
thick. Gather when just coming 
into bloom, tie in small bunches 
and dry in the shade. 

Varieties marked with an * are 
perennials. 

Anise. — Used for seasoning and 
garnishing. 

*BaIm. — Leaves used medici- 
nally. 

Basil, Sweet, 

Borage. — Leaves are used as a 
salad. 

Catnip. — Good for bee pasture. 

♦Caraway. — Seeds used medici- 
nally and in bread. 

Coriander. — Seeds used for fla- 
voring. 

Dill. — Leaves used with pickles, 
seeds for flavoring soups and vine- 
gar. 

Pennel. — Seeds for flavoring; 
leaves for garnishing. 

Hops. — Used in making beer. 

*Horehound. — Has medicinal 
qualities. 

Hyssop. — Used In medicine. 

♦Lavender. — Its flowers are used 
in the manufacture of oil and dis- 
tilled water. 

Marjoram, Sweet. — Used for sea- 
soning. 

Rosemary. — Leaves used for sea- 
soning. 

3lLnt. — For soups, etc. 

Kue. — Cures roup in poultry. 

Saffron. — Used for coloring. 

Sage. — Leaves are used in stuff- 
ing and sauces. 

Savory, Summer. — Used for sea- 
soning. 

*Thyme. — For seasoning. 

Tobacco. — For smoking. 

♦Wormwood. — Beneficial for 
poultry. 



Kohl-rabi 

One ounce will sow 200 feet of drill 
This vegetable, the popularity of 
which is rapidly increasing, com- 
bines the virtues of the turnip and 
cabbage, but excels both In nutrl- 



249 



Forty Varieties of Garden Vegetables. How Plant and Cultivate 



tlve, hardy and productive quali- 
ties. The seed may be sown in 
June, in rows 18 inches apart, and 
the plants thinned out to 8 or 10 
inches. 

Two Varieties 

Short Topped Early AVhite Vi- 
enna. — The most desirable variety 
for forcing and early outdoor 
planting. Fine for table use. 

Large AVhite Vienna. — A large 
late variety, which remains tender 
longer than any other sort. 



Leek 

This belongs to the onion fam- 
ily. I^eaves flat; stems very large, 
cylindrical, bulbous. 

Sow early in spring In drills 12 
to 15 inches apart, covering one- 
half inch deep. Thin plants to 6 
inches apart in row and draw the 
eartli about thtm when cultivating. 

If one desires very white and 
tender leeks, transplant when 
about 6 inches high, setting 4 
inches apart in trenches about 2 
feet apart, and gradually earth up 
liiie celery. 

Three Varieties 

London Flag:. — This variety is 
hardy, of good q lality, and is ex- 
tensively cultivated in this coun- 
try. 

Larg-e American Flag:. — A va- 
riety similar to, but larger than, 
the London Flag, and very popu- 
lar. One ounce of seed to 1.50 
feet of drill. This is the sort 
chiefly grown by market garden- 
ers. It is of excellent quality, 
mild flavor and uniform. 

Monstrous Carenlan. — The very 
largest variety, often three inches 
in diameter, and becoming very 
white and tender. A very hardy 
and desirable sort, which is 
worthy of more extensive cultiva- 
tion. 



Lettuce 

Lattich, odor Garten-Salad (Ger.), 
Laitue (Fr.), Lechuga (Sp.) 

One ounce will produce about 
3,000 plants 

Culture. — Sow the seed in hot- 
beds or flats during February or 
early March, prick the young 
seedlings out in flats or coldframe, 
several inches apart each way, 
and, as soon as a nice, rich, warm 
spot can be prepared in open 
ground in spring, transplant the 
well-hardened plants in rows a 
foot apart, allowing 8 to 12 inches 
space between the plants in the 
row. For succession sow seed 
thinly in open ground, and thin 
the plants to 5 or more inches 
apart. Sow for succession every 
few weeks until the fall. Some 
varieties do well in a cool forcing 
house during winter. 

Two Varieties 

Early AVhite Cabbage (White 
Butter Lettuce). — A good variety 
for sowing in the fall, as it is 
nearly hardy and requires but lit- 
tle protection. Hetids are very 
firm and nicely blanched. 

Black-seeded Tennisball. — Forms 
a close, hard head, with few outer 
leaves. 



Musk Melon 

One ounce will plant 75 hills 
Cultivate in hills, which should 
be 5 to 6 feet apart each way, and 
composed of light, moderately rich 
soil. The hills should be dug about 
2 feet square, IS inches deep, and 
half filled with well-rotted manure, 
which must be thoroughly incor- 
porated with the soil. Plant in 
May, 10 seeds to the hill, and when 
the plants are well up, thin out to 
three. Cultivate until the vines 
cover the ground, and pinch the 
ends of the growing shoots to in- 
duce early fruiting. 

Three Varieties 

Miller's Cream, or Osage. — A re- 
markably fine variety of large size 
and delicious flavor. The flesh is 
deep salmon color and very thick. 
A great favorite for the market 
and home garden. 

Kooky Ford. — A very popular 
small melon, of a most delicious 
flavor. 

Extra Early Hackensack. — The 
fruit is medium-sited, nearly 
round, and very thickly netted; 
flesh light green, of delicious 
flavor. 



Mustard 

Mustard is not only used as a 
condiment but the green leaves 
are used as a salad or cut and 
boiled like spinach. Sow as early 
in the spring as the ground will 
permit, in drills about eighteen 
inches apart, covering one-half 
inch deep. For succession, sow 
every few weeks till autumn. 
Water freely. In the South the 
seed may be sown in autumn and 
the plants used early in the spring 
as a salad and for greens. 

Two Varieties 

Ostrich Plume. — Leaves long, 
ruffled, frilled and curved grace- 
fully as an ostrich plume; desir- 
able for garnishing. Can be cut 
quite early; excellent for "greens." 

Southern Giant Curled. — True 
curled leaf variety so popular in 
the South for planting in fall to 
furnish early spring salad; also 
fine for spring sowing. 



Okra, or Gumbo 

Essbarer Elbisch (Ger.), Gombaud 
(Fr.), Quimbombo (Sp. ) 
Cldture. — This vegetable is ex- 
tensively grown for its green pods, 
which are used in soups, stews, 
etc., to which they impart a rich 
flavor, and are considered nutri- 
tious. Sow the seed thickly in 
rich ground, about the middle of 
May, or when the ground has be- 
come warm, in drills 3 feet apart, 
1 inch deep; thin to 10 inches 
apart in drills. Culture otherwise 
much like corn. 

Two Varieties 

Perkins' Long-Pod Okra. — An 

exceedingly handsome variety of 
okra, which is a great improve- 
ment upon other varieties hereto- 
fore grown. The pods grow 4 or 



5 inches in length and are very 
tender, long, slim and of a beauti- 
ful deep green color. The habit 
of growth of plant is dwarf, and 
it is very productive. 

Dreer's Little Gem. — The best of 
the dwarf sorts. It makes a 
stocky growth of plant and is 
very productive. The pods are 
long, slender and of a light green 
color. 



Onions 



One ounce of seed for 200 feet of 

drill; four to five pounds 

for an acre 

The onion Is most successfully 
grown in a rich, sandy loam. Con- 
tinued cultivation upon the same 
plot of ground, contrary to the 
general rule, rather improves the 
CFop than otherwise. 

As early as the ground can be 
worked in the spring, sow the 
seed in drills 14 inches apart, 
covering half an inch. When the 
plants first appear in the rows, 
commence hoeing, just skimming 
the surface. Subsequently, weed 
thoroughly and carefully by hand. 
When the tops die, pull the onions 
and spread evenly over the 
ground; stir or turn until thor- 
oughly dried, then cut the tops 
off one-half inch from the bulb. 
Winter in a frost-proof place. 

Globe onions are preferred by 
some growers to those of any 
other shape. Such onions do not 
occupy any more space in the 
row; their size and solidness make 
them weigh out and measure 
more, and their attractive appear- 
ance finds for them ready sale in 
nearly all markets. 

Two Varieties 

Barnard's Yellow Globe. — This 
is a superb onion for all classes 
of soil (well enriched) on account 
of its quick maturing qualities, 
and especially good for muck 
lands. The onions from this 
strain of seed ripen early and all 
at once. They are distinct and 
perfect in shape, with very small 
necks; handsome, bright, even 
color. The firm solid bulbs are all 
that can be desired in size and 
quality. Being excellent winter 
keepers, they are sought in all 
onion markets. 

White Globe. — One of the most 
beautiful globular, mild flavored 
onions. A favorite for marlcet; 
salable everywhere. It is ,of very 
large size, and of fine quality. 



Onion Sets 

For early onions for bunching; 
ready for table in a very few 
weeks. It is cheaper to grow from 
seed but considerable work to 
weed, and many prefer to buy 
sets. 

Four Varieties 

Potato Onion Sets. — A species 
of Multiplier onion, increasing 
from bulb early; matures quickly; 
mild. 

^Vhite Multiplier Onion Sets.— 
Pure silvery white; frequently 
producing as many as twenty 
bulbs in a single cluster, excellent 
quality; very early. 



250 



Jf ortp "Varieties of #arben '^^egetables 

HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE EXPLAINED ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




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HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE EXPLAINED ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




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HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE EXPLAINED ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




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Forty Varieties of Garden Vegetables. How Plant and Cultivate 



Red Top Sets. — Commonly 
known as Button onion sets. 

Perennial or Winter Sets. — Also 
called Egyptian or Tree onions. 
Usually set in fall ; produce earli- 
est spring onions without winter 
protection. Do not make large 
bulbs. 



Parsley 



Petersilie (Ger.) Persil (Fr.), 
Peregil (Sp.) 

Culture. — Used for garnishing 
and seasoning soups, meats, -etc. 
Succeeds best in a mellow, rich 
soil. Sow thickly early in April 
In rows 1 foot apart and % inch 
deep; thin out the plants to stand 
6 inches apart in the rows. The 
seed is slow of germination, tak- 
ing from three to four weeks to 
make its appearance, and often 
failing to come up in dry weather. 
To assist its coming up quicker, 
soak the seed a few hours in warm 
water, or sprout in damp earth, 
and sow when it swells or bursts. 
For winter use protect in a frame 
or light cellar. 

Three Varieties 

Dreer's Summer Green. — "Well 
adapted for growing during the 
hot summer months. It holds Its 
color late. 

Dwarf Extra Curled Perpetual. 
— Leaves tender, crimped and very 
curly, of a bright green color. 

Fern Leaved. — A flne-leaved va- 
riety, excellent for garnishing. 



Parsnip 



Pastinake (Ger.), Panais (Fr.) 

One ounce will sow about 150 feet 

of drill 

The value of the parsnip as a 
culinary vegetable is well known 
but is not generally appreciated 
at its full value for stock feeding. 
On favorable soil it yields an im- 
mense crop of roots, more nutri- 
tious than turnips and very val- 
uable for dairy stock. 

Parsnips are usually grown on 
deep, rich, sandy soil, but -will 
make good roots on any soil which 
is deep, mellow and moderately 
rich. Fresh manure is apt to make 
the roots coarse and ill shaped. 
As the seed is sometimes slow and 
uneven in growth, it should be 
sown as early as possible in drills 
two and one-half feet apart; 
cover one-half inch deep and press 
the soil firmly over the seed. Give 
frequent cultivation and thin the 
plants to six inches apart in the 
row. 

One Variety 

Hollow Crown or Guernsey. — An 

excellent variety for the table. 
Roots long, with smooth white 
skin, uniform in shape, tender and 
of the best quality. The variety 
is easily distinguished by the 
leaves growing from the depres- 
sion on top or crown of the root. 



Garden Peas 

Erbsen (Ger.), Pois (Fr.), 

Chicaros o Ginsantes (Sp.) 

One quart will plant about 100 

feet of drill. One and one-half 

to two bushels for an acre. 

Culture. — Peas of extra early, 
smooth class are the very first 
thing to be planted in the garden 
in spring. The wrinkled sorts fol- 
low a little later, as they are not 
quite so hardy. Tall late varieties 
need brush or other support. By 
selecting sorts that do not grow 
much over two feet high, the ne- 
cessity of providing brush may be 
avoided. Judicious selection of 
varieties and planting frequently 
for succession will give us a full 
supply of the choicest green peas 
almost during the entire season, 
with the possible exception of the 
hottest part of the summer. Open 
furrows three or four inches deep 
and three feet apart; scatter the 
seed peas into them and cover 
with hoe or plow. Cultivate like 
corn or beans. The late tall sorts 
may be planted in double rows 
and brush stuck in between for 
support. All garden peas, how- 
ever, require good, strong and fer- 
tile land. Heavy yields cannot be 
obtained on poor soil. The very 
dwarfest sorts of the American 
Wonder type will succeed only on 
the very richest garden land, and 
may be planted in rows a foot 
apart. 

Extra Early Varieties 

Ferry's First and Best. — The 

earliest and most even strain of 
white, extra early peas, maturing 
so well together that sometimes a 
single picking will secure the en- 
tire crop. Vines vigorous and 
hardy, of medium height, about 
two and one-half to three feet, 
bearing three to seven straight 
pods of good size, about two and 
one-half to two and three-fourths 
inches long, each containing five 
to seven medium sized, smooth 
peas of fair quality. 

Early Morn. 

Market Surprise. 

Sutton's Green Gem. 

The Leader. 



Pepper 



PfefCer, Ger. Piment, Fr. 

It will require one ounce of seed 

for 1,500 plants 

Peppers are indispensable as a 
seasoning for soups and meats. 
The large varieties are mainly 
used for the purpose, and for 
pickling. The mild, sweet varie- 
ties, like Golden Dawn and Ruby 
King, are used for mangoes, while 
the small-fruited sorts are best for 
sauces. 

Peppers are more tender than 
most vegetables. The seed should 
be sown in a hotbed, cold frame, 
or if no other conveience a box in 
the window, and transplanted 
about the last of May. They can 



2fi.'? 



be sown in the open ground when 
the weather becomes warm and 
settled. Warm, mellow soil, well 
fertilized, should be used. 

Two Varieties 

Chinese Giant Pepper. — This de- 
sirable variety is undoubtedly the 
largest sweet pepper ever offered. 
The flesh is quite thick, very mild 
and remarkably sweet. 

Giant Crimson. — This new pep- 
per is of upi'ight growth, and pro- 
duces fruits nearly as large as 
Chinese Giant. It ripens early 
and is very mild. 



Pumpkin 

Grosse-Kiirbis, Ger. Potiron, Fr. 

Calabaza, Sp. 
One ounce of seed for 25 hills, 
three pounds for an acre 
Culture. — Sow in good soil in 
May, when the ground has become 
warm, in hills 10 feet apart each 
way, or in fields of corn about 
every fourth hill; plant at the 
same tim.e with the corn. Pump- 
kin varieties if planted together 
will mix. There Is not much dan- 
ger of their mixing or hybridizing 
with squashes or other vines. 

Two Varieties 

Winter Luxury Pumpkin. — A 

very good keeper and a splendid 
pie pumpkin; shape round, skin 
finely netted, and beautiful russet- 
yellow color; flesh thick and of 
fine flavor. 

Sugar, or New England Pie. — 
For making pies this variety can- 
not be excelled. The pumpkins are 
small, but very sweet, fine-grained 
and of the best quality. The skin 
is a deep orange and flesh rich 
yellow. 



Radish 

Radischen, Rettig (Ger.), Radis, 

Rave, Petite Rave (Fr.), 

Rabana (Sp.) 

One ounce of seed will grow 100 

feet of drill 

Culture. — Sow early and often. 
In good, warm, flbrous loam, espe- 
cially if quite sandy, summer 
radishes will make a crop in 4 to 
6 weeks from sowing. The soil 
should be well prepared, and fer- 
tilizers may be used freely. Have 
the rows a foot apart, and sow 
just seed enough so they will not 
require thinning. Any little spot 
that becomes available during 
summer may be utilized for plant- 
ing radishes. The short or turnip- 
rooted sorts are quickest and 
easiest to grow, and good for forc- 
ing also. On greenhouse bench or 
in frames the rows need not be 
more than 4 inches apart. Sow 
winter radishes in July and Aug- 
ust. They grow best in the cooler 
autumn weather. Take them up 
before severe freezing and store 
in sand in the cellar, or in a pit, 
where they will keep tender and 
crisp all winter. 



Forty Varieties of Garden Vegetables. How Plant and Cultivate 



A Profitable CrcH». — Farmers' 
boys can make money easily and 
very quickly by sowing an ounce 
or two of radish seed. It Is sur- 
prising how many bunches can be 
sold at five cents each from the 
little garden plot. Only four to 
five weeks required from sowing 
to selling. Try it and see. 

Five Varieties 

New Perfection. 

Crimson Giant. 

Cardinal Globe. — Those who like 
the crisp little red radishes that 
come so early will be pleased with 
this variety. The radishes grow 
globular in shape, and are of a 
most brilliant cardinal-red color. 
It will stand considerable heat; 
therefore it is a quick forcer, and 
the quality is fine, being crisp and 
tender. It is by far the best 
variety for forcing, and also does 
well in open ground. 

Early Bird. — Decidedly the 
earliest of radishes. Quick growth 
is one of the main essentials for 
a crisp and tender radish, and 
with loose soil and proper culture 
the Early Bird is ready for the 
table in twenty days from the 
time of sowing the seed, which 
makes it one of the most desir- 
able sorts ever offered for either 
forcing or outdoor culture. It is 
of round or turnip shape as shown 
in our illustration, of bright 
scarlet color and pure white flesh, 
which is tender, crisp and of the 
very best flavor. It has few and 
short leaves, which admits of very 
close growing, thus producing a 
large number of bundles of rad- 
ishes on the same ground. Very 
desirable for the home garden and 
money maker for the market 
gardener. 

Early Scarlet Gem. — An ex- 
tremely early variety which has 
matured fit for the table in seven- 
teen to twenty days from the time 
of sowing the seed and is fully 
grown in less than four weeks. It 
is of a perfect globe shape, and 
of a bright, rich scarlet color, 
tipped with white, thus making it 
particularly handsome on the 
table. 



Rhubarb 

Rhabarber (Ger.), Rhuborbe (Fr.), 

Ruibarbo (Sp. ). 
One ounce of seed to 125 feet of 
drill 
Culture. — Good plants are easily 
grown in any good garden soil. 
Sow seed thinly in shallow drills 
a foot apart, thin to 4 or 5 inches. 
Keep soil loose and free from 
weeds. The plants are liable to 
vary considerably. Pick out the 
strongest and best. In fall or 
spring following, transplant to the 
permanent bed, four feet apart 
each way, in deep, warm and very 
rich soil. The more manure the 
better stalks. For winter forcing 
take up two-year roots in fall, 
leave out to freeze, then bed close 
together on cellar bottom or under 
greenhouse bench in the dark. 

Two Varieties 

Linnaeus. — Early, large, tender 
and very fair. 

Largre Victoria. — A very large, 
late variety. 



Rutabagas 

Largely grown in the north for 
stock feeding, and for this are 
superior to turnips. Sow not later 
than June in drills two feet apart 
and thin out to eight inches in 
the row. 

Four Varieties 

American Purple Top. — Deep 
purple above, yellow underneath; 
flesh yellow, solid and sweet. Good 
for stock or table use. 

Monarch. — A superior variety to 
cultivate for cattle feeding, the 
flesh being nutritious. 

Skirving's Purple Top. — Flesh 
yellow. Good keeper. 

White Swede or Russian. — Grows 
very large; excellent for table or 
stock; flesh firm, white, solid, has 
a very rich and sweet flavor. 



Salsify 

Or Vegetable Oyster 

Hafer-Wurzel (Ger), Salsifis (Fr. ), 

Ostien Vegetal (Sp.) 

One ounce for 50 feet of drill 

Used the same as carrots, or, 
after having been boiled, made 
into cakes and fried like oysters, 
which they resemble in flavor. 

Culture. — Cultivate the same as 
carrots or parsnips; it is hardy; can 
remain in the ground all winter 
for early spring use, but should 
be taken up before it starts grow- 
ing; take up a supply for use dur- 
ing the winter. Suceeds best in a 
light, well enriched, mellow soil. 
Sow early in the spring in drills 
12 to 15 inches apart, 1 inch deep; 
thin, if necessary, to 6 inches 
apart. 

Two Varieties 

Mammoth Sandwich Island. — 

This variety of salsify grows to a 
very large size, and resembles a 
good-sized parsnip. It is very 
mild and delicately fiavored, and 
very popular. 

Long White. — A favorite market 
variety and fine flavored. 



Squash 



One of the most nutritious and 
valuable of garden vegetables. 
The summer varieties come to the 
table early in the season, while 
the fall and winter sorts can be 
had from August until the follow- 
ing spring. The winter varieties 
are very well adapted for stock 
feeding and we heartily recom- 
mend them for that purpose. 

Squash plants are very tender 
and sensitive to cold and so plant- 
ing must be delayed until settled 
warm weather. General methods 
of culture are the same as for 
cucumbers and melons, but squash 
is less particular as to soil. Sum- 
mer varieties should be planted 
four to six feet apart each way 
and winter sorts eight to ten. 
Three plants are sufficient for a 
hill. In gathering the winter sorts 
care should be taken not to bruise 
or break the stem from the 



squash, as the slightest injury will 
increase the liability to decay. 
Winter squashes should be stored 
in a moderately warm, dry place 
and the temperature kept as even 
as possible. For those who desire 
very early squashes, seed can be 
planted in boxes, and transplanted. 
Insect pests that attack the 
vines when small, such as the 
striped beetle, may be kept off by 
frequent dustings with air-slaked 
lime, soot, or sifted ashes diluted 
with fine road earth. For the large 
squash bug, the best remedy is a 
kerosene ernulsion. 

Five Varieties 

No. 1, True Hubbard; No. 2, 
Blue Hubbard; No. 3, Warted 
Hubbard; No. 4, Red Hubbard. 

Delicious. — This fine squash has 
proved to be a most desirable new 
winter variety. Color of the skin 
is green, with an occasional blue 
specimen, about the same size as 
the Hubbard, weighing 5 to 10 
lbs. Has very thick flesh, cooks 
dry and is of superior flavor. 
Although a good fall variety it is 
in its best condition during the 
winter. 

Early Prolific Marrow. — Early 
and productive, the two most im- 
portant features for the market 
gardener, while its attractive 
color — brilliant orange red — good 
cooking and keeping qualities, 
make it popular with consumers. 



Tomatoes 

Llebesapfel (Ger.), Tomate (Fr.), 

Tomate (Sp.) 
Use one ounce of seed for 1,500 
plants; one-fourth pound to 
transplant for an acre 
The tomato is very easy to grow 
as an outdoor crop, requiring little 
or no expert knowledge. Any 
fairly enriched garden soil will 
produce good specimens. For the 
early crop the seed is usually sown 
about March 1, in shallow boxes, 
in a greenhouse, a hotbed or a 
sunny window where the tempera- 
ture ranges from 65 degrees at 
night to 80 degrees in the daytime. 
The seed should be covered about 
one-fourth of an inch. When the 
plants are about 1 inch high, 
transplant into boxes of soil 3 
inches deep, the plants 2 inches 
apart, and keep at an average 
temperature of 60 degrees, where 
they may remain until time for 
planting in the field. If a few 
plants are grown for home use and 
early fruit is desired, then shift 
the necessary number of plants 
into 4-inch pots when the plants 
are about 6 inches high, using a 
very rich soil. By this method 
strong, stocky plants may be had 
for planting out about May 20, 
which is as early generally as it 
is safe to do it. Should the ther- 
mometer fall below 40 degrees at 
night after planting, cover the 
plants with plant protectors, tak- 
ing them off in the morning when 
the thermometer is above 40 de- 



264 



Forty Varieties of Garden Vegetables. How Plant and Cultivate 



grees. A very rich soil is not 
desirable for tomatoes, as, if too 
rich, the fruit does not set as 
early or as bountifully as In a 
moderately rich soil; however, 
there should be a fair coat of well- 
rotted stable manure spread on 
the soil and plowed or dug under 
prior to setting the plants and 
then thoroughly harrowed. Take 
the plants from the boxes with the 
least disturbance of the roots pos- 
sible. With an ordinarily loose 
soil in the boxes, the plants can 
be pulled apart without breaking 
many roots, but take the entire 
contents of the boxes out first, 
using a spade for that purpose; 
tliis renders it easier to accom- 
plish. Plant in rows 3 to 4 feet 
apart and the same distance in 
the rows. All that now remains 
to be done is hoeing and cultivat- 
ing occasionally, allowing no 
weeds to grow. In garden culture 
supports for the vines are desir- 
able. The simplest way to train 
the vines is by driving a stake, 
say 6 feet long by 2 inches square, 
about 4 inches from each plant, 
which, when 1 foot high, should 
be tied loosely to the stake with 
some soft twine, and thus continue 
to tie at intervals of 1 foot as the 
plants grow. Grow to a single 
stem and cut off all superfluous 
side shoots at intervals. During 
the season cut out all growths 
which exclude sunlight from the 
fruits; it will repay the trouble 
taken to do it. To grow the large 
specimens all that is necessary in 
addition to the method just de- 
scribed is, plant the "Ponderosa" 
or "Crimson Cushion." When the 
fruit begins setting pinch off all 
fruits excepting 3 or 4 on each 
vine. At this period give two or 
three liberal applications of some 
reliable garden fertilizer for 
vegetables, at intervals of two 
weeks, hoeing it well into the soil. 
Very large, handsome specimens 
can be grown in this way. The 
late summer and early fall crop is 
often grown by sowing the seed 
about May 10 in land carefully 
prepared and properly enriched, 
in hills 3 or 4 feet apart. It is 
customary to drop from 8 to 12 
seeds in a hill and when about 
6 inches high, thin out to one plant 
in each hill, taking care to keep 
hills free from weeds. The culti- 
vation used for this crop is the 
same as employed for the early 
crop. 

Five Varieties 

Ponderosa — The Giant Tomato. 

— This is the largest-fruited to- 
mato and is of fine quality for 
slicing. The vines are of strong 
growth; fruits largely oblong in 
form, deep through, and generally 
ridged or ribbed; deep purple In 



color. They are solidly fleshy, 
with small seed cells; of fine sweet 
flavor. Planted in good soil, 
pruned to a single stem, fruits 
frequently attain a weight of one 
pound or more. 

Tall Champion Tomato. — An un- 
usually strong, rank grower and a 
heavy bearer. The fruits resemble 
the Dwarf Champion in color and 
smoothness, although they run a 
little larger in size. Fair average 
size of the fruit is 2% inches thick 
and SVi inches broad. Very hardy. 
It is also extremely prolific and 
certainly one of the most desir- 
able sorts for the private garden 
and market use. 

Two Peach Tomatoes. — They re- 
semble a peach in shape and color. 
They are eaten raw or preserved. 
Each red or yellow. 

Yellow Plum. — The fruits aver- 
age 2 inches in length and 1 inch 
in diameter, of a bright lemon- 
yellow; are solid, fleshy and of ex- 
cellent flavor. 

Henderson's "Tenderloin" Tomato. 
— A sturdy, healthy grower; it 
ripens its first fruits immediately 
following those of the early sorts, 
and from that time until frost it 
is practically ever-bearing, yield- 
ing enormous quantities of to- 
matoes. 

The fruit is borne in clusters 
of from 4 to 6: the individual 
fruit, 4 to 5 inches in diameter, 
run remarkably uniform in size 
and shape, being almost round, 
solid, and weigh about 1 lb. each; 
the surface is smooth, never cracks 
and the rich glossy crimson color 
permeates the flesh to the heart; 
it ripens thoroughly to the stem. 



Turnip 



Steekriibe (Ger.), Navet (Fr.), 

Nabo Coman (Sp.) 

Allow one ounce of seed to 150 

feet of drill; sow one to two 
pounds per acre in drills 

Turnips do best in highly en- 
riched, light, sandy or gravelly 
soil; commence sowing the earliest 
varieties in April in drills, from 
12 to 15 inches apart, and thin 
out early to 6 or 9 inches in the 
rows. For a succession, sow at 
intervals of a fortnight until the 
last week in May for early crop, 
and from August to September for 
late. August sowings may be 
made for the fall and main crops. 
Turnips may be preserved until 
spring by cutting off the tops 
about 1 inch from the bulb and 
storing in a cellar or cool shed 
during winter, covering the roots 
with dry sand; they should be 
harvested before severe frosts set 
in, for, though comparatively 
hardy, few of the varieties will 
survive the winters of the North- 
ern States in the open ground. 

Four Varieties 

White Milan. — Earliest of all 
turnips. Best quality in its class. 
Fine snowy white color. The skin 
is smooth and neat as if polished. 
Foliage is short. Medium size, 
flesh white, tender and smooth 



grained. Can be used spring or 
fall. 

Purple Top Milan. — (See Illus- 
tration.) — Almost in season with 
White Milan, the earliest; size 
medium; shape flat; skin very 
smooth. Surface color is white 
with a purple white top. White 
flesh, excellent quality. Very even 
in growth. 

Early Purple Top, Strap Leaved. 
— This is a popular early variety, 
week or so later than Milan, 
favorite for table use. Flat like a 
broad disc in shape, medium size. 
Purple or dark red above ground, 
white below. Flesh white, fine- 
grained and tender, leaves few, 
entirely upright in growth. A 
good keeper. 

Early White Flat Dutch. — Early 
garden variety, largely used in 
Southern states. Medium size, flat 
white; very early; sweet and ten- 
der; desirable for table use, but 
spongy and inferior when over- 
grown. 



Water Melon 

One ounce of seed is required for 
40 hills; three pounds will 
plant an acre 
A light, sandy soil, with good 
exposure to the sun, is the best 
for watermelons. It should be pre- 
pared deep, but receive shallow 
cultivation. Hoe often and thor- 
oughly. Plant in hills 8 to 10 feet 
apart each way. Plant 8 to 10 
seeds in a hill, and finally, when 
danger of insects is past, leave but 
three strong plants. 

Four Varieties 

Cole's Early. — Decidedly the 
finest variety for the private gar- 
den, but is too brittle for long 
shipments. It is very early and 
will mature farther north than 
most other sorts. Of medium size, 
very productive, continuing to 
bear throughout the season. Flesh 
of bright red color, of granulated, 
sparkling appearance. In fiavor 
lusciously sweet and refreshing. 
One of the best early melons and 
is specially valuable for growing 
for home market, as it matures in 
advance of other sorts and has the 
form and color that recommend it 
to buyers. 

Fordhook Earl.y. — Large early 
sort. From seeds planted May 10. 
ripe melons have been produced 
the last of July. The rind is tough, 
making it valuable for shipping. 
Color is uniform medium green; 
flesh red, very sweet, solid, and of 
excellent quality. In markets 
where a solid green color is pre- 
ferred the Fordhook will be a 
favorite. 

Kolb's Gem. — For many years a 
favorite sort among Northern mar- 
ket growers. On account of its 
excellent shipping qualities it is 
extensively grown for that pur- 
pose. Nearly round ; color a dark 
green with lighter narrow stripes. 
Very thin rind; flesh bright red, 
good flavor. 

liOng Ligrht Icing. — An old stand- 
ard variety, still highly regarded 
by market growers. It is a melon 
of splendid quality with the at- 
tractive bright red flesh so desir- 
able. The fruits are large, oblong 
in shape, with light colored rind, 
making it distinctive. 



265 



ONE HUNDRED VARIETIES OF FAVORITE FLOWERS 

How to Plant and Cultivate 
BLOSSOMS IN COLORS SHOWN ON FOLLOWING PAGES 



Abronia 



Umbellata 

Trailing plants with verbena- 
like flowers; long green oval leaves 
and fleshy stem lying prostrate on 
the ground. Very fragrant and 
a long time in bloom. Half-hardy 
annual, 6 to 18 inches high. 

Culture. — Remove the husk from 
the seed before planting and trans- 
plant to a foot apart. They may 
with profit be started in a hotbed 
or frame and transplanted to any 
desired situation. A rich garden 
soil, deeply dug and liberally en- 
riched with manure, is best. 



Acroclinium 

Helipterum Roseum 
This is one of the most beauti- 
ful of the everlasting flowers. It 
is of strong growth and bears a 
great number of pink and white 
daisy-like flowers. Should be 
picked the first day they open to 
secure a bright center when dried. 
18 inches high. Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Adonis 

Pheasant's Eye 

Plants with fine graceful foliage 
and brilliant fiowers, remaining in 
bloom throughout the summer. 
Delight in a shaded position. 
Hardy annual, 1 foot high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the autumn, as they will stand 
the winter well, and they are a 
long time in coming up. If started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. 



Ageratum 



Conyzoides 

A very beautiful Mexican flower 
of a delicate, brush-like appear- 
ance; very attractive in the gar- 
den. They bloom all summer, and 
if sown in fall will give winter 
bloom under glass. Keep a foot 
apart. Annual, 1% feet high. 

Culture. — rSeeds should be planted 
In the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. The 
soil should be well pulverized and 
rich. 



Alyssum 

Maritimum 

A low-spreading, light green 
plant with small white flowers of 
a peculiar delicate fragrance. 
Most effective in masses of plants 
1 foot apart. Hardy annual. 
Grows 1 foot high. 

Culture. — Sow out of doors after 
danger of frost is over, or if 
started in-doors, young plants can 
be transplanted to the open as 
soon as warm weather appears. A 
rich garden soil, deeply dug and 
liberally enriched with manure, is 
best. 



Amaranthus 

Candatus 

Foliage brilliantly ornamental, 
producing a striking effect in the 
border, as a background, or as 
centerpiece for beds, and is the 
peer of variegated-leaved plants. 
Annual. Should be thinned to 3 
feet apart. Two to 3 feet high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be sown 
early in a warm hot-bed; when 
started in-doors, young plants can 
be transplanted to the open as 
soon as warm weather appears. A 
rich garden soil, deeply dug and 
liberally enriched with manure, is 
best. 



Ampelopsis 



A well-known, popular climbing 
plant, clinging to any surface and 
growing to a height of 30 to 50 
feet. Foliage beautiful in autumn. 
Plant early in spring in hot-bed 
and transplant when well estab- 
lished to the place where it is to 
grow. 



Antirrhinum 

The antirrhinum, perhaps better 
known by its old and popular 
name, snapdragon, is an old favor- 
ite border plant. Succeeds best in 
dry, loamy soil. Tender perennial, 
2 feet high. 



Aster 

The aster is considered the 
queen of all fall flowers. For 
beauty and variety of form and 
color it is unrivaled, and of all 
flowers is best adapted to win the 
admiration of all lovers of floral 
beauty. Set a foot apart. Height 
1% feet. Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
well-pulverized, garden soil should 
be prepared for them. 



Bachelor's Button 

Centaurea Cyanus 
Old-fashioned, but one of the 
most popular. Its slender branch- 
ing stems bear enormous heads of 
bright flowers, which bloom until 
frost and come up in the spring 
from self-sown seed. Annual, 1 
foot high. 

Culture. — To get good plants 
for setting out, seed should be 
sown in January or February, in 
window boxes or green-house, 
young plants can be transplanted 
to the open as soon as warm 
weather appears. 



Balsam 

Lady Slipper 

An old and favorite garden 
flower, producing its gorgeous 
masses of beautiful, brilliant-col- 
ored double flowers in the great- 
est profusion. Half hardy annual, 
2 feet high. 

Culture. — Careful growers never 
use seeds less than three years 
old. Plant in the open ground 
after all danger of frost is over, 
or if started in-doors, young plants 
can be transplanted to the open 
as soon as warm weather comes. 



Balsam Pear 

Charantia Balsamina 
Very curious, rapid and dense 
climber with ornamental foliage. 
Its large, golden yellow fruit opens 
when ripe and displays its bril- 
liant blood-red inside. Hardy an- 
nual, 10 feet. 

Culture.— Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Bartonia 

Bartonia Aurea 
Bartonia aurea is a very showy, 
half-hardy annual from California. 
The leaves are somewhat thistle- 
like in appearance, gray and 
downy. The flowers are of a very 
bright metallic yellow and exceed- 
ingly brilliant in the sunshine. It 
likes considerable moisture. 



Begonia 



One of the leading and most 
beautiful window plants. Are of 
easy culture and produce a pro- 
fusion of elegant flowers. Seeds 
are fine and require care in sow- 
ing. 

Succeeds best with greenhouse 
culture, and needs to be grown in 
loam, peat and sand mixed. 



266 



How Grow One Hundred Varieties of Favorite Flowers 



Browallia 

A favorite, profuse-blooming 
plant covered with beautiful flow- 
ers during summer and autumn 
until frost. In transplanting keep 
a foot apart. Annual, IVz feet 
high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in window-box or hot-bed, trans- 
plant into similar boxes when the 
seedlings have formed two or 
three leaves. They may be fin- 
ally transplanted to the open as 
soon as warm weather appears. 
A rich garden soil, deeply dug 
and liberally enriched with ma- 
nure, is best. 



Cacalia 



A very pretty and showy plant 
with flowers borne in clusters on 
slender stalks about a foot in 
height. They keep in bloom from 
early summer until autumn, fur- 
nishing flowers for cutting every 
day. Annual, IVz feet high. 

Culture. — Can be grown readily 
from seed sown where the plant 
is wanted to grow, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Calendula 

Officinalis 
(Pot Marigold) 

One of the easiest grown, bril- 
liantly showy, and free-flowering 
plants, producing a fine effect in 
beds or borders. Blooms all the 
time; fine for cut flowers. Hardy 
annual, 1 to 2 feet high. 

Culture. — Sow the seeds out of 
doors, in a rich soil, after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors. young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. 



Calliopsis 



Or Coreopsis 

Showy and free-flowering plants, 
blooming all summer and excel- 
lent for cutting and massing. An- 
nual, 1 to 2 feet high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Canary Bird Vine 

Tropoeolum Peregrinum 
A beautiful climber, the charm- 
ing little canary-colored blossoms 
bearing a fancied resemblance to 
a bird with its wings half ex- 
tended. Grows to a height of 20 
feet. Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears, and 



placed near some trellis or other 
support, which they will soon 
cover. 



Candytuft 

Hardy 

A handsome, compact-growing 
plant and considered the best 
spreading dwarf plant with white 
flowers. Now developed in tints of 
pink and blue. Well adapted for 
permanent front rows of borders, 
clumps or beds. Few hardy plants 
will give as much satisfaction as 
this little gem. 

Culture.— Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. 
A light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protection. 



Canna 

Stately plants with foliage of 
elegant growth, presenting a lux- 
urious and tropical appearance. 
Much employed in ornamental 
planting, and are very effective 
planted in clumps. Height 3 to 5 
feet. Annual. Keep a foot apart. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 

Soak seed thoroughly in warm 
water before planting. The roots 
can be kept in the cellar over 
winter. 



Canterbury Bell 

Campanula Medium 
This old-fashioned flower is a 
favorite with all. A free bloomer 
with flowers large and bell shaped. 
Borne on stately stalks. One to 4 
feet high. Biennial. Thin to 12 
inches apart. 

Culture. — The seed should be 
planted early in spring, in open 
ground, and will blossom before 
fall. The plants will bloom again 
the following year, but the young 
plants bloom best and seed should 
be sown every spring. 



Carnation 

Marguerite 

These are a comppratively new 
class of carnations. They are 
highly prized for massing in sum- 
mer beds, and their perfect form, 
beautiful shades of color and lav- 
ish profusion of bloom continue 
till frost, or continue in-doors. 
Semi-dwarf, 10 to 15 inches high. 
Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Catchfly 

Silene Armeria 

An easy-growing, free-flowering 
plant, producing dense clusters of 
blossoms. The plant is covered 
with a glutinous moisture from 
which flies cannot disengage them- 
selves, hence the name. Hardy 
annual, 1 foot high. 

Culture. — Sow out of doors 
when danger from frost is over. 
They can also be sown in shal- 
low boxes (2 inches deep) in the 
green-house, hot-bed or light 
window of dwelling, if desired 
early, and transplanted to flower 
beds at the beginning of warm 
weather. 



Celosia 

Feathered 
Annual plants of tropical origin 
and one of the most showy for 
garden decoration. Half hardy; 
should not be sown till warm, 
settled weather. Of easy culture. 



Centranthus 



The flowers of the centranthus 
are small, borne in clusters on 
light green, transparent stems. 
They form beautiful masses or 
borders, and for cutting, for bou- 
quets or other floral work are ex- 
cellent. Annual, 1 to 2 feet high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Chrysanthemum 

These showy and effective gar- 
den varieties are extensively grown 
for cut flowers. The foliage is 
ornamental and finely cut. They 
grow 16 to 18 inches high and 
blossom in fall. Annual, 

Culture.— Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. If 
possible plant in a warm, shel- 
tered spot, since they will bloom 
up to November. 



Clarkia 



A very bright and attractive 
flower which is a great favorite in 
England. Blossoms are borne on 
long, graceful sprays and are espe- 
cially valuable for cut flowers, as 
all the buds open in water. Hardy 
annual, 1% to 2% feet high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



267 



How Grow One Hundred Varieties of Favorite Flowers 



Clematis 

These flowering vines are uni- 
versally admired for their quick 
growth, fragrance and superb 
blossoms; fine for trellises, arbors, 
and rockwork. Transplant in the 
open ground in early summer. 
Hardy perennial. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. 
A light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protection. 



Mixed Climbers 

A mixture of many varieties of 
climbing plants which will pro- 
duce the most gorgeous effect. 
When the space to be planted is 
limited this will save expense in 
purchasing so many varieties. 
Plant in spring where they are to 
remain; the soil should be rich 
and deep. 



Clintonia 

Hardy annual. Dwarf growing 
plants for summer use, of all 
shades of color. Well suited for 
rockwork, etc. Six inches. 



Cobcea 

Scandens 

A fine climber with handsome 
foliage and large, bell-shaped 
flowers. Always clean of insects. 
Place seed edge down. Grows 15 
to 20 feet. Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be 
sowed in March, in light, rich 
soil, over gentle heat, a sunny 
window with south or southeast 
exposure is excellent. The seed- 
lings potted in small pots and 
when about a foot high planted 
out of doors. 



Cockscomb 

Celosia Cristata 

Highly ornamental plants pro- 
ducing crested heads of flowers 
somewhat resembling a cock's 
comb. Plenty of moisture and 
frequent transplanting is impor- 
tant. Should be 3 feet apart. 
Half-hardy annual, 1 to 2 feet 
high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Coleus 



The elegantly marked leaves of 
the coleus are now familiar to 
all, and are seen in almost every 
bed of ornamental-leaved plants. 
To have flne plants by the last of 
May, seed should be sown during 



March or early in April, in shal- 
low boxes of rich soil, in the sunny 
window of a warm room, and the 
young plants grown in pots as 
soon as they are large enough to 
transplant from the seed-boxes. 



Columbine 

Aquilegia 

One of the most popular peren- 
nials, easy of cultivation and flow- 
ering from early summer until 
frost. Very desirable for borders 
and groups among shrubbery. One 
to 3 feet high. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. 
A light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protection. 



Convolvulus 

Minor 
Dwarf Morning-glory 

This is a dwarf species of the 
old-fashioned morning-glory. Of 
trailing habit, each plant cover- 
ing about 2 feet. Very useful for 
low trellises or rockwork. Hardy 
annual, 2 feet high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors. young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Cosmos 



Compositae 

None of our autumn flowers are 
more prized than these graceful 
and brilliant garden plants. It 
has long stem and feathery foli- 
age, and continues to blossom in 
fall till freezing weather. Four to 
5 feet high. Annual. Keep about 
18 inches apart. 

Culture. — Seeds may be planted 
In the open ground in the autumn 
if the young plants can be pro- 
tected during the winter. If 
started in-doors, young plants 
can be transplanted to the open 
as soon as warm weather ap- 
pears. A rich garden soil, deeply 
dug and liberally enriched with 
manure, is best. 



Dahlia 

In the Dahlia are combined 
more desirable qualities than 
almost any flower grown in open 
ground. Produces blossoms of 
every color and combination from 
early summer till frosts, and is 
unsurpassed as a cut flower. Half- 
hardy perennials growing from 4 
to 6 feet. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. 
A light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protetcion. 



Datura 

Trumpet Flower 

Very large, showy, branching 
plant bearing large trumpet- 
shaped flowers about the size of 
a calla lily and having a faint 
perfume. Grow about 3 feet high. 
Hardy annual. They need lots of 
room, at least 2 feet each way. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Dianthus 

Or Pinks 

A great variety of rich, brilliant 
colors, shades and markings; 
plants in bloom constantly from 
early summer till after severe 
frosts. Twelve to 18 inches high. 
Annual. 

Culture. — Sow seed out of doors 
after danger from frost is past. 
For early flowering seedlings can 
be started in-doors; young plants 
can be transplanted to the open 
as soon as warm weather appears. 
A rich garden soil, deeply dug 
and liberally enriched with ma- 
nure, is best. 



Double Daisy 

Bellis Perennis 

Charming little plants for pots, 
borders and edgings. The flowers 
are abundant during the spring 
and continue blossoming all sum- 
mer. Height about 6 inches. Keep 
about 6 inches apart. Perennial. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. 
A light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protection. 



Eschscholtzia 

California Poppy 
A most popular garden flower, 
very attractive as an edging be- 
cause of its bluish foliage. It 
stands considerable cold and 
blooms after the first frosts, but 
does not bear transplanting well. 
Height 10 to 20 inches. Hardy 
annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Forget-Me-Not 

Myosotis Alpestris 
The forget-me-not is an old 
favorite plant, bearing clusters of 
star-shaped, delicate blue flowers. 
Plants 3 to 8 inches high. Hardy 
perennial. 



268 



How Grow One Hundred Varieties of Favorite Flowers 



Cnltnre. — Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. 
A light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protection. 



Four O'clock 

Mirabilis Jalapa 

A very handsome, erect, bushy, 
quick-growing herb, bearing very 
profusely in iate summer and fall. 
The flowers open in cloudy 
weather or late afternoon and 
close in the morning. Two feet 
high. Annual. 

Culture. — The seeds should be 
planted in May where they are 
to grow. Or if started under 
glass they may be transplanted 
out of doors in May along with 
dahlias. In the late fall their 
tuberous roots should be taken up 
for planting the next year. 



Fox Glove 

Digitalis 

A very beautiful and interesting 
old-fashioned plant whose culture 
is very simple. The bell-shaped 
flowers borne on long spikes make 
an exceedingly handsome and 
stately border. Keep plants 2 
feet apart. Height 3 to 5 feet. 
Hardy biennial. 

Culture. — The seed should be 
planted early in spring, in open 
ground, and will blossom before 
fall. The plants will bloom again 
the following year, but the young 
plants bloom best and seed should 
be sown every spring. 



Fuchsia 

Well-known plants of easy cul- 
ture in pots for parlor or con- 
servatory decoration, or in the 
open border; easily grown from 
seed. The seed is very flne and 
needs careful handling. Sow in 
flnely prepared soil and transplant 
afterwards. 



Gaillardia 

The flowers are some 2 or 3 
inches across, semi-globose, dense, 
and therefore very showy. It is 
a valuable and beautiful addition 
to the hardy border flowers. Good 
bedding annuals. Constant bloom- 
ers. Set plants 12 to 18 inches 
apart. 



Geranium 

Pelargonium 
These universally admired plants 
are easily grown from seeds and 
bloom the first season. Their bril- 
liancy and succession of bloom, 
together with their marking, make 
them invaluable for either beds or 
pot culture. Half hardy perennial, 
1 to 2 feet high. Will not winter 
out of doors in the northern states. 



Culture. — Easily grown from 
slips but seeds may be sown very 
early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. 
A light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protection. 



Gladiolus 
Gladiolus, Different Sorts 

For best results they should have 
a sunny position, a loam suits them 
best, but they do equally as well 
in clay if there is perfect drain- 
age. Well-rotted stable manure 
is a good fertilizer, and where con- 
venient it should be spread over 
them in the fall, and dug in the 
following spring. Sheep manure is 
an excellent substitute, and can 
be applied in the spring. The time 
to plant is about the first of May, 
putting in the small bulbs first, 
and reserving the larger bulbs for 
later planting. A succession of 
bloom may be had from July to 
October by having plantings two 
weeks apart up to the end of 
June. To have a good show they 
should be planted from three to 
four feet apart each way. The 
depth to plant is regulated by the 
size of the bulb, the large bulbs 
being covered about six Inches, the 
smaller ones from three to four 
inches. 

After they have flowered and 
the foliage begins to turn yellow, 
which is usually along about the 
beginning of October, lift the 
bulbs, cutting off the stems, plac- 
ing them in trays or shelves in 
an airy cellar or some such place, 
'where the temperature will not 
fall below 45 degrees, or rise over 
60 degrees. In such a position 
they will keep perfectly until time 
for resetting the following season. 

They are very effective in lines 
or beds or when planted among 
Roses, Peonies, Shrubbery, etc. 



Globe Amaranth 

Gomphrena Globosa 
Everlasting Flower 

An excellent everlasting, or im- 
mortelle; flowers globe shape, pur- 
ple, orange, and variegated. Re- 
tain their shape and color when 
dried; are also good for cutting as 
fresh flowers. Height, 18 inches. 

Culture. — Sow in boxes, in a 
warm place; soak the seed in warm 
water a few hours before sowing; 
transplant to one foot apart. 

The flowers should not be picked 
for drying until they are fully ma- 
tured the last of summer. 



Godetia 

A beautiful new variety; the 
plant of neat, dwarf, compact 
habit, with a profusion of rich 



carmine-crimson flowers, pro- 
duced in a succession of bloom 
through the summer, until frost. 
Culture. — Sow in finely prepared 
soil, in the garden, late in spring; 
transplant into good soil, about 
eight inches apart. 



Gypsophila 



Height one foot 

Small, white, fragrant flowers, 
borne on long, feathery stems. 
No flower adds more of light and 
grace to a bouquet than this, and 
when once grown, will be found in- 
dispensable. In bloom through the 
summer from the flrst of July till 
frost. Although not belonging to 
the Immortelle class, the flowers 
dry flnely, and are very desirable 
for winter bouquets. 

Culture. — Sow in open ground, 
early, and transplant to six or 
eight inches apart, in common 
soil. 



Helichrysum 

Ornamental in the garden and 
desirable for winter bouquets. 



Heliotrope 



A well-known and popular plant, 
fine for bedding, vases and baskets, 
and exquisite for pot culture in 
winter. Flowers borne in trusses 
and exceedingly fragrant. 6 to 18 
inches high. Half-hardy perennial. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. 
A light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protection. 



Hibiscus 

Tall growing branching plant of 
the easiest culture with handsome 
foliage and large bell-shaped flow- 
ers, measuring from 5 to 7 inches 
across. Blossoms all season. Height 
4 to 5 feet. Keep a foot apart. 
Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Hollyhock 



Althea Rosea 
The hollyhock is an old garden 
favorite. The tall stately spikes 
bear immense quantities of blooms 
of the most brilliant colors and, in 
the double variety, they are as 
double as a rose. Plant 3 feet 
apart and water freely. Height 5 
to 6 feet. Hardy perennial. A 
row of hollyhocks makes an at- 
tractive screen to shut off an unde- 
sirable view or along a fence. 



269 



How Grow One Hundred Varieties of Favorite Flowers 



Culture. — Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. 
A light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protection. 



Honeysuckle 

French 
A beautiful hardy perennial 
plant, grown in borders about 3 
feet in height. Tlie flowers are 
red and white. 



Hyacinth Bean 

Dolichos Lab-lab 

A splendid climber, with hya- 
cinth-like clusters of flowers which 
are followed by exceedingly orna- 
mental seed pods. Is of rapid 
growth and stands heat well, but 
not the cold. Half-hardy annual, 
10 to 20 feet high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the optn ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in- doors, young plants c.Tn be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Ice Plant 

Mesembryanthemum Crystallinum 
A very pretty trailing plant that 
has fleshy, wax-like leaves which 
have the appearance of being cov- 
ered with ice crystals. Start in- 
doors. Annual. 6 inches high. 

Culture. — Sow in a light soil 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



English Ivy 

Hedera Canariensis 
An old popular and excellent va- 
riety for cultivation in the house, 
being a free grower and very beau- 
tiful; broad, glossy green leaves. 
For indoor winter decoration the 
Ivy is unequaled, as it can be 
trained in any desired form, and 
will bear any amount of hardship 
and bad usage. The Ivy is not 
quite hardy for the North, but 
plants that have done service in 
the garden all summer can be 
taken up in the autumn and potted 
for the house. In the spring the 
plants can be transferred to the 
garden by just sinking the pots in 
the earth. In the autumn they are 
ready for service in the house 
again, and better than ever. 



Japanese Hop 

Humulus Japonicus 
An unusual beautiful variety 
of rapid-growing climbing vine. 
Leaves deep green, beautifully 



striped with silvery white. Reaches 
a height of 15 to 20 feet in remark- 
able short time. Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
out of doors only after all danger 
of frost is over, or if started in 
green-house, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Lantana 

"Popular and rapid growing 
plants with large heads of vari- 
ously colored and perfumed flow- 
ers. The bushy plants are com- 
pletely loaded with blossoms which 
are succeeded by green berries 
which turn to a deep blue when 
ripe. Half hardy perennial. 2 feet 
high. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. 
A 'light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protection. 



Larkspur 



Delphinium or Hardy 
A most deservedly popular plant 
in the hardy border and garden. 
The bold attractive spikes make a 
splendid appearance. There is no 
hardy perennial more easily raised 
and grown. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. 
A light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protection. 



Lilies 

T.,ilies thrive best in a dry, rich 
soil. They should be planted deep. 
4 to 6 inches, as they form two 
sets of roots, one below, the other 
above the bulb. It is well to pro- 
tect them with a covering or litter 
of straw. 



Lily of the Valley 

The well known and beautiful 
white sweet scented flower. Hardy. 



Linum 

Linum grandiflorum rubrum. 

Distinguished for their brilliant- 
colored flowers, which are deep 
crimson with black center, saucer- 
shaped, and very conspicuous in 
beds and border. The foliage of 
the plant is slender and delicate, 
and the flowers produce very little 
seed. If the seed be sown in hot- 
bed and the plants transplanted 
into good rich soil, one foot apart, 
the period of flowering will be 
much advanced, but the seed can 
be sown in open ground after the 
weather is warm. Hardy annual, 
IVa feet high. 



Lobelia 

Exceedingly pretty, profuse 
blooming plants, useful both in the 
garden and for hanging baskets, 
window boxes and vases, or edgings 
and beds. About 6 inches high. 
Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors. young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Lupin 

Perennis 

Very desirable garden plants, 
showy and excellent for cutting. 
Graceful spikes 2 feet high in vari- 
ous colors. Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure, is best. 



Lychnis 



Lychnis Chalcedonica 
Few plants produce as bright 
flowers and bloom as continuously 
as Lychnis. For massing in beds 
and borders it has no equal. Hardy 
perennial. In transplanting keep 
1 foot apart. 2 feet high. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. 
A light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protection. 



Marigold 



Tagets Erecta, African 
These old fr^sliioned favorites are 
hardy annuals of the easiest cul- 
ture. A beautiful plant forming a 
globular compact bush covered 
with rich, golden, double flowers. 
Especially fine in mixed borders. 
Height 3 feet. When transplant- 
ing keep 6 inches apart. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over; if desired 
early, start in window-box; plants 
can be transplanted to the open 
as soon as warm weather appears. 
A rich garden soil, deeply di'g 
and liberally enriched with ma- 
nure, is best. 



Maurandia 

Barclayana 
Height Five to Eight Feet 
An elegant climbing, greenhouse 
perennial, but can be grown from 
seed, and brought forward so as 
to branch and flower profusely 
from middle of summer till frost, 
the first season, in the garden. One 
of the most popular climbers for 
piazza decoration. 



270 



#ne llunbreb "^arietiesi of Jfaborite Jflofcoers; 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




ABRONIA 




ACROCLINIUM 




ADONIS 



AGERATUM 



(But ilunbreb 'Varieties of jFatiorite jFlotoers; 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 





ALYSSUM 



AMARANTHUS 



/"^/^ 




AMPELOPSIS 




ANTIRRHINUM 



0nt ilunbretr Varieties; of Jfaborite jFloioerS 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




BALSAM 



0nt ^unbreb Varieties; of Jfaborite Jflotoers 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




BROWALLIA 



CACALIA 



d^ne llunbreb Uarictiesi of Jfaborite Jflotoers 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




ANNA 



0nt ilunbreb Varieties of Jfaborite jFlotoerg 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




CARNATION 



CATCHFLY 



(0ne ^unbreb "Varieties! of Jfaboritc jFIotoeriS 

Di r ections 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 









CELOSIA 



CENTRANTHUS 




CHRYSANTHEMUM 



CLARKIA 



(Bnt ^unbreb "^arieties^ of Jfaborite Jflotoers 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 





CLEMATIS 



CLIMBERS 




CLINTONIA 



COBOEA 



0nt llunbreb Varieties^ of Jfaborite jFlotoerg 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




COLUMBINE 



(Bnt llunbreb Varieties of Jfaborite Jflotoersi 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




eosMos 



-4^-^- 







DATURA 



(Bnt ^untireb Uaricticsi of Jfaborite Jflotoersi 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




How Grow One Hundred Varieties of Favorite Flowers 



Culture. — Sow early, in-doors; 
transplant to open air late in 
spring. The plants produce a pro- 
fusion of rich purple, rose, etc., 
fox-glove-shaped flowers, with 
abundant foliage, through the sea- 
son till frost. 



Mignonette 



The mignonette is a universal 
favorite and no other flower is so 
generally known for fragrance. 
The dense semi-globular heads of 
flowers are borne on stalks about 
six inches high making the whole 
plant reach 1 to IV^ feet. Hardy 
annual. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown 
out of doors at any time after 
danger of frost is over, or if 
started in-doors, young plants can 
be transplanted to the open as 
soon as warm weather appears. 
A rich' garden soil, deeply dug 
and liberally enirched with ma- 
nure, is best. 



Ipomoea (Moon Flower) 

Tall-growing annual climbers, 
related to the family of Morning 
Glories. As Moonflower plants 
have dense foliage, they are useful 
to cover trellis work, verandas, 
etc. Plant seed out-of-doors when 
warm weather sets in. Soak them 
first. 



Morning Glory 

Convolvulus Major 
One of the most free flowering 
and rapid growing annual climbers 
thriving in almost any situation. 
Its delicate flowers are very bril- 
liant and beautiful with a wide 
range of tints and markings. An- 
nual. Supply a support early, use 
either wire, cord, or trellis. Height 
10 to 1.5 feet. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or for early 
blooming plants may be started 
in-doors and transplanted to the 
open as soon as warm weather 
appears. A rich garden soil, 
deeply dug and liberally en- 
riched with manure, is best. 

Soak seed in warm water for an 
hour or two to hasten germination. 



Mourning Bride 

Scahiosa 

One of our handsomest summer 
border plants, producing in great 
profusion very double flowers in a 
great variety of shades and colors. 
Excellent subjects for cut flowers, 
lasting nearly a week after being 
cut. Thin to 6 inches apart. Hardy 
annual. 1 to 2 feet high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors. young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. The 
soil should be rich and well pul- 
verized. 



Musk Plant 



Mimulus Moschatus 
The musk plant is grown for its 
scented foliage and pale yellow 
flowers; is of trailing habit and 
makes a fine showing in hanging 
baskets. Plenty of moisture and a 
shaded position is important. Per- 
ennial with trailers about 9 inches 
long. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring, so plants will 
blossom in fall, or started in late 
summer, so that good, healthy 
plants and a profusion of fiowers 
will be had the following year. 
A light mulch of manure is de- 
sirable for winter protection. 



Nasturtium 



Tropaeolum Minus 
The Dwarf or Tom Thumb Nas- 
turtiums grow about 1 foot in 
height and very compactly and arc 
used for beds, borders, and mass- 
ing. They thrive under all con- 
ditions and always make fine dis- 
plays of rich brilliant flowers. An- 
nual. 

Culture. — Sow in drills about 
an inch deep, in light rich soil, 
when all danger of frost is over, 
and train the Tall on trellises or 
over fences, and the Dwarf in 
beds or to make borders for the 
beds. 



Nicotiana 

A most striking, btishy, much 
branched plant, literally ablaze 
with blossoms from base to sum- 
mit; deliciously sweet fragrance. 
Thrive in a hot sunny position. 2 
to 4 feet high. Half hardy annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in shallow boxes of Ii.ght soil in- 
doors, young plants can be trans- 
planted to the open as soon as 
w^rm weather appears; they may 
al.oo be sown out of doors after 
danger from frost is over. 



Nigella 



Love-in-a-Mist 
Nigella Damascena 

A popular old fashioned flower, 
with flnely-cut foliage surrounding 
the curious looking flowers and 
seed pods. Makes pretty edgings 
for walks or borders. Hardy an- 
nual. 1 foot high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure is best. 



Pansy 



These lovely flowers are fav- 
orites with all, not only for the 
brilliancy and variety of their 
colors, but for the durability of 
their bloom. Seed may be sown 
in open ground in spring or sum- 
mer, or in hot-bed early in spring. 



Young plants produce the largest 
and best flowers. The plants should 
always occupy a cool, partially 
shaded situation, and the ground 
cannot be too rich; coolness and 
moisture are necessary. Transplant 
when an inch high. Seed sown in 
early summer will blossom late 
in autumn; if sown in fall will 
blossom the following spring. 
Hardy biennial; 4 inches high. 



Passion Flower 

Hardy Passion Vine 
A beautiful climbing vine pro- 
ducing peculiar shaped flowers. 
Perennial. 



Peonies 

There is no hardy perennial 
which equals the Peony in beauty 
and usefulness. Once planted, the 
plants and flowers increase in size 
and beauty with age. They are 
as hardy as oaks and as handsome 
(many as fragrant) as roses. When 
the plants are through blooming 
they are as handsome and orna- 
mental as most of the hardy 
shrubs. The plants are practi- 
cally immune from insects. We 
would advise our readers to be- 
ware of "cheap" Peonies. An in- 
ferior variety will take as much 
care and space as a choice one, 
and the first cost of a Peony is 
nothing compared to the disap- 
pointment after years of waiting. 

Planting:. — An important point 
to observe is not to plant too deep- 
ly. The roots should be placed so 
that the crowns (or eyes) are cov- 
ered with two or three inches of 
soil. Planting too deep is often 
the cause of shy blooming. 

Plant with southwest or west ex- 
posure, as early as possible in the 
spring as they sprout very quickly. 

Small — divided roots, 3-.5 eyes. 

Medium — 1 and 2 years from 
division. 

Large — 4 and 5 year old clumps. 



Petunia 

Petunias are unsurpassed if in- 
deed equalled for massing in beds. 
Their richness of color, duration of 
bloom and easy culture will always 
make them welcome and popular. 
1 Vz feet high. Hardy annual. 
Transplant IS inches apart. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground only after dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors. young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure is best. 



Phlox 

star Shaped 
For a splendid mass of color and 
a constant display, the Phlox is 
unequalled. These flowers differ 
from the Phlox drummondi in 
their long pointed petals, giving 



283 



How Grow One Hundred Varieties of Favorite Flowers 



a star like appearance. Plant, 
compact and dwarf. 6 inches high. 
Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure is best. 



Pink 

Hardy Annual 

Some of the colors are various 
tints of rose, maroon and purple, 
richest velvety crimson, beauti- 
fully fringed varieties, vivid crim- 
son lake, etc., etc. 

The Pinks belong to the same 
class as Carnation, Sweet William, 
etc., but, unlike them, bloom the 
first season; very effective in beds 
or borders; flowers very double, of 
remarkably rich colors and mark- 
ings. 

Culture. — Sow seed in garden in 
spring, when the ground has be- 
come warm; thin, or transplant 
when 2 inches high to 4 inches 
apart. 



Poppy 

Papaver 

The marvelous development of 
these old-fashioned flowers has 
made them deservedly popular. 
The individual flowers are large 
and elegant, with crinkled petals 
which appear in the sun like 
crumpled satin. Grow % foot in 
height. Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be sown 
in the open ground as early in 
the season as practicable, in beds 
of well pulverized soil. The plants 
should remain where sown, as 
they do not easily stand trans- 
planting. Thin out carefully so 
as to disturb the remaining plants 
as little as possible. 



Portulaca 

Double rose-flowered, seven dif- 
ferent colors, crimson, rosy purple, 
white rose, striped with carmine, 
orange, yellow. The double varie- 
ties of this charming plant are 
most beautiful and should be in 
every flower garden. The blossoms 
are perfectly double, about the 
size of a silver dollar, and the 
colors are white, yellow, scarlet 
pink striped, etc. ; a bed of them 
in bloom presents a gay appear- 
ance. Select a light and sandy 
soil, with a full exposure to the 
sun; they will stand any amount of 
dry, hot weather. Sow after the 
ground is warm, in beds or masses. 
Tender annual; 9 inches high. 



Evening Primrose 

Oenothera Biennis 
Beautiful low growing plant pro- 
ducing numberless blossoms borne 
in spikes. The flowers are fully 
expanded only towards and during 
the evening. Annual 2 feet high. 



Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure is best. 



Primula 

Japonica 

A beautiful and profuse flower- 
ing plant of free, vigorous growth 
with dark green foliage, and large 
flowers in a variety of color. 
Blooms early in summer. Plenty 
of moisture is needed. 1 to 2 feet 
tall. Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
friable loam is preferable. 



Pyrethrum 

Feverfew^ 
Parthenium 

A very fine hardy plant with 
stems about 2 feet high, surmount- 
ed with handsome flowers in the 
brightest shades. In bloom a long 
tinne and are splendid as cut flow- 
ers. Hardy perennial. 

Culture. — Seed may be sown very 
early in spring so plants will blos- 
som in fall or started in late sum- 
mer so that good healthy plants 
and a profusion of flowers will be 
had the following year. A light 
mulch of manure is desirable for 
winter protection. 



Ricinus 

Castor Oil Bean 
Mixed Colors 

Grown as single specimens and 
on lawns and pleasure grounds, 
they form a striking feature. 

Tall, majestic plants with leaves 
of glossy green, brown or bronzed- 
metallic hue, and long spikes of 
prickly capsules of scarlet and 
green. An elegant plant for a 
lawn, and of very quick growth in 
rich soil. Plant in hot-bed, and 
transplant when three leaves have 
formed, or plant where they are 
required. Tender annual; 8 to 10 
feet high. 



Roses 

More than two hundred varieties 
of Hybrid Perpetual Roses are 
listed by one of the largest nurser- 
ies in the United States, and the 
number is constantly being in- 
creased. Many well-known favor- 
ite Roses of this class safely endure 
the winter south of Philadelphia, 
but are not sufficiently hardy for 
the western and north-western lat- 
itudes. 

Roses should be planted in the 
spring just as soon as the ground 
can be worked, and carefully han- 
dled as they are plants that need 



attention when planted. Select a 
good sunny location where the soil 
is well drained, and should the soil 
be heavy or clayey, some sand 
should be put with it. A good plan 
is to take out the soil from 18 
inches to 2 feet deep, and in the 
bottom place from 10 to 12 inches 
of well-rotted cow manure and 
sod, then place the black earth 
that was taken out, on top of this. 

Culture. — In planting Dormant 
Roses (nearly all of which are 
grafted plants) care should be 
taken to have the budded part set 
two or three inches beiow the 
surface of the ground, and the 
soil pressed firmly aliout the stem. 
Dormant plants produce better 
flowers and make stronger plants 
than those grown from cuttings. 
Plant fifteen to eighteen inches 
apart. 

Before winter sets in the bushes 
should be covered, and the best 
method is to dig a small trench 
close to the plant, by setting a 
spade 6 to 8 inches back of the 
plant and pushing it into the 
ground about 10 inches, cutting off 
the roots, then push the plant 
bodily into the trench and cover 
same with building paper three or 
four thicknesses, using earth to 
hold it in place. 



Salpiglossis 



A very showy bedding or border 
plant, flowering from July to early 
autumn. The exquisite beauty of 
the flowers with their rare com- 
bination of color is a revelation. 
Transplant to a foot apart. Half 
hardy annual, m to 2 feet high. 

Culture. — Sow seed in shallow 
boxes of light soil in a tempera- 
ture of from 60 to 70 degrees 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure is best. 



Salvia 

One of the handsomest flowering 
plants we have for garden decora- 
tion blooming in spikes from mid- 
summer until killed by frosts. 
Their compact bushes literally 
ablaze with brilliant flowers really 
have no rivals. About 3 feet high. 
Half-hardy perennial. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown 
very early in spring so plants will 
blossom in fall or started in late 
summer so that good healthy 
plants and a profusion of flowers 
will be had the following year. A 
light mulch of manure is desirable 
for winter protection. 



Saponaria 

Multiflora Calibrica 

Mixed Colors 
Height Six Inches 
An admirable dwarf bedding' 
plant, with neat foliage, and small, 
cross-shaped blossoms, of delicate 
tints of rose and pink. Adapted 
for vases and hanging baskets; 
make a fine display grown in a cir- 
cular bed; quite hardy, blooming 
till after severe frosts. 



284 



How Grow One Hundred Varieties of Favorite Flowers 



Culture. — Sow in-doors, early, or 
later in open ground; transplant to 

about one foot apart; they will 
spread and cover the ground as 
with a mat, compact and dense 
dotted with the small flowers. 



Scarlet Runner 

Will grow to the height of 12 
or 15 feet and produce a profusion 
of scarlet flowers. Needs strings 
or some support to climb on. Sow 
in spring when ground is warm 
where they are to remain. Plant 
about three inches deep. 



Schizanthus 

Butterfly Flower 

A beautiful species of plants for 
out of door decoration. Easily cul- 
tivated, of bright colors and splen- 
did for bouquets; do well in any 
garden and may be removed to the 
house in autumn. Give plenty of 
room. Half-hardy annual, 2 feet 
high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. The 
soil should be well pulverized and 
enriched with fertilizer. 



Sensitive Plant 

Mimosa Pudlca 

An interesting and curious plant 
with globular heads of pink flow- 
ers; well known for the extreme 
irritability of its leaves, which if 
touched drop, touching the lower 
ones and the whole plant will ap- 
pear as if wilted and dying. Keep 
six inches apart. Half hardy an- 
nual. 1 to 2 feet high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure is best. 



Stock 

The stock is one of the most pop- 
ular garden flowers either for bed- 
ding or pot culture. For brilliancy 
of color, fragrance, profusion and 
duration of bloom it is unsurpassed. 
Hardy annual one foot high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure is best. 



Sunflower 

Helianthus 

Double 

An exceedingly double variety of 

this well-known plant adapted by 

Its stately growth for a background 



to the lawn appearing to advantage 
in masses. Thin to 4 feet apart. 
Hardy annual, 5 feet high. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be 
transplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure is best. 



Sweet Peas 

Lathyrus Odoratus 
For Us beauty and fragrance the 
sweet pea is the queen. Within re- 
cent years it has been brought to a 
high degree of development and is 
now one of the most popular gar- 
den favorites. Their chief use is 
for cut flowers, although their 
value in the garden is not to be 
ignored. Sow early. About 4 feet 
high. Hardy annual. 

Culture. — Sow in the spring in 
the open ground where they are 
to grow; the sooner the seeds can 
be got in the better. They delight 
in a moist, loamy soil ; should be 
sown two inches deep. If not 
allowed to go to seed they will 
flower much longer. 



Sweet Rocket 

Hesperis Matronalis 
One of the old fashioned garden 
plants, also known as Dames Rock- 
et and Dames Violet. A most de- 
sirable hardy flower; bearing spikes 
of brilliant, fragrant blossoms. 
Very excellent among shrubbery or 
in borders. Grows 2 to 3 feet high. 
Perennial. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown very 
early in spring so plants will blos- 
som in fall or started in later sum- 
mer so that good healthy plants 
and a profusion of flowers will be 
had the following year A light 
mulch of manure is desirable for 
winter protection. 



Sweet William 

Dianthus Barbatus 

A well known, attractive, free 
flowering plant producing a splen- 
did effect in bed and borders with 
rich attractive flowers borne in 
heads or clusters; about 18 inches 
high. Hardy perennial. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown very 
early in spring so plants will blos- 
som in fall or started in late sum- 
mer so that good healthy plants 
and a profusion of flowers will be 
had the following year. A light 
mulch of manure is desirable for 
winter protection. 



Thunbergia Alata 

Black Eyed Susan 

Beautiful, rapid-growing climber, 
preferring a warm sunny situation; 
very fine for hanging baskets, 
vases, low fences, etc. Height 4 
feet. Annual. 

Culture. — Sow out of doors when 
danger from frost is over, cover- 



ing the seed to a depth of about 
four times its size; when planted 
in-doors, young plants can be 
trinsplanted to the open as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure is best. 



Verbena 

Hybrida 

Verbenas are becoming more 
popular every year, and scarcely 
need a description. For garden 
beds or effective massing the Ver- 
bena is unequalled. Height, 1 to 
IV2 feet. Annual. Keep 12 or 18 
inches apart. 

Culture. — Seed should be sown 
four months before the plants are 
w.Tnted, as it is often slow In 
germinating. Seedling plants are 
more vigorous than those from 
cuttings, but if a special color is 
wanted seedlings are not to be 
depended upon. 



Violets 

viola Odorata 

The violet should be in every 
garden on account of its fragrance 
and early appearance. They are 
well adapted for border or rock 
work and commence putting forth 
their flowers all through spring. 
Hardy perennial. 4 inches high. 

Culture. — Seeds may be sown very 
early in spring so plants will blos- 
som in fall or started in late sum- 
mer so that good healthy plants 
and a profusion of flowers will be 
had the following year. A light 
mulch of manure is desirable for 
winter protection. 



Wall Flower 

Cheiranthus Cheirl 
An old garden favorite, well 
known, deliciously fragrant, bloom- 
ing early in spring with spikes of 
beautiful flowers, and dark green 
foliage. 1 to 3 feet. Biennial. 

Culture. — The seed should be 
planted early in spring in open 
ground, and will blossom before 
fall. The plants will bloom again 
the following year but the young 
plants bloom best and seed should 
be sown every spring. 



Zinnia 

Elegans 
Youth and Old Age 

This plant is one of the most 
brilliant and showy of annuals. It 
bears large double flowers from 
early summer till frost with very 
little attention. Provide plenty of 
room; at least 18 inches. Height 
2 feet. Annual. 

Culture. — Seeds should be planted 
in the open ground after all dan- 
ger of frost is over, or if started 
in-doors, young plants can be set 
out in the garden beds as soon 
as warm weather appears. A rich 
garden soil, deeply dug and liber- 
ally enriched with manure is best. 



285 



BEAUTIFUL HOMES 



How to Give Added Charm by the Use of Trees, Shrubs 

and Flowers. 



The happier the home, the greater is 
the desire of the family, as a rule, to 
embellish it by all the means within the 
reach of the family purse. And there 
is no embellishment more gratifying to 
the eye and none that pays better in 
the long run, than the improvement of 
the lot or the surrounding grounds by 
an artistic arrangement of ornamental 
trees, shrubs and flowering plants. 

To have a beautiful home, to sit down 
under the vine that clings upon its walls, 
to rest in the shadow of the tree that 
grows beside it, to eat of the fruits that 
ripen on its soil — this is the realization 
of many a pleasant dream, the result 
of many a worthy ambition. To fail 
to possess a home in which one can take 
both comfort and pride is to largely miss 
life's purpose. 

Consider the joy and the privilege of 
bestowing on childhood the pleasure and 
the blessing of a charming home! 

No attraction can be devised that 
should more surely hold the child to 
the fireside than attractive home sur- 
roundings. It is one of the greatest joys 
of youth to welcome the visitor to an 
attractive city residence. The admira- 
tion and praise bestowed upon the home 
are a constant source of pride and de- 
light to the children of such a household. 

Thousands of people in the cities can 
bear testimony to the fact that they left 



their country homes because of shabby 
surroundings which, as they grew up, 
gradually became to them a constant 
source of annoyance and shame. 

On their visits to the city they had 
seen delightful parks and the beautiful 
grounds of city residences; and then to 
come back to an old, unpainted, dilapi- 
dated house, with a shambling barn and 
a few straggling swine and fowls, amid 
weeds growing where there might have 
been beautiful lawns, ornamental trees, 
and flowers, caused a feeling of depres- 
sion that made them resolve to quit the 
wretched old premises as soon as they 
possibly could. 

It is not only the city or the suburban 
home that can be made a thing of beauty 
and a joy forever by landscape garden- 
ing. Every farmhouse, every country 
school-house, every building in fact that 
stands in its own grounds, can be im- 
mensely improved in appearance by the 
aid of trees, shrubbery and plants. In 
the pages immediately following a num- 
ber of examples are shown, and there is 
also a list of ornamental trees adapted 
to various regions, with cultural direc- 
tions and suggestions of value to the 
home builder. An outline map of the 
United States divided into districts, each 
plainly numbered, will facilitate the 
choice of trees suited for planting in 
each district. 



286 



Beautiful Homes — Continued 



There is no easier way to enhance the 
value of detached residence property 
than to give it an ornamental setting of 
lawns, trees and shrubbery, with flower- 
beds blooming in season, A home so 
embellished is like a gem in a fine setting. 
The gem itself, like the home, is the prin- 
cipal thing, but an appropriate setting 
enhances its beauty, and in the case of 
the home an attractive setting enhances 
its value as real estate. 

In every neighborhood one sees resi- 
dences that stand out prominently among 
their neighbors by reason of their beau- 
tiful and well-kept surroundings. The 
owner of such a place gives tangible 
evidence of good citizenship. While his 
home delights the eye, benefits and gives 
a tone to the whole neighborhood, he has 
his reward in the gratification of the ar- 
tistic sense — the sense of the beautiful, 
in the greater pleasure and satisfaction 
of his family, and in a material addition 
to the value of the property, which he 
promptly discovers should he desire to 
sell. 

It can be safely said therefore, as the 
result of experience in every section of 
the country, that it is not only desirable 
to embellish home surroundings from 
the standpoint of family comfort and 
personal pleasure, but also from the 
financial standpoint as well. Small ex- 
penditures for landscape gardening, or- 
namental trees and shrubbery, flowering 
plants and other outdoor ornamentation 



of the home, will usually pay the owner 
in increased market value of the prop- 
erty. 

In another direction, too, the improve- 
ment of residence property by the culti- 
vation of lawns and gardens is of advan- 
tage to the owner, if resident on the 
place, or to the tenant if the property be 
leased. The care and up-keep of a gar- 
den of any size will afford both recrea- 
tion and exercise, with great benefit to 
the health of those who otherwise lead 
a sedentary or indoor life. And if the 
garden does nothing else but develop a 
desire for life in the open air, it is well 
worth while, for that desire is a natural 
one, prompted by healthy instincts. To 
the women of a household gardening is 
usually a great delight, while educators 
are all agreed that it is most desirable to 
give growing children individual pieces 
of ground to cultivate. Therefore, there 
are many good and sufficient reasons why 
the surroundings of the home should be 
embellished by cultivation, by the plant- 
ing of trees and shrubs, and by the en- 
couragement of the gardening instinct 
which the great majority of men, women 
and children possess in a marked degree. 

In planning the improvement of the 
home lot or grounds the information 
contained in the preceding pages, 
regarding the cultivation of many varie- 
ties of favorite flowers, will be found ex- 
tremely useful, as well as the pages that 
follow, on the use of ornamental trees. 



287 



Two. Plans, each for Laying Out One Acre—Prom "Woodward*s Conatry Hdines." 



JPlan for Two Acres.' 








Locations 
AjrDwelling. B. Piazza C Passage. 
D. Greenhouse E. Grapery (house) 

^^-. Flower Beds. H. Kitchen Garden 

K. Trellis of Grapevines. L. Yard 

M. Gate. N. Gate O. Stable, Barn. 



ruB.BOMt 



Explanation. 

S Stable and Barn 

A. Greenhouse and Grapery 

O Double Hennery. 

H Hen Yard, set with fruit trees.- 

D. Grape Arbor, fruit trees. 

1. Dwarfand Standard fruit trees. 
F. Fountain 
J. Flowers 

O. Lavatory and Garden Tool- 
house in refir. 

E. Dwarf fruit trees. 




Locations. 

A. House. E. Entrance 

B. Stables and Carriage 
House. D. Greenhouse 
and Grapery I. Hennery, 
with double yard- 





Plans— Two Lots, each 50x200 feet in size. Doited line shows open .views across the lawn Lower lot shows too 
many trees. Un a short time the view of roadway in front will be completely cut ofiE 



2S8 




.^ 



2 3 

Ornamental Trees.— -/^"f- Residence and Public Grounds. 
Fig.l. Japanese Weeping Sophora. pig. 5. Cut-leaved Weeping Birch. 
" 2. Snowdrop Tree. '' 6. Adromotla Tree. 

" '6. Broad Apple Tree. " 7. Scarlei Oak. 

"•4. Honey Locust. " 8. Golden Arbor Vitae and Yews. 

Fig. 9. Balsam Fir. 






Trees Adapted to Various Regions, with Cultural Directions 



The beauty of a shade tree depends upon Its nor- 
mal and symmetrical growth. In order to insure 
this, before planting cut off the ends of all broken 
or mutilated roots; remove all side branches except 
upon evergreens, so that a straight, whip-like stalk 
alone remains. Dig holes at least 2 feet in diameter 
and 1 foot deep in good soil, and make them 4 feet 
across in poor soil. The sides of holes should be 
perpendicular and the bottom flat. Break up soil 
in the bottom of the hole to the depth of the 
length of a spade blade. Place 2 or 3 inches of fine 
top soil, free from sods or other decomposing organic 
matter, in the bottom of the hole. On top of this 
place the roots of the tree, spread them as evenly 
as possible over the bottom of the hole, and cover 
with 2 or 3 inches of fine top soil as before. Tramp 
firmly with the feet and fill the hole with good 
earth. leaving the surface loose and a little higher 
than the surface of the surrounding soil. When 
the work of planting is completed, the tree should 
stand about 2 inches deeper than It stood in the 
nursery. 

In order to insure symmetry of growth, trees must 



be allowed unrestricted area for development. At 
least 40 feet should be allowed between trees in- 
tended to occupy the ground permanently. Quick- 
growing nurse or temporary trees may be planted 
between the long-lived ones to produce immediate 
results, but these should be removed as soon as they 
interfere with the development of the permanent 
plantations. 

The lists of trees and shrubs contained in this 
publication are merely suggestive, but in all cases 
they include such sorts as are well adapted to the 
particular locality for which they are recommended. 
Because of the great differences existing in the 
soil and climatic conditions of the several parts of 
the United .States, the country has been partitioned 
into five sections, and a list of trees and shrubs 
suitable for park grounds or for home adornment 
is enumerated for each section. The section in 
which any particular park is located can be de- 
termined by a glance at the map, and reference to 
the list of trees and shrubs will assist in selecting 
suitable decorative material for the grounds. 





Fig. 10. Hawthorn Archway. 

" 11. Oblate Dwarf Silver Fir. 

" 12. Mossy Cupped Turkey Oak. 

" 13. Flowering Currant. 

" 14. Chinese White Magnolia. 



Fig. 15. Whitewood Tulip Tree 

" It). Crab Apple Tree. 

" 17. Swedish Juniper. 

" 18. Oranse yuince Tree. 

" 19. Canoe Birch Tree. 





289 




District Adapted to the Following Trees 



District 1. 

Deciduous trees. — Sugar maple, 
Norway maple, silver maple, 
green ash, white ash, American 
white elm, red oak, white oak, 
pin oak, American linden. 

Evergreen trees. — Norway 
spruce, white spruce, Colorado 
blue spruce, white pine, Scotch 
pine, balsam fir. 

Shrubs. — Lilac, golden bell, ex- 
ochorda, snowball, mock orange, 
hydrangea, Japan quince, flower- 
ing currant, calycanthus, cornus, 
deutzia, spirsea, weigela. 

District 2. 
Deciduous trees. — Tulip, syca- 
more, pin oak, white oak. black 
oak, live oak, red oak, white ash, 
bald cypress, Norway maple, silver 
maple, red elm, American white 
elm, Kentucky coffee, American 
linden, catalpa, liquid-ambar, Car- 
olina poplar, hackberry, sour 
gum. 



Evergrreen trees. — "White pine, 
long-leaf pine, magnolia, live oak, 
cedar of Lebanon. 

Siirubs. — Golden bell, hydran- 
gea, lilac, loniceras, hibiscus, 
hardy roses, Japan quince, caly- 
canthus, smoke tree. 

South of Charleston, S. C. — 
Camellia japonica. 

Southern Florida and Texas. — 
Oleander, privet. 

District 3. 

DecidiiOHS trees. — Burr oak, lin- 
den, silver maple, Norway maple, 
Cottonwood, green ash. box elder, 
wild cherry, larch, American elm, 
black walnut, hackberry. 

Evergreen trees. — Scotch pine, 
Austrian pine, white pine, Norway 
spruce, Colorado blue spruce, 
white spruce, red cedar, arbor 
vitse. 

Shrubs. — Lilac, barberry, cornus, 
Japan quince, Crataegus or haw-' 
thorn, snowdrop. 



District 4. 

Deciduous trees. — Valley cotton- 
wood, mountain Cottonwood, 
mountain ash, box elder. 

Evergreen trees. — Arbor vitse, 
box, euonyinus. 

Slirubs. — Althea, snowball, mock 
orange, wild rose, crape myrtle, 
spirjea, flowering currant, elder lilac. 
District 5. 

Deciduous trees (Coast region). 
— Large-leaved inaple, tulip tree, 
mountain ash, European linden, 
sycamore, weeping willow. 

Slirubs (Coast region). — Roses, 
weigela, European holly, lilac, 
laburnum, deutzia, hydrangea, 
mock orange, Japan quince. 

Trees (Columbia Basin). — Scotch 
elm, American elm, Norway ma- 
ple, European linden, sycamore, 
green ash, silver poplar, Russian 
poplar, white willow. 

Shrubs (Columbia Basin). — Li- 
lac, hardy roses, Philadelphus, la- 
burnum, spiraea, barberry. 



'i^S^./Mt- 




290 







GAILLARDIA 



FUCHSfAS 



0nt ?|unbreb "Varieties of Jfaborite jFIotoersi 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




GODETIA 



0vit ilunbreb ^arietie«S of Jfaborite JflotoerS 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




0vit ^unbreb ^arietieg of Jfafaorite jFIotoers; 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




HONEYSUCKLE 




HYACINTH BEAN 





ICE PLANT 



IVY 



(But ilunbreti Varieties of Jfafaorite Jflotoersf 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME ■ 





JAPANESE HOP 



LANTANA 



\ 



i^i* 




^ 




eyv 







^ 



S 



(. 




r> 



^' ' I 



LARKSPUR 



LILIES 



0nt ?|unbreb "Varieties of jFaborite Jflotoers 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




LOBELIA 



(Bnt llunbrcb Uartetic£( of jFaborttE JflotoerS 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




MAURANDIA 



(^nt llunbreb "Varieties; of Jfaborite JflotoerS 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




Moa^<^F«w:ER 




MORNING GLORY 



^ 




MOURNING BRIDE 




(But ilunbreb 'Varieties of jFafaorite Jflotoers; 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




NASTURTIUM 




NICOTIANA 





NIGELLA 



M 



PANSY 



(But Hunbrcb '^axittit^ of Jfaborite Jflotoerg 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




PETUNIA 



(But ilunbreb ^avittiti of jFaborite jFlotoersi 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




POPPY 



PORTULACA 



0nt ^unijreb "Varieties; of jFaborite jTIotoersi 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




RICINUS 



ROSE 



0nt llunbreb 'Varieties; of Jfafaorite Jflotoerg 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




SAPONARIA 



SCARLET RUNNER 



0nt ^unbreb "^arietiesi of Jfaborite Jflotoerg 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 





SENSITIVE PLANT 



SCHIZANTHUS 




>^;'. 






k 



/^ 



y 







STOCK 



SUNFLOWER 



(Bnt Hunbreb Varieties? of jFaborite Jflotoersf 

Di rections 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 




SWEET PEAS 




V^, r 






SWEET ROCKET 



A. 



-% 



^ 




ii: 



•4 




SWEET WILLIAM 



THUNBERGIA 



(But ^unbreb Uarietiesi of Jfaborite Jflotoers^ 

Directions 
HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE GIVEN ELSEWHERE IN THIS VOLUME 





VERBENA 



VIOLETS 





WALL FLOWER 



ZINNIA 





31 32 33 34 35 

Ornamental Trees— ^<^ Parks and Residences. 

Eig. 37. Japan Podocarpus Tree 
" 38. Althea Tree. 




Fie SO. Shell Bark Hickory. 

" 31. Sassafras Tree. 

" 32. Pin Oak Tree. 

" 33. Oblate Form Apple Tree 

" 34. Burr Oak. 

" 35. Young White Oak. 

" 36, Virginia Fringe Tree 




39. Piear Tree. 

40. Swiss Pine. 

41. Swedish Juniper. 

42. Umbrella Magnolia. 
. 43. Beech Tree 






1^^ 



Boston Public Gardens. 

The above park shows superior artistic arrangement in lawn, shrubs, flowers and pathways. 




307 




308 




'•■fflW'*^^"™ 





i 
i 
t 



Home in Quiet Repose. 

"View No. 1 shows plain house and 
rockery. No. 2, ornamented with vines. 
No. 3, house in distance and beautiful 
lawn in front. 

No. 3 view taken from "Delineator," 
New York. 




L,andseape Views, 

View 1. Shows possibilities on one acre. 2. Opportunity on five acres. 3. How a little stream may be 
made a feature of beauty. 4. How a neighborhood may have a park; neighbors sach contributing con- 
jointly to keep it up. 5, 6. Designs for rustic bridges. 



809 



Views Taken from Henderson's Picturesque Gardens 




FRENCH CANNAS FOR LAWN BEDDING 

The illustration to the right gives a good idea 
of the value and beauty of the dwarf large-flow- 
ering French Cannas as lawn bedders. These 
Cannas are perfectly at home in the American 
climate, and when grown in rich deep soil and 
not allowed to sufifer for lack of moisture, they 
are gorgeously effective, particularly so when 
massed one sort only in one bed. Their luxuriant 
dwarf growth, immense Gladiolus-like flowers of 
most brilliant colors, and their profusion and 
continuity of bloom until frost render them easily 
the most satisfactory and popular bedding and 
garden plants grown. 




310 




lnii>roveinent of Steep Hillside. — The above illustrations represent as follows: No. 1. Plant House, 
Botanical Gardens, St. Louis. No. 2. Flora Culture, White House Grounds, Washington, D. C. No. 3. Pos- 
sibilties of terracing and ornamenting a hillside. No. 3. View taken, from "Country Life in America." 




311 





The left side picture gives a park scene contain- 
ing a winding path bordering a lake. The right 
side view shows a pile of rocks intermixed with 
rich earth, from which come vines, shrubs, ferns 
and flijwers, the whole Illustrating possibilities 
with a colltction of stone. 




Improvement of a Rear Yard. 

The above view, developed through the efforts and taste of the National Cash Register Company, 
at Dayton, O., shows one of the many beautiful rear yards in that enterprising city. 



812 




Rustic Bridge. — Two views of bridge, and one showing scene in rear of a railroad depot, roof so 
extended as to permit passage of carriages underneatli, protecting people from down-pour of rain, when 
alighting from and entering carriages. Suitable arrangement also for park pavilion. 




CYCLAMEN 



BRTOPHTLLUM' 



MAMMOTH BROWALLIA. 




BLUE 



313 




314 




Thomas Circle, Washington, D, C. 

Shows how a public square in the center of a city may be improved. 




FANCY LEAVED CALADIUMS 





CAUADIITM BSCXTLBNTUM. 




Fences Removed. 

A fence is a dis- 
figurement to any 
property. It shuts 
off view, makes the 
house seem lower 
and narrows the ap- 
pearance of the lot. 
This illustration, 
taken from "Hill's 
Manual." represents 
all division enclos- 
ures and front 
fences removed. This 
gives every re.sident 
of the neighborhood 
the advantage of 
living in a beautiful 
park. 

A serious hin- 
drance to improve- 
ment is that indi- 
vidual who will per- 
sist in keeping up a 
front fence. 



Lawas Kept in Order by Neighbors Conjointly. 



315 




I Soad-ymj 



View of Residence and Summer House. — This illustration from "Parson's Landscape Gardening." pre- 
sents good arrangement for ornannenting the front of small home grounds. The view from the bay 
window is not obscured, while the dotted lines, in the diagram, show open vistas over all the lawn. 
The curving patlaway adds to the apparent size of grounds. 




Show Grounds, Botanical Gardens, St. Louis. 

To enable visitors to see different plants grown here, a display is made, as shown above. 



316 




Park View in Washington, D. C. — Among the many beautiful park scenes in Wasiiington is tlie 
Mall, shown above in the neighborhood of the Agricultural building. 




BLACK PRINCE MONARCH /JI,ffAIJ^J\ TRAILING QUEEN •V^|/'|1||A'V- ELM CITY 

SNOW QUEER JUPITER 




Wilderness Reclaimed. — Pictures show how rough, wild forest may be made pleasure resort. 



317 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS 



Breeding and Care of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Etc. 



The dependence of man npon the lower 
animals, for service and support, is real- 
ized upon the farm as nowhere else. 
Horses, cattle, sheep and swine are all 
found on the well-stocked farms, each 
playing an important part in the general 
scheme of agriculture and contributing 
in no small degree to the welfare and 
success of the farmer. 

In the following sections each kind of 
livestock raised or used upon the farm 
is taken up and the reader is informed 
as to the different breeds, methods of 
breeding, care and uses of the various 
animals. Thus, the different breeds of 
horses are described and illustrated and 
directions are given how to breed, train, 
feed and produce the best. On the larg- 
est farms gas tractors and motor vehi- 
cles of various kinds have partially su- 
perseded the horse for some purposes, 
but the noble quadruped is still the farm- 
er's best friend in the great majority of 
cases. 

The section devoted to the important 
subject of cattle-raising describes the dif- 
ferent breeds of cattle raised in North 
America, as well as the European breeds 
that are freely imported for the improve- 
ment of American herds. The character- 
istics of each of these breeds and the 
points in which they excel are all clearly 
shown, as well as the best methods of 
feeding and care. 

Sheep are used in many parts of the 
county to aid in clearing land for culti- 



vation, after the timber is cut off, while 
sheep-raising for the wool and for food 
is an important industry, occupying 
many thousands of acres in the western 
states. The methods of breeding and 
management of sheep, with illustrations 
and descriptions of the various breeds 
and much miscellaneous information re- 
garding them, will be found in the fol- 
lowing pages. 

Hogs are so useful and profitable an 
adjunct of the farm or market garden 
that few tillers of the soil fail to estab- 
lish a hog pen or hog pasture. The infor- 
mation given in the section on swine in- 
cludes a full description of the breeds 
that can be most profitably raised, as 
well as how to raise them. 

Considerable space is devoted to the 
raising of poultry because of the general 
public interest in the subject. As a busi- 
ness it is one of the most generally profit- 
able in the United States and in the ag- 
gregate it is one of the most important. 
It requires but little capital and little 
land to start in this business, but the 
novice should equip himself in advance 
with the practical information to be 
found in the pages that follow, which 
deal with the raising of chickens, ducks, 
geese, turkeys and squabs. There is also 
plenty of good advice for those who con- 
template going back to the land with the 
idea of making a livelihood and winning 
independence with the willing assistance 
of the American hen. 



318 



HORSES; different breeds in the united states: 




American Kuiuiiii^Horse> 



English Thoroughbred. 




Thr Americab Running 
Horse, a fine descendant of 
the English Thoroughbred,' 
dates back pearly 200 years. 



The English Thoroughbred is 
undoubtedly of Arabiau origin, 
but has been improved by. 
crossing with other breeds. 



The Mule is a hybrid off- 
spring of the ass and horse, 
and combines good traits of 
both. 




The Ass comes from the 
East and dates back to a 
very early period in the 
'world's history. 




Mustang Pony. 



The Mustang is a native of 
Ihe Southwestern Wilds of 
North America. 




Shetland Pony. 

The Shetland grows in a 
wild state on the Shetland 
Islands, where it is caught and 
exported. 




Cleveland Bay Horse. 

The Cleveland Bay is a mix- 
ture of English -draft horse 
and varied stocks imported 
from Europe. 




Morgan Horse. 

The Morgan, it is claimed, 
conies from a horse formerly 
owued by Justin Morgan, of 
Randolph, Vt. 




Ara'ulan Horse. 

The Arabian is known to 
have existed before the Chris- 
tian era. Origin uncertain. 
Some claim Egypt, others 
Arabia. 




Percheron Horse. 

The Percheron, a. valuable 
draft horse, originated in La 
F'ercbe, a former section of 
France, near Normandy. 




Hambletonian Horse. 

The Hamiltonian, originated 
in Orange Co., N.Y. 'Stallion, 
owned by Mr. Rysdyk, lived 
27 years: bad 1,324 colts. 




Clydesdale Horse. 



The Clydesdale, celebrated 
,as a draft horse, originated ni 
the valley of the River Clyde, 
Scotland. 



319 



DIFFERENT 
BREEDS 



HORSES 



DESCRIPTION OF 
VARIOUS KINDS 



How to Breed, Train, Feed and Produce the Best 

The nativity of the horse has been ascribed to Central Africa, whence he was introduced into Egypt and 
thence through Persia into Greece, Western Europe and to Great Britain. 



Origin of the Mustang 

In 1535 a few horses were imported into South 
America and from these have come the immense 
herds that have spread over the southern part of 
our continent. 

Thence they came north, passed the Isthmus of 
Panama into Mexico and scattered northward into 
California and along the Pacific Coast, their scanty 
food and wild life resulting in a distinct breed 
known as Mustang, weighing from 4.50 to .^OO pounds. 
They reach maturity at the age of three years and 
are quite extensively used in Mexico and Texas. 



The American Running Horse 

The American Running: Horse is a deseendant 

from the English thoroughbred. The existence of this 
species of turf heroes dates back over 200 years, and 
when crossed with any other good breed improves it 
for speed and road service. 



The Mule 

The nuile is the hybrid offspring of the ass and 

horse and combines many of the better traits of 
both. The union of the male ass and the mare pro- 
duces the most serviceable and valuable mule, which 
often is superior in intelligence to both of his pro- 
genitors. His weight is about 1,000 pounds; his 
height, 15 hands: his constitution, hardy in the ex- 
treme: his disposition, docile: his head is large, as 
are his ears. His coarse hair is mostly dark. His 
average value is from .$15 to .$250. 



The Ass 

The Ass dates back to a very early period in the 
world's history, and is among the first of the do- 
mestic animals mentioned in the Scriptures. 

In tlie East, where he originated, he is used under 
the saddle or for carrying burdens. His average 
weight is from 500 to 600 pounds. 

With a large and clumsy head, he combines enor- 
mous ears, sinall eyes, a long back, short legs, hard, 
serviceable hoofs, and coarse hair. 

The "burro," common in Texas, Central America, 
and at pleasure resorts for children's use. is a 
smaller animal of the same species, with similar 
characteristics and usefulness. 



The Cleveland Bay Horse 

The Cleveland Bay, lighter in weight than the 
heavy draft horse, has plenty of carriage and action 
for the road, making a fine, stylish carriage horse. 

The Cleveland Bay is a mixture of English draft 
horse and various breeds imported from Europe. 



The Percheron Horse 

The Percheron is one of the most useful animals 
for heavy hauling and general work. 

The Percheron-Norman has an average weight of 
about 1,650 pounds, is IO'q hands high, has a hardy 
constitution, small head and ears, heavy quarters, 
large bones, medium neck and shoulders, wide chest, 
a short back, medium legs, fine hair, broad hoofs, 
grayish color, fine action, and a kind disposition. 



The Morgan Horse 

The celebrated "Morgan Horse," foaled in 179.", 
was probably a grandson of imported Wildair, out of 
a Canada mare. His progeny are stout and endur- 
ing, with good action, great hardiness of constitution 
and some of thein distinguished^ as fast trotters. 

"Columbus." "Grand Bashaw," "Andrew Jackson" 
and the Morse horses have all founded families of 
trotters. 



Hambletonian Horse 

The Hambletonian is the name of a breed of 
horses originating in Orange county. New York, in 
1S49. From the Hambletonian stallion came several 
distinguished horses. Among them were Dexter, 
Bruno, Goldsmith Maid, Belinont and others widely 
known at that time as standing high in the first 
rank of fast trotters.. 

The average Hambletonian weighs about 1,100 
pounds, stands 15% hands high; matures at 5 years; 
has a hardy constitution; has fine hair of a bay color, 
and is one of the highest-priced horses in the 
market. 



The Shetland Pony 

Shetland Ponies are bred, captured wild and ex- 
ported from a region covering 450 square miles, com- 
prising about 100 islands lying north of Scotland, 
known as the Shetland Islands. All horses there are 
diminutive in size; even people are small in stature, 
active and hardy. 



The Arabian Horse 

The Arabian is known to have existed sometime 
before the Christian era. His origin is uncertain, 
some attributing it to Egypt, others to Arabia. 

His form is compact and muscular, with graceful 
outlines. His coat is smooth, his size is medium, 
his height averaging about 14% hands, his motions 
are agile, his speed, per mile, ranging from three to 
four minutes. He is considered better for riiling or 
driving than for heavy work. In India his value 
formerly ranged from $750 to $1,000. 



The Clydesdale Horse 

The Clydesdale, or Scotch, are a larger and showier 
horse than the heavy French breeds; have strong 
constitution, are docile, easily kept, and liable to 
take on fat. All colors, generally have white feet. 



320 



HOW GET THE BEST HORSES 

HOW BREED AND TRAIN THEM 



THE FUTURE OF THE HORSE 



It is difficult to determine what the future of the 
horse is to be. Contrary to expectations, the price 
of horses has continued to advance, notwithstanding 
the automobile has come in great numbers. Today 
horses command higher prices than for twenty years. 

The principal effect of the auto, thus far, on the 
horse, has been to relieve the 'animal of long and 
heavy traffic. 

In the meantime, the horse is here to be taken 
care of and utilized for his commercial value. 

How Get the Best Horses 

If the horse is to be kept as a matter of profit 
it should be developed physically and intellectually 
as much as possible. This includes breeding, feed- 
ing, and training of the animal. 

How to Breed 

Like begets like in breeding horses. The stallion 
kept for service should possess the qualities which it 
is desired should be transmitted to his progeny. 

Both dam and sire should have all the good quali- 
ties desired in the colt. 

Particularly should it be understood that the colt 
will inherit the breed and no stallion should be kept 
for breeding purposes unless he can show a long 
line of desirable ancestry. The accidentally superior 
mongrels do not reproduce their superior qualities, 
but transmit back to an inferior ancestry. 

But aside from pedigree, various conditions may 
affect disposition, health, endurance, style, and am- 
bition of the immediate parents. 

The stallion should not have his temper spoiled 
by dark stable loneliness, from being shut in a 
close box stall away from sight of other horses. He 
should not be exhausted by overwork, nor be sub- 
jected to annoyance whereby he cultivates ill temper. 
On the contrary, he should have some regular exer- 
cise in riding or double harness driving and should 
be so situated that he can see and have the company 
Of other horses. 

Particular attention should be kindly given to the 
mare as she nears foaling time. She should not have 
to endure overwork at that period nor should she 
hear any harsh words, and her large, roomy boxistall 
should be thickly laid with soft straw. 

Weaning and Training 

At the age of four or five months the colt should 
be gently handled. At the age of five or seven 
months, having been petted, caressed, and taught to 
eat and drink; it has also been taught to be led 
by the halter or foretop. 

At this period the colt may be weaned and edu- 
cated to the having of its feet handled; may learn 
to be harnessed; may be hitched to some light 
vehicle and taught to draw light loads. 

Importance of Being Gentle 

In all the treatment of breaking and training the 
colt no loud or harsh words should be used. Only 
gentle voice and patience are necessary. 

If the colt shies at anything, allow him to come 
to it, smell and examine it until satisfied that it 
will do him no harm; thus, in a short time, the colt 
may be broken to driving and trained to the saddle. 

To Break the Wild Horse 

To bring a wild or vicious horse that has never had 
any training under subjection, it is only necessary 
to use a straight bit, two leg-straps, and a surcingle. 
The left leg is buckled up with strap No. 1 and the 
noose of No. 2 slipped around the off fetlock and the 
other end passed through the surcingle under the 
belly. 

The horse, indignant at being so hampered, hops 
for a time on three legs around his stall, which 



should be thickly laid with tanbark or straw. When 
he finally stops, a draw on strap No. 2 brings him 
down upon his knees. Nothing else is attempted 
until the horse has completely exhausted his ener- 
gies. Soon a profuse perspiration breaks out all 
over the animal; he drops upon his side, and, after 
becoming quiet, the operator gently strokes the tired 
animal's head, and when all the muscles are relaxed, 
removes the strap, and the horse is so mastered and 
broken as to be ridden or driven as the operator 
desires from that time forward. 

Training, Feeding and Care 

The weanling should not be turned back to the 
pasture. It should have from two to four quarts of 
bruised oats and all the hay it can eat. The 
yearling may have more. 

It is not wise to feed the colt so much as to 
cause it to be very fat. Much injury may result 
from feeding too much. It is better to feed lightly 
and often. Many diseases result from bad food or 
good food badly administered. 

Regularity in feeding and watering is very essen- 
tial. Added to that should be variety. Corn, oats, 
and hay may be alternated. 

Never feed new hay, corn, or oats where old can 
be obtained. AH hay should be cut and it is best 
to mix with ground corn and oats and moisten 
with hot water. The moisture prevents the dust 
from entering the lungs. A horse heavily worked 
when stuffed full of loose, dry hay is liable to have 
the heaves. When hard at work increase the ground 
grain feed but not the hay. 

A Good Feed 

An excellent feed is made by mixing coarse meal, 
ground and bruised oats, and bran in the proportion 
of one-half bushel of the latter to a bushel each of 
the meal and oats, adding a handful of salt and 
mixing with water — hot is best — when fed. 

A warm mash is a great invigorator to a horse 
tired out with a long, hard day's work. A handful 
of salt and clean wood ashes mixed makes a good 
appetizer and preventative of disease. Carrots, tur- 
nips, or mangelwurzel beets, cooked or chopped fine, 
make a good, occasional addition to the diet and tend 
to correct costiveness. 

Temperate Use of Water 

Water moderately three times a day. In hot 
weather, oftener, using a clean pail, as horses often 
are very particular about the apparent cleanliness 
of an article they drink from. 

Importance of Stable Cleanliness 

Next to proper feeding in the barn is cleanliness. 
The horse should be removed from his stall on the 
arrival of the groom in the morning, taken into the 
open, fresh air, and there have his skin thoroughly 
scratched with a curry comb. Following next in 
order, a small brush broom should sweep out the 
dust loosened by the comb. This will be succeeded 
by a card with wire teeth or comb with wooden 
teeth, which will comb and carefully separate all 
hairs in mane and tail. The finishing touch will 
now be put on by a large, woolen cloth, which rubbed 
all over the animal will make hair shine and give 
it a varnished appearance. 

Cleanliness in the Stable 

Before returning the horse to the stable its stall 
should be thoroughly cleaned, made dry and no 
odor left. 

To compel a horse to stand in a stable in a bed 
of manure, breathing the pungent odor arising from 
lack of cleanliness, is a cruelty which will result 
in injury to the animal. 



321 



The General Care and Cost of Keeping Horses 



A Space for Rolling 

A large, roomy space, with sanded dirt floor, should 
be assigned to the horse in which to roll. This may 
be in the barn or in a nearby yard outside. Improve- 
ment in health results from the horse rolling. Ex- 
amine the horse's feet to see that no mud or gravel 
is allowed to accumulate there. Wash feet and 
legs occasionally and wipe dry. The horse should 
never be compelled to stand in a wet stall or in a 
mud-puddle by the roadside. 



Do Not Blanket in Stable 

Except in exceedingly cold weather, in which 
there is a good deal of wind in the stable, the 
horse should not be blanketed in the barn, but care 
should be used in protecting the animal from severe 
wind or storms on the outside of the stable. 

It is particularly bad to drive the horse into a 
perspiration, then hitch and leave the animal to 
endure a cold wind without thick blanket protection 
at such time. 

It is well to be provided with waterproof covering 
in case of storms. Blankets should be well sup- 
plied with buckles and straps to shut out wind, wet 
and snow. 

The Stable Floor 

The stable floor, preferably made of plank, should 
be well covered with tanbark, sawdust, shavings, or 
fine straw. Colts should have abundance of straw to 
lie on, should be also curried and cleaned, becoming 
thus accustomed to being handled. 



Cost of Keeping Horses and 
Automobiles 

As horses are yet before us to be fed and cared 
for, and as the mechanical horse is crowding into 
the barn and onto the premises, it is a live question 
as to the expense of maintaining the horse in com- 
parison with the automobile. 

Cost of Keeping the Horse 

The average active period of horse usefulness is 
from five up to twenty years, depending upon the 
care which is given to the animal. Much can be 
said about the horse which needs to be said to those 
who are going into the business of rearing horses. 

Information at the Livery Stable 

For facts concerning the expense of keeping the 
horse, the reader will go to the livery stable, where 
they know the exact ration which the horse should 
be fed. There, also, will be learned about age, em- 
ployment, and weight of the animal, the amount 
and kind of food required, how often administered, 
cost of shoeing, medical attendance, earning capacity, 
etc. 

Necessary Veterinary Knowledge 

Investigation concerning keeping the horse will 
lead to the conclusion that the horseman should 
obtain a complete voluiue on veterinary management 
to do justice to the subject of caring for domestic 
animals. We close this chapter on the horse with 
brief attention to cruelties liable to be practiced on 
the horse. 



THE VARIOUS POINTS OF THE HORSE 




Names and location of points used in referring to the external 
Conformation of the horse.' 1, muzzle; 2, face; 3, forehead; 4, poll; 5, 
crest; 6, cheek; 7, lower jaw; 8, throat; 9, neck; 10, withers; 11, point of 
shoulder; 12, breast; 13, elbow; 14,forearm; 15. knee; 16, cannon orshauk; 
17, fetlock; 18, pastern; 19, coronet; 20, foot; 21, girth; 22, belly; 23, flank; 
24, back; 25, loin; 26, haunch or hip; 27, croup; 28, dock; 29, thigh or 
quarter; 30, lower thigh or gaskin; 31, hock; 32, heel. (Mumford.) 



322 



CRUEL TREATMENT OF HORSES 



Kindness Pays a Dividend in Increased Service and Value. 

It is a strange fact that many people think that the ownership of 
a horse or cow or other animal carries with it the right to abuse one's 
property. Only a few years ago a man felt he had the right to beat his 
horse — to death if he wished — with the same liberty as he mowed or 
left uncut his own weeds. But the spirit of co-operation has prompted 
farmers to demand laws compelling everyone to keep down noxious 
weeds ; it is realized that this is not a matter for private preference or 
personal convenience, but a question of general welfare. But since one 
farmer does not suffer when another overworks his own horse or 
starves it or clubs it, and one liveryman does not lose when his rival 
allows patrons to abuse his teams, so for a long time the public interest 
in the welfare of private livestock was not considered. 

Then came the S. P. C. A., the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty 
to Animals, and it was not long before laws and ordinances were 
drafted to prevent mistreatment. As a result, we see little of the beat- 
ing and starving of defenseless horses that was common even fifteen 
or twenty years ago. But the change has not been entirely due to the 
activities of the Society. Horses are daily increasing in value, and 
the owners of livestock realize that it does not pay to take any chance 
of injuring valuable property. A man doesn't take a sledge hammer 
to a twenty-one jewel, solid gold watch just because it won't run. 
People have been learning how to take care of animals. Aside from 
the fact that they often make the best of friends, they represent the 
investment of so much capital, an investment which ought to pay as 
large a dividend as possible. Ill treatment reduces the dividend. The 
most practical kind of experience tells that kindness will get more work 
from a horse than will the use of the whip. And any child knows that 
a horse gets his strength from the food he eats, and a starved horse 
cannot give effective service any more than can a stove without fuel. 
It's like trying to run a gasoline engine on water — it can't be done. 

When a man underfeeds his stock we call him selfish, stingy. He 
isn't. He's merely showing poor business judgment and is cheating 
himself. The horse shows a profit on the food he eats. The less food 
he gets, the less work he is able to do, and the less profit he pays. 

Farmers are being educated every day in the business of agricul- 
ture, and they are learning to take care of their stock ; so there is much 



323 



Cruel Treatment of Horses — Continued 



less abuse of dumb animals. Bad temper rather than bad judgment 
is coming to be the only cause of cruelty. 

The owner of a horse realizes that the animal repays in increased 
value and increased work all the time and care and money that is 
invested in him. In the summer he must be protected from flies, from 
overwork or over-driving in the extreme heat; in the winter he must 
be blanketed against inclement weather, not for any sentimental reason, 
but because a horse is ''animated money." 

The only abuses practiced to-day by intelligent owners are inspired 
by "style." Over-checking is the commonest form. To some tastes a 
driving horse may present a fine appearance if the head be pulled high 
and back, and the consequent restless tossing of the head may give a 
spirited appearance, but the custom is a silly one after all. Over-check- 
ing pulls the horse's head into a strained, unnatural position which is 
far from beautiful. There is nothing more attractive than the dignified 
arch of a spirited horse's neck, nor the proud w^ay in which he carries 
his head. The man who over-checks his carriage horse thinks he is help- 
ing it to keep to this graceful position — which is just what he is not. A 
single glance in comparison ought to be enough to convince anyone. 

Moreover, pulling the head back in this unnatural way takes away 
much of the steed's pulling power; try it on yourself and see how it 
works. 

If a horse does not naturally hold his head high it is because he is 
underfed, overworked, or in bad health. The assistance of the veter- 
inary is needed and not tliat of the check rein. 

Docking the horse's tail needs ■little comment. The operation 
required for a real dock is painful, and, in any case, the shortening of 
this natural protection against flies is an unnecessary sacrifice to a 
mistaken idea of good looks. The fly-net does away with the annoy- 
ance to the horse, but it does not remove the lack of symmetry. Cer- 
tainly a long silky tail is much more graceful than a stub, no matter 
how "natty" it may look. 

Many drivers are too careless of the horse's w^elfare to see the 
needless cruelty of the tight npsebag. There is no economy in this, 
even if the extra large nosebag spills a few oat grains. Less food, 
eaten in comfort, will do more good than a generous feed which causes 
the horse to gasp and choke. 



324 




Devon Cow. 

The Devon comes from De- 
vonshire, England. Its value 
restj;_ less upon quantity of 
milk 'it yields than upon Its 
superior quality. 




Model Homed Cow. 

The Model Homed Cow 
stands high among dairymen 
as a good breeder and as a 
continuous and large milk pro- 
«lucer. 




Jersey Cow. 

The Jersey, coming from 
Jersey. England, a small-sized 
animal, stands pre-eminent 
for richness of milk and the 
Untter which it produces. 




Texan Steer. 

The Texas Steer descends 
from cattle Imported Into Mex- 
ico from Spain in the I6th 
Century. A prolific Inferior 
breed on Southwestern plains. 



CATTLE 



DIFFERENT 
BREEDS 



BEST FOR MILK 
AND BUTTER 



Records of the Best Milk and Butter Production 



Cattle and their uses are mentioned in the oldest books of the Bible 
It is probable that the domestic ox is a native of Europe, Asia and possibly 
of Africa. 

There are many breeds of cattle in England and in the United States. 
Each has its admirers. We mention here twelve of the well known and 
popular breeds. 



Devon Cattle 



The Devon is one of the original breeds of English cattle. They are 
red in color, symmetrical in form, and distinguished for beauty. They are 
superior milkers, have a fine flesh, make excellent o.xen, and are recom- 
mended to farmers as an all around breed highly valued for milk, beef 
and for work, as oxen, on the farm. 



The Model Horned Cattle 

The Model Homed Milk Cow is not supposed to belong to any special 

breed, but illustrates in her make-up and appearance, a mixture of good 
blood and excellent traits. One, described as half Short-horn and half 
Devon, gave milk twelve years in succession and bred many calves. 



Jersey Cattle 

The Jersey Cow. This prime animal, for dairy purposes, was first 
reared in Normandy, in France, but was carried to the islands of Alderney 
and Guernsey, in the British Channel, and there reached its present position, 
as a distinct and valuable breed. Its popularity may be judged by the 
fact that more than 4,000 head are annually exported frfem the islands to 
this and other countries. 

In appearance and in those traits which make up a genuine and at- 
tractive dairy cow, the Jersey is rather below the medium size, yet pleasing 
and satisfactory. No excellence is claimed for it beyond the richness of 
its milk, and the butter which it produces: but in these it stands pre- 
eminent, and as a household pet is not surpassed for gentleness. 



Texan Cattle 

The Texan Steer is a descendant of cattle imported into Mexico Trom 
i^pain in the 16th century. It is prolific and numerous, and is kept in 
enormous herds on the plains where it is caught and shipped. 

As a whole it is an inferior breed of cattle, raw boned and shambling 
in appearance, with long and slender horn curving backward over the head 
which is of medium size. 



Holstein Cattle 

The Holsteins. This breed, introduced into this country from Holland, 
has been a favorite in the dairies of that country for hundreds of years. 

They are large in size, black and white in color, and are great milkers 
in quantity and quality. 

Originally this breed was white in color. About the year 200 B. C, a 
tribe of people, called the Batavians, brought into Germany a breed of 
black cattle and settled along the Rhine. The combination of these two 
breeds produced the black and white breed of Europe. 

These cattle were imported into this country, about the year 1625, by 
the early Dutch settlers. The first cow, supposed to be a pure blood of 
this breed, was imported into the United States in 1852. This breed is 
noted for marvelous milk production, powerful digestion and perfect 
assimilation of food. 

There are numerous records of cows of this breed producing 20,000 
pounds of milk a year; and instances have been recorded where a cow of 
this breed has produced, in one year, as much as 30.000 pounds of milk. 
They are large in size and, next to the Jerseys, the Holsteins are greatest 
in numbers in the United States. 



Ayrshire Cattle 



The Ayrshire, though coming from Scotland, its origin is not certainly 
known. It is a superior animal of strong constitution, highly prized for 
the excellence and amount of its milk. It excels, also, as a yielder of good 
butter. 



325 



Wedge-Shaped Dairy Breeds and Rectangular Beef Cattle 




Holsteic Cow. 

The Holstein, a native of 
Holland, is. higbly esteemed 
for dairy uses and for market 
purposes. Large in frame but 
compact in structure. 




Ayrshire Cow. 



The Ayrshire, a native of 
Scotland; is highl.v prized for 
amount of milk and as a yiel- 
der of good butter. 




Eoldemesa Cow. 

The Holdemess comes from. 
Yorkshire, England. Belongs, 
to the Short-H,orn family and' 
is classed among the btst of 
rtalry cows. 




Model Polled Cow. 

The Model Polled, a honi- 
less cow, descends from Nor- 
folk and Suffolk counties, Eng- 
land. Does not fat easily but 
.-excels in rich milk. 



Holdemess Cattle 

The Holdemess Cow, which is classed among the best of dairy cows, 
came to us from Yorkshire, England, where it has existed for a long 
period. It was imported into this country about 1S18 or sooner. 

It belongs to the Short-horn family, is of medium size, color varying 
from deep red, with white line, back and belly, to a chocolate and black 
body and black legs. 

The breeding-in-and-in system, resorted to in the propagation of this 
animal, has resulted in an excellent and vigorous progeny. 



Model Polled Cattle 

The Model Polled Cow has been a favorite among citizens of New 
Jersey, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, on Long Island, N. Y., and in other 
parts of the United States. 



Guernsey Cattle 



The Guernseys, like the Jerseys, are a channel island breed, having 
originated on an island in the English Channel. 

Both the Jerseys and Guernseys have been developed as dairy cattle. 
The Guernsey is larger than the Jersey, is coarser in bone and carries 
more flesh. 

Next to the Jersey, the Guernsey produces the richest milk. In quan- 
tity the Guernsey yield often exceeds that of the Jersey. 

Years ago the Jerseys and Guernseys were classed together and were 
known by the general name, Alderney. But later they have been recognized 
as separate breeds. 

The Guernsey is an ideal family cow, color light yellow, reddish or 
fawn, a light feeder, but rich in milk production. The "Dolly Bloom," a 
Guernsey, cow, has a record of having produced in one year 17,297 pounds 
of milk. 



Hereford Cattle 

The Hereford takes its name from its native district Herefordshire, 
England, where it has flourished for the last one hundred years. As a 
milker it does not excel, but in the market shop it is good beef. 

Larger than the Devons, and easily fattened, it is greatly esteemed, 
either unmixed or for crossing with inferior stock. 



Galloway Cattle 



The Galloway. This animal is noted for a hornless head, the result 
of cultivation. 

Though not a prolific milker its jnilk is rich in quality and yields a 
large proportion of butter. In colors, black and brown, it originated in 
Southwestern Scotland. 



Short-horn Cattle 

Short-horn Heifer. This is one of the most admired breeds of cattle 
in the United States. 

It is very large in size, weighing from 750 to 2,200 pounds, is princi- 
pally raised for beef, which is of excellent flavor; fattens easily. 

As a milk cow it yields from six to eight gallons a day, and from 
12 to 18 pounds of butter weekly. 

The principal distinguishing mark is its short horns, which curve 
forward and slightly downward from the upper level of the head. 



?26 



By Champion (Guernsey) Cow 
KIND OF FOOD GIVEN THE COW, AMOUNT OF FOOD, HOW FED, Etc. 




GalIo\iray Cow. 

The Galloway, originated 
ill Southwesteru Scotland. 
Honi'.e>s animal, milk rich lij 
quality and yields a largQ pro- 
|K>rtiun of' butter. 




Sbort-Hom Selfer. 

The Short-Horn Heifer, oue 
of the most admired breeds, 
comes from England. Is ex- 
cellent for beef and Is « 
large butter producer. 




Hereford Cow. 

The Hereford, from Here- 
fordshire, Ent'laud. Is valued 
highly for market purposes, 
fats easily and is of good size. 



A few years ago a record of more than a thousand 
pounds of butterfat in 365 days was thought to be 
impossible, but a record of 1,059.59 pounds of butterfat 
produced in a year won the championship, for the 
Guernsey, May Rilina. a seven-year-old cow, which, 
in an official test finished in April, 1914, exceeded by 
20 ounces the record of the Holstein, Banostine Belle 
DeKol. The Jersey record of just 14 ounces less than 
1,000 pounds is held by Sophie 19th. 

It is interesting to note that the record-breaking 
Guernsey, as well as her sire and dam, are American- 
bred cattle. 

A few other facts with regard to this Pennsyl- 
vania-bred cow and her treatment during the test. 
Her weight is near the 1,300-pound mark; she 
gained flesh during the trial. 

Rations during the test: She was given practically 
the same ration during every month of her high 
production. She received eighteen pounds of the 
following grain mixture daily: 

250 pounds of bran 50 pounds of hominy feed 

100 pounds of gluten feed 50 pounds of oil meal 
50 pounds of cottonseed meal. 

In addition to this she had three pounds of mo- 
lasses and three pounds of dried beet pulp daily. 
The ration was divided into three feeds. For rough- 
age she had all the alfalfa, clover hay, and corn 
silage that she cared to eat. The usual consumption 
of silage was thirty pounds a day. To make up for 
the rather small amount of silage she got away with 
a daily allowance of si.xteen pounds of carrots. 

This Guernsey was fastidious. She ate only those 
feeds that particularly pleased her — which helps to 
account for the good results. She refused to eat 
home-grown alfalfa, preferring the clover hay and 
Iowa alfalfa. 

Another feed that she would not have on her 

menu was beets, carrots suiting her much better. 

When silage was put in the feed-box she picked out 

the tenderest parts and left the rest. She drank, 
it is estimated, about twelve twelve-quart pailfuls 

every twenty-four hours (about 300 pounds) of water. 



The herdsman who milked the cow lived in a little 
cell right alongside the big box-stall, alert to the 
slightest change. By the use of a small stove and 
window ventilators he kept the temperature nearly 
uniform — from sixty to sixty-five degrees. Every 
day from April seventh to April seventh he milked 
the cow at four in the morning, at noon, and at 
eight o'clock at night. 

Perhaps with similar care and considerate treat- 
ment, the yield of the average cow would be brought 
up to something over half of this champion's record. 

May Rilma was sold at Edward B. Cassptt's sale of 
blooded Guernseys, at Devon, Pa., Aug. 28, 1914, to 
John P. Crozer of Upland, Pa., for $5,010. 

The World's Record 

June, 1914. 

Guernsey, May Rilma: Pounds. 

Milk produced in 365 days 19,639.50 

Butterfat produced in 365 days 1,059.59 

Butter (85 per cent fat) produced in 365 

days , 1,364.00 

Milk produced in best month 1,839.90 

Butterfat produced in best month 103.03 

Average test , 5.4 per cent fat 

Highest test, one milking 6.9 per cent fat 

Other Records 

Pounds. 

Previous 365-day butterfat record — Banos- 
tine Belle De Kol (Holstein) . , 1,058.34 

Previous Guernsey butterfat record — Daisy 

Pearl 957.38 

The Jersey yearly butterfat record — Sophie 

19th 999.14 

The Ayrshire yearly butterfat record — .4.u- 

chenbrain Brown Kate, 4th 917.60 

Present World's butterfat record for seven 

days — K. P. Pontiac Lass (Holstein) 35.32 

Present World's record for milk production 

in 365 days — Creamelle Vale (Holstein).. 29,591.40 



Sterilized milk or cream, prop- 
erly speaking, is that in which all 
the germs have been destroyed 
(usually by repeated heating to 
212° F. — boiling point), but in 
dairy practice the term is applied 
to milk or cream which has been 
heated once to a temperature of 
about 212° F. 

Butter. — An oily substance ob- 
tained from cream or milk by 
churning. Agitation separates the 
fat or oily part of milk from the 
thin and curdy part, called butter- 
milk. The word comes originally 
from the Greek "bous," ox, cow, 
and "tyros," cheese. 

Wide ration is one in which the 
ratio of protein to other constit- 
uents is wide, i. e., comparatively 
poor in protein. 




Ottdmaey Cow 

The Guernsey, from the Isi 
land of Gueriisey, England 
like the Jersey, is noted foi; 
its rich milk and excellent 
butter. 



Tuberculin is a liquid in which 
the germs of tuberculosis have 
been grown but from which all 
live germs of the disease have 
been carefully removed. It is ad- 
ministered by hypodermic injec- 
tion as a test for tuberculosis in 
animals, a rise of temperature 
after injection indicating the 
presence of the disease. 



Bedding:. Material used for 
stock to sleep on in the stable, 
both to keep the animal clean and 
to save valuable fertilizing in- 
gredients from being lost. Cut 
corn-stalks are best; sawdust and 
shavings make more valuable bed- 
ding than straw, since they absorb 
water better and there is apt to 
be less waste of liquid manure. 



327 



Names of Points Describing Cattle 



5 4 




Names and location of points of external conformation of beef cattle. 1, muzzle; 2, face; 3, forehead; 
4, poll; 5, crest; 6, throat; 7, dewlap; 8, brisket; 9, neck; 10, crops; 11, back; 12, loin; 13, rump; 14, thigh; 
15, flank; 16, fore ribs; 17, fore flank; 18, setting on of tail; 19, twist; 20, breast; 21, hip; 22, bock. (Mumford.) 




fPoints and measurements to be observed in judging beef cattl©. 



1. Month.. 

2. Lips. 

d. Nostrils— airpassagea 

4. Muzzle — bare. 

5. ;Face— from muzzle to poll. 

6. Forehead— from eyes ^to 

poll. 

7. Eye. 

8. Cheek— side of head below 

eye. 

9. Jaw. 

10. Throat. 

11. Brains. 

12. Ear. 

13. Poll— top of bead. 
U. TSorns. 



NAMES OF POINTS. 

15. Neck. 

16. Neck— lateral view. 

17. Breast or bosom— front of 

chest. 

18. Pore flank— rear of arm. 

19. Dewlap— loose skin under- 

neath the throat. 

20. Brisket— point of chest. 

21. Withers— top of shoulders. 

22. Shoulder point. 

23. Neck or collar— depression 

in front. 

24. Ellow. 

25. Chest— cavity inclosing vi- 

tal organs. 



26. Arm— portion of leg be* 

tween shoulder and knee. 

27. Knee. 

28. Cannon or shank— bone be- 

tween knee and ankle ia 
fore or hind leg. 

29. Hoof. 

30. Spinal column— backbone. 

31. Barrel or coupling— middle 

piece. 

32. Loin— muscle covering th9 

short ribs. 

33. Hooks or hips. 

34. Crops— depression behind 

shoulder. 



328 



Points in Judging Dairy Cattle 



TO ALL PEOPLE DEALING EXTENSIVELY IN CATTLE 
To Know the Points Is Very Important 




Points and loeasurenxeQts to "be olraorved in judging dairy cattfo. 



85. Girth at heart. 
36. Girth at flank. 
57. Fore ribs. 

38. Chine — between withers 

and loin. 

39. -False or floating ribs. 

40. Belly- 
ill. Milk veins— branched and 

tortuous ductsrunningfor- 
ward beneath the barrel. 
42. Orifices through which the 
milk veins enter the a"b- 
domihal walls. 



A, Width of forehead. 
3. Length of neck. 

C. Width of breast. 

D. Lentrth from pin l)OQes to 

shoulder point- 



"KAMES OF POINTS— continued. 

43. Mid ribs. 

44. Abdominal depth, indicat- 

ing digestion and consti- 
tution. 

45. Tail head. 

46. Pin bones. 

47. Buttocks. 

48. Escutcheon— covered with 

fine hair. 

49. Twist— where hair turns 

on thigh. 

50. Gaskin or lower thigh. 

ANIMAL MEASUREMENTS, 

E. Height at withers and 

hooks. 
p. Girth at gore, flank, and 

navel. 



51. Brush. 

52. Thigh. 
63. Stifle. 
54. Flank. 
65. Udder. 
56. Teats. 
67. Hock. 

58. Navel or umbilicua. 

59. Dish. 

60. Pelvic arch or sacrum— the 

arch bone between the 
loin and crupper. 



G. Length of barrel depres- 
sion. 
H. Width of hooks. 
K. Length of hind quarters. 
L. Circumference of udder. 



329 



General Outline Description of Cow 



NAMES OF THE DIFFERENT POINTS OF THE BULL 

e 




— Names of jiolnta.- 



1. Forehead and face. 9. Shoulders. 



2. Muzzle, 

3. Nostrils. 

4. Eyes. 

5. Ears. 

6. Poll. 

7. Jaws. 

8. Throat, 



10. Chest. 

11. Uriaket. 

12. Fore ribs. 

13. Back ribs. 

14. Crops. 

15. Loins. 

16. Back. 



17. Uooks. 

18. Humps. 

19. Hindquarters. 

20. Thighs. 

21. Twist. 

22. Base of tail. 

23. Cod parse. 
21. Unxlorline. 



25. Flanks. 

26. Legs und bone. 

27. Hocks. 

28. Forearms. 

29. Neck vein. 

30. Bush of tail. 

31. Heart girth. 

32. Tin bones. 




Jiames and location of points In esternal conformation of the cow, 
|, puzzle; 2, race; S^rorehead: 4, pou; 6, lowef jaw.; 6, cbeek; 7, neck: 
Va .1- i ^' }2^°J ,' *^1P or hook; 11, rump; 12, pelvic arch; 13, switcbf 
14, thigh; 15, flank; 16 udder; 17, barrefor belly: 18, fore flank; 19. 
brisket; 20» dewlap; 21, heart girth; 22, loin girth. (Mumford.) 



330 



CRUELTIES INFLICTED UPON CATTLE 



Good Treatment Means Better Stock and More Milk and Butter. 

Because a cow does not appear in public quite as much as a liorse, 
the abuses it has to endure have not received as much attention. For- 
tunately, of late years the government and the various agricultural 
colleges have been educating the farmer to see the business value of 
right treatment for stock. Cleanliness, protection from inclement 
weather, sufficient food and water, and kindly treatment have been 
demonstrated to have a direct bearing on the commercial value and 
productivity of stock. 

In the case of milch-cows it goes without saying that the amount 
of milk, as well as its richness, is directly proportionate to the attention 
given to the animal. Every farmer realizes that his herd must be given 
milk-producing food of the right quality and quantity. He knows that 
the animal must be kept clean in order that it may be healthy and the 
milk free from disease. He knows that extreme cold and exposure cut 
down the yield of milk at once, and — if he is observing — he quickly 
realizes that mistreatment impairs both the quality and the quantity 
of the milking. 

Most of the ill-usage of cattle is due to carelessness or shiftless- 
ness. Nine times out of ten the prosperity of the farmer can be judged 
by the appearance of his cattle — and justly, for his herd may be made 
a big source of profit. Filthy barns, drafty and leaky, boggy barn- 
yards, tainted water supply, have no place on the up-to-date dairy farm. 
Good clean bedding, well kept mangers, right kind of ventilation, cou- 
pled with protection from the weather, mean increased milk of superior 
quality. The farmer's pocketbook, as well as his heart, should prompt 
considerate treatment of his stock. 

Cattle raised for market are commonly subjected to cruelties while 
in transportation. Legislation has remedied many of the abuses prac- 
ticed in earlier days, and watering and feeding en route is compulsory 
at proper intervals. Overcrowding, especially where cattle are not 
dehorned, often results in injured stock, and always in loss of weight. 
The loss of weight on a long journey is almost unbelievable, and no 
stock raiser of good judgment increases this purposely by wanton 
cruelty. An animal less in the car at the beginning of the shipment is 
better than two or three less at delivery. The common custom of ship- 
ping calves by wagon, with feet bound together and heads hanging over 
the side is too inhuman to need more than mention. "How would you 
like it yourself!" ought to be the question every shipper asks himself. 
It would do away with much barbarity. 



531 



LARGE SHEEP 
FOR MUTTON 



SHEEP 



FINE WOOL SHEEP 
FOR FINE CLOTHING 



THE DIFFERENT BREEDS OF SHEEP 



The sheep was doubtless the first animal domesti- 
cated bv man. It is frequently alluded to in the 
Bible. Abraham and his descendants were shepherds. 

Wild sheep are found in the mountainous regions 
of various parts of the world. The Big Horn is 
found in the rocky regions of North America. 

The original wild sheep is said to be a native of 
Asia and from that country came to this, possibly, 
by way of ice across Behring strait. 

The wild sheep is clothed with short wool, having 
an outer covering of long hair. The effect of domes- 
tication has been the disappearance of the outer 
hair and an increase in the length of wool. 

Today the domesticated sheep are found wherever 
we find man. The various breeds are numerous and 



the manufacture of wool into the different kinds of 
cloth and the changing of the cloth into various 
articles of wearing apparel are among the largest 
industries on earth. 

Sheep raising is one of the important departments 
of agriculture, claiming attention in all the moun- 
tainous regions of the United States. It is a very 
profitable feature of farming, sheep being valuable 
for food, while being sure to yield a valuable fleece 
necessary in the manufacture of clothing. 

As one of the prime necessities wool is always 
in demand. To make sheep raising highly profitable 
it is only necessary to provide the flock with fair 
pasture, with shelter against inclement weather, pro- 
tection against wolves and sheep-killing dogs. 



Success in Sheep Raising 



Having determined to go into sheep raising the 
immediate rule to adopt is to get the best of the 
breed selected. 

Much will depend on the ram. He should be a 
thoroughbred. Common sheep bred to him will be 
greatly improved in their progeny. He should 
be kept apart from the ewes, stabled at night and 
well fed with grain. The ewes should be admitted 



to him singly and but once each. Carefully treated 
thus a ram will be able to serve fifty or sixty ewes 
in a season. 

Ewes should not be bred from until two years 
old. If spring lambs are being raised for early 
market the time for lambing must be arranged ac- 
cordingly. The period of gestation with sheep is 
five months. 



Feeding and Care of Sheep 



From the illustrations we have given and descrip- 
tion of the different breeds the farmer will deter- 
mine for himself whether sheep raising for wool or 
for mutton is the most profitable. 

If near a large city with the advantage of a close- 
by market he may find it most profitable to raise 
sheep and lambs for market. If located many miles 
from a market place, with a hilly, mountainous 
region favorable for pasturage, he may find it best 
to devote all his energies toward raising sheep 



solely for wool. In that event, whether it shall be 
a fine or a <ioarse wool, he must determine by mar- 
ket conditions, and his facilities for caring for a 
large flock. 

If intending to go extensively into sheep raising 
it will be well to make careful study of the subject, 
procuring the best books treating on sheep hus- 
bandry, in the meantime visiting large sheep owners 
and studying their methods of management to 
acquire knowledge of successful sheep farming. 



Effect of Crossing Breeds 



The Farm and Home Cyclopedia, under the editor- 
ship of H. R. Allen, gives the following concerning 
sheep raising. "The following crosses upon common 
sheep have been recommended for several purposes 
indicated. A cross of Cotswold will increase the 
length and quality of the fleece and largely increase 
the weight of carcass over that of the common ewe. 

A cross of Southdown will greatly improve the 
quality of the mutton, increase the quantity, thicken 
the fleece somewhat, and give it some additional 
weight 

A cross of the American Merino will materially 
increase the weight and quality of the fleece. The 
size of carcass will not be much increased, though 
improved in symmetry. 

The Ewe During Pregnancy. — During pregnancy 
the ewes should be well cared for, and those ex- 
pected to drop their lambs early in the spring 
closely watched. As the time approaches for par- 
turition the ewe should be separated from the flock 
and placed in comfortable quarters. Ewes should 
be well fed during their entire pregnancy, but not 
kept fat. They should also have exercise. 

Protection of Ewe and Lamb. — The ewe should 
have a dry, warm place, where she and her newly- 
horn lamb can be protected from wet and cold. A 
.shed enclosed so as to shut off the wind will answer. 
If the weather is very cold protection should be 
something warmer. If the lambs come later in the 
season — and for the general flock about the first of 



May is the best time — less shelter and less care 
generally will be required. The main thing at any 
time is, to prevent either the ewe or the young lamb 
from becoming chilled. 

The Young Lamb. — After the Iamb is dropped the 
ewe will generally lick it dry. If, however, she re- 
fuses to do this, it should be carefully wiped dry. 
The lamb will soon attempt to suckle; if it does not, 
it should be assisted. If the ewe refuses to own 
the lamb, she should be held while it suckles. If 
this is repeated a few days she will own it. 

If the lamb is intended for early market it should 
be taught to eat when quite young. Feeding may 
begin at about three weeks of age. Indian meal or 
oatmeal gruel may be given it. The ewe, at the 
same time, should be fed bran, oil cake or oat meal. 
Heating food like corn should not be given her. The 
lamb in a very short time may be given oats and 
hay. 

Weaning. — Lambs should be weaned when about 
four months old. They may be left in the pasture 
where they have been running with the ewes, and 
the ewes removed to some other place and be put 
upon dry food to stop the flow of milk. Their udders 
should be watched and if they become distended, 
should be relieved by milking. If at all feverish 
they should be bathed with tepid water. 

Treatment of Lambs. — In addition to pasturage 
the lambs should be fed daily a little oats. 



332 



General Directions in Care of Sheep 



MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP 



On Prairie Farms 

On prairie farms, or where lumber Is high, good 
shelters may be made by the use of poles and straw, 
or dry grass. These shelters should open to the 
south and be made with poles and grass, and should 
be from six to eight feet high; if from lumber, they 
may be made as high as the fancy of the farmer 
or his purse may dictate. They should always have 
good ventilation. Fresh air ■ is as necessary as 
warmth. Shelterless flocks may live during the 
winter, but they will require double the feeding of 
those kept dry and warm. 

Racks or mangers should be placed In the sheds, 
In which the sheep should be fed. The feed should 
never be given them on the ground. Where racks 
are used there should be a tight trough beneath 
to catch such particles of hay as fall through. 

Food and Fattening 

Food and Fattening:. — Sheep should not be sud- 
denly brought from grass to hay. Feeding should 
begin on the pastures before the sheep are finally 
removed to winter quarters. 

Hay and small quantities of grain should be given 
them, the quantity being increased gradually until 
they are transferred to winter quarters. They 
should not be permitted to fall off in condition 
when the change is made and they should be kept 
In good condition during the winter. Good feeding 
and care during the winter will add to the weight 
of the next year's fleece. The best food for sheep 
during the winter is good hay and corn, with straw 
and roots occasionally. 

Sheep Thrive the Best 

Sheep thrive the best on a variety of food. Oil 
meal makes an excellent food during the winter. 
Clover hay is regarded by many as much superior 
to any other kind. Wheat bran is also esteemed 
by many as a desirable food, to be given with corn. 
Sheep intended to be fattened for spring market, 
when mutton is generally scarce and hi,u:h. should 
be kept in good condition during the winter. As 
spring approaches, their food should be increased. 
Sheep should be bedded with straw. This is the 
best way of saving the manure. The bedding should 
be renewed every day, as cleanliness Is essential to 
the health of sheep. When the weather is very cold 
the daily average of food should be increased, a 
larger amount of grain being given. 

Salt should be given at least twice a week. Or, 
what is better still, keep it in the bottom of the 
rack all the time, so they can get It when they 
want it. 

Summer Management 

Summer Manag-ement. — As soon as spring opens 
and the grass begins to appear the sheep will mani- 
fest their impatience for the pasture by restlessness 
and bleating. When the pastures are large and 
naturally dry they may be turned out as soon as they 
can find grass enough for a bite if the weather 
is fine. They should not be permitted to eat too 
freely of the green food, however, at first, as there 
is danger of purging them excessively. 

If roots be given them for a few days before 
turning them on pasture it will, in a measure, 
prepare their systems for the change and the grass 
will not affect them so seriously. It is also a good 
plan to bring them into the yards every night and 
feed them with hay for a week or ten days. After 
this time the management of sheep is simple and 
easy during the summer and until the grass begins 
to shorten in the fall. 



Pasturage 



With sheep, good pasturage with plenty of water 
and shade and frequent saltings is all that is neces- 
sary. A range of woods in addition to open pasture is 
desirable, as sheep consume a great variety of weeds 
and shrubs and will thrive on a diversity of foods. 
Some farmers anticipate the drying up of pastures 
during summer and provide green food by sowing 
rye or corn broadcast, on which the sheep are 
turned when the grass becomes short. White mus- 
tard has also been used with advantage for this 
purpose. 

The sheep Is naturally a shy animal, but Is 
exceedingly docile, and if kindly treated will learn 
to entertain an affection for its keeper. This will 
render the management of the flock, under all cir- 
cumstances, much easier and more satisfactory than 
when the sheep are wild. Lambs should be castrated 
when about four weeks old. 

Winter Care 

Winter Care. — When winter approaches and the 
severe frosts of late autumn have diminished the 
quantity and quality of food found in the pasture, 
sheep should be brought into winter quarters. They 
should be removed from the grass before the fall 
rains set in, as often the ground becomes softened 
and their continuance on the pasture will Injure the 
health of the sheep and ruin the sod. 



Dry Yards 



Dry yards and comfortable sheds should be pro- 
vided for winter. The larger the yards, if dry, the 
better for the sheep, as they require a good deal 
of exercise during the winter months. The yards 
should be made absolutely dog-proof, and in a 
region infested by wolves, foxes, or other sheep- 
destroying animals, the fences should be such as to 
keep them out. 

When Large Flocks of Sheep 

WTien large fliooks of sheep are raised and they 
are seen by their keepers during the day it will be 
necessary to have them protected from dogs and 
other animals at night. When brought from pasture 
to the yards, it is a good plan to separate the young 
and feeble sheep from the stronger ones and keep 
them in separate yards. This will enable the 
farmer to bestow special care where it is most 
needed. Every sheep yard should be supplied with 
plenty of fresh water. The sheds or shelters at- 
tached to each yard should be dry and made with 
reference to the climate. 

Sheep Should Have Shelter 

Sheep should have shelter in all climates, but in 
northern latitudes, where the winters are severe, 
their shelter should be more than an open shed. 
They should not only be kept dry, but warm. The 
shelters should be so constructed that the sheep may 
come in and go out at will. In regions where timber 
is plenty and cheap, of course sheds or stalls regu- 
larly constructed of lumber are the most desirable. 

No domestic animal is more readily affected by 
adverse circumstances than the sheep, and none 
has less power to resist them. Therefore, it is 
urged upon farmers, if they wish to raise sheep 
with profit, to give them the most careful attention. 



Profits of Sheep Raising 



When intelligently followed, the breeding and 
raising of sheep is one of the most profitable and 
pleasant branches of general farming. But to make 
it profitable the farmer must give it the most 



vigilant attention. The idea that sheep can take 
care of themselves better than almost any other 
domestic animal is erroneous and fatal in its prac- 
tical workings. 



333 



The Different Breeds of Sheep 



THE FINE WOOLS AND THE COARSE WOOLS 




Cotswold Sheep. 



The Cotswold yields, gener 
ally, a foiirteeii-pound ficece 




Leicester Sheep. 



The Leicester Rives a coarse 
lont' wdol 




Cheviot Sheep. 



The Cheviot yields 
wool 




Oxforcls)[iire Sown Sheep. 

The Oxfordshire Down gives 
tifect" «f Ivne wool 



Cotswold Sheep 



Valued for its mutton and for its annual 14-pound fleece of wool. 

This sheep takes its name from the Cotswold hill district of England, 
rt was at first bred upon the hills and fatted in the valleys of the Thames 
and Severn rivers. 

The modern Cotswold is a cross between the original stock and the 
Leicester. It is valued both for its mutton and wool, the first of which is 
considered, and the latter yields 14 pounds per head per annum. The 
weight of the animal varies from 200 to 300 lbs.; it has a hardy constitu- 
tion, thrives well in pasture, has an average increase of 500 per cent. In 
five years, valued at $200; is docile in disposition: its cost of keeping is 
about $2.25 per head yearly: and prices for bucks and ewes of the best 
grades range from $40 to $60 each. This is the highest price asked for any 
breed of sheep in this country. 



Leicester Sheep 



Noted for a 6-inch-Iong: wool which is admirable in the manufacture 
of knit goods. 

The Leicester was formerly an inferior breed existing in mid-England, 
heavy, large and coarse in wool; but after years of improvement instituted 
by Robert Bakewell in the 18th century its quality changed for the better. 

General Washington introduced the Leicester into this country, and 
today it ranks nearly equal to the Cotswold. 

Its weight ranges from 150 to 200 lbs. The flesh is palatable and 
nourishing. The yield of wool at a clip is 8 pounds. Its constitution is 
hardy, its disposition is docile and it is a fair forager. Its average of 
increase is 500 per cent, in 5 years, valued at $100. Annual cost of 
keeping, $2.25. 

The wool is long, averaging at the second shearing, and afterward, 
six inches. Its coarseness and length prevent its extensive use in the 
manufacture of woven cloth, but for knit goods it is excellent. 



Cheviot Sheep 



The Cheviot is a native of Scotland, bred among the Cheviot hills, 
and ranks well as a middle-wooled sheep. 

In its home it is much inferior to the improved American breeds, 
somewhat resembling a cross between the Leicester and a common sheep. 
It is by nature hardy, thriving on poor food and bravely enduring winter 
storms, fattening under indifferent treatment, and is described by Mr. 
Spooner as having a white face and legs, an open countenance, lively eyes, 
large ears, a long carcass, circular ribs, good quarters, legs and body 
covered with wool which is fine, and yields a fleece averaging 3% lbs. 

Formerly the wool was exteasively used for making Cheviot cloths. 



Oxford Down Sheep 



The Oxford Down is a recent breed established in England from a 
series of cross breeding and received its name in 1857. 

The only claim it has to Down is its color, while its size and wool 
class it among the long-wooled sheep. 

Partaking originally of Hampshire, Cotswold and some Southdown 
blood its patrons, by interbreeding, have produced this animal, which 
possesses the advantages of uniform excellence, a hardy constitution, a large 
frame and a good fleece; fattens easily and yields mutton of superior 
quality. 

A gentleman who first imported it into the United States speaks 
highly of it, the unwashed fleece weighing 8% lbs., and the yield of lambs 
275 per cent, on the number of breeding ewes. It has an admirable form. 



334 



The Different Breeds of Sheep 



FINE WOOLS AND COARSE WOOLS 



Merino Sheep 



Highly valued for its 10 to 20-pound finest white wool. 

The Merino of today is a descendant of either the ancient Spanish 
or the Saxon animal. The American Merino, now a distinct breed, is of 
Spanish origin, and was introduced into the United States about the 
beginning of this century. 

Of medium size but well proportioned, it has a well rounded and full 
body; weighs from 130 to 150 lbs.; is heavily covered with rolls or foils 
of the finest white wool of which it yields a clip of from 10 to 20 lbs. 
and for which it is most greatly valued, its flesh being considered only 
fair mutton. 

It has a hardy constitution; is of the best of foraging sheep; its 
forehead and cheeks are thickly covered with wool; its legs are short and 
strong and encased in wool, and like all other sheep it manifests a gentle 
disposition. Crossing it with inferior stock Improves it. 



Lincoln Sheep 



The Lincoln is another English sheep classed as a long-wool which 
has been imported into this country and here crossed and recrossed with 
Leicester and Cotswold breeds until it partakes largely of their respective 
characteristics. 

A ram and ewe of the Lincoln were imported in 1S35 from Yorkshire, 
England. The flock formed of their progeny was generally regarded as 
very valuable, being hardy in constitution, hearty feeders, and very prolific. 

The present animal ranges in weight from 200 to 300 lbs.; matures 
at 2 years; has a hardy constitution; gains an average Increase of 500 per 
cent., yields 11 lbs. of wool annually; is raised both for wool and mutton, 
the latter of which is good. 



Fat-tailed Sheep 



The fat-tailed sheep demands attention on account of its remarkable 
peculiarities. 

It is undoubtedly derived from Syria, where the early shepherds dwelt 
with their flocks, but it is now found scattered over a large extent of 
country. 

One of these sheep of the weight of 50 or 60 lbs. will carry a tall 
weighing 15 or 16 lbs. In cases where it has been carefully fattened until 
it turned the scale at 150 lbs. the tail has weighed fully one-third that 
amount. 

The tail is broad and rather flat, mostly covered with long wool, as 
shown in the engraving, and entirely formed of a substance between 
marrow and tallow; and this, it is said, is used in households instead of 
butter. 



Dorset Sheep 

The Dorset sheep is a valuable breed peculiar to Dorsetshire, England, 
but bearing some resemblance to that of Devonshire. 

Most of them, especially of native purity, are entirely white, with a 
long and broad face, having a tuft of wool on the forehead; the shoulders 
are low but broad, the back straight, the chest deep, the loins broad, the 
legs rather long, and the bones small. 

They are, as the form of the ewe in the illustration indicates, a hardy 
and useful animal, furnishing a profitable fleece and well flavored mutton. 

The wool is not as good in quality as that of the Southdown, but is 
intermediate, between the short-wooled Down and the Devon. 




Merino Sheep. 



The Marino bears a fine 
white wool, the fleece weigh- 
Injt from 10 to 20 pounds. 




X-incoln Sheep. 



The Lincoln yields a deece 
of long wool. 




Fat-Tailed Sheep. 

The Fat-Tailed has a tail 
weighing..l5 to 16 pounds. 




Dorset Sheep. 

The Dorset Is a valuabte 
breed. 



335 



The Different Breeds of Sheep 



FINE WOOLS AND COARSE WOOLS 




Slack-Faced Sheep. 



The Black-Faced Ua» a loiig 
open wool. 




South-Sown Shee^ 

The South-Down yields a 
wool used In the manufacture 
of flannel goods. 




Angora Goat. 

The Angora Goat, named 
from the province of Angora in 
A.sla Minor, yields a silky 
white hair, 8 inches long, 
from which the mohair shawl 
Is made. 




Shropshire Sheep, 

The Shropshire is esieemed 
for mutton. 



Black-faced Sheep 



Whatever its origin, has been for centuries bred in Scotland, and It 
is related that one of the Scottish kings kept 5,000 of them for use of the 
royal household. 

The modern specimens have mostly horns with more or less spiral 
twist, but the ewes are frequently without horns. The faces and legs 
are either black or mottled; the eyes are wild and fierce. They are 
covered with wool about the forehead and lower jaw, and the wool gener- 
ally is somewhat open and long, and coarse and shaggy — not so long, 
however, but the sheep may be properly classed among the middle- 
wooled breeds. 

They are active and hardy, and endure cold weather better than any 
other sorts of sheep, except the Cheviot. 



Southdown Sheep 



Tlie Southdown originated in the southern part of England; is one 
of the oldest breeds now known and has attained a wide popularity both 
on account of its excellent mutton and the good quality of its wool. 

It belongs to the hornless class of sheep, is of medium size, weighs 
at 2 years old from 140 to 200 lbs. 

Its constitution is hardy; it thrives well in pasture; is docile in disposi- 
tion and yields 9 lbs. of wool at a clipping. 

The wool, which is coarse and light colored, is used in the manufac- 
ture of flannel goods. The sheep itself has a good shape, is well propor- 
tioned and presents a fine appearance. Crossing with other breeds always 
improves the stock. 



Angora Goat 

The Angora goat takes its name from the capital of the Turkish prov- 
ince of Angora in Asia Minor, the mild climate of which has been instru- 
mental in producing the valuable products of this animal — a beautiful, 
silky, white hair, 8 inches long, and a skin from which fine Oriental 
morocco is manufactured. 

The hair is made into what is known as Turkish yarn, or mohair, and 
then wrought into shawls and camlet cloths. Importations of this goat 
Into Europe deteriorate the quality of its hair. 

At home it is sheared twice a year. It is estimated that in 1909 the 
province of Angora contained a million of these goats, from which the 
annual yield was 2,700,000 lbs. 



Shropshire Sheep 



The Shropshire, as its name indicates, is a native of the county of 
Salop, northwesterly from London, England, and was originally, but is not 
now, a horned sheep. 

Its weight varies from 140 to 200 lbs.; it yields 6 lbs. of wool at the 
clip; is more esteemed for its flesh than for quantity or quality of its 
wool and is considered fair eating. 

Having a hardy constitution and thriving in pasture, it is an econom- 
ical sheep. 

It was distinguished about a century ago, aside from its horns, by the 
color of its face, which was either black or brown or spotted. The present 
breed is more or less mixed with the Leicester, Cotswold or Southdown, 
and to its native excellence are added many of the goo'd' qualities of the 
sheep named. 

The Morfe is a favorite variety of the Shropshire, which is very 
numerously bred. 



336 



SWINE 




Cheater White Hogr- 



The Chester White, a white 
swine of Chester Co., Pa.. 
weighs, when IS months old. 
from 350 to 400 pounds. 




Essex Hog. 



The Essex, which oiiginated 
in linglaiul, is excellent for 
l)a<-oii, lard and hams, weighs 
at IS months, from 300 to 350 
UQunds. 




Berkshire Hog. 

The Berkshire, originally 
from Kngland, weighs at 18 
months from 325 to 373 
pounds. 



Whether or not one goes into the raising of swine 
on a large scale, it is profitable to keep a few hogs 
either in small towns or villages, on suburban 
grounds, or on a farm, since they will eat up the 
garbage and dispose of the by-products of the dairy, 
the skim-milk and the surplus buttermilk, in a 
profitable way. 

The hog is normally omnivorous — eats everything. 
Nature fitted him for using the bread of the forest — 
roots, herbs, acorns, and natural grasses. But the 
food should be in good condition. 

Innumerable wastes and unused chances to econ- 
omize let the profit leak away from the average 
farm. One of the basic principles of profitable pork 
production is that the hog shall carry to market, in 
addition to corn, some cheap material, such as 
clover. The too exclusive use of corn in swine feed- 
ing causes a great annual loss to the Middle West. 

In addition to the feed supplied, there are other 
benefits from pasturing. Grass is flesh, but the 
pasture is much more. The hog obtains from the 
soil and from the pasture things that cannot be 



attributed to protein, fat, or carbohydrate eaten. 
Minerals from the soil and the exercise required as 
part of the price of the day's provisions are two of 
these benefits. On the other hand, the fields are 
enriched as the hogs are fattened. 

No matter to what extent breeding has adapted 
the hog to concentrates, he still thrives best with 
some coarse forage. Enough nourishment is ob- 
tained from grass, rich in bone and muscle-forming 
elements, to maintain his body, and the grain given 
is converted into gain. Nitrogenous concentrates 
are needed in dry-lot feeding, but grass reduces this 
need. 

Gains on pasture are made from 20 to 30 per cent 
cheaper than in the pen, which means usually that 
they are twice as profitable. Corn worth a dollar 
fed to hogs in dry lots may readily produce pork 
to the value of $1.2.5, while if fed to hogs on pasture 
it could as easily be expected to produce gains in 
weight worth $1.50, even after making allowance for 
the value of the pasture. 



Weight of Different Breeds of Hogs 




Suffolk Hog. 




Poland-China Hog- 




Jersey Red Hog. 



The Suffolk, imported from 
England, matures at two years 
and weighs from 300 to 350 
pounds. 



The Poland China originated 
in Southwestern Ohio by cross- 
ing native stock with Chinese. 
.\verage weight at 20 months 
."Ifi nonnds. 



The Jersey Red was first 
raised in -New Jersey. Ma- 
tures early and weighs from 
•400 ot 450 pounds. 



Pastures Are Safer Than Pens 



The parasite enemies of swine are most apt to 
infest small yards and pens. The ravages of cholera, 
swine plague, and other sicknesses are most readily 
escaped in the open field. The Intestinal tract, dis- 
tended with grass, is in a more healthful condition, 
and the heating and fever-starting effects of corn 
are offset. 

Alfalfa makes an excellent hog pasture. It co^mes 
early, is abundant, rich, palatable. Everyone cannot 
produce it, so here is the opportunity for red clover, 
which ranks a close second, especially during its 
head-forming period. Alfalfa is more permanent, 
but both go well in the rotation. Clover should 
maintain 800 pounds and alfalfa 1200 pounds of 



growing hogs per acre, beginning in April, and yet 
allow for clipping a small yield of hay from one to 
three times during the season. The money returns 
are increased thereby, while the tough old stalks are 
removed and the hog's appetite is stimulated by a 
tender new growth. 

Rape stands highest of the spring-sown forages. 
Even with abundant clover and alfalfa, rape sown 
in the small yards and pens used by the hogs in 
winter will add spice to the ration. This crop is 
more appreciated with every new trial. Formerly 
rated as a carbohydrate, it is now known as a liberal 
provider of protein. 



337 



Hogs: Weight at Maturity 



Chester White 

The Chester White is an American breed, sup- 
posed to have originated from the crossing of the 
Bedford hog with the native white swine of Chester 
County, Pennsylvania — hence the name. They have 
been known nearly a hundred years, since 1818, in 
which year the Bedfords were imported from Eng- 
land. The present excellence of the breed is traced 
to the careful selection and crossing by the stock- 
owners of its native county, and it is now considered 
a well-built and easily fattened i>nimal. Its weight 
when a year and a half old ranges from 350 to 400 
pounds and its price from $10 to $25. 

Essex 

The Essex, now a prime favorite, originated in 
England, and until improved by crossing it with the 
Neapolitan hog — about eighty years ago — was a 
coarse black and white animal, large in frame and 
a slow eater. The result of crossing and breeding 
in-and-in is a hog of sinall or medium size, rivaling 
the Berkshire in feeding and fattening, and in the 
excellent quality of its lard, bacon, and hams. When 
a year and a half old its weight ranges from 300 to 
350 pounds, and its value from $10 to $25. Its fatten- 
ing qualities are equal to the best of any other breed, 
and, being a fair forager when at large, it is as eco- 
nomical as any. 

Berkshire 

The Berkshire was originally, in its English home, 
of a reddish color spotted with black, and the breed 
is known to have existed hundreds of years ago. 
The modern Berkshire is the result of crossing with 
Siamese, Chinese, and Neapolitan stocks, and it 
ranks high as a handsome and profitable hog. At 
eighteen months old its weight ranges from 325 to 
375 pounds; its fattening qualities are of the best; 
its disposition is gentle; its prevailing color is black; 
its neck short; its back broad and slightly curved; 
its body of medium length. It is greatly esteemed 
in England and America. 




Cheshire Boer. 

Cheshire 

The Cheshire, one of the old English breeds, has 
been superseded in this country by another of more 
modern origin, established in Jefferson County, New 
York, and possessing greatly improved qualities. 
From that locality it has been widely distributed 
throughout other portions of the United States, hav- 
ing a good reputation as a stock hog. It has a long 
body; a long, slender, well-shaped head, with full 
cheeks; fine, erect, and thin ears; full hams; wide 
shoulders; a thin, pink skin; hair, thin and pure 
white; fine-grained flesh, and is greatly valued for 
the amount of clean mess pork it yields in propor- 
tion to its offal. The old Cheshire hog is from SVz 
to 4Vi feet high. 




Chinese Hogr. 

Chinese 

The Chuiese, unless mixed with better and more 
profitable breeds, can hardly prove a satisfactory 
investment for a progressive pork raiser. Crossed 
with the Polish hog or the Berkshire, great im- 
provement and consequent increased value are at- 
tained. There are two varieties, one white and the 
other black, which differ little in their character- 
istics. Both fatten easily, and while in most other 
hogs this is an excellent trait, it adds nothing to 
the worth of this animal, its meat becoming too 
greasy for pork and unfit for good bacon. Its 
appearance is not prepossessing. 



Suffolk 

The Suffolk, imported from England many years 
ago, has become a great favorite in this country, but 
has undergone certain changes. The original breed 
was long-bodied, with a narrow back, a wide head, 
small hams, and white hair. The modern Suffolk 
matures before it is two years old and weighs from 
300 to 350 pounds. It fattens fairly in pasture or 
pen; has a hardy constitution, small bones, broad 
shoulders, a short body, short nose, moderately long 
hair of a white color, and possesses a docile dispo- 
sition. The best breed is that produced by crossing 
with the Chinese or Lincoln. 



Poland-China 



The Poland-China originated in southwestern Ohio 
and is the progeny of the native Ohio stock united 
with the Chinese, Poland, and other swine, between 
1815 and 1825. By careful selection and cultivation 
the value and excellence of the breed were main- 
tained and improved by crossing it with the Berk- 
shire and the Irish Grazier, until a very perfect stock 
has been established. At twenty months old the 
average weight is about 416 pounds, and for fatten- 
ing purposes it is reckoned among the best. It 
thrives well in the fields, having a hardy constitu- 
tion, is a hearty feeder, and has a docile disposition. 



Jersey Red 



The Jersey Red, first raised in New' Jersey, is 
supposed to be a descendant of the original Polish 
hog. It reaches maturity early, weighs 400 or 450 
pounds, is a good feeder and fattens readily; has a 
hardy constitution, a long nose, lop ears, a long 
body, long legs, large bones, long red hair, a heavy 
tail, coarse, inclining bristles; is sluggish in action, 
docile in disposition, a prolific breeder, and a fair 
nurse. The Duroc hog, first well known in Saratoga 
County, New York, is of finer bone and carcass than 
the Red, which it resembles in color, while its shape 
is very similar to that of the Poland-China. It 
grows to a large size and is very hardy. 




Large Yorkshire Eog. 

Yorkshire 

The largre Yorkshire hog:, essentially English in 
origin, has become an Ainerican representative of 
the mammoth race of swine. The unimproved ani- 
mal was hardy and quite a prolific breeder, but 
seldom exceeded 800 pounds in weight. Experiments 
in crossing it with the Berkshire succeeded in pro- 
ducing a hardy, useful hog that fattened too slowly 
to be profitable. Crossing it with the White Leices- 
ter resulted in a large animal with a smaller head 
than the Yorkshire, specimens of which have weighed 
from 1,100 to 1,200 pounds. 




Small White Yorkshire Hog. 

The small White Yorksliire, a native strain of the 
English Yorkshire hog, is little known to American 
farmers. The official report of one of the swine 
breeders' conventions says: "The Yorkshires are the 
most valuable swine to breed from or to cross with 
that are obtainable. Size, shape, and flesh are desir- 
able for family or for packers' use, as they have 
hardy, vigorous constitutions, a good coat of hair, 
are very quiet, and good grazers, feed well, fatten 
quickly at any age, and are very prolific." 



338 



SEVENTY 
DIFFERENT BREEDS 



POULTRY RAISING 



BEST FOR LAYING 
AND MARKET 



Kind of Food, How Feed and Successfully Raise Poultry 



Poultry and eggs constitute in the aggregate one 
of the most important and valuable products of 
American agriculture. The general consumption of 
poultry and poultry products by nearly all classes 
of people furnishes home markets in almost every 
city and town in the United States, at prices that 
will return a good profit to those who exercise 
good judgment in the management of the business. 

If you intend to make a business of poultry raising, 
remember that, like any other business, it will 
require work as well as good judgment. Not much 
hard labor will be required after the poultry plant 
is once established and houses and runways built, 
but some exertion will be fnund necessary and the 
successful operator must also possess ambition and 
patience. 



There is no industry more widely distributed in the 
United States, nor more generally profitable. The 
demand for poultry products is almost unlimited. 
Thousands of farmers' wives clothe the family from 
the profits of the hennery; large poultry plants in 
countless number pay good dividends, and on every 
hand, in city and village, are backyard poultry rais- 
ers who keep their tables well supplied with eggs 
and chickens, besides adding to their savings from 
the profits of the poultry yard. As an American 
industry it ranks next to corn when its products 
are figured in dollars and cents. 

The poultry business offers large opportunities to 
the man of small capital and plays an important 
part in attracting city-dwellers back to the land. 



HENS THAT HAVE LAID 217 EGGS AND MORE IN ONE YEAR 

STBATION FROM MRS. BERRY'S 'TROFITABLE POULTRY" 



ILLU 

Name of Breed, 

Town, Where Laid, 

Exhibitor and ' 

Number of Eggs 

Silver Wyandotte 

Eggs laid, one year, 217 

Missouri 

White Wyandotte 

Eggs laid, one year, 217 

Exhibitor, S. L. Todd 

Green Forest, Ark. 

Single Comb Buff 

Leghorn 

Eggs laid, one year, 218 

Exhibitor, 

E. D. Sheldon 

Afton, N. Y. 

Single Comb White 

Leghorn 

Eggs laid, one year, 219 

Exhibitor, Tom Barron 

Catforth, England 

Buff Wyandotte 

Eggs laid, one year, 220 

Exhibitor, C. H. Rogers 

Eagleville, Mo. 

Silver Wyandotte 

Eggs laid, one year, 220 

Exhibitor, 

V. G. Warner 

Bloomfield, Iowa 

Black Langshan 

Eggs laid, one year, 221 

Exhibitor, Ed Floyd 

Mt. Grove, Mo. 



Buff Wyandotte 
Eggs laid, one year, 222 
Exhibitor, C. H. Rogers 

Eagleville, Mo. 




Name of Breed. 

To'wn, Where Laid, 

Exhibitor and 

Number of Eggs 



SILVER SPANGLED HAMBURG 



Black Minorca 

Eggs laid, one year, 224 

Iowa 

Leghorn 

Eggs laid, one year, 225 

Exhibitor, 

Walter Hogan 

Petaluma, Cal. 

Single Comb White 

Single Comb Red 

Eggs laid, one year, 228 

Exhibitor, Lakemont 

Poultry Farm 

Winter Park, Fla. 



Silver Wyandotte 

Eggs laid, one year, 229 

Exhibitor, 

V. G. Warner 

Bloomfield, Iowa 

White Orpington 

Eggs laid, one year, 232 

Kentucky 

Silver Wyandotte 

Eggs laid, one year, 232 

Exhibitor, 

V. G. Warner 

Bloomfield, Iowa 



Single Comb White 

Leghorn 

Eggs laid, one year, 233 

Missouri 



Rose Comb Red 

Eggs laid, one year, 235 

Exhibitor, 

M. L. Puckett 

Puxico, Mo. 



Ancona 

Eggs laid, one year, 236 

Exhibitor, 

Mrs. Daisy Rose 

Bois d'Arc, Mo. 



Buff Wyandotte 

Eggs laid, one year, 253 

Exhibitor, 

Crawford & Saylor 

Maryville, Mo. 



Buft Wyandotte 

Eggs laid, one vear, 255 

Exhibitor, J. H. Clark 

West Pawlett, Vt. 



Single Comb White 

Leghorn 

Eggs laid, one year, 258 

Exhibitor, Tom Barron 

Catforth, Eng. 



Rose Comb White 

Leghorn 

Eggs laid, one year, 260 

Exhibitor, 

Jno. S. Gross 

Maryville, Mo. 



Buildings and Yards 



The location and construction of the poultry house 
are of prime importance, especially on the farm 
or where the plant is large. Poultry keeping is 
wholly a business of details and buildings not con- 
veniently located and arranged become expensive on 
account of unnecessary labor. 

As it is necessary to visit poultry houses several 
times each day in the year, convenience is of more 
importance than in the case of almost any other 
farm building. 

A dry, porous soil is always to be preferred as a 
site for buildings and yards. Cleanliness and free- 
dom from moisture must be secured if the greatest 
success IS to be attained. Without doubt, filth and 



moi.<?ture are the causes, either directly or indirectly, 
of the majority of poultry diseases, and frequently 
of failure in the business. 

Poultry houses are likely to be more or less in- 
fested with rats and mice, unless some means are 
provided to exclude them, and this should be taken 
into account in selecting a location. It is generally 
best to locate the poultry house at some distance 
from other farm buildings, especially if grain is kept 
in the latter. Convenience of access and freedom 
from vermin are the two desirable points to be 
secured, and they depend largely upon the location. 
Everything considered, it is safest to have the house 
quite Isolated. 



3.S9 



Raising Poultry for Profit. Poultry Houses 



The material to be used in the construction and 
the manner of building will necessarily be governed 
largely by the climatic conditions. In general, it 
may be said that the house should provide warm, 
dry, well-lighted and well-ventilated quarters for 
the fowls. In order to meet these requirements it 
will be necessary to provide a good roof with side 
walls more or less impervious to moisture and cold, 
suitable arrangements for lighting and ventilating, 
and some means for excluding the moisture from 
beneath. 

Where permanent buildings are to be erected, some 
provision should be made to exclude rats and mice, 
and for this reason, if for no other, the structure 
should be placed on cement walls with foundation 
below the frost line. 



It is essential to have the different pens or divi- 
sions in the house so arranged that each one will 
receive as much sunlight as possible. Each pen in 
the building should have a separate yard or run, 
and a pen should not be made to accominodate more 
than 50 fowls, or, better still, from 30 to 40. 

In all poultry houses in cold latitudes the windows 
should be placed in such a position that they will 
give the most sunshine on the floor during the severe 
winter months. A very common mistake is to put 
in too many windows. The windows should not be 
large nor more than one to every 8 or 10 feet in 
length for a house 12 feet wide, and set about 17 
inches from the floor, or at such height as to throw 
the greatest amount of sunshine on the floor. Sun- 
shine is required both to keep the house dry and 
to destroy various forms of infection. 



FROM MRS. BERRY IN "PROFITABLE POULTRY" 



BUILDINGS AND NECESSARY EQUIPMENT. 

You must provide good shelter — not necessarily costly or luxurious, but good 
warm houses of some kind. They can be made of straw, slough hay or sod, 
and many a thoroughbred chicken has been reared in quarters made of this 
material and brought their owners good profit. But it is not necessary to use 
cheap building material or temporary arrangements long, as poultry will soon 
pay for good substantial houses. We think the most economical kind of a house 
to build is one that is similar to several we have built on the Golden Rule Poultry 
Farm. We have examined lots of plans and have seen lots of different styles of 
houses ani-have also studied the matter quite a bU, And, from a practical 

standpoint. You can 
have them any length 
you wish, making 
them 16 feet wide, 
which we have found 
to be the best. We 
show an illustration 
of one of these 
houses on this page. 
These are the di» 
mensions and kind 
of lumber to use: 
' ' Height of front, 4 
ft.; back, 6 ft.; high- 
est point in center, 
10 ft.; from highest 
point to where the 
roof joins the build- 
ing, 3 ft^ studding 
and rafters every 2 
ft. apart; sill, 2x6, 
laid flat on founda- 
tion. Spike stud- 
ding to sill. Make window size to suit yourselves. Often they may be procured, 
D^eapUr from some one talcing out of their dwelling and putting in larger ones 
qf redlacitig the old fashioned small lights with the modern larger ones. Yello^ir 
^ino Is cheaper for dimensions lumber; fir or white pine for siding. 




POULTRY HOUSE USED BY EXPERIENCED POULTRY KEEPER 



Some means of ventilating the building should be 
provided, preferably a ventilator that can be opened 
and closed at the will of the attendant. This can 
be located in the highest part of the roof and 
operated by means of cords or chains. 

Perches and Nests 

Perches should be not more than 2% feet from 
the floor, all of the same height and set firmly but 
movable. A 2 by 3 scantling set edgewise with 
the upper corners rounded makes a satisfactory 
perch. 

Underneath the perches should always be placed 
a smooth platform to catch the droppings. This is 
necessary for two reasons: The droppings are valu- 
able for fertilizing purposes and ought not to be 
mixed with the litter on the floor; then, too, if the 



droppings are kept separate and in a convenient 
place to remove, it is much easier to keep the house 
clean than when they are allowed to become more or 
less scattered by the tramping and scratching of 
fowls. 

In constructing nest boxes three points should be 
kept constantly in mind: (1) The box should be of 
such a nature that it can be readily cleaned and 
thoroughly disinfected; if it is removable so that 
it can be taken out of doors, so much the better; 
(2) it should be placed in the dark, or where there 
is only just sufficient light for the fowl to distin- 
guish the nest and nest egg; (3) there should be 
plenty of room on two or three sides of the nest. 

Nests for Leghorns or Hamburgs may be made of 
6-inch fence boards nailed together so as to form 
boxes 8 by 10 inches and 6 inches deep. Where 
perches are arranged with the platform underneath 
to catch the droppings, as previously described, the 



340 



Raising Poultry — Natural and Artificial Hatching 



FIRST 
EXPERIENCE 




#^ 










BEGINNING 
ACTIVITY 



Young: Fowls, Lately Arrived. 



nests may be placed on the floor underneath this 
platform, the opening in front closed with a door 
which either lets down from the top or lifts from 
the bottom.. 

Selection, of Breeds 

A mistake is often made in selecting fowls of a 
breed that is not suited for the purposes for which 
they are to be kept. If egg production is the all- 
important point, it is a most serious mistake to 
select a breed of fowls that is not noted for this 
product. If, on the other hand, meat is the chief 
object, an expensive mistake will be made if any 
but the heavy-bodied fowls are chosen. The small, 
active, nervous egg-producing breeds can not com- 
pete with the larger phlegmatic Asiatics for meat 
production. 

Then, too, if fowls are kept for both eggs and 
meat production, some breed of the middle class 
should be chosen. These, while they do not attain 
the great size of the Asiatics, are sufficiently large 
to be reared profitably to supply the table with 
meat and, at the same time, have the tendency for 
egg production developed sufficiently to produce a 
goodly number of eggs during the year. The 
Wyandottes and Plymouth Rocks are good illus- 
trations of this class of fowls. While individuals 
of these breeds have made excellent records in egg 
production, the records of large numbers do not 
compare favorably with the egg production of the 
Mediterranean fowls. All of the so-called Mediter- 
ranean fowls have a great tendency toward egg 
production and require only the proper food and 
care to produce eggs in abundance. 



Feeding of Fowls 



In feeding for egg production a valuable lesson 
may be learned from nature. It will be observed 
that our domestic fowls that receive the least care 
and attention, or, in other words, whose conditions 
approach more nearly the natural conditions, lay 
most of their eggs in the springtime. It is our 
duty, then, as feeders, to note the conditions sur- 
rounding these fowls at that time. The weather 
is warm, they have an abundance of green food, 
more or less grain, many insects, and plenty of ex- 
ercise and fresh air. 

Then, if we are to feed for egg production, we 
will endeavor to make it springtime all the year 
round; not only to provide a warm place for our 
fowls and give them a proper proportion of green 
food, grain, and meat, but also to provide pure air 
and plenty of exercise. 

Persons who keep only a small flock of hens, 
chiefly to provide eggs for the family, frequently 
make a mistake in feeding too much corn. It has 
been clearly proven by experiment that corn should 
not form a very large proportion of the grain 
ration for laying hens; it is too fattening, espe- 
cially for hens kept in close confinement. 

When comfortable quarters are provided for the 
fowls, the nutritive ratio of the food should be 
about 1 to 4; that is, one part of protein or 
muscle-producing compounds to four parts of car- 
bohydrates or heat and fat producing compounds. 
Wheat is to be preferred to corn. Oats make an 
excellent food and, perhaps, come nearer the ideal 
than most any other single grain, particularly if 
the hull can be removed. 

Ground or soft food should form part of the daily 
ration; also some kind of green food, especially 
clover in season; and when the fowls are closely 
confined, some meat food, like finely-cut fresh bone 
from the meat markets. But tainted bones should 
be rejected as unfit for poultry food. 

If grain food is fed in any considerable quantities 
the fowls must also have access to some kind of 
grit, especially in the winter months when they 
have no regular access to gravel or other coarse 



gritty substances. Crushed oyster shells supply not 
only the grit, but also lime for the production of 
egg shells. 

Incubation 

The theory of incubation, or hatching, is based 
upon the fact that if a fertile egg is kept for a 
sufficient period of time under certain conditions 
of heat, moisture, and position, it will be trans- 
formed into a healthy fowl. 

Natural incubation is dependent upon the in- 
stinct ■ of the mother hen. Artificial incubation, or 
hatching by machinery, is a very old idea. Eggs 
were hatched by artificial means centuries ago. 
Machines were used successfully for this purpose 
by the Egyptians long before the Christian era, 
and some of these ancient hatching ovens that have 
been brought to light in recent years by explorers 
used lamps to provide the necessary heat. 

The period of incubation varies with different 
species of fowls. The average period of natural 
incubation is a little over twenty or about twenty- 
one days for the egg of the common hen. This 
period may be somewhat shortened or prolonged 




. 4v«-.?^ >'^'iiLSSr 



Hatching: Chickens by Hen. 

by variations in the conduct of the mother hen, 
and possibly by changes in the weather. 

Should the weather be moderate and the hen 
quiet and faithful, we need not be surprised If the 
eggs are all hatched by the close of the twentieth 
or even the nineteenth day. Again, if the weather 
be extreme or the hen restless and neglectful, we 
need not look for all the eggs to hatch until the 
close of the twenty-first or the beginning of the 
twenty-second day. 

The same applies to eggs from other fowls, ex- 
cept, of course, that each has its own period of 
incubation, subject to the same variations. 

Most poultry men agree upon the following num- 
ber of days as the correct period of incubation for 
the fowls named: Common hen, 21 days; pheasant, 
2.5; common duck, 28; peafowl, 28; guinea fowl, 
25; goose, 30; partridge, 24; Barbary duck, 30; 
turkey, 28. 

In spite of all notions to the contrary, the proc- 
ess of hatching can be suspended and held in 
check for several days without total destruction 
of the germ. This fact is of practical importance 
and. if remembered, may save the breeder a good 
hatch when, because of some accident or oversight, 
a lot of eggs has been left without outside heat 



341 



Hatching Chickens by Aid of the Hen — Old Style 



MOTHER 
HENS 



"^W^iPf^^W^ 



CHICKENS WITH 
5j[ NATURAL MOTHERS 



and allowed to cool. Such eggs, if placed at a 
proper temperature, may hatch fairly well, pro- 
vided this temperature is maintained a few days 
longer than the usual period of incubation. 

A small incubator may therefore sometimes save 
a hatch when the nest has been deserted by an 
unfaithful hen. 

Hatching Chickens by Hen 

In raising poultry on a small scale, it is often 
unprofitable to operate incubators, and the old, 
time-honored way of hatching by hens must be 
used. This is the case where there is no suitable 
place to set up an incubator so as to preserve a 
regular temperature; or where it is desired to raise 
only a doien or two dozen chicks at a time. 

Sometimes the kitchen is the only place available 
for setting up a machine, and no poultry raiser 
can expect good results from an incubator set up in 
a kitchen of the ordinary kind. The changes in 
temperature are too great to permit of keeping the 
egg chamber of the incubator at anything like a 
uniform degree of heat, even with the aid of a 
regulator. So when the kitchen must be used, poor 
hatches may be expected from machines and it 
will be better to hatch by hen. 

Considerable care must be exercised in the selec- 
tion of the hens for this work. Some are un- 
reliable and soon desert the nest; some are clumsy 
and break eggs; others are born setters and secure 
good results. As a rule Plymouth Rocks, Rhode 
Island Reds, Wyandottes, and Orpingtons make good 
setters, also other varieties ol inedium size, but 
unreliable hens are found in every breed and should 
be kept off the nests. 

A good plan is to set several hens at one time, 
if the size of your plant permits. You can then 
turn over the chicks from three or four hatches, 
say, to two of the hens to brood. The other good 
setters can be rr-set and you will have a number of 
chicks of the same size and age, which is an ad- 
vantage you will soon learn to appreciate. 

The setters should be separated from the rest of 
the flock and should be kept perfectly clean and 
free from lice. The nest and all surroundings 
should also be kept clean during the entire period 
of incubation. Setting hens require grain food, char- 
coal, grit, and clean, fresh water, into which a little 
rusty iron may be dropped to furnish a tonic. 

A good broody variety of hen should always be 
selected. Those mentioned above will, as a rule, 
show good results as setters. The non-setting va- 
rieties, like Leghorns, Minorcas, etc., sometimes 
show signs of being "clucky," but cannot be de- 
pended upon in incubation. Heavy, feather-legged 
varieties, like the Cochins and Brahmas, should not 
be used on the nests. They are too clumsy for 
incubation purposes and are apt to break eggs or 
trample chicks. 



Selection of Eggs 



Eggs selected for incubation must be fertile, or 
hatchable. It is well understood that an egg re- 
ceives its fertility from the male bird, but the 
condition of the female at the time of laying has 
much to do with the hatching quality of the egg. 
The laying hen must be healthy and properly fed 
or she cannot produce an egg capable of carrying 
the germ to a successful hatch. Hens kept in un- 
healthful quarters or too closely confined are not 
likely to lay eggs that will produce strong, healthy 
chickens, if indeed they produce any at all. Hens 
suffering from disease or infested with vermin may 
lav, but eggs from such hens will rarely hatch, and 
even if they do hatch, the chicks will not be likely 
to mature into vigorous or growthy fowls. 

Hence in order to secure hatchable eggs the hens 
must be healthy, have plenty of outdoor exercise, 
and be fed upon an assorted or balanced ration. 
An exclusive corn diet will not promote fertility. 
Fowls in confinement must have a mixed diet and 
plenty of grit and bone, with meats, clovers, or 
other substances in the line of nitrogenous food. 
They must be kept free from lice and must have 
plenty of litter, straw, hay, chaff, or leaves in 



which to scratch. Fowls having free runs need less 
attention to diet and are more apt to lay fertile 
eggs than fowls closely imprisoned. 

The number of hens to the male in the breeding 
pen is a subject of much dispute. With most 
breeds, however, the largest percentage of fertile 
eggs is secured by the mating of from ten to twelve 
hens to one good, vigorous, young male bird. 

Even under the most favorable circumstances the 
eggs will vary and give room for selection. Let the 
selection be influenced by the average product of 
the hen or breed. An even, uniform lot, assorted 
as to size, color and shape, will be apt to give the 
best results. 

Freshness is a prime necessity. While an egg six 
weeks old may hatch, the chick will be weak and 
hard to raise. Fresh eggs hatch earlier and the 
chicks from them are stronger than those from 
older eggs. As a rule eggs more than 12 days old 
should not be placed under a hen or in an incuba- 
tor. 

Eggs for hatching should be clean; if not clean 
they should be washed in tepid water and carefully 
dried with a clean, soft cloth. It is good practice 
to stand the eggs in a cool, quiet place, each with 
the large end uppermost, for a period of twelve 
hours before placing for incubation. This balances 
the yolk in the center and locates the air cell. 

During storage, eggs for incubation should be 
partly turned every day. A little attention to these 
simple directions will make quite a difference in the 
possibilities of fertile eggs and will greatly augment 
the percentage of chicks. 

It is poor practice to set eggs of more than one 
kind or breed together, for eggs of different kinds 
vary in thickness and strength of shell and in the 
amount of heat and moisture required. 



The Nesting Box 



A suitable nesting box must be prepared for the 
setting hen. This should be roomy, so that the 
hen may be able to change her position on the 
eggs without breaking any of them; and also deep 
enough to retain the nesting material. The box 
should be whitewashed or treated with a disinfect- 
ant before use. It is important to keep out lice, 
mites, etc. 

The nest itself may be made of a few inches of 
damp soil or sod cut three inches thick, placed in 
the bottom of the box and covered with a good 
thick layer of sweet hay or clean straw. 

Now place the nest box in a quiet or secluded 
place, away from the rest of the flock, so that the 
hen will not be disturbed in any way. Probably the 
best plan is to have a small building set apart 
for the purpose and capable of accommodating sev- 
eral setting hens at the same time. This system 
possesses many advantages, as it is very advisable 
to have several broods of the same size and age. 

A medium-sized hen can cover from nine to fif- 
teen hen eggs, six or seven turkey eggs, nine to 
eleven duck eggs, or four to five goose eggs. Ban- 
tams can cover on the average eight or nine of 
their own eggs. 

Nest boxes should be made so as to open or close 
readily. Both the box and nest material, as well 
as the hen, should be thoroughly sprinkled with in- 
sect powder before setting the hen and at intervals 
of eight days during the period of incubation. The 
hen should be kept shut up as a rule, and allowed 
to leave the nest only for feed, water, and the dust 
bath. The latter should be provided within easy 
reach of every broody hen. The best form of dust 
bath is a small box kept well filled with loose fine 
earth. There is no better way to combat the at- 
tacks of lice; in fact, during the winter months the 
dust box is a prime necessity in every poultry plant. 

When the hen leaves the nest for her daily feed, 
the eggs should be carefully inspected, and broken 
or soiled ones removed, as foul eggs will seriously 
affect the hatch. 

The setting hen must be fed on clean hard grain 
and kept supplied with fresh water in a clean 
v.^ssel. The work of the most faithful setter can be 
snoiled by neglect or carelessness on the part of the 
operator. Grit and charcoal, as well as the feed 



342 



Artificial Incubation 



and water, should be placed near to the nest, so 
that the "cluck" may find them promptly on leav- 
ing the nest. 

It is a good idea to test out a clucky hen on 
dummy eggs before setting her upon the selected 
eggs If she returns to the nest and sets closely 
after being taken off a few times, it will be safe 
to put in the good eggs. 

Reliable setters should be marked so that they 
may be recognized when they again become 
"clucky." It pays to keep good setters, sometimes 
for several years. As a rule, old hens make better 
setters than pullets. Wild or excitable hens break 
eggs and make poor setters. 

Artificial Incubation 

The incubator is an important factor in poultry 
raising. It may be described as a simple and 
practical machine, easily operated by any member 
of the household. But there are so many different 
kinds or makes of this useful machine that it is 
impossible to do more than describe the general 
features common to all. At the present time they 
are all constructed upon similar principles and 
along the same lines, and nearly all of them derive 
their lieat from lamps that burn kerosene. In 
some of the hot-air machines the heat is applied 
through the medium of heated air, while in others 
— the hot-water machines — the eggs are supplied 
with heat from 
pipes filled with 
hot water. 

In the hot-air 
incubator a com- 
mon kerosene lamp 
is used to furnish 
the current of hot 
air which passes 
over and around 
the egg chamber 
and which keeps 
the eggs at the 
proper temperature 
for hatching. Like 
the hot-water ma- 
chine, it is sup- 
plied with a regu- 
lator, which, act- 
ing upon a valve 
or damper, regu- 
lates the admis- 
sion of heat to the 
egg chamber. 

In the hot-water 
incubator, water is 
heated and forced 
through metal 
tubes over the eggs, 
thus distributing 
heat throughout 
the egg chamber. 
It is supplied with 
a regulator which 
works upon the 
same principle as 
does that of the 
hot-air machine. 

The important parts of an incubator are the 
lamp, including oil reservoir, burner, wick, and 
chimney; the regulator, egg chamber, with extra 
tray for turning eggs, nursery tray, and thermom- 
eter. Good material, good workmanship and effi- 
cient arrangement of parts are all desirable fea- 
tures. Two dead-air spaces, good strong legs, 
plenty of space in the egg chamber, good windows 
properly placed, a good thermometer located where 
it can be read without disturbing the machine — 
these are all necessary and among the strong points 
of a good incubator. This machine operates upon 
living products and it must bring forth living crea- 
tures, else it is useless. 

Novices may be cautioned against buying an in- 
cubator of large size for experimental or farm work. 
The so-called lOO-egg size is large enough for the 
beginner. One tray and one egg chamber are 
enough. 

The Lamp and Burner 

All poultry raisers should beware of buying a poor 
lamp. Manufacturers, as well as purchasers, should 
remember tliat while the lamp is half the incubator 
the burner is half the lamp. 

Many kinds of lamps have been tried and many 
patents have been granted upon lamps and parts 
thereof for incubator u.?e, but the tendency is to 
discard all that are In any manner complicated and 
to return U< the plain, old-fashioned burner and 
chimney. The oil reservoir should be made of 



metal, either copper or galvanized iron, as those 
made of glass are too liable to break and are too 
heavy to handle conveniently. This reservoir should 
have a Oat bottom and a flat top. It should have 
a capacity exceeding the twenty-four hours' de- 
mand of the machine. This is very important, for 
sometimes it happens that the operator is detained 
for some reason and cannot reach his machine at 
the proper hour, and in such a case the lamp 
must contain oil enough for a few hours' overtime. 
This reservoir should be plain and smooth outside 
and inside. It should be well made and well 
finished. 

The burner is the most important part of an in- 
cubator lamp. It should be made with the greatest 
regard to stability and accuracy. The flat wick 
tube is the most common. The burner should be 
made of good material, such as brass or copper, 
and never of poor material, such as iron or plated 
tin. If the wheel or lever turns hard, or does not 
turn to the thirty-second of an inch, it is useless 
and will cause trouble. 



The Regulator 




Hatching: Chickens by Incubator, 



Many methods have been tried for automatically 
regulating the temperature of the egg chamber. 
So far all of them depend upon the principle of 
contraction and expansion. The demand is for some 
simple device that will allow the temperature to 

ri.se so high and no 
higher, and that 
will maintain the 
temperature at 

that degree re- 
gardless of the 
weather or ex- 
ternal influences. 
Most regulators 
act upon a damper 
over the top of the 
lamp, and, by 
opening or closing 
the same, regulate 
the amount of 
heat that passes 
into the incubator. 

Incubators 
a Necessity 

The modern im- 
provement in incu- 
bators has made 
the rearing of 
fowls solely for 
egg production 
quite out of the 
question unless 
these machines are 
used. No experi- 
enced poultry man 
at the present 
time will under- 
take to rear fowls 
in large numbers 
for the production of eggs and depend on the hens 
that lay the eggs for incubation. The so-called 
Mediterranean fowls cannot be depended upon for 
natural incubation. Artificial Incubation must be 
resorted to if these fowls are to be reared in con- 
siderable numbers. 

Choice of a Machine 

There are many kinds of excellent incubators on 
the market. As with many kinds of farm ma- 
chinery, it is impossible to say that one particular 
kind is better than all others. Then, too, an in- 
cubator that would give very satisfactory results 
with one individual might prove to be quite infe- 
rior in the hands of another person. "What is best 
for one is not nooessarily best for another. 

It is advisable, before investing extensively in any 
make of incubator, thoroughly to understand the 
machine. If good re.-^u'ts are obtained, then addi- 
tional machines of the same kind may be pur- 
chased. Failures are recorded simply because the 
individual fails thoroughly to understand the ma- 
chine he is trying- to operate, or, in other words, 
fails to learn how to operate that particular ma- 
chine to the best advantage. 

A successful poultry man must necessarily pay 
close attention to petty details. Not only is this 
necessary in caring for little chickens and mature 
fowls, but also in the care and management of In- 
cubators and brooders. The whole business is one 
of details. 



343 



,„„jl""'"""""lll'll„ 

.llLllll^^.I,^PJ-^l,ll,JF^^J^,'||llU,,, 




'IllllilllUIIIU 

Incubator. 




Chicken. 



Points of a' Good Machine 

While incubators may vary considerably one from 
another, yet there ^re certain points to which all 
should conform. Some of these points are summed 
up in the following: 

1. They should be well made of well-seasoned 
lumber. The effort of manufacturers to meet a 
popular demand for cheap machines has heretofore 
placed on the market incubators that are not only 
cheaply made, but made of cheap and not thor- 
oughly seasoned material. 

2. The incubator should be easy of operation. 
All its adjustments should be easily made and so 
arranged that the more delicate machinery is in 
plain view of the operator. 

3. The machine should be automatic in opera- 
tion. When supplied with the necessary heat, it 
should control perfectly within certain limits the 
temperature of the egg chamber. 

This result is accomplished in various ways. The 
regulating force, whatever it may be, should be 
placed within the egg chamber, so that the regu- 
lator may vary as the temperature in the egg cham- 
ber varies, irrespective of the changes of tempera- 
ture of the room in which the incubator is placed. 

4. The regulator must be sensitive. The change 
of temperature which is necessary for the complete 
working of the regulator ought not to be more than 
1 degree; that is, 1 degree above or below the de- 
sired temperature. It is better if the range of 
temperature can be reduced to one-half of 1 degree, 
thus making a total variation of 1 degree Instead 
of 2 degrees. 

5. In addition to the foregoing requisites, a con- 
venient appliance for turning the eggs, positive in 
its action, should accompany each incubator. This 
may be an extra tray that is to be placed bottom 
side up over the tray of eggs and held firmly in 
this position while both trays are turned, thus 
completely transferring the eggs from one tray to 
another without jar. The different machines have 
very different appliances for accomplishing this 
re.su't. 

Excellent results are obtained by the use of many 
machines now on the market when the operator of 
these various machines is thoroughly interested. 
Poultry men have, for a number of years, hatched 
in incubators over 80 per cent, of all eggs put in the 
machine. It must not be inferred, however, that 
this is an easy thing to do. A record of this kind 
is attained only by close observation and good 
judgment, not only in running the machine, but 
also in the breeding and care of the fowls to pro- 
duce fertile eggs. 



Artificial Brooding 



If the poultry raiser resorts to artificial incuba- 
tion, it will be necessary to provide an artificial 
brooder of some kind. This may be simple and 
quite inexpensive, or complex and costly. 

It is not necessary to expend very much money 
in the construction of an efficient brooder. It is 
necessary, however, ^to see that the brooder is 
capable of doing certain things. Some of these 
requisites are as follows: 

What the Brooder Must Be 

1. The brooder must be warm. The little chick- 
ens require a temperature of 90 degrees to 100 
degrees the first few days, and at all times they 
should find it so warm in the brooder that they 
are not inclined to huddle together to keep warm. 

2. If the brooder is automatic, then the tem- 
perature may be kept quite even throughout the 
whole floor space. If, on the other hand, the 
brooder is heated from one side or from the top 
and is not automatic, it will be best to construct 
it so that certain parts of the machine will be 
very warm; in fact, a little warmer than is neces- 
sary for the chickens, and some other part some- 
what too cool. It does not take them long to 



learn just where the most comfortable position is. 

3. The chicks may be trusted to select the 
proper temperature if the brooder is of sufficient 
size so that it is never crowded. 

A brooder constructed on this plan will require 
less attention than almost any other. It may un- 
dergo a considerable variation in temperature with- 
out overheating or chilling the chickens. 

4. The brooder should be easily cleaned and so 
constructed that all of the floor space can readily 
be seen. Inconvenient corners are objectionable in 
brooders; in fact, any corner is objectionable; but 
if brooders are to be constructed cheaply it is 
almost necessary to make corners. If constructed 
of wood, circular ones are somewhat more expen- 
sive than square or rectangular ones. 

5. The floor must not only be kept clean, but 
dry. Top or side heat is to be preferred to bottom 
heat, but there must be sufficient bottom heat to 
keep the floor dry. 

6. As the chickens get a few days old, plenty of 
exercise must be provided. One objection to many 
brooders offered for sale has been that the chickens 
are kept too closely confined and not allowed suffi- 
cient exercise. It is a matter of surprise to many 
to learn how much exercise the smallest chicks re- 
quire. With the young chicken, as with the ath- 
lete, strength is acquired by exercise, and above 
all other conditions of growth strength is the one 
thing necessary to the young chicken. 

At the very first appearance of crowding In a 
brooder, as the chicks increase in size, the flock 
should be divided and some of the little fellows 
put into another brooder. Overcrowding is most 
dangerous to the brood, and the novice will do well 
to guard against it with the greatest care, remem- 
bering that it is easier to hatch the chicks than 
to rear them. 

The brooder should be cleaned! set up and heated 
a few hours before the chicks are released from the 
incubator nursery. The brooder should be reg- 
ulated as to heat so that it will show a tempera- 
ture of about 9S degrees when the chicks are put 
in. Then it should be gradually lowered at the 
rate of 1 degree a week, according to the weather 
find the experience and judgment of the poultry 
man. 



Feeding the Chicks 



The chicks should not be fed until they are 
thoroughly dried and have been out of the incu- 
bator at least twenty-four hours. The first feed 
should be fine sharp grit or sand, upon which is 
sprinkled a very little hard-boiled egg chopped fine. 
After this they should be fed every three hours a 
little broken grain or, better yet, some of the 
excellent prepared dry chick food upon the market. 
Clean, fresh water should be supplied from the 
start. Wet, sloppy food should be avoided. If none 
of the manufactured chick foods are at hand, a 
substitute can be made by cracking a mixture of 
wheat, corn, and egg shells. Any good poultry 
journal will give valuable hints upon the subject of 
raising chickens in brooders. 

Disease and Lice in -Fowls 

Disease and lice are the great obstacles to be 
overcome in poultry raising. The houses may be 
kept free from lice, by a liberal use of kerosene 
emulsion and by whitewashing. Whitewash serves 
a double purpose, that of ridding the house of lice 
and making the interior much lighter. A small 
window, with the interior of the house white- 
washed, will make the building as light as a much 
larger window without the whitewash. If the 
poultry houses are kept free from lice, the fowls 
can usually be depended upon to keep themselves 
free by a liberal use of the dust bath. If, how- 
ever, body lice are found, they may be successfully 
treated by dusting insect powder under the feathers 
in the evening and allowing the fowls to remain 
undisturbed on the perches after the treatment. 



344 



Technical Terms Relating to Domestic Fowls 




(A)— Comb; (B)— Face; (C)— Wattles; (D) 
—Ear Lobes; (E)— Hackle: (F)— Breast: 
<G)— Back; (H)— Saddle: (I)— Saddle 
Feathers; (J)— Sickles; (K)— Tall Co.Verts; 
(L) — Main Tail Feathers; (M) — Wlnff Bow: 
(N)— Wing Bar; (O)— Wing Bay: (P) — 
Wing Butts: (Q) — Breast Bone; CR>— 
Thighs; (S) — Hocks: (T)— Shanks; (U)— 
Spurs; (V)— Toes. 



GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TEKMS 



Barred, Barring'. — Alternate 
stripes of light and dark across a 
feather. 

Beard. — A bunch of feathers 
under the throat of some breeds, 
as Houdans or Polish. 

Breast. — In a live fowl, the 
front of the body above the point 
of the breastbone, up to the 
throat. In a table fowl (dead) 
the breast is below this, and 
would be called the under part 
of the body in the live bird. 

Breed. — Any variety of fowl in 
all its distinct characteristics. 
The breed includes all the varie- 
ties of color which are found 
in it. 

Brood. — The family of chickens 
under one hen or brooder. 

Broody. — Desiring to sit or in- 
cubate. 

Cape. — The feathers under the 
base of the back hackles between 
the shoulders. 

Carriage. — The bearing, atti- 
tude, or "style" of a bird. 

Caximcles. — Fleshy protuber- 
ances, as on the neck of a turkey- 
cock. 

Cockerel. — A young cock under 
one year old. 

Comb.— The red protuberance on 
the top of a fowl's head. 

Condition. — The state of the 
fowl as regards health and beauty 
of plumage — the latter especially. 

Crest. — A crown or tuft of 
feathers on the head. The same 
as Top-knot. 

Crop. — The bag or receptacle in 
which food is stored before di- 
gestion. Can be easily felt in any 
fowl after feeding. 

Cushion. — The mass of feathers 
over the tail-end of a hen's back, 
covering the tail; chiefly devel- 
oped in Cochins. 

Dubbing. — Cutting off the comb, 
wattles, etc., so as to leave the 
head smooth and clean. 

Ear-lobes. — The folds of skin 
hanging below the ears. They 



vary in color in different breeds, 
between red, white, blue, and 
cream, and also greatly in size. 

Face. — The bare skin around the 
eye. 

Furnislied. — Assumed the full 
characters. When a cockerel has 
obtained his full tail, hackles, 
etc., as if adult, he is said to be 
"furnished." 

Gills. — The term is often ap- 
plied to the wattles, and some- 
times more Indefinitely to the 
whole region of the throat. 

Hackles. — The peculiar narrow 
feathers on the neck of fowls, 
also found in the saddle of the 
cock. In the latter case they are 
called "saddle" hackles or feath- 
ers; hackles alone always refer- 
ring to the neck-feathers. 

Hen-feathered, or Henny. — Re- 
sembling a hen in the absence of 
sickles or hackle-feathers, and in 
plumage generally. 

Laced, Lacing. — A stripe of edg- 
ing all round a feather, of some 
color different from its ground 
color, as in Sebrights and Wyan- 
dottes. 

Leg-feathers. — The feathers pro- 
jecting from the outer side of the 
shanks in some breeds, as Cochins. 

3Iossy. — Confused or indistinct 
in marking. 

Pea-comij. — A triple comb, re- 
sembling three small combs in 
one, the middle being the highest. 

Pencilling. — Small markings or 
stripes over a feather. These 
may run either straight across, as 
in Hamburgs, or in a crescentic 
form, as in Partridge Cochins. 

Poult. — A young turkey. 

Rose-comb. — A broad solid comb, 
the top of which is nearly 
level and covered with small 
points. It becomes broader as it 
recedes from the front, ending 
with a spike or "leader" at the 
back. 

Saddle. — The posterior part of 
the back, reaching to the tail, in 



a cock, answering to the cushion 
in a hen. 

Shaft. — The stem or quill of a 
feather. 

Sickles. — The top curved feath- 
ers of a cock's tail. Properly only 
applied to the top pair, but some- 
times used for one or two pairs 
below which can hardly be called 
tail-coverts. 

Spangling. — The marking pro- 
duced by each feather having one 
large spot or splash of some color 
different from the ground-color. 
When applied to a laced breed, as 
in Polish, the word is explained 
by the much broader lacing at the 
tip of each feather. 

Spur. — The sharp offensive 
weapon near the heel of a cock 
or hen. 

Squirrel-tailed. — The tail pro- 
jecting in front of a perpendicular 
line, over the back. 

Stag. — Another term for a 
young cock, chiefly used by Game 
breeders. 

Station. — Another term for sym- 
metry, but rather markedly in 
connection with height or reach. 
Strain. — A race of fowls which, 
having been carefully bred by one 
breeder or his successors, for 
years, has acquired an individual 
character of its own which can 
be more or less relied upon. 

Surface-color. — That portion of 
the feathers exposed to view. 

Symmetry. — Perfection of pro- 
portion. 

Tail-coverts. — The soft, glossy, 
curved feathers at the sides of 
the bottom of the tail. Usually 
the same color as the sickles. 

Tail-feathers. — The straight and 
stiff feathers of the tail only. 
The top pair are sometimes 
slightly curved, but they are al- 
ways nearly if not quite straight, 
and are contained inside the 
sickles and tail-coverts. 

Thighs. — The joint above the 
shanks; the first joint clothed all 
over with feathers. The same as 
the drumstick in dressed fowls. 
Top-knot. — Same as Crest. 
Tri-colored. — A term often ap- 
plied to cockerels which should be 
of one uniform color, when their 
hackles and saddles and tails are 
much darker, and the wing-bow 
darker still. Chiefly in buff 
varieties. 

Trio. — A cock or cockerel, and 
two hens or pullets. 

ITnder-rolor. — That portion of 
the feathers under the surface, 
only seen when the plumage is 
opened or separated. That of the 
fluff of the feather. It often dif- 
fers greatly from the surface- 
color, and is of great importance 
in breeding. 

Variety. — Some definite division 
of a breed known by its color or 
marking. Thus the breed in- 
cludes all the varieties. 

Vulture-hock. — Stiff projecting 
quill-feathers at the hock-joint. 
The feathers must be both stiff 
and projecting to be thus truly 
called and condemned. 

Wattles. — The red depending 
structures at each side of the 
base of the beak. Chiefly devel- 
oped in the male sex. 

Web. — This term is indefinite, 
expressing a flat and thin struc- 
ture. The web of a feather is the 
flat or plume portion ; the web 
of the foot, the flat skin between 
the toes; of the wing, the tri- 
angular skin seen when the mem- 
ber is extended. 

Web-bar. — Any line of dark 
color across the middle of the 
wing, caused by the color or 
marking of the feathers known 
as the lower wing-coverts. 



345 



SEVENTY DIFFERENT BREEDS OF DOMESTIC FOWLS 




Dark Brahma, 



The Dark Brahma is like 
lijjht Brahma in form, but 
opposite in color. 




Black Spanish 



The Black Spanish lays six- 
months from time of hatch- 
ing five or six eggs per week. 




The La Fleche, French fowl, 
black plumage, a good layer 
In winter 




The Light Brahma 



The Light Brahma has white 
plumage on the surface with' 
a bluish-gray beneath. 



Andalusians 

The Blue Andalusian is an English breed of fowls, dating back 50 years, 
when they had been bred quite extensively In Andalusia, Spain, from 
whence they derive the name. They belong to the non-setting class. As 
layers they have no superiors, laying the whole year round, both summer 
and winter. In color, the eggs are white and of medium size. They 
are very hardy, chicks growing very fast, pullets often laying at the age 
of four months; color is slaty blue, have red wattles, face and comb, 
and white earlobes; are fine in appearance, gay, stylish, commanding the 
admiration of all who see them. They are about the same size as the 
Minorca. However, they are not without a fault; they do not breed as 
true to color as most other varieties do, and throw off a larger per cent, 
of off-colored chicks than any other variety. However, their other good 
qualities make up for this weak point. 



Anconas 

Mottled Anconas are considered by many to be the most beautiful of all 
the Mediterranean varieties. They are similar to the Leghorns in shape 
and size, have a yellow skin and the plumage is black, evenly mottled all 
over with white. They are wonderful layers of large white eggs and are 
fast coming into general favor, since they combine great beauty with the 
best practical qualities. 



Bantams 

The BufT Cochin, or Pekin Bantam. — In color they are a golden buff, 
same as the Buff Cochin, except the cock is usually dark, almost chestnut. 
They are very quiet, tame and docile, miking the finest pets. In size they 
are just a little larger than the Gold' r. Sebright Bantam, being a little 
broader and heavier set. All who see them admire them for their exquisite 
unique appearance and beauty. They are quite good layers of rather small 
eggs, light in color, are good setters and good mothers. Chicks are 
easily raised, are hardy both as fowls and chicks. They bear confinement 
well, thrive just as well in small enclosures as running at large, are 
fine pets to have on a nice green lawn, where they command the admira- 
tion of all who see them. 

Golden Sebright Bantams are one of the most attractive breeds of all 
Bantams. No breed among the beautiful pigmies excel the Sebrights in 
beauty of penciling and none are prettier pets. In color they are rich, 
golden yellow, laced with black markings, being very distinct and clear. 
They have proven very hardy both as chicks and fowls, breeding very 
true to color. They are both useful and a true fancy fowl, excellent 
layers of small eggs, good setters and mothers. They are quite small, 
standard weight of cock, 26 ounces; hens, 22 ounces. They are stylish, 
active, and no lover of the beautiful can afford to be without them, as 
they are the attraction and admiration of all who see them. 



Brahmas 

The Brahmas are the heaviest of our domestic fowls. Though classed 
as an Asiatic breed, and descended from Oriental parentage, this breed in 
its present form is really an American production. Standard weights: 
cock, 12 pounds; cockerel, 10 pounds; hen, 0% pounds; pullet, 8 pounds. 
These weights are often exceeded. Though large, the birds are stately, 
with fine carriage. "The lordly Brahma" well expresses it. 

I^igfht Brahmas. — Almost without exception the Light Brahma is a 
favorite with poultrymen, even with those who do not breed them. They 
are often referred to as "the aristocrats of the poultry yard." In size 
they are the largest of our domestic fowls. This, combined with their 
proud and stately carriage, makes a flock of them attractive, no matter 
where they are seen. They have pea combs and heavily feathered legs 
and toes. The color is white with black tail, black and white hackle, 
wing flights and tail coverts. The hens lay brown eggs. Light Brahmas 
are not remarkably early in maturing; but they are very hardy, and in the 
markets of this country this variety is a great favorite as "soft roasters," 
and as mature fowls they very often are chosen for the family dinner in 
preference to the more costly but not more palatable turkey. Light 
Brahma hens have made high records as layers, under good care. Their 
eggs are very large, weighing from 28 to 32 ounces to the dozen, and 
are in great demand in some of our markets. The Light Brahma has a 
firm hold on the affections of our people, and the poultry breeder who 
has good ones need never lack for buyers, who will pay good prices. 

The Dark Brahmas are one of the most prominent members of the great 
Asiatic fanaily. They are very beautiful, especially the female. The 
plumage of the female is a steel gray, with delicate pencilings, except 
on hackle, where the pencilings are quite prominent, making them a very 
desirable fowl for the city and town, as the dust and soot will not soil 
their plumage. The plumage of the cock, although quite different from 
that of the hen, commands admiration of those who have a taste for 
the beautiful in nature. No breed is more hardy from the time it picks 
the shell until ripe in old age than the Dark Brahma. As egg producers 
they are second to none of the Asiatics. With their great vigor of consti- 
tution when young, they feather rapidly and are ready early for the 
market as spring chickens and broilers. In weight they are about the 
same as the Light Brahma, cocks weighing at maturity, when in good 
condition, from 10 to 12 pounds, and hens, when in good condition, 
8 to 10 pounds. 



346 



Seventy Different Breeds of Domestic Fowls 



Buckeyes 



The Buckeye. — Originated by a woman in Ohio, from which state it takes 
its name. Mrs. Frank aietcalf produced this breed from a cross of Asiatics. 
Cornish Indian, and some of the game fowls. Primarily the Buckeyes 
were bred for egg production and market poultry, but perfect specimens 
are beautiful birds. 



Buttercups 



This new variety has come to the front rapidly in the last three years. 
They were originally brought over from Sicily and have won a name for 
their persistent laying. They are just a little larger than Leghorns and 
are very gentle and tame. They stand confinement well, and the hens 
are regular egg machines. Their comb is different from any other 
variety, being cup shaped, and their plumage is very striking. The males 
are a rich brilliant red top color and the hens are beautifully marked 
throughout. 



Campines 



Silver Campines have spread over the country like wildfire and are 
sure to remain one of the most popular of the smaller varieties. They 
compare in size with the Leghorns and their supporters claim they will 
outlay the Leghorns every time. Their color is very striking, being a 
black and white, very narrowly barred or penciled and they are very 
active and great foragers. 



Cochins 

The Biiflf Cochin of today is the most popular of the Cochin family. 
It is descended from the Shanghai fowl of sixty years ago, which started 
the greatest "boom" for improved poultry this country has ever experi- 
enced. From the ungainly, loose-jointed, awkward Shanghai fowls of 
sixty years ago, American breeders have produced the compact, full- 
feathered, thick-meated Buff Cochin of today, which is distinctively the 
most perfect representative member of the Asiatic class. Cochins are 
very hardy, enduring severe weather easily. The hens are fairly good 
layers, the best of mothers, and very domestic. As a market fowl, the 
Buff Cochin is very profitable, putting on weight with a smaller quantity 
of feed than almost any other variety. The poultry breeder who has a 
flock of good Buff Cochins has something of which he may well be proud. 

Partridge Cochins are very gentle and stand confinement better than 
other varieties. They are very large and fine winter layers, and their 
color is as handsome as any variety when stock has been carefully 
selected from the famous strains. 



Crevecoeurs 

This is a breed but little known. Black in plumage with a crest on 
the head so full as to almost obscure the eyes. 



Dominiques 

The Dominiques resemble the Plymouth Rocks. They bear confinement 
well and do not appear to deteriorate from inbreeding to the extent 
observed in some of the other breeds. They mature early, are hardy, 
make good mothers, and are valuable as a farm variety. "Weight: 
Cock, SVz pounds; hen, 6% pounds. 



Dorkings 

Colored Dorking. — Same shape and general type of body, but much 
darker in color, and a little heavier in weight than the Silver-Grays. 
Standard weights: Cock, 9 pounds; cockerel, 8 pounds; hen, 7 pounds; 
pullet, 6 pounds. 

Silver Gray Dorking. — The Dorking is probably the oldest breed of 
domestic fowls. It belongs to the English cl*ss, and in England has 
been brought to a high state of perfection. 



Ducks 

Where large numbers of ducks are kept for supplying eggs for incuba- 
tors the Pekin variety is usually preferred and can be kept without ponds 
if an abundance of drinking water is provided. When laying they should 
be fed twice a day as much as they will eat. 



FaveroUe 

A general purpose breed of increasing popularity. Densely whiskered; 
five toes. The varieties: English and French Salmon, English Ermine, 
French Black and Blue. 




The Cochin Bantam, from 
Pekin, China. 




Red File Game 



The Red Pile Game lays on 
the average, 170 eggs a jear 




"White Leghorn =i.=^^:zs- 



The White Leghorn lays four 
and five months after hatching 
200 eggs a year. 




The Game Bantam 

The Game Bantam, a profit' 
able variety for raising oa 
farms. 



347 



Seventy Different Breeds of Domestic Fowls 




The Dorking, admired for 
beauty, and as a table bird. 




bi'ieht Baatam 



The Sebright Bantam bast 
proudest carriage to be im- 
agined in a bird so small. 




White Cocjxm Fowl. 



The White Cochin, a large 
fowl, esteemed for prolidc; 
production of eggs. 




"White Crested Poland 



The White Crested Poland 
thas rich, black plumage witiil 
pure white crest. 



Frizzles 



The Frizzle fowl is valued largely because of its oddity in feathers, 
which have a tendency to turn backwards and upwards. 



Games 

The Blacli Sumatra Game is not as well known in the poultry circle as 
many other varieties of the Game. They do not resemble the Game 
family to a very great extent, being more heavily feathered than most 
Games. In color they are a solid black throughout, shading being a 
lustrous green, which makes them very rich and handsome in color. They 
are very good layers of medium sized eggs, ranging in color from white 
to a darker shade. They make exceptionally good mothers, and will 
take care of a brood of chicks as well as one might wish. Chicks are 
hardy and grow fast. They are a splendid table fow»l, as all Games 
are. Cocks weigh, when In good flesh, from 6 to 8 pounds, and hens 
from 5 to 7 pounds. 

Brown Red Gaines are second to none in this country, fine specimens 
with great vitality and hardiness of constitution. To say they are good 
layers will not do them justice, as they have proven themselves in laying 
almost equal to any fowl, and are surpassed by few. They are very 
handsome, the color of male, neck, back and saddle lemon, with narrow 
stripe of black in the middle of the feathers; breast, ground color black, 
laced some with lemon; wing bow lemon, wing coverts glossy black, 
primaries and secondaries black, and tail glossy black. The female, neck 
lemon with a narrow stripe of black in middle feathers; breast, ground 
color black, evenly-laced with lemon, otherwise the plumage is black 
throughout. They bear confinement remarkably well, are hardy both as 
chicks and fowls. Chicks grow very fast, and mature quite early. The 
hens make splendid mothers, taking the best of care of their young. 
Cocks weigh from 6 to 8 pounds; hens from 5 to 7 pounds. They are a 
fine table fowl, and dress very nice and presentable. 

Cornish Indian Games have gained public favor very rapidly. It is a 
breed for general utility, having the laying qualities of a market fowl, 
i. e., compactness, yellow legs, heavy weight, the flesh put on at the 
right place, from which there is but little waste in dressing, and being of 
quick-growing habits they produce a flne broiler in a short time because 
they have short feathers, the nutriment required to put feathers on other 
breeds going to flesh, which is more juicy and tender in this breed than 
in a young turkey. The Indian Game hens are good setters and mothers, 
and the chicks are very hardy. In color the fowls are quite pretty; 
the bright brown shafts and the glossy green lacing making a beautiful 
contrast. Here we have a fowl for the market poultryman, the farmer, 
the broiler-raiser, the egg producer and the fancier. The general ap- 
pearance is that of a powerful bird. Body very broad, thick and com- 
pact; flesh firm and solid. In the male the plumage of the breast and 
underbody is a green glossy black, neck-hackle same color, with brown 
crimson shafts to feathers; back and saddle a mixture of green glossy 
black and brown crimson. Wings chestnut brown, with metallic green 
glossy black wing bar. In the hen the ground color is chestnut brown, 
with beautiful lacings of metallic green glossy black. The skin in both 
sexes is a very rich, bright, deep orange yellow, and their legs are yellow 
or a dusky yellow, which makes them very desirable for market. Face, 
wattles and comb are a rich red. 

The Pit Games are in various colors, such as Black Red, Brown Red, 
Blue Red, White, and Black, and the stock should be thoroughly tested 
and proven absolutely dead game. Birds should be sure cutters, aggres- 
sive, and warranted never to quit. 

The Red Pyle Game is in general make-up and quality the same as the 
Brown Red or B. B. R. Game, only differing in color. They are very 
courageous and hardy, and to most people not lacking in beauty. Color 
of cock, hackle and saddle, orange, light red or chestnut; breast, shaft 
and margin of feathers chestnut red, wings white and red, tail white, 
body white. The hens are mostly white to a creamy white, running 
darker on breast and wings. 



Geese 

Geese require almost no care, but should have dry quarters. They 
prefer grass on the pasture and on this they will thrive. In winter one 
good meal a day, as much as they will eat, of cooked potatoes or turnips 
with cut clover, ground oats, and ground meat added will be sufflcient. 
The same food is excellent for goslings, which should be fed three 
times a day. 



Guineas 

The Guinea Fowls are usually recorded with the chickens. They are 
good layers, poor mothers, being prone to wander and steal their nest. 
This fowl should not be kept in towns, as their discordant voice in the 
early morning makes them unpleasant for neighbors. 



348 



Seventy Different Breeds of Domestic Fowls 



Hamburgs 



The Hamburge are small, active, and great fliers; for this latter reason 
extra precaution must be taken and they really require a wide range 
to do well. They are among the most persistent layers and when properly 
kept even equal the Ijeghorns. The chicks are rather delicate and the 
adults demand more attention than any of the other egg-producing breeds 
to be equally profitable. 

The Silver Spang:led Hamburgrs are one of the most beautiful varieties 
that can be found on the poultry list. No one can pass a flock of them 
without a glance of admiration. For beauty they are unsurpassed and too 
much could not he said of this beautiful breed. As egg producers they stand 
in the front rank, laying the year around. In color eggs are white, and 
medium in size. Chicks grow quite fast and mature very early. Pullets 
often begin laying at four months old. They are very small feeders, and 
bear confinement in small enclosures remarkably well. For laying 
qualities and beauty, they stand on their own merits and cannot be 
over-estimated. Hens will weigh from 3 to 4% pounds, cocks from 4 
to 5% pounds. 

Houdans 

Houdans are a French fowl. It is not known just how long they have 
been in existence, nor is it known who the originator was. However, 
they are a very old breed and are deserving of considerable credit. The 
Houdan hen is a good layer, her eggs are of good size and in color ar^ 
white. She belongs to the non-setting varieties. After they become several 
years old some of them will get a little broody but are easily broken. The 
Houdans have five toes, a crest and beard, are shaped much like a Dorking, 
hence are considered valuable as a fine table fowl, meat tender, juicy 
and fine flavored. Color of legs of the young is pink; of the old a light 
gray with sometimes pink on the side. The chicks are decidedly hand- 
some and grow very fast, weighing 4 or 5 pounds at the age of 4 months, 
but, of course, the growth depends largely on the food and care they 
receive. They are remarkably hardy and thrive well under ordinary care. 
Standard weight for cocks is 7 pounds, hens 6 pounds. They are not a high 
flyer, will not roam far away, are very tame and docile; one can make fine 
pets of them and they are well adapted for small runs. 



Javas 

The Javas (Black, Mottled, and White) are an old American class of 

fowls that for no good reason have lost popularity. They are excellent 
as egg producers and for market purposes, maturing early and having the 
yellow shanks and toes, the absence of which constitutes an objection 
to some of the dark-colored breeds. The hens make good setters and 
mothers, and the Javas bear confinement well. The Black variety is 
most commonly kept. Weight: Cock, SVz pounds; hen, 7^ pounds. 

The Black Java is an old variety fowl. Tt is claimed that the Black 
Javas were bred from the Plymouth Rock. Now, if the Black Java 
have their orlg-in from the Plymouth Rock, they must of necessity occupy 
a front rank as an American breed. They will withstand the severest 
weather in our northern climates. Also are prolific, and thrive just as 
well in our warmer southern climes. Chicks thrive well from the time 
they come out of the shell till old age, maturing very early. They are 
not as apt to take disease as some other varieties, being as near proof 
against disease as any fowl. They are about the best layers for a large 
fowl, laying a dark-colored egg, but not strictly one color; some are a 
little lighter in color than others. The Java hens make excellent mothers, 
taking the best care of their young. They are good setters, but are not as 
persistently broody as some of the large varieties of fowls. In color 
the Black Java is what the name implies, black throughout. The cocks 
are of a lustrous greenish black, about the same as the Langshans. 
Cocks will weigh from 8 to 10 pounds; hens from 7 to 9 pounds (in good 
flesh). They possess rare market qualities, having the "best possible 
make-up for a valuable market fowl. 



Lakenvelder 



The L,akenvelder resembles the Leghorn in form, size, activity and egg 
laying quality. Color white with black head, hackles, rump, and tail. 



Langshans 

Black Langrshan. — Asiatics, but lighter weight, rangier and longer legged 
than the other members of that class. Standard weights; Cock, 9V4 
pounds; cockerel, 8 pounds; hen, 7% pounds; pullet, 61/2 pounds. Skin 
white with pinkish-white flesh. The tail feathers of the male attain 
great length. Legs and outer toes feathered. Comb single. Color 
black and glossy with a greenish sheen on back. The White variety 
has the same weight and general characteristics as the Black, but the 
plumage is pure white. 

Buff Langrshans. — A very fine breed; have been largely imported from 
England formerly. We have found them among the best breeds for 
laying and general purposes. The demand for them in this country has 
been all that could be desired. 

The White Langshans have given most excellent satisfaction, and are 
more popular than the Black Langshans. Some who are raising them say 
that they lay the year around and are a most excellent table fowl. 




The Silky Fowl, so named 
beLiiUse its plumage has a 
silky, hair-like appearance. 




■^ American?^ 
. Dominique 



The American Dominique. 
A valuable and popular fowl. 




Duck 
Wing' 



The Duck-Wing Game has 
silver-gray plumage, head and 
face bright red. 




Oold-Spangled Hamburgh FowIj 



The Gold-Spangled Ham- 
burgh, one of si.t varieties of 
choice fosL 



349 



Seventy Different Breeds of Domestic Fowls 




1 Iiangsb'aa Fowl, s 



The Langshan, large, showy, 
black plumage, a good layer in 
winter. 




The Wyandotte, has beauti- 
ful plumage and is a good 
layer of large 'eggs. 




Japanese 



The Japanese Bantam. Ban- 
tam, a town on the Island of 
Java. 




'artridge Cochij» 



The Partridge Cochin, a 
large and esteemed breed of 
domestic fowls. 



La Fleche 

This is a French fowl, both male and female having a rich black 
glossy plumage. Has a large compact crest which nearly obscures 
the face. 



Leghorns 

The Rose Comb Brown Leghorns are very popular, being better adapted 
to our colder climates than the Single Comb varieties. They combine both 
usefulness and beauty. As egg producers they are simply the same as 
all other varieties of Leghorns, being first-class in that respect. We 
have often noticed the statement made about some breeder's favorite 
variety, as everlasting layers, egg machines, etc. If there are any 
fowls to which we can justly apply this term, it is to the Leghorn family. 
They have good style, beautiful plumage, and are, generally speaking, very 
handsome and attractive. They are hardy, chicks easily raised, and 
mature quite early. Pullets begin laying quite young if well cared for. 
In size they rank the same as the Single Comb variety. Cocks weigh 
about 4% to 6 pounds, hens 3y2 to 5 pounds. 

Rose Comb Wliite ieghoms. — This is one of the popular breeds of the 
heavy laying varieties, and are identical with the Single Comb White 
Leghorns, except that the comb resembles the combs of the Hamburg, 
and are sometimes called pea-comb Leghorns. They are much admired by 
poultry fanciers and those having egg farms, being wonderful egg pro- 
ducers. Their freedom from frozen combs makes them more desirable for 
our northern climate than the single comb varieties. They are very 
stylish and make a very attractive appearance. They belong to the non- 
setting class of fowls, and are unexcelled as layers by any of the Leghorn 
or other families. The eggs are very white in color and medium size. 
They are very hardy both as chicks and fowls. Chicks grow very fast. 
Pullets frequently begin laying at four months old. They are a very fine 
fowl for the table as far as they go, but being rather small, we could 
not recommend them as a valuable market fowl, but so tar as turnin,? 
cents into dollars in the production of eggs, they stand in the front rank. 

Singrle Comb Brown I^eghorn. — There lias been much dispute as to the 
early history of this variety. Certain it is that the early importations 
were far different from the graceful active brown beauties of today. In 
all but color this variety should be the same as the W^hite Leghorn. 
Body and breast color of male is black. Body color of female light 
brown, the surface on back finely stippled with a darker brown. The 
breast is a rich salmon, shading off lighter under the body. Legs clean 
and yellow; skin yellow. The hens lay white eggs, and are non-setters. 

Singrle Comb Buflf I.egrhom. — ^This breed has the same general breed char- 
acteristics as the other members of the Leghorn family. The color is an 
even shade of rich golden buff, free from shafting or mealy appearance. 
LTnder color a lighter shade. A mingling of different shades of buff in 
different sections is a serious defect. 

Singrle Comb White L,eg:hom. — Origrinated in Italy, but bred in this 
country for many years. As usually bred, small in size, having no 
standard weights. This breed is alert, active, of graceful outlines and 
very attractive appearance. Large, single comb, that of the female 
drooping to one side. Plumage pure white. Legs clean, yellow. The hens 
are prolific layers of white eggs. This breed is the standby of most of the 
large egg farms where white eggs are desired. 



Malays 

This is a little known breed of which the American Standard of Perfec- 
tion says, "the cock has a height of 26 inches and a hen 18 inches," the 
plumage of the male being red or maroon and the female dark brown. 



Minorcas 

The Black Minorca is a well established breed of English fowls, belong- 
ing to the Spanish variety, and wherever bred are considered a valuable 
breed; are hardy both as fowls and chicks, easily raised, mature early, 
and pullets commence laying when very young. They are non-setters, 
small eaters, splendid foragers, and, without doubt, very profitable. Their 
adaptability to all sorts of places, whether in confinement or allowed 
unlimited range, makes them very popular, and suitable to the city fancier 
as well as the farmer. Their plumage is a pure black with green or 
metallic lustre. Their legs are nice and sinooth and medium in length. 
The chief and striking ornament of the cock is his comb, which is very 
large, single, straight as an arrow and evenly serrated; has a large, 
flowing tail, carried somewhat high. The comb of the hen lies over on one 
side of the face, in a peculiar double fold, similar to those of the Leghorn, 
but much larger. Wattles are in proportion to the combs. The face is 
red, but the lobes are of pure white, and show up very distinctly. They 
are very stylish, having a stately, upright carriage, close, compact body, 
medium low, and are of a stouter and squarer build than the Spanish. 
Standard weight of cocks 8 pounds, hens eVa pounds. 

The White Minorcas originated in Spain and are a very old variety. 
How they originated is not known; but the supposition is that they are 
sports from the Black Minorcas, as it is a well known fact that a black 
fowl will occasionally throw off a white chick. 



350 



Seventy Different Breeds of Domestic Fowls 



Minorcas — (Continued) 



The White Minorcas are similar to the Blaclc in every way with the 
exception of color, and as many prefer the white chicken they are very 
popular. 

They lay a very large chalk-white egg and are splendid layers; they 
are larger than the Leghorn family and are a better table fowl, in fact, 
they rank very high as a table fowl; while great in egg-production, the 
hens laying from 200 to 250 eggs in a year. 

As to vitality and productiveness and quality they equal their cousins, 
the Black Minorcas. 

They are the same build, have coral red faces, white ear lobes and of 
same size, they are non-setters, great foragers and rustlers. 

They have splendid plumage, very gay and attractive in appearance, 
having the true Minorca shape and good qualities in general. 



Orpingtons 

The other varieties of Orpingtons were introduced into this country 
ahead of the Blacks and were so popular from the start that we paid 
very little attention to the black birds, but the English breeders who 
originated all the Orpingtons kept insisting that the Blacks had all the 
good qualities of the others, so American breeders finally took them up. 
They immediately proved their worth and today the Black Orpington is 
gaining in popularity faster than any other variety. They have many 
advantages over the other varieties, and their immense size and wonder- 
ful laying qualities make them very profitable. They are very hardy and 
make the quickest growth of any variety known. 

The Single Comb Buff Orpingtons arc becoming a very popular breed. 

They have been a leading breed in England for a number of years; in 
fact, they are as popular there as the Barred Plymouth Rocks are in 
America. As a general purpose fowl they are very good. They have a 
rich buff plumage, and breed as true as any of the buff varieties. They 
are also good layers. They have nice, well-rounded bodies and white 
skin, and have all the good market qualities as well as the laying 
Qualities. They are very quiet and tame, and make good mothers. 

Diamond Jubilee Orpingtons have been but little bred in this country. 
The breed was produced by crossing Hamburgs, Cochins and Speckled 
Dorkings. There are both single and rose comb varieties. The hens are 
very prolific. 

The White Orpingtons are of the same general description as the Buffs, 
except that they are a pure crystal white and they have all the good 
points of the Buffs. This variety has been widely advertised during the 
past few years and a tremendous demand has sprung up for them. They 
can be developed into excellent winter-layers. 



Peacocks 

The Peacock is classed among domestic fowls, and is an exceedingly 
beautiful bird. Native of India. They lay from 25 to 30 eggs and hatch 
out but one brood a year. Accustomed to i-oosting very high in a wild 
state, they desire a high perch where they are kept. 



Plymouth Rocks 



Barred Plymouth Rocks.— This breed is as solid as its name. They 
stand unequaled as general purpose fowls. They are quick to mature and 
make plump, juicy broilers at eight to ten weeks of age. The pullets 
begin laying early and are persistent layers the whole year around. 
American in origin and name. Of tine carriage, medium in size. Stand- 
ard weights: Cock, 9% pounds; cockerel, 8 pounds; hen, 71/2 pounds; 
pullet, 6 pounds. Hardy. Built for business, both egg and meat pro- 
duction. Single comb. Smooth legs and yellow skin. Lays brown eggs. 
Plumage hard to describe; grayish white, each feather crossed by narrow 
bars of darker color extending to the skin. Difficult to breed to standard, 
but the ideal fanciers' fowl. 

Buff Plymouth Book. — Requirements for this variety same, except 
plumage, as for other Plymouth Rocks. The variety is said to have been 
originated in New York State, and to have been exhibited first less than 
a score of years ago. The color desired is a rich golden buff, the same 
shade throughout the specimen being desirable. These are excellent utility 
fowls, as well as desirable for the fancier. 

Columbian Plymouth Rock. — This is probably the newest member of the 
Plymouth Rock family. It was "originated" by several different individu- 
als at about the same time. Some claim its origin as from "sports" 
of the Columbian Wyandotte, others as from crosses of other Rock varieties 
with some Light Brahma blood added. In all but plumage it must 
conform to Rock requirements. The plumage is the same as that of the 
well-known Light Brahma. Well bred, it is a handsome fowl, in black 
and white, and its promoters claim that it stands high in utilitarian 
qualities. 




The-Houdan has black and 
white feather crest A prolific 
layer. 




Brown Leghorn 



The Brown Leghorn has yel 
low legs, lays early, 200 egga 
a year. 




^^^^m._ Spangled Poland, 



The Spangled Poland, like 
silver spangled, ranks high 
among ornamental fowls. 




The Frizzle Fowl is peculiar, 
«very feather curled and turur 
wd back from the body. 



351 



Flavor of Eggs 



The flavor of eggs may be 
affected in two ways, first by the 
absorption of odors after the eggs 
have been laid. Eggs should be 
clean and kept in a clean place 
where disagreeable odors can not 
penetrate. Secondly, the flavor 
of eggs may be affected by the 
character of the food fed to the 
laying hens. 

Too much ground flsh, while 
being a food which helps to pro- 
mote laying, will give the eggs 
an unbearable flavor. Strongly 
flavored vegetables, such as tur- 
nips or onions, if fed freely, will 
have a like, though perhaps not 
so marked, effect. Care, there- 
fore, should be taken with eggs 
intended for consumption to keep 
them away from bad odors, and 
discrimination should be exer- 
cised in the food given to the 
hens. 

If the eggs are to be hatched, 
however, the feeding of fish scrap, 
onions and turnips, and the like, 
will have no deleterious effect 
upon the hatching. 



Frost Bite 



If the comb or wattles of fowls 
become frozen, and It is discov- 
ered before they thaw out, apply 
snow or cold water to remove 
the frost, for this gradual thaw- 
ing will often save them. Then 
apply vaseline to the affected 
parts twice a day. 



Gapes 



Gapes is caused by the presence 
of small worms, which are at- 
tached to the lining of the tra- 
chea or windpipe, where they 
cause much irritation and often 
death to young chickens. 

Gapes usually occur when the 
chicks are from 2 to 6 weeks old. 
Separate the well from the sick 
birds and clean the coops, pens, 
and feed and water dishes by 
disinfecting with a 5 per cent so- 
lution of carbolic acid. Some- 
times the worms can be removed 
from the trachea by inserting a 
feather moistened with turpen- 
tine or kerosene. The oil will 
cause the dislodging of the 
worms, and some will be drawn 
out with the feather while others 
will be expelled by coughing or 
sneezing. Place the chicks on a 
piece of paper, so that the worms 
may be caught and burned. 



Lime 



Ordinarily, the hen does not 
consume enough lime to form the 
shells of eggs if she is laying 
abundantly unless something be- 
sides the ordinary grain feeds is 
accessible to her. Oyster shells 
are very good for this purpose. 
A box of crushed shells may be 
placed before the fowls, allowing 
them to eat at will. 



Plymouth Rocks — (Continued) 

rartrldge Plymouth Rooks. — This new variety of the Plymouth Rock 
family has sprung into universal favor because of their beauty and utility 
qualities. They are very rich and beautiful in color, the male being a rich 
brilliant red, marked with black, and the female a rich mahogany, 
beautifully penciled with a darker color. They stand confinement well 
and are great layers. 

Silver Penciled Plymouth Rook. — This is one of the newest varieties of 
Rocks. There are conflicting claims as to its origin. In shape, size, and 
other Plymouth Rock characteristics they must conform to the breed 
requirements. The general color scheme of the plumage is silvery white 
and black. The beautifully penciled feathers render this a most attract- 
ive variety and as it is claimed to possess the practical qualities of 
the family it should be a good utility fowl as well. 

The Pea Comb Y^Tiite Plymouth Rock is -what we might call a general 
utility breed. Like the Single Comb variety, they possess all the desirable 
qualities of an all purpose breed, and in one point they will surpass them. 
Having the Pea Comb, they are what may be called frost-proof, which is 
a very desirable feature in cold climates. They are not bred as extensively 
as the Single Comb variety, owing to the fact that they are practically a 
new breed, and people have not become acquainted with their qualities as 
they should. They are simply a grand breed of chickens and are 
deserving of a foremost position among breeders. They are large, good 
style, grand, stately carriage, well shaped bodies, have a nice yellow 
skin, which is so desirable in market poultry. Hens make good setters 
(but are not persistently broody), good mothers, will care for their young 
as well as any breed. Their chicks grow very rapidly, feather out early 
and will round up for market when quite young. Their laying qualities 
are not to be disputed. They will lay as many eggs as any of the large 
breeds. Their eggs are the same in color as other Plymouth Rock eggs. 
This is a noble breed and is destined to become one of the leading varieties 
when once their merits are better known. 

White Plymouth Rock. — In size, carriage, color of legs, skin, face, etc., 
same as the Barred, but plumage pure white. Some judges say they have 
more typical shape than the original Barred variety. As table fowls, 
they lead the other varieties in many localities. Whites are easier to 
breed to standard than other varieties of Rocks, hence better for the 
beginner. 



Polish 

WTiite Crested Black Polish. — This is the most beautiful and ornamental 
of all the Polish family. Their large white crests and shining black 
plumage make a very pretty contrast, and they are great layers. The 
eggs are fine flavored. A small pen of these birds make a very beautiful 
sight on the green lawn, and they will keep the table supplied with fresh 
eggs the year around. 



Redcaps 

The Redcaps are an old, useful variety of good size and development. 
Weights, 71/2, 6, 6, and 5 pounds; very large rose comb; color, in male 
red and black, in female, brown and b^ack. 



Rhode Island Reds 

Down in the southern part of the little State of Rhode Island is a 
district known as Little Compton. It lies on the shore of the Atlantic 
Ocean, exposed to the raw winds of winter and the scorching suns of sum- 
mer. The land is poor and rocky, and the soil returns but little when an 
attempt is made to produce farm crops. The people residing in this 
district are of a hardy race and thrifty, yet the natural disadvantages 
of their surroundings would seem to be insurmountable. The men are 
mostly engaged in fishing along the coast and the women raise poultry 
fpr the near-by cities. In such a district, only a very strong, thrifty 
breed of fowls survives, and it is here that we find the 

First Record of Rhode Island Reds 

The residents of this little district produced a hardy breed of fowls that 
were great foragers, quick to mature, and wonderful layers, and yet they 
started out with no definite idea of the breed they were producing. In 
fact, the Rhode Island Reds were produced and bred for years before 
they were known outside of this little district, and it is only in recent 
years that their fame has spread over the country. At first people were 
inchned to scoff at them because of their peculiar color, but now their 
admirers are legion and they have a foremost place with poultrymen. 
both as a fancier's fowl and for market. A great many claim the Reds 
originated from importations from Java brought in by the whaling vessels. 

These fowls have spread over the country like wildfire, and now the 
demand for first-class stock and eggs is something enormous. 

Only one variety leads them in total sales, and that by a small margin. 



352 



Seventy Different Breeds of Domestic Fowls 



Hens' Nests. 

Every poultry house should be 
well supplied with nests which are 
easily accessible and readily re- 
moved for cleaning and disinfect- 
ing. There are many methods of 
arranging nests, each method hav- 
ing some particular advantage 
over all others. 

Location of Nests. 

The nests may in some instances 
be placed under the front edge of 
the dropping board and so ar- 
ranged that the hens enter from 
the rear and the attendant gath- 
ers the eggs by opening a door 
or doors on the front side. This 
is an inexpensive arrangement, as 
the dropping board forms a cover 
for the nests. These nests are 
dark, which is a decided advan- 
tage, as hens like to hide, and 
there is less danger of them 
learning to eat eggs. It has the 
decided disadvantage of making 
the floor under the dropping 
boards of little use in feeding. 
It darkens the floor and hens are 
much more likely to lay in the 
straw on the floor than in the 
nests, with the result that many 
times eggs are left for several 
days before being gathered. The 
careful poultryman who furnishes 
guaranteed eggs will not sell those 
which have been laid on the floor. 
In buildings which have a high 
rear elevation, some trouble may 
be obviated by elevating the roosts 
and dropping board. This can be 
done, especially with Leghorns or 
other light breeds that fly well. For 
the heavier breeds, it will be found 
necessary to put in a slanting 
board with cleats to enable the 
hens to walk to such a height. 

Floor Well Bedded. 

It will always be found neces- 
sary to keep the floor extremely 
well bedded. Many heavy hens 
will jump down from the dropping 
board instead of walking down the 
inclined perch and if the litter is 
thin, they may injure their feet. 

Another and quite common ar- 
rangement is to fasten small open 
boxes to the walls of the poultry 
house. These boxes can be fas- 
tened with two 6d nails and easily 
removed for cleaning. Where this 
system is used, if the boxes should 
accidentally become badly infested 
with mites, the entire box being 
of little value, can be burned and 
new boxes put in. This method 
does not allow trap nesting, and 
the nests are not dark, yet it is 
used very extensively by poultry- 
men. 

Gather Eggs Twice a Day. 
Where hens are confined and al- 
lowed to lay in open nests of this 
type, the eggs should be gathered 
at least twice each day. This is 
an extremely good practice and 
should be followed, especially on 
farms where a good quality of 
table eggs is being produced. 

Size of Nests. 
A nest for a Leghorn or other 
small hen should be 12 Inches 
square; for the larger varieties, 14 
inches square. The nest should 
give at least 12 inches head room 
and be about 14 inches high. They 
should be kept clean and well 
bedded with fine nesting material, 
such as straw or hay. Shavings, 
excelsior, etc., are not satisfactory 
as a rule, for they may stain the 
eggs. Coarse straw and other 
harsh substances do not make sat- 
isfactory nesting material. A hen 
likes a piable, soft substance in 
the nest. 



First Record of Rhode Island Reds — (Continued) 

This breed comes in two distinct varieties, each the counterpart of the 
other except in the shape of comb. The Rose Comb birds are well fitted 
to withstand the extreme cold of the northern winters and the Single 
Comb birds are adapted to the warmer climates and for those who do 
not fancy a rose comb. The Single Combs will do as well in cold weather 
as the others but must be kept warmer to prevent their combs from 
freezing. Many poultry raisers in northern Canada are getting the best 
results from their Single Comb birds. 

The Rose Comb Reds are identical with the Single Combs except that 
they have a low, close-fitting rose comb not so liable to be frosted. 



White Faced Black Spanish 

Black Spanish Fowls belong to the Mediterranean class. They are a 
non-setting breed, and are as hardy as the Asiatics. The Spanish are 
much larger than Leghorns, being as heavy as Wyandottes. As layers 
they are not surpassed by the Leghorns. They lay a large, white egg, 
and lots of them. Their plumage is a rich, glossy black throughout. 



Sultans 

"The Sultans have," says the Standard, "for their most attractive char- 
acteristics, the novel feature of a full crest, muff and beard. Plumage, 
male and female, pure white." 



Turkeys 

"Have for turkeys," says "Making the Farm Pay," "an open shed for 
roosting. Feed them in the same manner as suggested for hens in 
winter." 



Wyandottes 

The Black Wyandotte is one of the most valuable breeds, and all 
because of their "good qualities as a general purpose fowl. Their plumage 
is a beautiful glossy black, which makes them very attractive. 

The Buff Color. — Many prefer this color, and with it you get all the 

quality that is given for any of the other classes of Wyandottes. 

In general utility, the size, shape, egg laying qualifications, etc., are 
practically the same in all the Wyandotte family, of which there are quite 
a number. You will notice that we list the Buff, Golden, White, Silver 
Laced, Partridge, and Columbian. Some prefer one, while others choose 
another. There are so many people who prefer the buff color to any 
other, and would like to have something in the Wyandotte class, and 
to lovers of such a fowl we highly recommend the Buff Wyandottes. 
It is a breed that will not by any means disappoint you. They are all 
that you can possibly expect of them. The Buff Wyandottes are good 
layers, and especially if you get a good laying strain introduced. 

The Buff W'yandottes make good mothers and are good setters, but 
they are not persistently broody. The chicks are hardy and grow vigorous, 
maturing very early. Cock-birds will weigh from 7 pounds to 9 pounds, 
and hens from 6 pounds to 8 pounds. The standard requirements of the 
color of this breed calls for a rich golden buff. 

The Columbian Wyandottes are a very popular fowl indeed. It is a 
fowl that is not known by every one, and a fowl that you do not find 
in every barn yard. It is considered one of the most beautiful fowls. 

The Light Brahma is the older of the two fowls, and being very beau- 
tiful, it was the desire of breeders to get a bird with the same markings. 
with smooth shanks. The result was the Columbian Wyandotte. This 
bird is not as large as the Light Brahma, by any means, and does not 
have quite the same shape. It has smooth, yellow shanks. The Colum- 
bian Wyandottes are not unlike other Wyandottes as far as shape and 
other utility characteristics are concerned. The Wyandotte family, next 
to the Rock family, is one of the most widely known of any of the poultry 
breeds, and is looked upon as having peculiar characteristics of their own 
that really excel some of the other well-known breeds that are offered. 
The Columbian is by no means a sport of any of the other Wyandotte 
varieties, but it is a breed that has been built up by itself, and has been 
bred up from some of the most noted strains, and has proven to be 
one of the highest class of the Wyandotte breed. 

The Golden Wyandottes were made by crossing the Silver Wyandotte 
with a breed known, locally, as Winnebagoes — a strong breed of a red 
color, now extinct. The Golden Wyandotte has a tendency to grow 
rather larger than the other varieties of this family, which is in its 
favor as a market fowl. It is often called the "beauty breed," on account 
of its pleasing combination of color, the males being red and black on 
back, neck, tail and wings, while the breast feathers of males and the 
entire body plumage of females is composed of a ground color of a deep 
rich bay each feather bordered or laced, with a narrow edging of deep 
lustrous black. The Golden Wyandotte has all the good qualities of the 
Wyandotte family. 



353 



Seventy Different Breeds of Domestic Fowls 



Wyandottes — (Continued) 



Partridge Wyandottes. — This excellent variety of fowls is in color the 
same as the Partridge Cochin, but in all other respects they are much 
different. We find in them the same excellent qualities that we do in the 
older Wyandotte families. They are strong and hardy, and as chicks 
they develop very rapidly. They are splendid layers of eggs the same 
color and size as the other Wyandottes; have nice yellow skin and legs, 
which is very desirable in market poultry; make good mothers, but are 
not inveterate setters; will hatch their own chicks if permitted to do so. 
In size they are fully as large as the Silver or White Wyandotte; have 
nice low rose comb, which makes them particularly well adapted to cold 
climates. 

Silver Laced Wyandottes. — This is the original Wyandotte family. Its 
introduction was hailed with delight, and it at once became very popular. 
No one knows what mixture of blood was used in making the breed, but 
there is reason to believe Silver Spangled Hamburg and White Cochin 
blood were both used. Silver Wyandottes are very hardy; the chicks 
mature early, and the hens are fine layers. In the great Australian Laying 
Competition, a pen of Silver Wyandottes won the first prize two years in 
succession, each pen averaging more than 200 eggs for each hen in it 
twelve months. In this country a Silver Wyandotte hen has made a 
record of 804 eggs in four consecutive years. This record has never 
been beaten. The chicks are ready for market at any time, as they 
get their plumage at once, and grow up symmetrical and plump. Good 
Silver Wyandottes are always in demand. 

White Wyandottes. — Next to the Barred and White Kocks, probably the 
White Wyandottes are the most popular breed of chickens and many 
contend that they are the best all around general purpose fowl. There is 
no doubt that they are the most popular breed for broilers and are 
used on the great broiler plants of the country. They are pure white 
in color, feather out quickly and cover with plumage at a very early 
age. They have very square, compact, plump bodies. They have a neat, 
rather small rose comb; wattles are small and ear lobes bright red. They 
have yellow legs and beak. They excel as layers and especially as winter 
layers and respond readily to good treatment or do excellent as foragers. 
For the past few years this breed has crowded all other varieties in 
numbers shown at the big shows and there is no question of their growing 
popularity. 



Color Produced by Feed- 
ing 

It has long been known that 
food has considerable effect upon 
color. Yellow or red maize will 
make most white fowls percepti- 
bly more yellow than white maize 
or other grain, and much hem- 
seed will darken the ground color 
of a moulting Brahma hen. 

It has also been kno'.vn for 
many years that the cons\;a.nt use 
of iron, whether in natural chalyo- 
eate streams or given artificially, 
tends generally to intensify color, 
whether in legs, plumage, or yolks 
of the eggs. The most definite 
effect of food upon color generally 
known is in canaries, in which 
(or rather in some of which, for 
the effect varies greatly in in- 
dividuals) the constant adminis- 
tration of cayenne throughout the 
whole period during which the 
feather is growing converts a rich 
yellow into very deep orange-red. 
This fact, coupled with the suc- 
cess of some breeders in showing 
rich, deep buff in the many buff 
varieties of fowls which have be- 
come so popular since 1890, has 
led many to the conclusion that 
the best specimens owe their fine 
buff color and other colors like 
the bay of Golden Hamburgs, 
their richness, to special feeding 
even more than to careful breed- 
ing, and "color feed" for poultry 
is occasionally advertised in the 
poultry papers. — Wright's Poultry 
Book. 



GEESE AND DUCKS 
CONVENIENCES NECESSARY IN THIS DEPARTMENT OF POULTRY 




Toulouse goose aod gaudeiw 




Boueo duck aod drake. 



MANAGEMENT OF GEESE 



The goose cannot profitably be 
raised in as large numbers as the 
duck, but still it cannot be termed 
unprofitable. There are many 
places on a farm that are worth- 
less for cultivation that could be 
utilized with excellent results for 
goose raising. Fields that have 
stream?, branches, or unused 
springs on them could be turned 
to good advantage by making 
them into goose pastures. Many 
farmers are profiting by this and 
adding to their incomes annually. 



The care and attention neces- 
sary for raising geese are very 
small when compared with the 
returns, and the cost of food is 
also proportionately small in com- 
parison with the cost of food 
used for other birds bred for the 
market. A goose on range will 
gather the largest portion of its 
food, consisting of grasses, in- 
sects, and other animal and vege- 
table matter to be found in the 
fields and brooks. A free range 
and access to water are required. 



The simplest kinds of houses 
are used for shelter; these should 
be built after the plans of those 
for ducks, but should be propor- 
tionately of larger size to accom- 
modate comfortably the number 
of birds to be kept. 

Geese are long-lived birds, some 
having been known to attain the 
age of 40 years, while birds 15 
and 20 years of age are not un- 
common. They retain their lay- 
ing and hatching qualities through 
life. 



3.54 



Seven Breeds of Geese — Ponds for Use of Ducks 



Ganders should not be kept for 
breeding after 3 years of age; 
young ganders ■ are more active 
and insure greater fertility of the 
eggs than old ones do; besides, 
ganders become more quarrelsome 
as age advances. 

Standard Varieties 

There are seven standard va- 
rieties of geese, as follows: Gray 
Toulouse, AVhite Embden, Gray 
African, Brown Chinese, White 
Chinese, Gray Wild and Colored 
Egyptian. 

All breeds of geese, except per- 
haps the Egyptian, are to be rec- 
ommended to farmers who keep 
a limited number in addition to 
other poultry and allow them the 
freedom of the farm; but when 
goose raising is to be more ex- 
tensively engaged in, the African 
goose is to be especially recom- 
mended. It is the quickest to 
mature, most prolific, and the 
easiest to handle of all varieties. 

In breeding African geese mate 
two geese to one gander, and it 
will be still better if pairs are 
used to secure better fertility of 
the eggs. 

The most satisfactory results 
are to be had by breeding pure 



standard-bred stock without 
crossing. But for those who are 
partial to crosses the following 
are considered the best to make: 

(1) Wild gander on African goose; 

(2) Embden gander on Toulouse 
goose; (3) Embden gander on Af- 
rican goose, and (4) Embden gan- 
der on White China goose. These 
crosses will give good growth 
and the young birds will dress 
well for the market. Crosses 
should only be made for market 
purposes, and should always be 
bred from original stock. 

Fattening Young Geese 

To fatten young geese, place 
them in a pen, not too large, so 
that they will not exercise too 
much, and feed three times a day 
all they will eat up clean of the 
following: Corn meal mixed to 
a dry, crumbly state, and beef 
scraps amounting to 20 per cent 
of the bulk of the corn meal. 

While fattening young geese 
they should be kept as quiet as 
possible; no excitement whatever 
should disturb them. When feed- 
ing approach them quietly, and 
do not Irritate them in the least 
or they will not fatten, but will 



"throw out" or grow another crop 
of feathers. At 10 weeks of age, 
or when the tips of the wings 
reach the tail, they are ready for 
market and should weigh between 
8 and 10 pounds. 

Young geese should be market- 
ed in Qctober. It is best to mar- 
ket all possible before cold weath- 
er sets in. It is much harder to 
dress a gosling in cold weather. 
The feathers set tighter, and in 
picking them the flesh is torn. 



Good Setters and Mothers 

Almost all breeds of geese are 
good setters and attentive moth- 
ers, and if left to themselves will 
make their nests, much as when 
wild, and hatch a large percent- 
age of their eggs. But hens are 
now more frequently used for 
hatching goose eggs; as by taking 
the eggs from the goose when laid 
and giving them to hens to hatch, 
the goose will lay a greater num- 
ber of eggs than if she were 
permitted to set. 

The feathers of geese are an 
important source of revenue and 
find a ready sale in the markets. 
A goose will average about 1 
pound of feathers a year. 



SHOWING HOW STREAM MAY BE USED FOR RAISING DUCKS 




-House for breeding ducks, sbowins wattsr runs. 



RAISING DUCKS FOR MARKET 



Duck raising- has been devel- 
oped into a flourishing industry 
within the last twenty-five years. 
Prior to that time the duck was 
not considered a profitable bird 
to raise. Its flesh was never es- 
teemed very highly by the general 
public. Ducks were raised with- 
out constraint in waterways, feed- 
ing mostly on fish and water In- 
sects. This food gave the flesh 



a strong fishy flavor; hence it 
was not particularly sought after, 
save by the few who were partial 
to that class of diet. The duck 
centers of Long Island and New 
England were then producing a 
limited number each season, and 
it was with difficulty that these 
were sold with any profit. 

In recent years, however, arti- 
ficial incubation and brooding. 



combined with judicious feeding, 
have been instrumental in the de- 
velopment of the industry. Ma- 
chinery enables the duck raiser 
to have his stock in the markets 
when prices are the best, and 
also to raise large numbers of 
birds in a limited space of time. 
The season for raising ducks is 
about six months — from February 
to July, inclusive. 



355 



The Twelve Standard Breeds of Ducks in This Country 



SIX BREEDS AS FOLLOWS: 

1. White Pekin 

2. Wbite Aylesbury 
3. Colored Rouen 
4. Black Cayuga 
5. Colored Muscovy 
6. White Muscovy 

The novice will do well to be- 
gin by studying the methods em- 
ployed by successful duck raisers, 
and to use only the most ap- 
proved buildings, appliances, and 
plans of feeding and care. 

Duck raising is to be recom- 
mended to farmers as a profitable 
source of revenue. There are 
iiuinoers of tarms In this country 
today that are devoted exclusive- 
ly to raising ducks, averaging 
from 5,000 to 30,000 ducks as an 
annual output. An idea of the 
proportions of the business may 
be had from the fact that as 
high as three tons of feed are 
used daily by a single raiser dur- 
ing the busy season. The profits 
are the very best, and good in- 
comes may be made when once 
the business is thoroughly mas- 
tered. But the reader should not 
jump to the conclusion that these 
results can be easily obtained. 
Duck raising is an arduous task; 
one that requires an apprentice- 
ship and absolute knowledge of 
the business before success is 
reached. 

The average farmer has all 
the facilities for raising a goodly 
number of ducks, and may with 
a little outlay add considerably to 
his income. 

It is not at all necessary that 
ducks should have access to 
■water to be raised successfully, 
for they grow and thrive as read- 
ily without it. There are success- 
ful plants where thousands of 
ducks are raised that have no 
■water, save that which is given 
them as drink. 



Without Water 

Some duck raisers use water in 
ponds, etc., and allow tlieir breed- 
ers the freedom of it; some allow 
the growing stock intended for 
market free access to water until 
they are eight weeks, when they 
are penned and fattened for mar- 
ket. On the other hand, there 
are raisers having no water on 
their farms, except in wells, who 
are just as successful and raise 
as many birds as those who have 
the water. 

The only noticeable difference 
between "upland" and "water" 
ducks is that the latter are of 
cleaner and prettier plumage than 
the former. 

There are twelve standard va- 
rieties of ducks raised in this 
country, as follows: The White 
Pekin, White Aylesbury, Colored 
Rouen, Black Cayuga, Colored 
Muscovy, White ■Muscovy, Indian 
Runner, Gray Call, White Call, 
Black East India, Crested White, 
and Blue Swedish. Of these va- 
rieties, the first seven are con- 
sidered profitable to raise; the 
two varieties of Calls and the 
Black East India are bantams, 
and are bred more for the show- 
room; the Crested White may be 
considered as almost purely orna- 
mental, while at present but little 
is known of the Blue Swedish in 
this country. 

Of all the ducks for farm and 
practical purposes none stands 




White Pekin duck and drake. 



higher in popular esteem than the 
White Pekin. It is valuable for 
raising on a large scale and is 
the most easily raised of all. It 
is a very timid bird and must be 
handled quite carefully. It was 
imported from China in the early 
seventies, and has steadily grown 
in popularity since its Introduc- 
tion into this country. These ducks 
are large, they are the best of 
table fowls and excellent layers. 

The Colored Rouen duck is de- 
servedly popular throughout this 
country, and is considered one 
of the most profitable varieties 
to keep. These ducks are said 
to have come originally from the 
city of Rouen, in Normandy. The 
flesh is considered very delicate 
and the breed is easily fattened. 

The Black Cayuga is distinctly 
an American duck, having been 
bred so long in this country that 
all trace of its origin is lost. It 
is said that it was first found 
in the central part of New York. 
It is a good practical duck to 
keep, though most duck raisers 
prefer the white-feathered birds. 



Buildings for Breeding 
Ducks 

Houses for ducks are simple af- 
fairs. They are built plain and 
coiTifortable, and have no fur- 
nishings whatever. A duck is 
differently constituted from a hen, 
and must be cared for under dif- 
ferent conditions. The hen needs 
warmer houses and drier sur- 
roundings than does the duck. 
A duck does not mind the cold 
if she can keep her feet warm. 
Cold feet will affect a duck as 
a frozen comb does a hen, re- 
tarding laying and inducing ail- 
ments. The feathers of a duck 
are almost impenetrable and will 
withstand almost any degree of 
cold. Then again, a duck cannot 
stand the amount of confinement 
in a house that a hen can; she 
is more restless in disposition and 
is given to exercise in a greater 
degree than is a hen. 

The duck house can be built 
of rough boards, 12 inches by 1 
inch, and the joints covered by 
3-inch by 1-inch strips. The roof 
should be made water-tight and 
covered with roofing-paper, shin- 
gles or tin. The outside should 
be well drained around the bot- 
tom, that it may not be damp. 

If the house is well drained 
on the outside and the earth floor 
is covered with hay, straw, or 
leaves, it will be perfectly satis- 
factory. There must noi be damp- 
ness in the house, as the birds 



SIX BREEDS AS FOLLOWS: 

7. Indian Runner 
8. Gray Call 
9. White Call 

10. Black East India 
11. Crested White 
13. Blue Swedish 

will not do so well; while they 
are given to water on the outside 
they must have comfortable quar- 
ters in which to "warm up" or 
"dry out." 

It is not necessary to provide 
nests for ducks. More than half 
the eggs are laid on the floor of 
the house or in the yard, and, if 
permitted, a duck will build her- 
self a nest to her liking. 

An inclosure should be given 
the breeding ducks, as they do 
better confined than when at lib- 
erty. 



Care of Ducklings 

Most duck raisers who operate 
on a large scale plan to have a 
"warm brooder house" and a "cold 
brooder house." Young ducklings, 
when taken from the nest or in- 
cubator, are very delicate and 
susceptible to the changes of the 
atmosphere; they must be kept 
very warm and free from chilling. 
The first three weeks of a duck- 
ling's life are the most critical 
period, and after that time the 
liabilities of loss are reduced to 
a very low rate — hardly five to 
the hundred. 

The front of brooders for young 
ducklings should be hung with 
strips of woolen cloth to keep in 
the warmth of the brooder. The 
greatest care should be given them 
at this period; duck raisers con- 
sider it the most important part 
of their work, and after a bird 
has passed this "critical age" it 
may be counted on for the mar- 
ket. 

The duckling goes from the 
warm brooder house to the cold 
brooder house. When the birds 
are taken from the warm brooder 
house they are three weeks old 
and of sufficient age to withstand 
a cooler temperature. They do 
not need the extra heat of the 
warm house, and in it would not 
grow nearly so well. The size of 
pens in the growing house is 
larger, and the ducklings are not 
crowded so many in a pen. The 
brooder houses are, of course, 
equipped with a system of heat- 
ing that can be easily regulated. 



When Salable 

Ducklings are kept in the cold 
brooder house until they are 6 
or 7 weeks old, when they are 
transferred to larger "growing 
houses." It is here that they are 
pushed for the market until they 
are 10 weeks old, when they are 
salable. There is no heat in the 
growing houses, which are used 
only as a means of shelter dur- 
ing the early spring months. 
When the weather is well ad- 
vanced, the ducks seldom take 
to the houses at night; they pre- 
fer the outside and spend their 
nights on the ground. The grow- 
ing houses should be abundantly 
ventilated, as too close an at- 
mosphere will do more harm in 
a single night than if they had 
not been housed at all. 



356 



What to Feed Ducks — How and When Feed — Cost of Raising 



Supplying Water 



As has been previously stated, 
water for bathing is not at all 
necessary for growing ducks, but 
a liberal supply fo- drinking Is 
absolutely essential to their 
growth. The food of the duck is 
such as to require drink when eat- 
ing, as it is comparatively dry 
and cannot be eaten hurriedly, as 
grain Is. When feeding, always 
replenish the water troughs or 
fountains with pure fresh water 



Feeding Ducks 



The food of the duck is both 
vegetable and animal in nature. 
In the wild state it gathers its 
food from brooks and marshes, 
consisting of flag, grasses, small 
fishes," water insects, etc. When 
the birds are raised in confine- 
ment this diet must. In a meas- 
ure, be imitated to get the most 
satisfactory results. 

The duck has no crop, the food 
passing directly from the throat 
to the gizzard, and as a conse- 
quence the food must be in a 
soft mushy state. Too much hard 
food, such as grain, does • not 
agree with these birds and they 
cannot thrive on It. While some 
raisers use a small allowance of 
grain others do not, and it has 
not been proved to be of any ad- 
vantage to feed it. Soft food is 
the duck's natural diet, together 
with grasses, vegetables, and ani- 
mal food. 



Method of Feeding 

It costs from 6 to 12 cents a 
pound to raise a duck for market 
at ten weeks of age. It costs 
from $1.75 to $2.50 each to keep 
breeding ducks a year. 

The usual hours for feeding are 
6 a. m., 10 a. m., 2 p. m., and 
6 p. m. 

Below is given a system of feed- 
ing ducks for marketing at ten 
weeks of age, as used successfully 
by one of the largest duck raisers 
on Long Island. It is divided into 
three parts, as follows: 

(1) From time of hatching to 
seven days old, feed equal 
parts by measure, corn meal, 
wheat bran, and No. 2 grade flour, 
and 10 per cent of this bulk 
coarse sand. Mix with water to 
a dry crumbly state and feed four 
times a day. 

(2) From seven to fifty-six 
days old, feed equal parts by 
measure, corn meal, wheat bran, 
and No. 2 grade flour; 10 per 
cent of this bulk beef scraps; 10 
per cent coarse sand, and 12% 
per cent green foods (green rye, 
oats, clover, etc.). Mix with water 
to a dry crumbly state and feed 
four times a day. 

(3) From 56 to 70 days old, 
feed two parts by measure, corn 
meal; one part wheat bran; one 
part No. 2 grade flour; 12% per 
cent of this bulk beef scraps; 10 
per cent coarse sand; 12% per 
cent green food. Mix with water 
to a dry crumbly state and feed 
three times a day — morning, noon 
and night. Give last feed an 
hour before sundown. 

When ducks are raised for 
breeders they are fed differently 



from those intended for market. 
They are not forced so much as 
are the latter, and less fattening 
food is given them. The corn 
meal and beef scraps are reduced 
to one-half quantity used in the 
above rations. The following is 
an excellent ration: Equal parts 
corn meal, wheat bran, green 
food, 5 per cent beef scraps, and 
5 per cent coarse sand or grit. 

Grit in some form is essential 
to ducks, and should be kept be- 
fore them at all times. Many 
overlook this fact, and do not 
seem to understand that it is of 
as much value to them as it is 
to chickens. 



Hatching Ducklings 

Hatching under the setting hen 
(generally used for hatching 
ducks) is what is termed the nat- 
ural process of incubation. The 
hatching of eggs by this means 
has always been followed, and no 
special skill is needed for suc- 
cess, provided the eggs are well 
fertilized with healthy gprms. 
Many who raise ducks in large 
numbers, however, use almost ex- 
clusively artificial means;' some 
use both the natural and the ar- 
tificial, while others use the nat- 
ural entirely. 

There are many thousands of 
ducklings hatched by artificial 
means each year, and numbers of 
good mechanical incubators are 
now manufactured in this coun- 
try at low prices. The methods 
of artificial incubation for ducks 
are in general similar to those 
fully described in the article on 
the incubation of chickens. 





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Colony Uouses. View of ^Michigan Poultry Farm, Lansing:, Slich. 



Separate Houses 

The colony house sy.steni con- 
sists of having one flock of one 
colony in one building. Colony 
houses are of two types, the port- 
able and non-portable. The port- 
able type of colony house has 
many advantages, especially for 
growing young stock. The usual 
method is to nail them on run- 
ners and then have a team draw 
them from place to place as 
wished. 

This type of house saves much 
feed which has been wasted in 
the fields. You may draw the 
house into the grain field after 
the crop has been harvested, and 
then, after the oats is cut, the 
house and chickens can be moved 
into the oat field, etc. In this 
way stock is always kept on clean 
ground and gets more insects than 
would be possible when kept 
around the farm buildings. 



Setting Hen 



The setting hen must have her 
daily care and attention, just like 
the incubator. 

One of the best foods for setting 
hens is whole corn or corn chop, 
together with green food, grit 
and fresh water. Place the corn 
and water in front of the nest so 
that during the first day or two 
the hen will not have to leave 
her nest to eat and drink. On 
the third day release her and 
scatter grain on the ground. 

Try to have it so arranged that 
she can get a dust bath. A for- 
mula for a good dust bath is 
equal parts of coal and land 
plaster or fine sand, and some 
lice powder. Let the hen remain 
off the nest for about five min- 
utes. The next day take her off 
at the same hour, if possible, and 
from then on she may stay off 
the nest until the eggs are cooled 
to blood heat. 



Stop Desire to Set 

To stop a hen from being 
broody, place her in a small crate 
or wire exhibition pen with a 
slatted bottom, so that she has 
nothing substantial to sit upon. 
You should then place the crate 
or pen in the run with the other 
birds, and place the broody hen 
in the same, then commence to 
feed her very sparingly indeed, 
but supply her with plenty of 
drinking water. 

The broody hen should not be 
fed until some time after you 
have fed the other birds, but she 
should be placed near the other 
birds when you are feeding them. 
After the broody hen has been 
kept in the above structure for a 
couple of days, all signs of broodi- 
ness will have been suppressed 
without doing the bird any harm. 



357 



The Six Standard Breeds of Turkeys 



THE 
NARRAGANSETT 

THE BUFF TURKEY 

THE BRONZE 
TURKEYS 

Standard Varieties and 
Management 

No other kind of domestic poul- 
try has come into such general 
use throughout the entire world 
for holiday feasts as has the tur- 
key. Market statistics show that 
there has been an active demand 
for turkeys for many years past 
and the best birds invariably 
bring good prices. In fact there 
is no kind of poultry more profit- 
able than turkeys when properly 
handled. 

The fact that from the time 
they are six weeks old until win- 
ter sets in, turkeys will gain the 
greater part of their entire living 
from bugs, grasshoppers and waste 
grain that they pick up in their 
wanderings over the range, as- 
sures their existence during this 
period at little or no cost to the 
grower. In other words, they 
may be termed self-sustaining 
foragers where they have suffi- 
cient range. 



Preferred Weight for 
Market 



Turkeys that are hatched early 
in the spring should grow to 
weigh from 14 to 20 pounds by 
Thanksgiving week. These 

weights are often exceeded by the 
best growers, but as they are the 
most popular and most readily 
produced, they are suggested as 
the most advisable. 

The average yield of turkey 
hens is from 18 to 30 eggs, each 
of which can usually be counted 
on to produce a living poult. The 
question of profit from keeping 
turkeys simply resolves itself into 
the ability of the grower to bring 
them to a marketable size. This 
can readily be done if care and 
attention be given to all the re- 
quirements for success. 



Six Standard Varieties 



Six standard varieties of tur- 
keys are more or less grown in 
this country, viz: Bronze, Narra- 
gansett. Buff. Slate, White, and 
Black. The main differences are 
in size and color of plumage. 
The Bronze and the Narragansett 
are the largest, the Buff and Slate 
are the medium, and the Black 
and White the smallest. 



Roosting Places 



Turkeys do better when they 
can roost in the open. If well 
fed, they will thrive inore in the 
shelter of the trees than in a 
close, confined house. The trou- 
bles that arise from allowing them 
to live in the trees are that they 




THE SLATE TURKEY 
THE WHITE TURKEY 
THE BLACK TURKEY 



Bronze turkej cock. 

become wild and frequently are 
stolen. If housed, their quarters 
should be airy, roomy, and per- 
fectly clean. It is not wise to 
have them roost with other poul- 
try. 

Origin of Varieties 

Our domestic turkeys have all 
been bred from the wild turkey of 
the United States and Canada 
and the wild turkey of Mexico. 
Climatic conditions have prevent- 
ed the Honduras, or Ocellated, 
turkey from playing any consider- 
able part in bringing the domes- 
tic turkey to its present state of 
development. The wild turkey of 
North America has for the most 
part been used as the foundation 
from which size and vigor in our 
domestic stock have been gained. 
As to the origin of the White va- 
riety, nothing that may be classed 
as authentic is recorded. The 
Blacks may have come from 
either of the wild varieties as 
sports, and the same may be said 
of the Whites. 

The Bronze turkey holds the 
post of honor. It probably orig- 
inated from a cross between the 
wild and the tame turkey. Its 
beautiful rich plumage and its 
size have come from its wild pro- 
genitor. To maintain these desir- 
able qualities, crosses are contin- 
ually made. In this way the 
mammoth size has been gained. 
Their standard weight ranges 
from 16 to 36 pounds, according 
to age and sex. Probably more 
of this variety are grown each 
year than of all others. 



Selection of Breeding 
Stock 

A few plain rules which may 
be observed in the selection of 
breeding stock are as follows: 

1. — Always use as breeders tur- 
key hens over one year old. Be 
sure they are strong, healthy, and 
vigorous, and of good medium 
size. In no instance select the 
smaller ones. Do not strive to 
have them unnaturally large. 

2. — The male may be a year- 
ling or older. Do not imagine 
that the large overgrown males 
are the best. Strength, health, 
and vigor, with well-proportioned 
medium size are the main points 
of excellence. 



3. — Avoid close breeding. New 
blood is of vital importance to 
turkeys. Better send a thousand 
miles for a new male than risk 
the chance of inbreeding. Se- 
cure one in the fall so as to be 
assured of his health and vigor 
prior to the breeding season. 

The best rule for mating is to 
have four or five females to one 
male or torn. 



Egg Laying 



The hen turkey will begin lay- 
ing from the middle of March to 
the first of April. In the warmer 
localities they begin to lay even 
earlier than this. 

A feature of vital importance is 
assured fertility of the eggs. As 
soon as the hen turkey has paired 
with the male she pays but lit- 
tle attention to him for the time, 
being fully intent on locating a 
nesting place where she can lay 
her eggs. 

It often occurs that the hen 
will begin to lay at a time when 
changeable weather may endan- 
ger the vitality of her eggs. She 
should be closely watched in her 
wanderings, so as to locate her 
nest and gather the eggs in order 
to protect them from the cold 
nights that may come at this 
early season of the year. 



Hiding Nests 



If unrestrained, the hen will 
naturally select some secluded 
place, under a pile of lumber or 
logs, or in the brush, for example, 
where she can hide her nest, 
hatch, and bring out her young 
after her natural inclination. If 
she selects a place which is not 
well protected, it is better to 
provide a box or coop, with a 
suitable opening for ingress and 
egress, to protect her and her 
eggs from the weather during the 
four weeks of incubation. In ad- 
dition to this, a slat or lath frame 
may be placed over her a short 
time prior to the hatching of the 
eggs, so as to prevent the hen 
from wandering away with the 
young poults as soon as hatched. 

Those who favor the "perfect 
liberty" plan may secure larger 
flocks by following the above sug- 
gestions. Good care should also 
be given to the feeding* of these 
semiwild flocks while young and 
in unusually wet weather. 

When the grower wishes to save 
all the eggs laid, provision must 
be made against the hiding of 
nests by shtitting the hens into 
inclosures. In this way they may 
be taught to lay in prepared nests, 
where they will set when broody. 
From these inclosures they m"y 
be given freedom to roam about 
after 3 or 4 o'clock each day, or 
after they have laid. When roost- 
ing time comes, either conx or 
drive them back if they do not 
go voluntarily. By so doing one 
may have eggs to sell or set at 
will. Turkey hens will lay from 
IT) to 20 eggs before becoming 
broody. 



358 



Facts About Turkeys 



Wide Range Necessary 

It is not advisable to keep tur- 
keys on a small contined place. 
Some have done well with them 
on from 8 to 20 acres, but only 
a few can be grown in this way 
and by the exercise of constant 
care. 

A wide range of territory for 
them to go over undisturbed is of 
vital importance; here they will 
select the kind of food most to 
their liking. In the early spring 
and summer season such a range 
furnishes plenty of food and ex- 
ercise for the breeding stock, and 
later the finest feeding-grounds 
for the growing poults. 

If it is found nece.isary to con- 
fine them, all that is needed is a 
shed or house that will protect 
them from the elements and ma- 
rpuders of all kinds, and at the 
same time not be too confining 
for them. Place the roosts well 
up from the floor, and keep the 
interior perfectly clean and free 
from vermin. 

In localities where it is not too 



cold during the winter months, 
it is better to allow the breeding 
stock to roost out in the open, 
either in the trees, or upon roosts 
prepared for them by planting 
posts that project about 8 feet 
above the ground. Upon these 
place long poles about 2 or 2 Vi 
inches in diameter for roosts. 
Roosting places of this kind are 
better sheltered when located on 
the south side of a barn or build- 
ing. 



Hatching 



Turkey hens produce such a 
limited number of eggs that It 
is seldom necessary to use an 
incubator for their hatching, as 
the hens themselves can hatch all 
they lay, or nearly all. Some- 
times turkey eggs for hatching 
are given to chicken hens of large 
size and the poults they bring 
from the eggs are given to the 
turkey hen to rear. 

It takes from 27 to 29 days for 
turkey eggs to hatch. The eggs 



are usually fertile and quite often 
each egg in the nest will produce 
a living poult. 

Some turkey hens will rear two 
broods in a season when permit- 
ted so to do. 

While incubating their eggs the 
hens should be supplied with food 
and water; these should be placed 
close at hand where they may 
go to them at will; or their com- 
ing from the nest, as they will 
each day, should be observed so 
that they may be fed and wat- 
ered. Good sound wheat and corn 
are best for their food at this 
time. 

Growing the Poults 

The most difficult part of tur- 
key raising is to know how to 
care for the poults. It will be 
necessary to learn from actual 
experience what to do and when 
to do it, as well as acquiring a 
knowledge from other breeders 
and from study of standard works 
on the subject. 




-Squabs ("squeakers"), 2i hours old. 



Squab Raising 

The raising of squabs, or young 
pigeons, for the market has been 
made a profitable business by 
many farmers and suburban resi- 
dents in recent years. 

The standard size for squabs Is 
8 pounds to the dozen, the birds 
being killed before they get so 
large that they leave the nests. 

It will pay to go into the pigeon 
business for squabs only provided 
one gets the right kind of stock 
and gives careful attention and 
proper management. 

The best breed to use for squab 
rai.sing is straight Homers or a 
cross between them and Dragoons. 
Successful breeders use Homers al- 
most exclusively, because they are 
the best workers and feeders and 
raise larger squabs in four weeks' 
time than any other variety. By 
a cross of straight Homers with 
DraP'oons you get a larger squab 
in four weeks' time than with 



straight Dragoons. A pair of 
straight Dragoons requires five 
weeks to bring squabs to market 
size, but the cross will result in 
a larger squab which can be put 
on the market in a little over four 
weeks. 



Housing and Feeding 

One large pigeon house is bet- 
ter and more economical than 
several small ones, but in no case 
should a house be built to ac- 
commodate more than 250 pairs. 
If larger numbers are to be kept, 
more than one house should be 
built. A room 8 by 10 feet will 
accommodate 50 pairs very com- 
fortably. The fly should be ex- 
tended 32 feet if possible. 

Pigeons should be fed twice a 
day — in the summer time at 6:30 
a. m. and 4:30 p. m., in the win- 
ter at 7:30 a. m. and 3 p. m. 

The best kinds of feed to use 



are cracked corn, red wheat, Ka- 
fir corn, millet, peas, hemp, and 
rice. In the morning give wheat, 
cracked corn, and peas in equal 
parts; in the afternoon give equal 
parts of cracked corn, peas, Kalir 
corn, and millet. The birds should 
be fed in the pen rather than in 
the fly. 

Water birds every morning be- 
fore feeding, using nothing except 
fresh pure water. Always clean 
out the fountain before filling. 



Points for Squab Raisers 

Bathing is very essential to the 
health of pigeons. In summer 
they should have an opportunity 
to bathe at least every other day. 
In winter the bath should be 
given only on bright, sunny days. 

It is essential to clean house 
once every week. After cleaning 
the nests, put powdered carbolated 
lime in all cracks, corners, and 



35"9 



Ways of Preserving Eggs 



damp places. Sprinkle the floor 
with lime and sprinltle a bucket 
of sand evenly over the lime. 

A practical New Jersey breeder 
with 425 pairs of pigeons produced 
in one year 4,400 squabs for mar- 
ket. Anyone with good stock an', 
giving as good care and ferd 
ought to do a.s well. 

Common causes of chilled fggs 
and dead squabs are fig> ting 
cocks, unmated birds, mice '.i the 
breeding quarters, and lack of vi- 
tality in the breeding sto .k. 

In the purchase of 'jreeding 
stock, the buyer should endeavor 
to secure young, vigor'^us, mated 
birds, free from disease and lice. 
He should secure all available in- 
formation about the birds offered, 
and, if possible, a written guar- 
anty. 

Number of Females 

Of the light, active breeds, 
such as the Leghorns and Minor- 
cas, 1 male will be sufficient for 
a pen of 12 to 15 females under 
ordinary conditions. 

In the case of the medium- 
sized fowls, such as the Plymouth 
Rocks and Wyandottes, 1 male 
should be provided for every 10 
or 12 females. 

With the heaviest breeds, like 
the Brahmas and Cochins, 1 male 
should not be mated with more 
than 10 females. "Where 20 or 
30 females are kept in one flock 
no better means of securing fer- 
tile eggs is known than to keep 2 
male birds, allowing one of them 
to run with the hens one day and 
the other the next day, having a 
coop or extra pen in which to keep 
the one not with the hens. 

Overcrowding 

Overcrowding is the father of 
a peck of troubles. 

Overcrowding makes overfat 
hens, and overfat hens lay soft 
shelled eggs and the egg eating 
habit follows. Overcrowded flocks 
will roost closely together at night 
and sweat, leaving them in a 
weakened condition resulting in 
sickness. Overcrowding also pro- 
duces idlers. Idle hens become 
mischievous hens, and the dis- 
gusting vice of feather pulling is 
the result. Better results in both 
health and egg production come 
from flocks that have plenty of 
"elbow room." 



Perches 



The perches should be all on 
the same level in the warmest part 
of the pen away from drafts, and 
should be readily removable. If 
the perches are not all on the 
same level the fowls will fight for 
the opportunity to roost on the 
highest and the chances are that 
many fowls will be injured by 
falling off the perches. 

The perches should be In the 
warmest part of the pen as they 
need the most protection from the 
cold during the night when the 
fowls are inactive. At this time 
the house is also usually colder 
than during the day. The perches 
should be easily removable to fa- 
cilitate cleaning, disinfecting, and 
fighting mites. They should be so 
constructed that a disinfectant 
can be readily applied to all parts. 
They should be as simple as pos- 
sible and made in such a way as 
to have the smallest number of 
cracks and crevices which offer 



hiding places for mites and other 
vermin. 

As a general rule small hens 
should have about six inches of 
perch space while the larger hens 
should be allowed eight inches. In 
the winter they huddle closer to- 
gether, but in the summer there 
should be plenty of room to allow 
them to spread out. 

Perches should be twelve inches 
apart and not closer than fifteen 
inches to the wall or ceiling. Show 
birds, especially Leghorns, or sim- 
ilar types should be kept at a 
greater distance from walls and 
ceilings. Many good birds are 
spoiled by "brooming" their tails 
against the walls. 

PRESERVING EGGS 

Many people wish to preserve 
eggs for home consumption, and so 
a few methods are given which 
have proved sufficiently satisfac- 
tory to warrant the preservation 
of eggs for home use. 

Eggs to be stored should be: 

First, from hens that have no 
males running with them, because 
an infertile egg keeps longer, 
even without the use of a preserv- 
ative, than a fertile egg; second, 
perfectly fresh, for not only will 
they keep much better, but if an 
egg which has begun to decay is 
placed in the same vessel with 
fresh ones it is likely to affect 
all the surrounding eggs, and, 
third, perfectly clean, for filth of 
any kind adhering to the shell 
will taint the preserving medium 
and thus taint the other eggs. 

In placing eggs in the preserva- 
tive be careful not to crack the 
shells. Keep them in a moderate- 
ly cool room where the tempera- 
ture may be kept fairly constant. 
A dry, clean cellar is a suitable 
place. 

Water-glass. — Of the many 
methods which have been tried 
for preserving eggs on a small 
scale none has proved more suc- 
cessful than the use of water- 
glass (sodium silicate). This is' a 
very cheap product that can usu- 
ally be procured at not to ex- 
ceed .'liO cents a gallon, and 1 gal- 
lon will make enough solution to 
preserve 50 dozen eggs, so that the 
cost of material would not exceed 
1 cent a dozen. 

Pure water that has been boiled 
and then cooled should be used. 
To each 15 or 20 quarts of water 
1 quart of water-glass should be 
added. The solution should be 
prepared, placed in the jar or 
other suitable vessel, and the fresh 
eggs added from time until the 
jar is filled, but be sure that there 
is 2 inches of the solution, cover- 
ing the eggs. The eggs should not 
be washed before packing, for 
washing injures the keeping qual- 
ity, probably by dissolving the 
mucilaginous coating. 

Limewater. — A good limewater 
preservative may be made as fol- 
lows: Thirty gallons of water, 10 
pounds of salt, one-half bushel of 
finely slacked lime. After mixing 
thoroughly allow the solution to 
stand two or three days and then 
remove the clear liquid by dipping 
or by means of siphon. Place the 
liquid in a tub or other suitable 
receptacle and place the eggs 
therein, or the eggs may be placed 
in the vessel first and the lime- 
water poured over them. Have 
about 2 inches above the eggs. 
Limed eggs can be discerned by 
the roughness of the shell. 

Before boiling eggs which have 
been preserved in the foregoing 
ways, the shell should be punc- 



tured with a needle, otherwise it 
is apt to crack as soon as placed 
in hot water, owing to the pores 
being closed. 

Salt and bran. — Eggs can be 
preserved for several months in 
dry salt. Have at least 2 inches 
above the upper layer of eggs. 

Packing in bran has also been 
found satisfactory in many cases. 

Cold storage. — This is undoubt- 
edly the best and most practical 
method for preserving eggs in 
large quantities in a commercial 
way. As the processes by which 
a low temperature can be main- 
tained for an indefinite period have 
become more and more improved 
the greater has been tlie number 
of eggs so stored, until the cold- 
storage business has reached such 
proportions that it has a consid- 
erable influence on the price of 
eggs, tending to lower it in the 
winter and raise it in summer. 

Scratching Shed. — Questions are 
often asked as to the size of 
scratching sheds. A useful one 
to accommodate nine birds should 
measure not less than 10 ft. by 6 
ft., and any height from 3 ft. up- 
wards. 

The shed may be made in five 
separate pieces, namely, one roof, 
which should be constructed of %- 
in. match-boarding, and covered 
with some good strong felt. It 
is better made 1 ft. wider than 
the shed itself, and about 4 in. 
longer, so that there are a couple 
of inches projecting over each 
end, about 3 in. over at the back, 
and the remaining 9 in. at the 
front, so as to keep the rain from 
beating in. The two ends should 
be made the same size, and should 
also be constructed of %-in. 
matchboarding, likewise the back, 
which should be about 18 in. less 
in height than the front. The 
latter should be constructed part- 
ly of wood and partly of wire net- 
ting: the bottom half should be 
boarded up to within 3 ft. or 4 
ft. from the ground, and the re- 
maining portion covered with 1 in. 
wire netting. A door should be 
made in one of the ends to allow 
admittance, and likewise a slot for 
the fowls. 

The scratching shed should not 
have a wooden floor, but should 
stand upon the bare earth: it 
should be covered with some kind 
of litter, such as cut straw chaff, 
oat husks, peat moss, or dead 
leaves. 

When feeding the birds on 
grain, scatter the food among the 
litter to provide them with exer- 
cise necessary to keep the birds 
in a healthy, active condition, and 
for the same purpose hang up any 
green food supplied to them, so 
that they have to reach or jump 
for it. 

Setters and non-setters.- — Most 
of the varieties of poultry come 
under light or heavy breeds, the 
former being considered non-set- 
ters, and among their ranks are 
the following: 

Leghorns, Minorcas, Andalusi- 
ans, Anconas, Campines, Redcaps, 
etc.; and the latter (heavy breeds) 
are considered setters, and under 
that heading are the following: 
Orpingtons, Rocks, Wyandottes, 
Brahmas, Cochins, Sussex. Rhode 
Island Reds, Faverolles, Dorkings, 
Langshangs, etc. The light breeds 
are all suitable for confined runs, 
and lay chiefly during the spring 
and summer time. 

All of the heavy breeds are 
good winter layers, but when kept 
in confined runs, great are has 
to be taken to keep them active 
and from becoming over-fat and 
then not laying. 



360 



Things Necessary to Know About Incubators 



Eggs for Hatching 

The eggs intended to be incu- 
bated should be kept at a rather 
cool temperature, 50 degrees to 
00 degrees Fahrenheit. It is not 
advisable to keep them longer 
th"n two weeks before being in- 
cubated, and the fresher they are 
when set the better the chances 
of a good hatch and strong 
chic-]-s. 

Only well-formed eggs with 
good strong shells should be set. 

How Many Eggs for 
Setting 

Number of Eggs to Hen. — This 
depends on the season, the size 
of the hen, and the size of the 
eggs. The usual number for an 
average-sized hen in the spring 
is ]3. The same hen set in winter 
should not be given more than 
11. After the middle of May she 
can take care of 15. It is better 
to give less than she can cover 
than to give more, "for when too 
many are given most of the eggs, 
if not all, will be chilled at some 
period of the incubation. 

Testing Eggs 

Testing the Eggs. — Each sitting 
should be tested for the removal 
of the infertile eggs, which gives 
a better chance to those left. If 
there are many infertile ones, and 
several hens have been set on 
the same day, some of the hens 
may be reset. The eggs should 
be tested about the sixth or 
seventh day. Egg testers are 
sold by incubator manufacturers 
and by dealers in poultry supplies, 
or a homemade tester can be 
made in a few minutes from a 
small pasteboard or wooden box 
of such size and dimensions that 
a common hand lamp, a lantern, 
or a candle can be placed in it. 
A hole should be cut in the top 
directly over the flame and an- 
other a little smaller than an 
ordinary sized hen's egg in one 
side opposite the fiame. The test- 
ing should be done in a dark 
room. If the pen in which the 
hens are set can not be made 
dark enough, it is best to test 
after dark. In testing, the light 
shining through the egg, held 
against the hole in the side of the 
box, shows the condition of the 
egg. An infertile egg is clear, 
while the fertile egg will show a 
spiderlike formation, a center with 
long, crooked threads, leading 
outward, and this formation will 
float as the egg is turned. The 
infertile eggs may be removed 
and used for cooking purpose^ 

Feed for Fattening 

Fattening birds should always 
receive abundant soft feed. As 
they have no exercise they require 
a feed that can be quickly 
and easily digested. The fol- 
lowing mixture is good: 100 
pounds finely ground barley, 
100 pounds finely ground corn, 
100 pounds finely ground oats 
(with hulls sifted out), to which 
mixture is added 10 per cent of 
beef scraps. Buttermilk or skim 
milk is used for mixing, the 
former being prefer'-ed. A little 
.'^alt is sometimes added. The 
birds are fed twice a day at in- 
tervals of twelve hours, and are 



crammed for about three weeks. 
It is important that the intervals 
between the feedings should be 
as nearly equal as possible. 

Another ration may be made as 
follows: 100 pounds ground oats, 
100 pounds ground corn, 50 
pounds flour, 4 pounds tallow. 



Green Bone 



Fresh bones cut up in a bone 
cutter especially made for cut- 
ting bones to be fed fowls. Fresh 
cut green bone fed to laying hens 
confined in winter quarters will 
help the egg production, as it 
contains a large amount of pro- 
tein needed to produce eggs in 
winter time in cold climates. 
Bone cutters are generally sold 
by all poultry supply houses and 
green bones for cutting may be 
purchased of any retail butcher. 



Grit 



Grit is essential to the health 
of fowls and to economy in feed- 
ing. Grit takes the place of teeth 
in preparing the food for fur- 
ther digestion and is required for 
the proper preparation of feed in 
the gizzard. When the feed is 
not properly taken care of in 
this organ an undue strain is 
thrown on the fowl's system, often 
resulting in disease, and also al- 
lowing much of the nutriment to 
pass through the bird's body 
without being absorbed. In 

every pen or yard a box of grit 
should be kept. Recent investi- 
gators have asserted that grit is 
a part of the necessary feed, giv- 
ing the fowls strong bones and a 
bright plumage. 

Cost of Feeding 

How much does a hen eat? — 

This question is perhaps best an- 
swered by the statement that a 
hen eats as much as you feed her; 
but we can give the following 
statistics: The Maine experiment 
station, in the course of recent 
tests extending over a period of 
one year, found that a hen in 
this time consumed 90 pounds of 
grain and meal mixture, 40 pounds 
of oyster shell, 2.4 pounds of 
bone, 2 pounds of grit, 2.4 pounds 
of charcoal and 10 pounds of 
clover. These materials cost the 
station $1.45. This is about the 
average cost per hen for most 
poultry men, although we have 
known many experienced men 
who claim to have reduced the 
cost much below this. It is, per- 
haps, higher than the average 
farmer pays to feed his hens, 
but it is a fair estimate for those 
men who raise chickens as a 
business. 

Artificial Hatching 

Incubators. — There are several 
good incubators on the market, 
any one of which, if properly 
handled, will be found satisfac- 
tory. 

More depends on the operator 
in most cases than on the in- 
cubator. In buying an incubator 
the order should be placed 
early without waiting until the 
purchaser wishes to begin oper- 
ating it. 

Spring is a busy time for the 
incubator companies, and it is 
often Impossible for them, no 



matter how well equipped they 
may be, to fill an order the same 
day it is received. Again, ship- 
ments are often delayed by the 
transportation companies. It is 
also advisable for every beginner 
to have his machine some time 
before he desires to fill it with 
eggs, in order that he may be- 
come fully acquainted with its 
operations. A book of instruc- 
tions accompanies every incuba- 
tor, which makes it unnecessary 
to go into details here. 

Probably the most common 
cause of failure with incubators 
is carelessness and neglect in at- 
tending to the machines. 

Incubator Cellar 

An ideal incubator cellar Is a 
very valuable factor on a large 
poultry farm, or in case enough 
eggs are to be incubated each 
year to make it necessary to 
operate several machines. Other- 
wise, a clean, well-ventilated 
dwelling-house cellar, or other 
room, with proper precautions 
may be used. 

If a cellar originally designed 
for other purposes is available 
it should be thoroughly cleaned. 
Good ventilation should be pro- 
vided, and it may be obtained by 
opening the windows and placing 
a thin muslin curtain over each 
opening. There should be at 
least two windows arranged in 
this manner even when only one 
machine is operated. 

In very cold weather the win- 
dows may be partly closed, es- 
pecially on cold nights. When a 
cellar is not available, a room 
above ground may be used, but 
the best conditions for successful 
artificial incubation prevail in a 
rooin that is partly under ground. 
There it is easier to keep an even 
temperature and to retain mois- 
ture. If possible, incubators 
should be operated in a building 
used for no other purpose. 

Location. — If a cellar is to be 
built especially for the incubators, 
a site should be chosen far enough 
from the other buildings to avoid 
great loss from fire in case of ac- 
cident, but not so far away that 
it would be inconvenient to 
reach. 

Sloping ground presents an ideal 
condition. The building may 
then be erected parallel to the 
slope, having one end of the in- 
cubator room in the slope almost 
entirely below ground, the other 
end coming out above ground, or 
nearly so, thereby making it pos- 
sible to secure good air and 
drainage. 

The Building. — A high ceiling 
is especially beneficial. A room 
ten feet high and with a distance 
of seven feet from the floor to 
the bottom of the windows is 
very satisfactory. 

If properly placed, windows are 
not at all objectionable in an in- 
cubator cellar. If hinged at the 
bottom they may be allowed to 
drop part-way open and there be 
securely fastened by a small chain 
or strong cord. In this way the 
air passes over them and into 
the room, an arrangement that 
does not permit direct draughts 
to reach the incubators. 

It is also advisable to plnce 
muslin curtains over the windows 
that are left open permanently, 
the other windows aitording most 
of the light. The latter may be 
shaded in case the sun shines 
through on the incubator or af- 
fects the temperature of the 
room. 



361 



Money in Eggs and Poultry 



MRS. BERRY IN "PROFITABLE POULTRY' 



When contemplating going- into a business of any 
description, the question naturally arises: Is there 
any money in it? And a thorough investigation is 
made with that one object in view. 

Now, when we say that there is money in eggs and 
poultry, it is not an utterance from a phonograph, 
but backed by human intellect and experience. I 
do not make the assertion because some one else 
has told me, and thus believed it and thought there 
ought to be money in it; or figured it out on paper; 
but I positively know it to be a fact. 

What other one thing is there such a demand for 
as poultry and eggs? In fact, the demand is so 
great that prices for eggs always range from 15 
cents to 30 cents per dozen and in many localities 
as high as 60 cents. This in itself shows that a 
good flock of hens is as good as a U. S. mint. 

How many a family is supplied with daily food 
and wearing apparel from a good bunch of poultry. 
If plenty of range can be had, the cost of feed is 
comparatively nothing, and all the income a profit. 

There is money in a bunch of scrubs, or a mixed 
lot of chickens, but there is more money in a good 
flock of pure bred fowls; they will lay more eggs, 
and bring higher prices on the market, they thrive 
better and grow larger, and besides all this, how 
much prettier a flock of chickens all of one variety 
look than a bunch of mixed up birds, and how much 
more satisfactory they are. A great deal depends 
on the start. 



Best Time to Go Into the Poultry 
Business 

There is no time like the present to go into the 
poultry business. Just the sooner you get Into it 
the better. Hard times will not affect it like other 
lines. There is always a good demand for poultry 
products and at a profit. The prices may vary a 
little and go up and down like all commodities; but 
it never gets so low that it is not profitable. So if 
you are contemplating entering the poultry business 
some time, act now and make the start at once. 
Remember now is the acceptable time. 



Six Hundred Million Dollars 

That sounds pretty big, don't it? Well, that is 
the size of the pile added to the nation's wealth by 
the poultry business last year. 

Have you a part of it to jingle in your pockets, 
or for pin money? If not, then you are missing a 
good thing. 

The poultry business offers better chances for more 
people of all classes and all conditions every place 
than any other line. 

The poultry business cannot be overdone. 

There may be a good many mistakes made in 
starting, but the conservative person who starts 
right and then goes ahead and plans his work 
along right lines ard proceeds with care, knowledge, 
and judgment, will win out as thousands and 
thousands are doing. 

Who Can Enter the Poultry Business? 

There is no other business that will admit such 
a number of people, with a full assurance of suc- 
cess as that of poultry. They can come from all 
the walks of life, all vocations, all classes, all peo- 
ples and make the poultry business a profitable one. 

As it is a very healthy business, much of the work 
being out of doors and the work not hard, thousands 
of broken down business men, clerks, worn out 
traveling men, railroad men, miners, tradesmen, ma- 
chinists and professional men who are eking out a 
scanty existence in overcrowded professions are 
turning to this industry. 

Thousands of maidenly inclined school teachers, 
shop ladies, dressmakers, factory and sweat shop 
women, ladv clerks with overstrained nervous sys- 
tems and their vocations becoming a burden to them 
and the profits only making them a scant living, 
could take up the raising of poultry with great ad- 
vantages for bettering their conditions. In the work 
of poultry raising, they would be gaining in health, 
obtaining a good living and laying up something for 
the proverbial rainy day. A peculiarity of the poul- 
try business is that it leads to great enthusiasm and 



it is very easy to acquire a great liking for it. 
Read such valuable books as this "Profitable Poul- 
try." Subscribe for a few of the many poultry jour- 
nals and you will readily succumb to an attack of 
the "chicken fever." It becomes very violent some- 
times and we have seen persons who could not 
think or talk of anything but chickens. It shows 
that there is a great fascination for the work. 

I wish to cite you one instance, although I could 
point out thousands of them. One right here in our own 
state. Mrs. D. C. Johnson, of Maxwell, la., left a 
widow at 24 years of age with three small children 
and practically no means of support; education lim- 
ited and with no business knowledge, started in the 
chicken business and in a few years, by sheer force 
of grit, push and hard earned ability, learned the 
business, made a living, made money and in five 
years bought a 270-acre farm with a good payment 
down and in a few years later had it paid for. 



Poultry Business Open to All 

What would be the natural consequence of lessen- 
ing the industrial and manufacturing business of 
the country? An overproduction of labor in all lines, 
which will lower the price and also throw many out 
of employment. 

The poultry farmer is always sure of a good liv- 
ing; it will affect them much less than any other 
class. The farmers furnish the food for all classes, 
and as all must eat their products, which will al- 
ways be in demand, perhaps not quite so high in 
hard times as in prosperous periods, but they will 
be the last to be affected. The farmers as a class 
have been making more money than any other. 

The poultry raiser is strictly in it at all times; 
the supply Is never too great. 

The United States never produces enough eggs 
for the demand and imports great quantities from 
Canada every year. So there is no danger of over- 
doing the poultry business, especially in the produc- 
tion of eggs. 

There is no business that affords greater oppor- 
tunities to all classes than that of the poultry busi- 
ness. Take the great West, for instance, where 
many places in the new states and territories, eggs 
•sell for from 30 to 60 cents per dozen. There is no 
business that can be started with so little capital 
as that of poultry, and it is open to all. 

It is a business that is easily learned and readily 
picked up by any one with common intelligence. It 
does not require long apprenticeship or years of 
study. Just go at it and not too fast at first, and 
you cannot help but succeed. 

There are opportunities for raising poultry every- 
where; better near a town or city where a good 
steady market can be had for good poultry and fresh 
eggs. Young men just starting out in business, in- 
vestigate this great enterprise. Small or unsuccess- 
ful farmer, look IntO' this matter. Discouraged 
tradesman and laid off workman, it will pay you to 
investigate the great possibilities of the poultry 
business. It will put new life in you — new hope, and 
make life a thing of joy and happiness. It is open 
to all classes and conditions of people everywhere. 



Poultry Business for Physically Dis- 
abled People 

On account of the poultry business being light 
work it is especially adapted to persons that are 
physically unable to do hard manual labor or per- 
form hard, strenuous mental strains as the active 
business man is forced to do. 

I do not want to lead you to think that the poul- 
try business is all play and requires little or no work 
with hands or brain, but will say that it requires 
very close watching of small details and constant 
work — not hard work but constant light duties that 
because of their interest and fascination become a 
pleasure and the change usually has a very bene- 
ficial effect upon most people that are broken down 
in health and take up the chicken business. 

Vnd especially it is a beneficial change for those 
suffering mental disability, nervousness and the 
change of life of women, as the chicken business is 
highly fascinating, so much so that the "Chicken 
Fever" is very easy to catch and is one of the best 
things a person can have. It is good for health, 
pleasure, and profit; you forget your ailments in the 
fascination of the work. 



362 



Insect Pests Create Annoyance With Fowls 



Insect Pests 

Two classes of external para- 
sites, popularly known as lice and 
mites, will be considered here. 
'Jhere are several varieties of lice 
which attack poultry. The sub- 
sist mainly on the feathers and 
perhaps on the epidermic scales. 

They are found largely on the 
head and neck, under the wings 
and about the vent, and when 
present in large numbers they 
cause the fowls much discomfort. 
Persian insect powder (pyreth- 
rum), powdered sulphur, and some 
of the various preparations on 
the market, such as the louse 
powders, are good in combating 
these pests. 

The hens can be dusted with 
one of these powders after they 
have gone to roost. Have the 
powder in a box with a perfo- 
rated cover, grasp the fowl by the 
legs and shake the powder well 
among the feathers. 

Dust at least three times at in- 
tervals of about a week in order 
to catch the lice which hatch out 
after the first dusting. 

The mites subsist on the blood 
of the fowls and are not usually 
found on the bodies of the bird 
except when at roost or on the 
nest. During the day they in- 
habit the cracks and crevices of 
the walls, roosts and nests. 

Setting hens are often so an- 
noyed that they are compelled to 
leave the nests in order to re- 
lieve themselves of these para- 
sites. 

The free use of kerosene about 
the nests and perches is useful in 
fighting mites. The walls of the 
house may be sprayed with kero- 
sene, the operation being repeated 
every three or four days for two 
weeks. 

Insect powders are of little 
avail. The following method has 
proved excellent in ridding houses 
of mites and lice when the 
w^eather conditions are such as to 
permit the birds being kept out- 



side the house for five or six 
hours : 

Close all the doors and windows 
and see that there are no cracks 
or any other openings to admit 
air. 

Get an iron vessel and set it 
on the gravel or sand near the 
center of the house; place in the 
vessel a handful of shavings or 
straw saturated with kerosene, 
and on these sprinkle sulphur at 
the rate of about one pound to 
every 90 or 100 square feet of 
floor space. Instead of using the 
shavings and kerosene the sul- 
phur can be saturated with wood 
alcohol. When everything else is 
in readiness light the material 
and hastily leave the house. In 
case any anxiety is felt about fire, 
a glance through a window will 
show whether everything is all 
right. 

There is very little danger of 
fire when proper precautions have 
been taken to have plenty of soil 
beneath the vessel. 

Allow the house to remain 
closed for three or four hours, at 
the end of which time one can 
safely conclude that there are no 
living beings inside. 

Now throw all the doors and 
windows wide open so as to drive 
out the sulphur fumes thoroughly, 
and then the fowls may be al- 
lowed to enter. Let them in one 
by one, and as each enters catch 
't and dust it well with insect 
powder, which will destroy the 
lice on the birds. 

Tobacco dust is also good to use 
instead of insect powder. The 
birds and house have now been 
freed from vermin for the pres- 
ent, but the eggs of the insects 
have not been destroyed, and in 
a week another swarm will be 
hatched out. Therefore it will be 
necessary to repeat the operation 
once or twice before the pests 
are exterminated. After this care 
should be used to see that no 
strange fowl is admitted to the 
house or yard without having been 
thoroughly rid of lice, for one 



lousy hen will contaminate all the 
rest. 

Intestinal ■worms. — Worms are 
frequently present in the intes- 
tines and ceca of chickens, par- 
ticularly young chicks, often caus- 
ing considerable loss. Practically 
the only way to determine that 
worms are present is to examine 
the ceca and intestines of dead 
chicks. The worms are small and 
hairlike. Occasionally flat tape 
worms are found, but these are 
not very common. Chicks infest- 
ed with worms go off feed and 
become thin and sickly looking. 

In combating worms care should 
be taken to keep clean the soil 
over which the chicks run, and to 
move the runs each year or two 
if possible. Cleanliness in the 
house must also be observed. In 
treating affected birds, powdered 
areca nut (20 or 40 grains per 
fowl), administered either in mash 
or mixed with butter and made 
into pills, is an effective remedy. 
Powdered male fern (30 grains to 
1 dram), or oil of turpentine (1 
to 3 teaspoonfuls), alone or di- 
luted, with an equal bulk of olive 
oil, is also very good. It is well 
to follow any of these remedies 
with a dose of castor oil (1 to 3 
teaspoonfuls.) 



Mash Feeding 

It is the practice of a large 
percentage of the most successful 
poultrymen to feed a part of the 
daily grain ration ground. Most 
of them feed the ground grain 
moistened with either milk or 
water, although some feed it dry. 
A fowl's gizzard is capable of 
grinding all kinds of grain, but 
it is generally considered to be 
more economical to have a part 
of the grinding done by steam or 
water power. The soft-feed Idea, 
however, must not be overworked. 
A beginner often reasons that it 
is cheaper for the miller than 
for the fowl to grind the grain; 



MOE'S SANITARY CONVENIENCES 




363 



Observe Quietude Among Fowls 



but the powerful muscles of the 
gizzard are there to be used, and 
experience has shown that the bal- 
ance of power of functions in the 
fowl's economy makes the vigor- 
ous exercise of the gizzard bene- 
ficial. When feeding moistened 
ground feed have it a compara- 
tively dry, crumbly mash, and not 
a thin slop. Give what they will 
eat readily in 15 to 20 minutes. 



Marketing 



Marketing poultry and poultry 
products. — A large part of the 

profit in poultry keeping often 
depends on the marketing of the 
products, and the producer should 
study the market demands as to 
how, where, and when to dispose 
of the products to the best ad- 
vantage. 

An attractive appearance is of 
prime importance, and the pro- 
ducer should study the details of 
killing, dressing, and packing in 
order to arrange the products in 
the best possible manner. 

The requirements for dressing 
and packing vary somewhat in 
different markets, and the pro- 
ducer should learn any special re- 
quirements of the market to 
which he intends shipping. 



Milk 



When properly fed, milk makes 
an excellent feed for poultry. In 
feeding sour milk or buttermilk, 
however, the feeder must exer- 
cise care not to give too much 
or bowel trouble will likely result. 

Skimmed milk is an economical 
feed. In skimming, the most valu- 
able food constituents — the nitro- 
genous substances — are left in the 
skimmed milk. Not only does 
this skimmed milk contain much 
nutritive material, but it contains 
it in a form which, as a rule, is 
easily digested. 

Skimmed milk may often be ad- 
vantageously substituted in part 
for meat. Milk may be used in 
mixing the soft feed, or it may 
be given the fowls to drink in ad- 
dition to water. 



Molting 



Molting. — Where a specialty is 
made of producing winter eggs 
it is important that the hens shed 
their feathers early, so that the 
new plumage will be grown before 
cold weather begins. Henry Van 
Dreser has proposed a way by 
which it is possible to cause a 
flock of fowls to pass through the 
molting period early and uniform- 
ly. This method consists in with- 
holding part of the feed for about 
two weeks, which stops egg pro- 
duction and reduces the weight of 
the fowls, and then feeding heavi- 
ly on a ration suitable for the 
formation of the feathers and the 
general building up of the system. 
This method was tried at the 
West Virginia Experiment Station 
with good results. The hens molt- 
ed more rapidly and with more 
uniformity, entering winter in bet- 



ter condition than similar fowls 
fed continually during the molt- 
ing period on an egg-producing 
ration. Whether this method is 
employed or not, the fowls should 
receive a more nitrogenous ration 
than the one ordinarily fed. The 
addition of a little linseed meal 
during the molting period will aid 
in the production of a new coat 
of feathers. An increase in the 
amount of animal feed will also 
be beneficial. 



Soft Shelled Eggs 



The cause may be either too 
much fatness, diseased egg-pro- 
ducing organs, or lack of shell 
making material. If the first be 
the cause, the remedy would be 
to reduce the fatness by giving 
less food or food of a less fat- 
tening character, with plenty of 
exercise; if the second, little can 
be done; though a promotion of 
the general health through plenty 
of exercise, fresh air and correct 
feeding might restore the dis- 
eased organs to a normal condi- 
tion; if the third, the providing 
of plenty of good sharp grit and 
an abundance of ground oyster 
shells would doubtless be suffi- 
cient to cause the hen to lay eggs 
with proper shells. 

Hens will occasionally lay one 
or two soft-shelled eggs when they 
appear to be in good laying con- 
dition and properly fed, while 
the rest of their product will be 
normal. In such cases there is 
no occasion for alarm. But if 
the practice continues one should 
promptly set to work to ascer- 
tain the cause and provide ap- 
propriate remedy. 



Sprouted Oats 



Oats can be sprouted in shallow 
wooden boxes, with sides, about 3 
in. to 5 in. deep, such as used 
by nurserymen for seedings, the 
chief factors for their growth be- 
ing suflScient but not too much 
moisture, together with light and 
warmth. In summer there is no 
diflnculty about the latter points, 
but in winter either a greenhouse, 
corner of the kitchen, scullery, or 
warm outhouse are necessary for 
obtaining sufficient heat for rapid 
sprouting. 

The oats should be spread thick- 
ly over the bottom of the box, 
and at first watered freely so that 
they become thoroughly soaked, 
and as sprouting progresses see 
that just sufficient moisture is 
supplied to keep them growing, 
but not to rot the roots. 

A little experience will soon tell 
the amount of oats which yield 
the best results. To keep up 
continuity of supply a fresh plant- 
ing should be made about every 
three days, and the sprouted oats 
fed to the chickens or fowls when 
they are from 4 in. to 6 in. high. 
A sod of these cut out are a rare 
treat to poultry when other green 
food is scarce. 

If preferred, the oats, before 
spreading in boxes can be thor- 
oughly soaked in a tub of water, 
and this where they are kept 
within doors will do away with 
the attendant mess of at first 
watering the boxes freely. 



Taming Fowls 

Fowls to produce well must be 
kept tame. At feeding lime, when 
the birds are hungry, and j ou 
have from one to rive minuU s 
time that can be spared, sit or 
kneel down at the usual feeding 
place with the bucket of feed and 
throw out a little of the feed 
near you, gradually shortening 
the distance from day to day. 
In this way the birds may be 
made to approach rather close. 
and after a few trials they will 
usually eat from one's hand. 

Gentleness at all times must 
be observed if good results are to 
be obtained. Laying fowls, like 
bees, sting when disturbed by 
quick motions or otherwise, the 
only difference being that the 
sting is in the pocketbook. 

Avoid hasty passing by windows 
or openings of poultry houses and 
do not enter suddenly. Sometimes 
it is well to rap on the door to 
draw the bird's attention, so that 
they will not be taken by surprise 
and pile into a corner or try to 
get out by way of the roof. 

When walking among the birds, 
do so with a slow, deliberate 
step. It is also a good practice 
to call the birds to their feed 
with a low whistle and to use 
this same whistle when enter- 
ing the pen, or when the birds 
are disturbed in any way. 

Telling the sex. — In some 
breeds, especially the American 
and Asiatic varieties, it is often 
difficult to tell the sex of the 
young stock, particularly when of 
the age of three or four months. 
Usually the head is broader and 
the tail more stumpy in males 
than in females. But this rule 
does not always hold good, as 
pullets quite frequently have the 
outward markings of cockerels. 

When all other signs fail, the 
expert distinguishes the sex by 
the sound of the voice of the 
chicken when caught — that of the 
male being coarse and more harsh 
than that of the female. 



Ventilation 



Venl nation. — The ventilation of 
a poultry house is very important. 
A house with tight walls, roof 
and floor and an open front, will 
contain cold, dry and pure air, 
three essentials for the health of 
the fowls in winter. With such a 
construction there will be no 
draughts but plenty of fresh air. 

Size of poultry house. — In de- 
termining the size of a house, 
consider the number of fowls that 
are to be kept in one pen. As 
a rule, fowls are too crowded for 
economical production. 

A flock of fifty hens should us- 
ually be allowed about five square 
feet of floor space per hen. Where 
the attendant is careful to keep 
the house clean and the floor 
heavily littered with straw, less 
floor space will be necessary. As 
a rule, it is far better to allow 
too much floor space rather than 
too little. The larger the pen, 
the less floor space will be re- 
quired per hen. One hundred 
hens will thrive in a pen 20x20 
feet, that is, four square feet of 
floor space per hen. but one hen 
will not thrive in a pen 2x2 feet. 
In a large pen, each one has a 
chance to wander about over the 
entire floor space, thus getting 
more exercise. 



364 



FOR LAWNS 
FOR MEADOWS 



GRASSES 



FOR PASTURES 
FOR HAY 



Grass That Will Survive in Shade and Steep Side Hills 



Amount Required Per Acre. 



Adapted to Various Locations. Average Price Which May Vary tn Different 
Seasons in Different Regions. 



Canada Blue. Has a flatter and a more wiry stem 
than the Kentucky grass, also bluer color. Used in 
the cheap mixtures as a substitute. Useful through- 
out the East and North, including Canada, on dry 
sand or clay. Seed weighs 14 pounds per bushel. 
Takes 3 bushels per acre. Worth $25 per 100 pounds. 

Creeping Bent. Forms strong turf; grows rapidly; 
improved by heavy rolling. Favorable for low-lying 
inland and dry valleys of the Eastern States. Sow 
three bushels to the acre. Price $40 per 100 pounds. 

Crested Dog's Tail. Valuable for shady places, and 
under trees. Also for terraces on deep soil. Has the 
same color of Kentucky blue grass. Mixes well with 
that and is a good bottom grass, but not recom- 
mended alone. Prefers rich, moi-st soil. Is among 
the best lawn grasses which require close cutting 
and an ability to resist tramping, as in golf links, 
croquet lawns, tennis courts, etc. Takes one bushel 
of 30 pounds per acre. Worth $40 per 100 pounds. 

English Rye. Makes good verdure in four weeks. 
Dies out in two or three years. Valuable for quick 
effects in the Middle and Eastern States. Requires 
2 bushels to the acre. Worth $9 per 100 pounds. 
Weight of bushel is 28 pounds. 

Italian Rye. Very rapid grower and valuable for 
short, quick effects. Is practically an annual. Use 
very thickly in mixture, as far South as Jackson- 
ville, Florida. Seed weighs 22 pounds per bushel. 
Worth $9.50 per 100 pounds. 



Kentucky Blue Grass. Starts early, lasts till frost, 
fine texture, rich green color, smooth even growth. 
Three years to establish. Dislikes some soils. Seed 
weighs 14 pounds to the bushel. Takes 3 bushels 
to the acre. Worth $35 per 100 pounds. 

Red Top. Stands hot weather and rough usage. 
Adapted to regions north of Tennessee. Fills in well 
with blue grass. Takes from 4 to 6 bushels per acre. 
Worth $28 per 100 pounds. 

Rliode Island Bent, favorable to use on sandy 
seasides. Makes a close, fine turf in color, very 
green. Price per 100 pounds $40. 

Sheep's Fescue. Useful in mixtures for the North- 
west and for lands on poorest sands. This is a 
"bunch" or "stool grass" with very fine foliage and 
dense dwarf growth for any uplands. Seed weighs 
16 pounds to the bushel and takes 2 bushels to the 
acre. Worth $30 per 100 pounds. 

Slender Fescue, Has a finer leaf than Sheep's 
Fescue and stools like that. Recommended only in 
special situations. Dry slopes, on lawns, or on dry, 
high situations. Takes 1 14 bushels per acre, weighs 
22 pounds per bushel. Worth $40 per 100 pounds. 

Wood Meadow. Very hardy and early, resisting 
heat. Best grass for very shady places in woodland 
parks. Takes 1 '/a bushels per acre. Weighs 19 
pounds per bushel and is worth $50.00 per 100 
pounds. 



Best Farm Grasses for All Purposes 



Weight per bushel. Amount required per acre. Where necessary fo use. 

ing to season and locality. 



Price of seed liable to vary accord- 



Brome Grass. Suitable for upland soils in the 
Northwest. Makes good hay first two years. Seed 
weighs 14 pounds to the bushel. Requires 20 pounds 
per acre. Makes good pasturage. Seed worth $18 
per 100 pounds. 

Canada Blue Grass. Makes good hay on Northern 
sandy soils. Leaves a coarse stubble. Requires 42 
pounds seed to the acre. Weighs 14 pounds to the 
bushel and costs but 15 cents a pound in lots of 100 
pounds. Look up price in feed stores. It is worth 
probably more. . 

Crested Dog's Tail. Good for hard dry soils and 
sheep pastures. Seed weighs 21 pounds per bushel. 
Takes 50 pounds per acre. Costs 30 cents per bushel 
for 100 pounds. 

English Rye Grass. Well liked by stock. Highly 
prized for hay in Europe. Seed weighs 25 pounds 
per bushel. Takes 50 pounds per acre. Costs 9 cents 
a pound per 100 pounds. 

Foxtail Millet. Makes good hay. Suitable for 
soiling; common type is earliest. Hungarian medium, 
German, latest and best yielder. Seed weighs 50 
pounds per bushel. Use 12% pounds per acre. 

Italian Rye Grass. Useful, self-feeding, annual, 
but little known in the East. Requires 50 pounds 
seed to the acre. Weighs 20 pounds per bushel. 
Makes excellent hay. Seed costs $9.20 per 100 
pounds. 

Japanese Millet. An annual suitable for hay in 
the South and West, on wet soils. Requires 15 
pounds per acre. Costs 7 cents per pound, per hun- 
dred pounds. Price varying, of course, in different 
seasons. 



Kentucky Blue Grass. Standard pasture for humid 
U. S. and limestone soils. Seed weighs 14 pounds 
per bushel. Acre requires 40 pounds seed, costing ' 
18 cents a pound per 100 pounds. 

Meadow Foxtail. Sow early on moist soil 7 pounds 
to the acre. Mixed with other grasses. It is not 
usually sown alone as it does not reach maturity 
till the second or third year. Weighs 32 pounds to 
the bushel. Is suitable for either hay or pasturage. 
Requires 25 pounds per acre. Price $40 per 100 
pounds. 

Orchard Grass. A hardy grass, which Is best when 
cut young. Good in mixtures. Requires 40 pounds 
to the acre. Seed weighs 18 pounds to the bushel 
and costs 22 cents a pound per 100 pounds. 

Redtop, Burdens Grass. Suitable for pasture on 
soils too wet for timothy. Requires 32 pounds per 
acre if used alone, or 15 pounds as a mixture. 
Weighs 32 pounds to the bushel. Costs $18 per 100 
pounds. 

Timothy, Herd's Grass. Makes the standard hay 
in the North Atlantic States. Takes 35 pounds seed 
to the acre. Weighs 45 pounds to the bushel. Costs 
9 cents per pound, per 100 pounds, according to the 
price given in "Garden and Farm Almanac." The 
price is much higher probably, as will be learned 
at the seed stores. 

Wood Meadow Grass. Good for moist shady soils. 
Better for lawn than field use. Requires 28 pounds 
seed to the acre. Weighs 14 pounds to the bushel 
and costs 50 cents per pound in 100 pound quantities. 



The Clover Grasses 



Clover, Alfalfa or Lucerne. Adapted to use of 
cattle, horses and hogs. Adapted to hay and pasture, 
perennial. (See elsewhere for description of Alfalfa.) 

Clover. Red; adapted to all live stock; plowed 
under makes the best green manure known. 



Clover. Alsike grows 2 to 3 feet tall. Can have 
2 to 4 cuttings per year; adapted to Northern ami 
Middle States; requires a good clay loam; takes from 
5 to 7 pounds seed to the acre. 

Clover. White; a perennial, fine for pasturing and 
makes the best plant known for bees. 



r,m 



DOGS, IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 




*^^?^^ 



DIFFERENT BREEDS. 

Bloodhound, 

Hounds, Mastiff, Newfoundland, 

Collie, and St. Bernard 

DOGS; 

Including Retriever, Pointer, Setter, 
and otiier Dogs. 




CoUey Dog. 

The CoUey, an English sheep 
(log, origin unlinown, is highly 
intelligent through many gen- 
erations of special training. 




£nglisli Mastiff. 

The English Mastiff has de- 
scended far away baclj, accord- 
ing to some authorities, from 
a bull dog ancestry. 




Bloodhound 



The Bloodhound receives its 
name from certainty with 
which he follows any animal 
after smelling of its blood. 




English Pox-Hound 



The English Fox-Hound, 
a smooth, handsome dog, has 
extremely l<een scent, great 
speed and strength of »y...a. 




Deer Hound 



The Deer Hound, a native of 
Scotland, large, graceful, for- 
merly of great service in hunt- 
ing deer. 




Smooth St. Bernard Dog. 



The Smooth St. Bernard ex- 
hibits great energy and sagac- 
ity. _ There are two species, 
rough and smooth coated. 




Newfoundland Dog. 

The Newfoundland is a na- 
tive of the Isle of that name. 
Large, black, and of docile 
disposition. 




Pug Dog. 



The Pug is of uncertain 
i>iiKiii. but the pure breeds 
hiivc always stood high among 
dog liiiiciers. 




Kough St. Bernard Dog. 

The Rough St. Bernard has 
Wide reputation as saver of 
lost travelers on the Swiss 
Alps. 




Pomeranian Dog. 



The Pomei'anian, or Spitz 
Dog; is an importation from 
Poiperania, in I^russia, ind 
now bred in America, 



36G 




Basset Hound. 

The Bassett Hound, origin- 
ally from France, long ears, 
smooth coated, short legs, 
waddling gait, bnir glossy. 




Dalmatien Doer. 

The Delmatian, a Spotted 
Dog, is a luilive of Dclmatia, 
in Austria. An e.xcelJent 
coach dog. 





Sacbsliuud. 

The Dachshund, or German 
Uadgcr liog, originated in 
Central Europe. lias long 
body and short, crooked legs. 




Harrier Dogr. 

The Harrier, an Knglish 
dog, somewhat resembling the 
Fox Hound, his principal TO- 
catiou being to hunt hares. 



Maltcso Dob. 

The Maltese Dog has long 
silky hair, slightly wavy but 
not curly. 





Italian 
Greyhovmd. 

The Italian Greyhound is a 
delicate, small dog, valued 
principally as a drawing-room 
pet. 




Truffle Dog. 

The Truffle Dog is an Eng- 
lish breed, cultivated origin- 
aily to lind and dig a vege- 
table known as Truffle. 




Greyhound. 

The Greyhound, is formed 
on the principle of the 
thoroughbred race horse, 
slender legs, quick action. 




Chinese Crested Dog. 

The Chinese Crested Dog, 
China, has no hair on body 
and resembles tlio. Greyhound 
In form. 




Bulldog. 

The Bulldog originated In 
England several centuries ago 
when buUbaifing was one of 
the popular amusements. 




Otter Hound. 



The Otter Hound, an Eng- 
lish sporting dog, of service 
in protecting tish ponds from 
depredation by otters. 




Foodie Dog. 

The Poodle was originally 
a Water Spaniel in the low- 
lands of Europe. Draining 
the land changed its nature. 



.307 






Wavy-Coated Retriever. 



Blaclc Wftvy-Coatod Ketriever. 



P^uxter^Sast 



The Wavy-Coated Ketriev- 
er is supposed to be a cross 
between the Small Newfound- 
land and the Setter. 



The Black Coated Retriever, 
extensively bred in England, is 
a union of the small New- 
foundland and water spaniel. 



The Pointer, an English 
hunting dog. Two breeds, two 
colors, liver and white, lemon 
and white.. 




Enelish Setter Dog. 



The English Setter, a su- 
iperior hunting br^d, dates 
back to 1780, but has been 
sreatly teiproved'teince 1825. 




Xiner COiarles SpanieL 

Th*~.King Charles Spaniel 
, derives its name from Charlesi 
II, England. Intelligent andl 
iPleasant in disposition. 




Blenheim SpanieL 



The Blenheim Spaniel re- 
ceives 'the name from the 
Marlborough family of Eng- 
land. In form resembles the 
King Charles. 




B«aele Dog. 



The Beagle, English hunt- 
ing dos. is Ijept in packs by 
Englishmen for hunting rab- 
bits and bares. 





Xrish Water Spaniel 



The Irish Water Spaniel, na- 
tive of Ireland, learns easily, 
is plucky, companionable, obe- 
dient and highly intelUgent. 



Clumber Spa&iel. 

The Clumher Spaniel takes 
his name from the home of the 
Duke of New Castle, in Not- 
tinghamshire, England. 






Scotch Terrier. 



Sussex SpanieL 



Cocker Spaniel. 



The Scotch Terrier, small, 
rough dog, native of Scotland. 
Courageous, docile and valu- 
able as a vermin hunter. 



The Sussex Spaniel, English, 
dates back to 1772 and belongs 
to the same family, as the, 
Clumber. 



The Cocker Spaniel is anj 
English species, popular be-, 
cause active, faithful and en-, 
^usiastic in the hunting field.' 



S68 




Prick-Ear Skye Terrier. 

The Prick-Ear Skye Terrier 
is a variety of the native 
ilog of the Isle of Skye, Scot- 
land. 




Drop-Ear Skye Terrier. 



The Drop-Ear Skye Terrier 
is the name of the old Kng- 
lish Yorkshire Terrier. Sup- 
erior for rats and rabbits. 




Bull-Terrier. 

The Bull-Terrier, a hand- 
some, symmetrical dog, active 
and vivacious, is a compound 
of Terrier and Hound. 




"White English Terrier. 

The White English Terrier 
differs from the black and tan 
only in color. Is affectionate, 
lively and tractable. 




Black-and-Tan Terrier, g? 



The Black-and-Tan Terrier, 
English bred originally, haf 
keen scent for hunting and 
destroying rats. 



Airedale Terrier. 



This as a truly sporting 
breed of English origin 
and highly popular in 
America. Philadelphia is 
quite a stronghold of this 
breed. 






Irish Terrier. 



Bedlington Terrier. 



Torkshira Terrier. 



The Irish Terrier, native Of 
Ireland, is a tine sporting dog, 
active, companionable and a 
good house dog. 



The Bedlington Terrier, dat- 
ing back to 182."), comes fFom 
Bedlinglton, England. Weighs 
from 16 to 25 pounds. 



The Yorkshire Terrier, nam- 
ed from Yorkshire. England, 
where it originated. It is a 
parlor pet with long silky 
hair. 





Smooth Fox-Terrier. 



Bough Fox-Terrier. 




Pgxidie pinmont Terrier.: 



The Smooth Fox-Terrier is 
the outgrowth of old time 
Terriers used in hunting foxes 
ID England. 



The Rough Fox-Terrier, :iii 
irregular breed, and so named 
in opposition to the Smooth 
Fox Terrier. 



The Dandy Dinmot Terrier, 
a Scotch dog, is supposed to 
he. a cross with the German 
'Dachshund. 



DOMESTIC PETS, including pigeons, swan, guinea fowl, parrot, and cats. 




Guinea-Fowl 



The Guinea Fowl is found 
wild in Africn. 




Guinea-Pig. 

The Guinea-Pig: is a native 
of South Aniorioa and esteem- 
t'd for Ijpauty and gentle dis 
nosilion. 

Tho Pea-Fowl, native o, 
India, helonps to the Plieas 
rtiit family. 




Angora Cat. 

The Angora Cat, EnglisU.' 
belongs to the long-haired 
class. 




The Leghorn Runt is said to 
have originated on the shores 
pt the Mediterranean. 




Gray QTalking) Parrot. 



The Gray Parrot is a cage 
pet. found on the western 
eoast of Africa, whence it is 
imported. Remarkable as a 
good talker and for its lon- 
gevity. 




Engrlish 
pouter Pigeon. 



The English Pouter, remark- 
able for swelling its crop 




Lop-Eared Rabbit. 

The Lop-Eared Rahbit is 
tho most remarkable of Its 
species, possessing very bright 
colors and ears • measuring 
from 22 to 23 inches long. 




The Swan belongs to the 
duck family. 




Silver-Gray Rabbit 

The Silver-Gray Rahbit 
ranks next to the lopcared 
in value. Imported inty I^ng- 
land from other countries. 




Brown Tabby-Cat. 

The Brown Tabby is a favor 
ite domestic animal. 



370 



DOMESTIC PETS, comprising various kinds of rabbits and pigeons. 




Himalayan Rabbit. 



The Himalayan Rabbit is 
silver-Kray in color, but wheth- 
er originateil in Himalaya is 
not known. 




Tnunpeter Bigeon. 

The Trumpeter Pigreon, 
which is quite common in 
Europe, derives its name from 
(the peculiar sound of its voicei 




Dutch Rabbit, 

The Dutch Rabbit, laying" 
claim to great beauty, has been 
cultivated for many years \n 
France. 




Belgian Hare Rabbit. 

^f"^^^, ^^'S'lan Hare, a native 
of Belgium and adjacent coun- 
tries was originally imported 
into England for food 




Angora Rabbit. 

The Angora Rabbit takes 
Its iianu- from its rcsenililance 
to the Ausuia goat in bavin}; 




The Nun Pigeon, from its 
marked contrasts in colors, has 
always held hijfli place among 
fancy pigeon^. 




Latz Pigeon. 



The Latz Pigeon is ^o-oalled 
from the appcuranco dt a latz 
bodice in color, c(.A-(iinf its 
form. 




^antail 
I'ieeon. 



The Fantail has been culti- 
vated in India for 200 years. 




The Pheasant. 



The Pheasant, an ornament* 
al bird, cultivated for its 
beauty, is a prolific layer and' 
good mother. 




Almond Tumbler 



The Tumbler receives its 
name from its natural pro- 
pensity to turning over in its 
flight. 




Jacobin PigooriT' 



The Jacobin, so named be- 
cause feathers in the back of 
its head resemble the head of 
a monk . 




Carrier Pigeon. 



The English Carrier, king 
of pigeons, said to have orig- 
inally come from Persia,. 



^ 



!71 



PROFITABLE 
PLEASANT INDUSTRY 



BEE KEEPING 



REQUIRES CARE 
AND ATTENTION 



Full Particulars as to How to Conduct the Business 



Apiculture, or bee-keeping, is one of the oldest 
of all human industries. In the earliest ages the 
honey of the wild bee was highly esteemed as food. 
A land "flowing with milk and honey" was regarded 
as an earthly paradise. Treatises on the bee and 
its management were written long before the Christ- 
ian era, and all down the centuries many men 
have been occupied with profit in bee-keeping. Mod- 
ern improvements in hives and in methods of man- 
agement have reduced the business to a science, 
and with the introduction of foreign bees, espe- 
cially the Italian bee, into the United States, bee 
culture is now fully recognized as a profitable in- 
dustry. 

It may be safely said that any place where farm- 
ing, gardening, or fruit raising can be successfully 
followed is adapted to the profitable keeping of bees 
— in a limited way at least, if not extensively. 
Many of these localities will support extensive api- 
aries. 

This pursuit may also be followed in or near towns 
and, to a limited extent, in large cities. It even 
happens in some instances that bees in cities or 
towns find more abundant pasturage than in coun- 
try locations which are considered fair. Thus, bees 
thrive in the city of Washington on account of the 
excellent bee pasturage in the numerous gardens and 
parks and the nectar-yielding shade trees, includ- 
ing the linden or basswood, along the streets. A 
prosperous apiary has been kept on the roof of a 
business house in the heart of New York City, an- 
other on the roof of a store in Cincinnati, and simi- 
lar experiments in other cities have given satisfac- 
tory results in yield of honey. 

It is evident, therefore, that no one need be 
deterred by his locality from keeping bees, provided 
the nectar-yielding trees and plants of the range 
are of the right sort and abundant. Moreover, re- 
gions so rough and sterile or so swampy as to give 
no encouragement to the agriculturist, or even to 
the stock raiser, will often yield a good income 
to the bee-keeper, insignificant and apparently worth- 
less herbs and shrubs furnishing forage for the bees. 

The ability of the bees to range over areas in- 
accessible to other farm stock and to draw their 
sustenance from dense forests when the timber is 
of the right kind, and the freedom which, because of 
their nature, must be accorded them to pasture on 
whatever natural sources are within their range of 
3 or 4 miles, must be taken into account in esti- 
mating the possibilities of a locality. 

Profits of the Business 

Bee-keeping is an occupation extremely fascinating 
to most people who have a taste for the study of 
nature, but the income to be derived from it when 
rightly followed is a consideration which generally 
has some weight, and is often the chief factor in 
leading one to undertake the care of bees. Of 
course, where large apiaries are planned, the prime 
object is the material profit, for they require much 
hard labor and great watchfulness. 

Apiculture, like all other branches of agriculture, 
depends largely upon the natural resources of the 
location, and the special conditions of any partic- 
ular season, no matter how skillful the manage- 
ment, may make great differences in the year's 
return. The knowledge, skill, industry, and prompt- 
ness of the one who undertakes the care of the 
apiary have likewise much to do with the return. 
Furthermore, profits are of course largely affected by 
the nature and proximity of the markets. 

A moderate estimate for a fairly good locality in 
an average season would be 35 to 40 pounds of 
extracted honey or 25 pounds of comb honey per 
hive or colony. 

When two or more of the important honey-yield- 
ing plants are present in abundance and are fairly 
supplemented by minor miscellaneous honey plants 
the locality may be considered excellent, and an 
expectation of realization more than the yield men- 
tioned above may be entertained. 

With extracted honey of good quality at the 
wholesale price of 6 to 8 cents per pound and 
comb honey at 12 to 14 cents, each hive should 
under favorable circumstances give a gross annual 
return of $2.50 to $3. From this about one-third is 
to be deducted to cover expenses other than the 
item of labor. These will include the purchase 



of comb foundation and sections, repairs, eventual 
replacing of hives and implements, and the interest 
on the capital invested. 

By locating in some section particularly favor- 
able to apiculture — that is, near large linden for- 
ests, with clover fields within range, supplemented 
by buckwheat; or in a section where alfalfa is 
raised for seed; where mesquite, California sages, 
and wild buckwheat abound; where mangrove, pal- 
mettoes, and titi, or where sourwood, tulip-tree, and 
asters are plentiful — the net profits here indicated 
may be frequently doubled or trebled. 

On the whole there should be expected from the 
raising of bees for any purpose whatever only fair 
pay for one's time, good interest on the money 
invested, and a sufficient margin to cover acci- 
dental losses, etc. 

With no greater expectations than this and where 
intelligence directs the work, bee-keeping will be 
found in the long run, to rank among the best 
and safest of rural industries. 

Bees Help Fruit Crops 

The value of bees in the pollination, or fertili- 
zation, of various fruit and seed crops is often 
sufficient reason to warrant the keeping of a small 
apiary, even if circumstances are not favorable for 
large yields of honey or the saving of all swarms. 
The quality and quantity of many varieties of ap- 
ples, pears, plums, and small fruits depends abso- 
lutely upon complete cross-pollination. The most 
active agents in this important work are honey- 
bees. 

How to Avoid Stings 

Almost anyone can, with perseverance and the 
exercise of due caution learn to manipulate bees 
with perfect freedom and without serious risk of 
being stung. 

Stings can be avoided, first, by having gentle 
bees. If no other point of superiority over the com- 
mon brown or black bee than that of gentleness could 
be fairly claimed for some of the races of bees 
introduced and some of the strains developed in 
recent years, it would still be worth while to get 
them on this account alone. When the fact of 
superiority in several other important points is con- 
sidered also, there should be no further question 
as to the advisability of procuring them in pref- 
erence to the common variety. The beginner is 
advised never to think of doing otherwise. 

Of the races already in general cultivation, Car- 
niolans are gentlest, although Caucasians, more re- 
cently introduced from southeastern Russia, are by 
far the least inclined to sting of any bees, and may 
be handled at all times without resorting to the 
protection of a bee veil, and generally without 
smoke or at most a very slight application of smoke. 
Some strains of Italians equal in gentleness average 
Carniolans, but in general the race native to Italy is 
by no means as gentle as that found in Carniola, 
Austria, and the Caucasians are much to be pre- 
ferred for the beginner. In case these gentler races 
are not easily procurable he need not hesitate, how- 
ever, to undertake, after adopting due precautions, 
the manipulation of pure Italians. 

The second essential to enable one to avoid stings 
is to have a good "smoker" at hand whenever the 
bees are to be handled. Any way of getting smoke 
of any kind into the hive and about it may answer 
the purpose, but for ease and effectiveness in keep- 
ing bees under control nothing will take the place 
of the modern bellows smoker. A good one lasts 
for years, and its cost is slight. 

A veil, made of black bobbinet or Brussels net, to 
draw over the hat, and a pair of gloves, prefer- 
ably of rubber, may be also used. Both veil and 
gloves can be safely dispensed with if the gentlest 
bees are kept. 

The use of the "bee escape" in removing surplus 
honey reduces the risk of being stung during this 
operation. This useful device is fitted into a slot 
made in a board the same size as the top of the 
hive, and the whole, when slipped in between the 
brood apartment and an upper story or super, will 
permit all of the workers above to go down into 
the lower story but not to return to the top one, 
so that in one night it is possible to free entirely a 



372 



Difference in Temper of Bees 



set of combs from bees without any manipulation of 
the combs, and without smoking, shaking, or brush- 
ing the bees. 

Reasonable care in handling and attention to the 
above points will reduce the risk of stings to a 
minimum. 

Different Races of Bees 

The following are the principal races of bees now 
found in this country: 

1. Caucasians, a gentle race of good workers, 
natives of Southern Russia. 

2. Carniolans, larger-bodied than the Caucasians, 
good honey gatherers, introduced from Austria. 

3. Italians, the first of the foreign races intro- 
duced into this country, industrious, handsome, and 
excellent honey producers. 

4. Cyprians, from the island of Cyprus, small- 
bodied with great wing power, prolific, and the best 
of honey gatherers, but difficult in management. 

5. German, common black, or brown bees, com- 
monly found wild and cultivated to a greater or less 
extent, in this country; probably derived from early 
Introductions from the Old World. In comparison 
with the races mentioned above, they may be said 
to be inferior, since they possess the least energy 
in honey collecting, are less prolific, and not as 
good defenders of their hives. Under favorable 
conditions, however, as regards pasturage they may 
be relied upon for excellent results. They are, 
however, spiteful under manipulation, and have the 
disagreeable habit of running from the combs 
and dropping in bunches on the ground, likewise 
of flying from the hive entrance and attacking 
passers-by. 

Crosses are frequently made of black bees with 
Italian queens, or of the other varieties mentioned, 
and generally with good results. 

What Hive to Adopt 

Bee-keepers are agreed that the best hives must 
have movable frames on which the comb is made, 
and which may be lifted out at pleasure. This 
is called the Langstroth principle, from the name 
of the first maker of such a hive. 

The suspended Langstroth frame is used more 
than any other frame among English-speaking bee- 
keepers. It is safe to say that in the United States 
500 hives are made and used which are essentially 
Langstroth in principle to one frame hive of any 
other kind whatever. 

The success of American bee culture in the last 
twenty-five years was first attributed by European 
bee-keepers to the honey-producing power of the 
country; but the most intelligent apiarists who have 
tried the American methods with the Langstroth 
hive now recognize that success is principally due to 
the manipulations that it permits. 

There being no patent on the Langstroth hive, 
and accurately made hives being obtainable at mod- 
erate prices from hive factories in various parts 
of the country, it is taken for granted that the 
enterprising beginner will adopt a simple form em- 
bodying this principle — the loose-fitting, suspended 
comb frame — as its main feature. 

The hive should not only be substantially built, 
but should have accurate bee-spaces and a close- 
fitting, rain-proof cover or roof. Factory-made 
hives, as a rule, best meet these requirements, as 
both lock joints and halved corners can only be 
made to advantage by machinery, and the expert 
hive builder understands, of course, the absolute 
necessity of great accuracy in bee-spaces, as well 
as the great desirability of good inaterial and work- 
manship. Provision should also be made for win- 
ter protection. 

For comb honey, hives permitting the insertion in 
the brood apartment of any number of frames up 
to eight, or frequently up to ten, are used to 
advantage, as the strength of the colony or of a 
given harvest may require. 

Location of Stands 

The stands for hives should be placed in an 
enclosure where the bees will not be disturbed by 
passing animals or by strangers, and where they 
may be kept quiet. The hives should be placed 
on separate stands at least three feet apart. Weeds 
should not be permitted to grow near them, and 
in no case should the stands be placed close to walls 
or fences, where manipulation of the hives would 
be rendered difficult. 



Natural Swarming 



Swarming is simply the migration of honey-bees 
to a new hive or home under the leadership of a 
queen. 



During the swarming season, which comes in the 
warm days of summer, the bee-keeper must be on 
the alert. When the swarm is seen issuing from, 
the hive, or in the air, after an unusual excitement 
or buzzing in the hive, the utmost coolness and 
care are demanded of the operator. The old method 
of rushing about beating tin pans, dinner gongs, 
and cowbells is no longer in vogue, having deserv- 
edly fallen into disrepute as a means of saving 
the swarm. In all the operations performed with 
bees the keeper must act gently and quietly. 

Soon after he sights the swarm the bees will 
probably gather in a clump on a tree or bush near 
the apiary, and however formidable getting them 
into the hive may at first seem, nothing will be 
simpler than shaking them into their new hive, 
or into a basket or box, from which they may be 
poured in front of the hive, just as one would 
pour out a measure of wheat or beans. If any 
stick to the basket or box, invert it and give a 
sharp thump with one edge against the ground. 

If the hive has been standing in the shade so that 
the boards composing it are not heated, and if it 
be now well shaded and plenty of ventilation be 
given above and below, the bees are almost certain 
to take possession at once and begin work actively. 

The securing of swarms can be inade, however, 
even simpler than this by having the colonies 
placed several feet apart on a smooth lawn or 
dooryard and clipping one wing of each laying 
queen so as to prevent her flying. 

The prime or first swarm from each hive is ac- 
companied by the old queen, and if she be clipped 
she will of course fall from the alighting board to 
the ground and may be secured in a cage. The bees 
will circle about a few times and return. Meanwhile 
the only thing for the attendant to do is to replace 
the parent colony by means of an empty hive. 
The returning bees will enter the latter and the 
queen may be allowed to go in with them, the 
cage being placed with its open end directly against 
the entrance to insure this. The swarm is thus 
made to hive itself. 

The parent colony removed to a new stand a rod 
or more away will rarely give a second swarm. 
But to make certain all queen cells except one 
may be cut out four or five days after the Issuance 
of the first swarm. At the same time one-third 
to one-half of the remaining bees of the removed 
colony may be shaken at the entrance of the hive 
containing the swarm. 

This reduces the population of the parent colony 
greatly, but the loss is soon made good by the 
young workers emerging daily, and the new queen 
which will issue from the single queen-cell, spared 
when cutting out cells, will soon restock the hive. 

Artificial Swarming 

Where an increase in the number of colonies is 
desired, and in case no one can be near the apiary 
to care for natural swarms with clipped queens, 
one of several artificial methods of forming new 
colonies may be employed. Natural swarming is, 
however, preferable to a poor system of artificial 
increase. 

Prevention of Swarming 

Under the most frequent conditions, however, — 
that is, where it is not practicable for the bee- 
keeper to be present at all times during the swarm- 
ing season, or where the desired number of colonies 
has been gained — it is desirable to manage so as to 
prevent as far as possible the issuance of swarms 
from the hive, without interfering with honey stor- 
ing. There are many plans to pi event swarming. 

The most commonly practiced and easily applied 
preventive measure is that of giving abundant room 
for storage of honey. This to be effective should be 
given early in the season, before the bees get 
fairly into the swarming notion, and the honey 
should be reinoved frequently, unless additional 
empty combs can be given in the case of colonies 
managed for extracted honey, while those storing 
in sections should be given additional supers before 
those already on are completed. 

With colonies run for comb honey it is not so 
easy to keep down swarming as in those run for 
extracted honey and kept supplied with empty comb. 
Free ventilation and shading of the hives as soon 
as warm days come will also tend toward preven- 
tion. Opening the hives once or twice weekly and 
destroying all queen cells that have been commenced 
will check swarming for a tiine in many instances, 
and is a plan which seems very thorough and the 
most plausible of any to beginners. 

The removal of a queen at the opening of a 
swarming season interferes, of course, with the 
plans of the bees, and they will then delay swarm- 



373 



How Obtain Surplus of Honey 



ing until they get a young queen. Then, if the 
bee-lieeper destroys all queen cells before the tenth 
day, swarming will again be checked. But this 
plan is not to be commended, as it interferes with 
brood rearing and honey storing. 

Quite the opposite of this, and more efficacious in 
the prevention of swarming, is the practice of 
replacing the old queen early in the season with 
a young one of the same season's raising, produced, 
perhaps, in the South before it is possible to rear 
queens in the North. Such queens are not likely to 
swarm during the first season, and, as they are 
vigorous layers, the hive will be well populated 
at all times and thus ready for any harvest. This 
plan is called "requeening." It is conducive to the 
highest prosperity of the colonies and aids the se- 
curing of the largest average yield of honey. 



Pasturage for Bees 



Bees will fly a great distance for food, but should 
not be compelled to forage over a range greater 
than 2% to 3 miles from the apiary. They should 
have access to an abundance of honey-producing 
plants. When selecting crops for planting, there- 
fore, the bee-keeper should choose such as will 
furnish honey at the times when pasturage for his 
bees would otherwise be lacking. 

Planting for honey alone would hardly be profit- 
able in any case, but the intelligent bee-keeper will 
note his surrounding trees and plants carefully and 
see to it that his bees have an adequate supply of 
forage at all seasons. It must be remembered that 
the various plants and trees visited by bees pro- 
duce honey only for a short time each year, often 
only for a single month. Hence, as complete a 
list as possible should be made of the plants and 
trees visited by honey-bees, and notes should be 
added as to period of blossoming, importance of 
yield, whether honey or pollen or both of these 
are collected, quality of the product, etc. 

If gaps occur during which no natural forage 
abounds for the bees, some crop can usually be 
selected which will fill the interval, and, while 
supplying a continuous succession of honey-yielding 
blossoms for the bees, will give in addition a yield 
of fruit, grain, or forage from the same land. 

Bees may, if necessary, be fed artificially and 
should always have access to pure water. 

Alfalfa, asparagus, basswood, buckwheat, locust, 
catalpa, chestnut, eucalypti, catnip, figwort, mignon- 
ette, mustard, rape, raspberry, roses, sainfoin, and 
sunflower are among the best honey-producing plants 
and trees. 

To Obtain Surplus Honey 

Good wintering, followed by careful conservation 
of the natural warmth of the colony; the presence 
of a prolific queen — preferably a young one — with 
abundant stores for brood rearing and the preven- 
tion, so far as possible, of swarming, are the prime 
conditions necessary to bring a colony of bees to 
the chief honey floor in shape to enable it to take 
full advantage of the harvest. 

In addition, it is only necessary to adjust the 
surplus honey receptacles in time, making the space 
given proportionate to the strength of the colony, 
and, while continuing to prevent as far as possible 
the issuance of swarins, to remove the accuniulated 
honey fast enough to give abundant storage room. 



Extracted Honey 



To secure extracted honey, the requisite number 
of combe may be in one long hive, or in stories one 
above another. Preference is generally given to 
the latter plan. The brood apartment is made in 
this case to hold eight to twelve Langstroth frames, 
and a second, and sometimes a third or even a fourth 
story, may be added temporarily. These are often 
called supers. 

Before removing the filled combs time should be 
allowed the bees to ripen and cap the honey; hence 
enough combs are necessary to give the bees stor- 
age room while they are capping others. The 
honey in combs that are quite or nearly sealed over 
may be considered sufficiently ripened to be removed 
from the hive. 

The cells are uncapped by means of a sharp 
knife, made especially for this purpose, and the 
combs are then made to revolve rapidly in a 
machine called a honey extractor. The centrifugal 
force exerted on the honey throws it out, leaving 
the comb cells uninjured, or so slightly injured 
that they are wholly repaired within an hour or 
so after the return of the comb to the hive. 

The chief advantages of this method of harvest- 
ing over that of crushing the comb are at once 
apparent when it is known that each pound of 



comb saved represents several pounds of honey (con- 
sumed in its construction), and may with care 
be used over almost indefinitely in securing sur- 
plus honey. Furthermore, extracted honey is of 
much finer quality than that obtained by crushing 
the combs and straining out the liquid part, since 
it is free from crushed^ bees, larvse, pollen or "bee 
bread," etc., which not only render strained honey 
dark and strong in flavor, but also make it liable 
to fermentation and souring. 

The extracted honey is run into open buckets or 
tanks and left, covered with cheese-cloth, to stand 
a week or so in a dry, warm room not frequented 
by ants. It should be skimmed each day until per- 
fectly clear, and is then ready to be put into cans 
or barrels for marketing, or to be stored in a dry 
place. 



Comb Honey 



The main difference to be observed in preparing 
colonies for the production of comb honey, instead 
of extracted, is in the adjustment of the brood 
apartment at the time the supers are added. After 
the colony has been bred up to the greatest possible 
strength, the brood apartment should be so regulated 
in size, when the honey flow begins and the supers 
are added, as to crowd many of the bees out and 
into the supers placed above. The supers may hold 
from 24 to 48 sections. When the honey is designed 
for home use or for a local market, half-depth 
frames are sometimes used, the same as those 
often used above the brood nests when colonies 
are run for extracted honey, but for the general 
market pound sections are better adapted. 

Comb foundation is now manufactured with extra 
thin septum or base and with the beginnings of the 
cells marked out by somewhat thicker walls which 
the bees immediately thin down, using the extra 
wax in deepening the cells. This is not artificial 
comb, but a thin sheet of wax having the bases 
of the cells outlined on it. Complete artificial 
combs have never been used in a commercial way, 
although there exists a widespread belief that they 
have been. 

Production of Wax 

No method has yet been found which will enable 
a bee-keeper, at the present relative prices of honey 
and wax, to turn the whole working force of the 
bees, or even the greater part of it, into the pro- 
duction of wax instead of honey; in fact, the small 
amount of wax produced incidentally in apiaries 
run for extracted or for section honey is usually 
turned into honey the following season; that is, 
it is made into comb foundation, which is then em- 
ployed in the same hives to increase their yield 
of marketable honey. As each pound of wax rep- 
resents several pounds of honey, all cappings re- 
moved when preparing combs for the extractor, 
scrapings and trimmings, and drone comb are to 
be rendered into wax. A practical machine for this 
purpose is known as the solar wax extractor. 

The Wintering of Bees 

How to bring bees successfully through the winter 
in the colder portions of the United States is a 
problem which gives anxiety to all who are about to 
attempt it for the first time in those sections, and 
even many who have kept bees for years still find it 
their greatest difficulty. 

It may happen occasionally that a queen, appar- 
ently young and vigorous in the autumn, will die 
during the winter, when a young one cannot be 
reared, and as a result the colony will dwindle 
away. Such losses are, however, rare, and, aside 
from the possible results of fire, flood, or violent 
storms, are about the only ones which cannot be 
avoided by careful attention to right methods in 
wintering. 

Insufficient or poor winter stores, hives faulty in 
construction, lack of protection from cold and damp- 
ness, too much or too little ventilation, too great 
a proportion of old bees or too great a proportion 
of young ones, overmanipulation late in the season, 
etc., are the most important and most easily detected 
causes of loss in wintering bees. 

Indoor wintering should be confined to regions 
where there are several weeks, at least, of continued 
severe weather. When all conditions are right, con- 
sumption of honey will be less indoors and loss of 
bee life less than with the methods usually practised 
in outdoor wintering. 

Whatever inethod be followed in wintering, cer- 
tain conditions regarding the colony itself are 
plainly essential: First, it should have a good 
queen; second, a fair-sized cluster of healthy bees, 
neither too old nor too young; third, a plentiful sup- 
ply of good food. 



374 



Wide Opportunity for Bees to Gather Honey 



The first of these conditions may be counted as 
fulfilled if the queen at the head of the colony is 
not more than two years old, is still active, and has 
always kept her colony populous; yet a younger 
queen — even one of the current season's rearing, and 
thus but a few weeks or months old — is, if raised 
under favorable conditions, much to be preferred. 

The second point is met if brood rearing has been 
continued without serious interruption during the 
latter part of the summer and the cluster of bees 
occupies, on a cool day in autumn, six to eight or 
more spaces between the combs, or forms a com- 
pact cluster 8 or 10 inches in diameter. Young bees, 
if not well protected by older ones, succumb readily 
to the cold, while quite old bees die early in the 
spring, and others, which emerged late in the sum- 
mer or autumn preceding, are needed to replace tliem. 

The third essential — good food — is secured if the 



hive is liberally supplied with well-ripened honey 
from any source whatever, or with a fairly thick 
sirup, made from white cane sugar, which was fed 
early enough to enable the bees to seal it over be- 
fore they ceased Hying. 

The sirup is prepared by dissolving 3 pounds of 
granulated sugar in 1 quart of boiling water and 
adding to this 1 pound of pure extraced honey. 
Twenty to 25 pounds for outdoor wintering in the 
South, up to 3(» to 40 pounds in the North, when 
wintering outside with but slight protection — or, 
if wintered indoors, about 20 pounds — may be con- 
sidered a fair supply of winter food. 

Special double-walled hives and other devices may 
be obtained to promote successful wintering. In 
fact, the manufacture of apparatus and supplies for 
bee culture is in itself an industry of considerable 
importance nowadays. 




Bees in Open Field 



Bee Keepers' Maxims 



Clip the old queen's wings. 

Go through the hives every ten 
days to destroy queen cells. 

As the swarming season ap- 
proaches have hives ready with 
foundation in brood-frames, and 
hive-stands ready to receive them. 

Keep a serene spirit while hiv- 
ing bees. 

The hive in which the colony 
is placed should be kept cool and 
not heated from standing in the 
sun; it should be shaded, as the 
swarm will not enter a hot hive. 

If the bees refuse to accept a 
hive, give them a frame of un- 
sealed brood to reconcile them. 

Maxims for Opening the 
Hive 

Have the smoker ready to give 
forth a good volume of smoke. 

Use the smoker to scare the 
bees rather than to punish them. 

Do not stand in front of the 
hive lest the bees passing out and 
in take umbrage. 

Be careful not to drop any im- 
plements with which you are 
working; take hold of all things 
firmly. 

Move steadily, and not ner- 
vously. 

Do not run if frightened, for 
the bees understand what running 
away means as well as you do. 

If the bees attack you. move 
slowly away, smoking them off as 
you go. 

If a bee annoys you by her 
threatening attitude for some 
time, kill her ruthlessly. 

Ammonia applied to the wound 



made by a bee-stlng will usually 
afford immediate relief. 

Keep the colonies strong. 

The bees should be kept warm 
and well fed in the spring. 

The bees must have wintered 
well. 

The colony must have brood 
and plenty of honey In the brood- 
chambers at the beginning of the 
honey season. 

Never let the honey in sections 
or supers be exposed in the apiary 
to incite robbery. 

Keep the sections in a room in 
which the temperature never falls 
below 60 degrees. 

Fumigate the sections before 
they are stored if you are troubled 
with bee-moth. 

Send the honey to market in 
as attractive form as possible. 
Make your product individual in 
appearance, and strive to create 
for it a special market. 

Maxims for Feeding 

Keep close watch on the bees 
during the entire season, so as to 
know whether they need feeding 
or not. 

Feed only good honey or the 
best sugar. 

Never feed scorched sugar in 
the winter as it will surely kill 
the bees. 

Observe the practice of feeding 
at nightfall to preclude robbing. 

Never spill the syrup or honey 
around the yard, lest robbers be 
led on to black deeds. 

Feed small amounts to stimu- 
late a swarm or nucleus. Bees 



are susceptible to small encour- 
agements. 

Be careful never to cool off the 
brood chamber when feeding in 
early spring or late fall. 

See to it that the bees have 
water near by, especially early 
in the season. 

Maxims for Wintering 

Keep the colonies strong. Be 
sure that a good-sized swarm has 
at least thirty pounds of sealed 
stores. 

Pollen should not be left in the 
comb for winter use. 

Be sure that the honey is of 
good quality, and not made from 
decayed fruit or honey-dew. 

Give the hive ventilation from 
below. 

If wintered out of doors, give 
the bees a chance to fly. 

If wintered in cellars, do not 
put too many bees in a cellar. If 
you have space for fifty colonies, 
do not try to winter more than 
thirty in it. 

In cellars take off the bottom 
boards and arrange the hives so 
that the bees will get plenty of 
ventilation from below. 

Have a thermometer in the cel- 
lar and keep watch on it. This 
should not show more than ten 
degrees of variation. If the tem- 
perature rise to 55 degrees, open 
the windows at night. 

Keep the cellar dark and the 
air sweet. 

Sweep the dead bees off the cel- 
lar floor several times during the 
winter. 



375 



DIFFERENT 
KINDS 



GRAINS 



SUCCESSFUL 
CULTURE 



Wheat Growing 



Wheat is the most valuable of all the cereal crops. 
Its original home is unknown, but it is probably a 
native of Western Asia. It was cultivated in the 
most ancient periods of the world's history. In 
China it was grown 2700 years before the Christian 
era, but it was probably not grown in America until 
after the discovery by Columbus in 1492. Today it 
is a most important crop in all the temperate parts 
of the globe, including vast areas of the United 
States and Canada. 

Wheat is a hardy plant, though its cultivation 
does not extend as far north as that of barley, oats, 
or rye. It is an annual and may be sown either 
in the spring or in the fall. When sown in the 
fall it is known as winter wheat. Wheat grown in 
comparatively dry climates is superior in quality to 
that grown in humid regions, as is shown by the 



soils. The most favorable soils are those which are 
permeable and deep, a little clayey and of medium 
fertility. Gravelly and sandy soils are not suitable. 
It grows well on alluvial soils and in fact on most 
soils which may be classed as heavy but which do 
not possess a very great tenacity. 

Perfect drainage is essential, since young wheat 
plants are readily injured by the heaving of the soil 
due to the action of frost. Rolling the land before 
sowing winter wheat leaves the soil in a drier condi- 
tion and thus minimizes the action of frost. 

The preparation of the land for winter wheat con- 
sists in plowing the soil about 4 or 5 inches deep 
as early in the season as possible, to allow it to 
become somewhat compact before the seed is sown. 

The seed is sown broadcast or in drills. When 
broadcasted, usually by a machine made for the pur- 







.t&'",<*»*ii,»te''*>£^i8aite*' ;'.^SB.S 



e^i*,»ij» fce«<ff Ssi! 



In the Harvest Field of the Great Northwest 

One Tractor Drawing Three Grain Binders, Cutting a Swath 21 Feet Wide. 
7 Feet Wide, Cutting 50 Acres in a Day of 10 Hours 



Each Binder 



difference in quality of the hard spring wheat of 
the Dakotas, for instance, and the soft winter wheats 
produced on the Pacific Coast. A prevalence of dry 
weather with bright sunshine from the time the 
plants begin to head until they are ripe is every- 
where of the greatest importance. 

The different varieties are classified by farmers 
as spring and winter wheats, bearded and beard- 
less or bald varieties, soft and hard wheats, and 
also according to the color of the grain, as red, 
white, amber, etc. The varieties are very numerous, 
more so than in any other kind of grain. Botanists 
have classified the common bread wheats as Triticum 
vulgare, this species of Triticum including soft and 
hard winter wheats, hard spring wheats, white 
wheats, and early wheats. 

Durum Wheat 

The hardest-grained of all the wheats grown are 
popularly known as the durum or hard wheats. They 
are specially valuable for the manufacture of maca- 
roni, but are frequently mixed with the bread wheats 
in the manufacture of flour and are largely grown in 
the United States. 

Fertile Soil Required 

Wheat requires a fertile and well-prepared soil. 
It makes a poor growth on light, humid, and acid 



pose, it is harrowed in. Drilling, however, is the 
most popular method and lias the advantage of 
evenly distributing the seed and covering it at a 
uniform depth. 



Spring Wheat 



Spring wheat is usually grown on fall-plowed 
land, and in the United States also frequently fol- 
lows a corn crop without plowing the soil. It is 
generally sown as soon as the soil is capable of 
being worked in the spring. As wheat grows best 
and makes most of its growth during the cool part 
of the year, it should be sown as soon as conditions 
will permit. A moist soil at sowing time, provided 
it is not so moist that it cannot be worked, is the 
desirable condition. 

Where wheat follows a corn crop (maize) without 
an intervening plowing of the soil, it is sown broad- 
cast among the corn stalks and the field then culti- 
vated with a corn cultivator and the surface 
smoothed down by repeated harrowings. Sometimes 
the corn stalks are cut into short pieces with a 
stalk-cutter before the seed is sown, which makes the 
cultivating and harrowing easier and more effective, 
but frequently the stalks are simply broken down by 
means of the harrow. If the stalks are not broken 
down flat to the ground, they cause trouble subse- 
quently in cutting the grain by machine. 



376 



When Cut Wheat, Care Afterwards 



Harvesting Wheat 



Wheat is generally harvested before it has become 
dead ripe, in order to prevent the grain from shat- 
tering wliile being handled from the time it is cut 
until it is stacked or threshed. In California, how- 
ever, this precaution is not so necessary and wheat 
is often left standing for a week or more after it is 
ripe enough to cut. 

The time of harvesting wheat, like the time of 
sowing, varies with the latitude. In the United 
States the harvest begins in Texas early in May 
and it ends in some of the Northern States in 
August. 

Harvesting wheat is usually done with the self- 
binder, although in regions where labor is cheap the 
reaper is still largely used. • ^ 

After the grain has been bound into sheaves it 
is set up into shocks and left to dry and cure. 
Round shocks are made if the main object is to 
protect the sheaves against the rain, but long shocks 
are required if the sheaves are wet or the grain 
is cut quite green. This expedites drying and curing. 

When the wheat has been cut and shocked, the 
sheaves are hauled and stacked until threshing time. 
The principal point to be observed in building a 



stack is that the sheaves, especially the outer tier, 
must have an outward slant in order to shed the 
rain. 

In this country threshing is generally completed 
in the fall. In sections where wheat is grown on an 
extensive scale, and the straw has little value, the 
grain is often harvested with headers, or machines 
which cut the grain just below the head. Some of 
these machines, with either horse or steam power, 
cut the heads and thresh out the grain at the same 
time. 

At the present day, wheat is threshed with im- 
proved or perfected machines operated by horse, 
steam, or electric power. The old method of thresh- 
ing by flail is now even less common than sowing by 
hand. 

In this country wheat properly follows corn in the 
rotation of crops, since corn leaves the soil in clean 
condition. In the eastern states the use of com- 
mercial fertilizers in wheat growing is quite common, 
but in the west, as a rule, no fertilizers are applied. 
Barnyard manure is seldom applied directly to 
wheat, though it is usually applied to a preceding 
corn crop. 



CORN, THE GREAT CEREAL CROP OF THE UNITED STATES 



How Fertilize, Plant and Cultivate 



Maize or Indian corn (Zca Mays) is a universal 
crop in the United States under the popular name of 
corn. It is generally thought to be a native of 
America, all the evidence pointing to its cultivation 
by the native tribes long before the discovery by 
Columbus, who is said to have carried the first 
grains of corn to Europe on his first return voyage. 

Most varieties have white or yellow kernels, but 
black, red, and various other colors are represented 
among the many different sorts. Ears vary in 
length from one inch in some varieties of popcorn to 
15 inches or more in the so-called dent varieties. 
The plant varies in height from less than two feet 
in dwarf varieties to more than 30 feet in some 
forms grown in the West Indies. Specimens more 
than 20 feet tall are not uncommon in the rich, 
river valleys of the United States. 



plants should be cultivated with the horse-hoe or 
corn cultivator after they have attained sufficient 
height and until they are too large to admit of 
further cultivation without injury to the plants. 
In the principal corn-growing states cultivation 
usually begins about the first of June and lasts for 
about six weeks. When planted in drills it can be 
cultivated in one direction only. When grown in 
hills, or checks, the direction of each cultivation is 
at right angles to the preceding cultivation, so that 
all the surface soil may be stirred. 

The time of harvesting corn depends somewhat on 
the use to be made of the crop. When grown for 
fodder, corn is cut when the kernels begin to glaze 
and the lower leaves begin to dry. The cut stalks 
are put up in shocks and left to cure in the field. 
When dry the ears are removed and the stalks. 




Ten Champion "Ears of Com 



Corn is grown on many different kinds of soil, but 
for its best growth requires a well-drained, rich, sandy 
loam which does not bake hard during drought. 

In preparing the soil for corn, it is plowed deeper 
than for any other cereal crop, the object being 
to obtain a deep and well-pulverized seed-bed. 

The bulk of the world's corn crop is produced in 
the northern Mississippi Valley, where it is planted 
from May 1 to May 20 and matures in about five 
months. In other latitudes planting is done late 
enough to escape the latest spring frosts. 

Corn is usually sown in hills or in drills, by means 
of a corn-planter, but it is sometimes also sown 
broadcast. The hills should be about SVz feet apart 
each way, and three or four stalks are produced to 
each hill; but when planted in drills the single 
plants are grown about one foot apart in the row. 

From the time of planting until the young plants 
appear above ground, the soil is harrowed for the 
purpose of keeping the surface in a pulverized con- 
dition and preventing the growth of weeds. The 



called fodder or stover, are used directly for feed, 
or shredded and then fed. 

Corn grown for the grain is harvested when it is 
fully ripe and dry. The ears are gathered, husked, 
and stored in slat cribs, through which the air 
passes freely, thus drying the corn and preventing 
attacks of mold. This method of harvesting is 
known as husking, picking, or shucking — the first 
being the most common name. 

Before it is fed or sold corn is usually shelled, 
by passing the huskless ears through corn-shellers 
operated by hand, horse, or steam power. 

The great corn-producing states are Illinois, Iowa, 
Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, and Indiana. About 
50 bushels an acre is considered a good yield, but 
the average yield an acre for the whole United 
States is only about 25 bushels an acre. In indi- 
vidual instances yields of several hundred bushels 
an acre have been recorded and under more scientific 
cultivation the average yield an acre is on the 
increase. 



377 



Facts About Some of the Common Crops 



Barley 



Barley is one of the most ancient of cultivated 
plants. It has been found in the earliest Egyptian 
monuments. Its botanical name is Hordeum vulgare 
and the range of latitude in which it is grown 
practically equals the width of the temperate zones. 

The preparation of the soil for barley is very 
similar to that for wheat. The land should be 
plowed fairly deep and thoroughly pulverized to 
form a well-prepared seed-bed. The soil should 
be porous, well drained and fertile. 

In northern latitudes barley grows best on sandy 
and calcareous loams, but in southern countries it 
thrives best on soils containing a little more clay. It 
is a plant of a short growing period and the tilth 
and fertility of the soil should be such as to enable 
it to make a rapid growth. WTien barnyard manure 
is applied directly to the crop it should be well 
rotted. It will be better to apply the manure to a 
previous crop, preferably corn. 

In the United States barley is sown in the spring, 
as a rule, though it is also grown as a winter 
annual to some extent in the southern states. The 
quantity of seed sown varies from two to three 
bushels an acre. It germinates at about the same 
temperature as wheat, but the young plant is more 
susceptible to cold than wheat and a light frost 
will often injure it. 

In the states where spring wheat is grown it is a 
common custom to sow barley after wheat and before 
oats are sown. It is generally sown broadcast, but 
many farmers, especially in the New England states, 
prefer to sow it in drills from 8 to 10 inches apart. 

Barley is now generally harvested with the self- 
binder. As soon as the sheaves are dry enough, 
they should be stacked or hauled into barns to pre- 
vent exposure to rains or damp weather, which will 
injure the color of the grain and materially reduce 
its market value. Barley ripens earlier than spring 
wheat and is usually harvested just before that 
crop. When grown for malting purposes it should 
not be harvested before it is thoroughly ripe. 

From 35 to 40 bushels of barley an acre is con- 
sidered a good yield, although under very favorable 
weather and soil conditions the yield often reaches 
60 bushels an acre, or even more. 

Oats 

The oat (.Avena sativa) is a hardy plant, well 
adapted to temperate climates and extensively grown 
for food and fodder in the United States. It suc- 
ceeds best in a cool, moist climate. 

Oats will grow on light or heavy soils, provided 
there is no excess of water. The seed-bed is pre- 
pared about the same as for wheat and barley, but 
not quite so deep. In the eastern states the land 
is usually plowed before oats are sown, but in the 
west they are frequently sown on corn land without 
plowing and covered with a corn cultivator or disk 
harrow, the surface being then smoothed with an 
ordinary harrow. 

When sown on unplowed land oats are always 
broadcasted, and on plowed land may be either 
broadcasted or drilled. From two to three bushels 
of seed an acre is usually sown. 

Oats are sown in the spring and in the fall, the 
latter in southern localities. The bulk of the crop 
is spring-sown. 

When sown as early in the spring as possible the 
crop does best, as it makes most of its growth dur- 
ing the cooler part of the season. In northern lati- 
tudes it ripens in 90 days or even less, but in south- 
ern localities a longer time is required. 

From 40 to 60 bushels an acre is considered a 
good yield, but much greater returns are often 
secured. 

The oat plant furnishes green forage, hay, and 
straw, while the ripe grain and its milling products 
are of great importance as foods and feeding stuffs. 
The grain has long been used as a food for man, in 
the United States chiefly as a breakfast food. 

Tobacco 

The tobacco plant is a native of America and this 
continent has continued the principal producer and 
chief tobacco-growing country, the center of the 
tobacco interest in the United States being Virginia 
and Kentucky. Its name comes from Tobago, one of 
the West Indian Islands. 

Tobacco owes its principal properties to the pres- 
ence of a most poisonous alkaloid named nicotine. 

In the cultivation of the tobacco plant the object 
is to render the leaves as large and numerous as 



possible. When the leaves become brittle the plants 
are cut close to the ground, and afterward carried 
to the drying shed, where they are hung up in lines 
to sweat and dry. 

When perfectly dry the leaves are stripped from 
the stalks and made into small bundles, which are 
Subsequently stored in casks for exportation. 

In the manufacture of tobacco the leaves are first 
thoroughly washed with salt and water. The midrib 
of the leaf is then removed, the leaves are again 
sorted and the large ones set apart for , making 
cigars. 



Cotton 



This is a perennial shrub, consisting of two vari- 
eties, the long staple cotton, which has a fine, soft, 
silky fibre nearly two inches in length, and a short- 
staple cotton which has a fibre a little over one inch 
long adhering closely to the seed. The long-staple 
variety, known as Sea Island Cotton, holds the 
first place in the market. It is grown in some of 
the Southern states of America, especially on islands 
bordering the coast. The mode of planting is usu- 
ally as follows: The seeds are sown in the spring 
in drills about a yard in width, the plant appearing 
above ground in about eight days afterwards. For 
the many improvements and methods of cultivation 
of cotton the reader is requested to address any of 
the agricultural experiment stations in the South 
which we publish elsewhere. 



Hay 



Hay ranks third in value of the farm crops in 
the United States, being exceeded only by corn and 
cotton. 

Timothy, medium red clover, and alfalfa are the 
favorite hay crops in the order named, the first 
far in the lead. Other grasses largely used for hay 
are red-top, brome grass, Kentucky blue grass, 
buffalo grass, and foxtail millet, each flourishing 
best in certain localities. In many sections of the 
South, Bermuda grass is the favorite, while the 
cowpea has come more and more into favor there. 
On the Pacific coast wheat, oats, and barley are 
each harvested extensively for hay. Timothy is 
another of the many top-notchers that America has 
given to the world, being indigenous to the north- 
eastern states. It was named 150 years ago in honor 
of a New Hampshire farmer, Timothy Herd, who, 
with Yankee shrewdness recognized its value, and, 
with New England missionary zeal, did much to 
make known its good qualities to others; from him 
it is sometimes called timothy, at other times herds- 
grass. He introduced it into the Carolinas in 1720. 

Grasses should not be harvested more than one 
year, unless the land is restored by a liberal top 
dressing of barnyard manure or commercial fer- 
tilizer. 

Red-top, brome grass, and Kentucky blue grass 
should be sown broadcast by hand. Timothy, re- 
cleaned Kentucky blue grass, clover, and alfalfa 
do better when a grass seeder is used. 

Fall seeding is preferable except in exceedingly 
moist climates, and the seeding is generally done 
along with a "nurse crop" — a grain crop — since the 
grain will shade the ground and prevent the growth 
of weeds that would ruin the hay. 



Rye 



Common rye (Secale cereale) does not seem to have 
been cultivated so long as the other common cereals, 
though it was known to the Romans in Pliny's time. 
It does not grow as far north as barley, but suc- 
ceeds in regions too cold for wheat and on soils too 
poor for any other grain. It is most productive 
where wheat will ripen, and is best adapted to light, 
sandy lands. 

The varieties of rye are far less numerous than 
those of the other important cereals, and may be 
classified into winter and spring varieties. The 
former are most frequently grown and are sown in 
autumn, the latter early in spring. 

Cultural management for a crop of rye is much 
the same as that for barley. Winter rye is usually 
ripe for cutting in June. A good crop is from 20 
to 30 bushels of grain an acre. 

On lands deficient in humus, rye is frequently 
grown for green manuring. 

In Europe rye ranks next to wheat as a bread- 
stuff. When the grain is milled entire — the usual 
way — it contains more protein than wheat flour. 
Mixtures of wheat and rye flour, and of corn and 
rye, are often made for bread-making. 



578 



Buckwheat, Hops and Mushrooms 



Buckwheat — The Farmer's Aid 

This cereal will grow upon poor, thin, light soils, 
where other crops would not be productive at all, 
though the largest yields are obtained on fertile, 
well-drained, sandy loams. Upon a foul soil it 
occupies the entire ground, remorselessly driving 
out the weeds and leaving the land clean for an- 
other crop. Buckwheat prefers a moist, cool climate, 
and matures in 8 to 10 weeks, thus being adapted 
to short seasons and high altitudes. It is also valu- 
able from its adaptability to the production of a 
crop late in the season on lands that have been too 
wet in the early part of the season for starting 
other crops. Sown as late as the middle of July 
in regions as far north as Iowa, it will mature 
a crop. 

Because of its single, long tap-root, the buck- 
wheat is excellent for deepening the fertile soil. 
Two or three crops will mellow up the most refrac- 
tory soil. It serves well for this purpose as its 
growth is rapid and luxuriant. Buckwheat is some- 
times sowed early in the spring to be plowed under 
as green manure for other grains. Three crops to the 
season may thus be grown. It makes a good 
"cover-crop" for orchards, sown after the middle 
of August. 

The name buckwheat is generally admitted to 
come from the Scotch word boc — for beech — owing 
to its resemblance to the three-cornered beechnut. 

Aside from its value as a palatable flour for 
winter use, on account of its heat-producing prop- 
erties, the grain is valued as a stock food for 
fattening purposes; sheep love buckwheat straw, 
which is an excellent fertilizer, and buckwheat 
bran fed to cows adds to the quantity of the milk, 
though detracting from its quality. The crop Is also 
grown as among the best of bee pastures. 

Though this grain will succeed with less culti- 
vation than any other crop (the surface soil needs 
to be finely pulverized and that is about all), yet a 
good preparation of the seed bed aids very materially 
in securing profitable yields of buckwheat. 

Heavy applications of barnyard manure or nitro- 
genous fertilizers are not usually profitable because 
they increase the tendency of the crop to "lodge," and 
when once lodged the buckwheat never rises again. 
At the government experiment stations the applica- 
tion of 400 pounds of acid phosphate per acre for 
two seasons apparently almost doubled the yield 
of grain, but the third season the best results were 
obtained by the use of 150 pounds or less of the 
phosphate. 

Early plowing to allow the ground to settle before 
the seed is put in is recommended. The seed is sown 
with the ordinary grain drill, or broadcasted; it is 
harrowed in the same as other grains. Three pecks 
of seed to the acre is sufficient on good soil, but 
on land of low fertility 4 to 5 pecks is used. Hot 
weather and frost are both injurious to the crop 
while the grain is forming, hence in the South the 
grain is sown from May to September; in the North 
from June 1.5 to about July 10. The plant blos- 
soms for three weeks and the kernels ripen un- 
evenly. Harvesting should begin when the first 
seeds are ripe, the immature seeds will ripen in the 
swath and over-ripe seed would shell out in han- 
dling. The grain is cut with the hand cradle or the 
dropper reaping machine. It ought to be cut while 
the stocks are damp with dew or moist after a 
shower, to avoid danger of the grains being shaken 
off in handling. It heats rapidly and should be left 
in loose shocks in the field and should not be mowed 
away in the barn too soon. 

Because it leaves the soil peculiarly mellow, it has 
been found profitable to follow a buckwheat crop 
with potatoes in regions of rather heavy soils. Oats 
and corn are not best as following crops to succeed 
buckwheat. A good rotation is found to be clover, 
buckwheat, potatoes, oats or wheat; the clover can 
be harvested early and followed by the buckwheat, 
securing two crops for the season. 



Hops 



A soil capable of growing good corn is suitable 
for hops. The land should be high, sunny, dry, 
airy, rich, and mellow. Proximity to thick woods 
in a valley renders the plant liable to rust, mold, 
and blight. In planting, after richly fertilizing the 
land, plow deep, using a sub-soiler, and set out 
vines as soon as the ground can be worked in the 
spring, placing in hills eight feet apart. 

The hop is propagated by cuttings from the most 
healthy of the old shoots; two buds are required, 
one beneath the ground from which will spring the 
roots and one above to develop into the stalk. 



Any hoed crop can be raised the first year between 
the rows. The plant is a perennial but the vine 
dies down to the root every season. If trained on 
poles the pole should be about eight feet high The 
vine turns from right to left, and will grow thirty 
feet in a season. 

The value of the hop is determined by the amount 
of lupulin found in the flower; this furnishes the 
odor, taste, and medicinal property of the flower. 

Hop-culture is first mentioned in history by 
Pliny. The Romans raised the plants as a garden 
vegetable, eating the young shoots as we do 
asparagus. 

The leaves and spent hops are an excellent food 
for livestock, especially sheep. 

Medicinally hops have tonic, stomachic, and nar- 
cotic properties. Hop pillows are used to induce 
sleep; hop poultices to allay pain. 

Lippia — A Soil-Binder 

The lippia, or fog-fruit, is a soil-binder and 
lawn plant for arid regions and sandy soils. It 
belongs to the same family as t.he lantanas and 
verbenas; is a perennial, much-branched, creeping 
plant and gives all the effect of a white clover lawn 
in regions where it is difficult or impossible to grow 
the usual lawn grasses. Along sandy shores, water 
courses, and to prevent washing of reservoir and 
stormwater embankments its use is unrivaled. It 
has maintained itself on the mesas of Arizona for 
eight months with less than two inches of rainfall 
and can endure temperatures ranging from 10 to 
110 degrees Fahrenheit. 



Mint 

Is a hardy perennial of easy culture, grown in 
gardens for use in soups, sauces, salads, etc. It is 
increased by divisions of the roots, and planted at 
a distance of a foot apart, it soon forms a mass that 
can be cut from for years. It is grown to consid- 
erable extent in hotbeds and forcing pits for the 
spring markets. 



Mushroom Growing 

Mushrooms may be grown out-of-doors in the 
open field or lawn, when conditions are favorable. 
The spawn should be planted in rich, old, well- 
drained grass lands, avoiding wet or shady loca- 
tions as well as dry and sandy soil. A V-shaped 
cut 4 inches deep should be made in the sod, a piece 
of spawn about 3 inches square inserted, and the 
sod replaced and firmed down so as to retain mois- 
ture, and the plant left to itself. The spawn should 
be planted about 3 feet apart for this open culture. 
Plant in June and you may expect mushrooms in 
August and September. 

Grown indoors, the mushroom is the most profit- 
able vegetable crop that can be raised for the 
amount of capital and labor invested. It is more- 
over one of the most interesting crops for the 
amateur in that there appears nothing tangible to 
start with, since the eye can discern neither plant, 
seeds, nor roots. 

Mushrooms may be grown either in houses es- 
pecially erected for them or they may be grown in 
cellars, out-houses, sheds, under green-house tables, 
in stables, or in caves, as they do not require 
light. 

The cool moisture and uniform temperature of a 
cellar is more congenial to their growth than rooms 
above ground. But if the cellar is beneath a dwell- 
ing, judgment must be used in placing the beds 
where there is no danger of the odors that may 
arise disturbing the occupants of the house. 

The temperature should range between 55 and 65 
degrees. The germs or spores are found in the 
gills of a perfectly developed mushroom and these, 
when falling into a congenial "soil." produce the 
spawn which may be bought of any seedsman. 

The beds may be about 4 feet wide, bounded by 
scantlings or boards about 10 to 15 inches wide. In 
these beds place fresh horse droppings from the 
stable mixed with the same weight (about 1/3 
the bulk) of fresh loam from pasture or sod land. 
Beds should be pressed down with a brick but not 
packed too tightly, and should be 8 inches deep. 

Make the beds for a crop wanted in winter about 
August or September. The temperature then is high 
enough to cause the spawn to germinate freely. 
Moisten the bed with water and leave to ferment. 



J 



379 



Popcorn, Flax and Rice 



Testing with a "hot bed thermometer," the tempera- 
ture may rise to over 100 degrees; when the bed 
has cooled to 90 degrees insert the spawn. This is 
done by using a dibble and making, all over the bed, 
at a distance of a foot each way, holes four inches 
deep and in each hole placing a piece of mushroom 
spawn about the size of a hen's egg; firm it down 
and leave ten or twelve days, until the spawn have 
run through the whole bed. then cover the entire 
bed with two inches of well-pulverized loam to 
keep the heat in at an equable temperature, and over 
this spread three or four inches of hay or straw. 
The atmosphere may be kept moist by a few barrels 
of fermenting manure in the house. This does away 
with the risk of getting the beds too wet. But 
if watering is necessary use at a temperature of 80 to 
100 degrees. And the temperature of the room 
should not fall below 50 degrees. 

After the mushroom appears the soil must be kept 
moi.st. 

The spawn planted in August will produce mush- 
rooms in December or January. After the first 
crop is gathered an added half inch of soil on the 
top of the bed will result in a second crop often 
better than the first, and the bed may continue to 
yield until March or April. 



Pepper Grass 



Prized because of its exceedingly rapid growth, 
which makes It the very first of the green vege- 
tables available from out-door planting in the spring, 
being ready for use before either the early radishes 
or nevss. onions. A very rich, well-pulverized soil, pre- 
pared as for radishes, should be provided. 



Pop-Corn 



Broadly speaking, the same soil and cultivation 
required for sweet corn is suitable for pop-corn, and 
a small stand of pop-corn is a good feature for any 
home garden, especially where there are children, 
as it adds to their interest in mastering garden 
work. If grown in large areas it should be drilled 
in and not planted in checks. There are over a 
score of varieties of this corn which may be divided 
into three groups: Those having kernels broader 
than deep, as the Nonpareil; those with kernels 
broad as deep, which varieties include the Tom 
Thumb, Golden Pearl, and Dwarf Golden; while the 
Queen's Golden and various rice corns belong to a 
third group having kernels deeper than broad. 

Large growers in the West have sometimes 1.000 
acres devoted to pop-corn, and an ordinary yield 
with this specialized crop is 100 bushels to the acre. 
The usual yield, however, when grown by the average 
farmer, is 80 bushels to the acre at a cost of $12 
to $15 an acre to put on the market. In nutritive 
value popped pop-corn has been found to contain 
13.3 per cent protein, 5.7 per cent fat, 76.4 per cent 
nitrogen-free extract. Pop-corn with cream forms 
a highly nutritious article of diet, and at many 
sanitariums pop-corn has a regular place on the 
diet list. 



Flax 



While hemp is usually grown in America for its 
fibre, flax is more often grown here for the seed. 
It is a pioneer crop to a great extent, especially 
on the prairie lands of the Northwest. The pioneer 
breaking the sod on new prairie land turns it over 
to rot for a season before planting it to wheat; by 
planting flax on this freshly turned sod he secures 
a crop the first season. "Two and one-half pecks 
of seed to the acre should be sown If flaxseed is 
the object, that the plant may develop many 
branches, each bearing seed. For fibre alone a 
bushel and a half to three bushels of seed is re- 
quired. The thick growth allows for the develop- 
ment of but few seeds at the top but the fibre is of 
much finer quality. Both seed and fibre may be se- 
cured by sowing a medium amount of seed. The 
yield per acre is usually two or three tons of fibre 
or fifteen to twenty-five bushels or flaxseed (fifty- 
six pounds to the bushel). A bushel of seed yields 
about twenty pounds of oil, which, because of its 
quick-drying qualities, is highly esteemed for mak- 
ing paints and varnishes. Where labor can be 
had at low cost the flax grown for fibre is pulled 
by hand. By repeated sowing to flax, soils soon be- 
come "flax sick." 



Rice 

There are as many varieties of rice as there are of 
wheat or barley, 25 or more being generally con- 
sidered; however, one catalogue classifies 161 varie- 
ties in the Island of Ceylon, and it is clai:ned that 
1,400 varieties exist in China, India, and Japan. 
Three main types are recognized in the United 
States: Honduras, Japan, and Carolina rice. It 
has been grown in the American colonies of South 
Carolina and Georgia for nearly 250 years, almost 
from their foundation. 

Rice is more rich in easily digestible carbohy- 
drates than is any other cereal and has few equals, 
in this respect, among the foods of man. The South 
Carolina rice is especially rich in fat and is held 
in high esteem. The unpolished rice is by far the 
most nutritious and preferable for food. 

Rice flourishes in a sub-tropical climate and is 
more and more widely grown in the Gulf States. 
It is a grass, an annual, varying from one to six 
feet in height. It thrives best in low, marshy 
ground which can be overflowed, and in tide-water 
swamps, but must not be flooded with salt water. 
In seaboard areas, subject to inundation, its culture 
Is comparatively easy, otherwise Irrigation is 
necessary. 

It is planted from March to June. The early 
plantings are usually covered with earth, when the 
fields are flooded to sprout the grain. The field is 
then drained and kept so until the crop is set, when 
another short flow is given. 

The later plantings are in open trenches, where 
water is put on until the grain has taken root. 
It is then given air by slaking the water dotvn to 
the surface, but holding the surface moist until the 
plants are well rooted, when the tides are let on 
again. A uniform covering of 3 to 6 inches is con- 
sidered satisfactory, but 6 to 12 inches are recom- 
mended. Four to six months are required to ma- 
ture a crop of rice. When the grains are in the 
milk the water is removed from the field until the 
crop ripens. This takes usually about a week. 

The grain should be cut with sickles and bound in 
bundles and stacked. After a week or two it will 
get through the stack sweat and be ready for 
cleaning. 

The enemies of growing rice are water-weeds and 
birds. To guard against the former the rice swamp 
may be drained for a season and planted to some 
other crop, when the water-weeds will naturally die 
out. The birds are the Rice birds (Bob-o-llnk) and 
the omnipresent English sparrow. 

One species of rice, known as "Cochin China," 
is an upland rice and grows on the dry soils of 
Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina, also in 
other sections. It endures a wider range of climate 
than the wet-grown rice. The upland rice may be 
grown upon any soil that will produce good corn 
or cotton. It thrives well on rich soil and in 
marshy bottoms. The land should be plowed in the 
fall, the ground must be thoroughly pulverized. 
The seed should be sown in June, in drills 30 inches 
apart and covered lightly. One to three bushels to 
the acre is required. The after culture is the same 
as for any other drill crop. 

The upland rice produces 15 to 20 bushels to the 
acre, while the rice grown in the flooded fields will 
yield 30, 60. and even 100 bushels to the acre, each 
bushel of 45 to 48 pounds. 



Sorghum 



Wherever common corn will grow, sorghum, or 
sugar-cane, will grow, whether it be in Ver:nont or 
Texas. Aside from its use for making molasses and 
sugar, it makes a more profitable green fodder for 
stock than does corn, since it contains more sugar. 
The cultivation of sorghum is the same as that of 
corn excepting that it is planted in drills, twenty-five 
or thirty grains to the foot of drill. 



Cocoanut 

The cocoanut tree is known as one of the great 
family of palms, attains a height of 00 and 100 
feet, and bears from 80 to 100 nuts a year. Begins 
bearing after planting when seven years old and 
continues to bear for 70 years or more thereafter. 
Many uses are made of the cocoanut. The oil of 
the nut is one of its most valuable products. Ten 
nuts usually produce a quart of oil. The best oil 
Is used for cooking purposes and the inferior sorts 
for illumination. Large quantities are imported into 
the United States for the manufacture of candles and 
soap. 



380 



ALFALFA 



The Richest Forage Crop With Directions How to Plant, Cultivate and 
Successfully Grow Several Crops a Year 



Alfalfa, though known to and highly esteemed 
by the ancients and one of the easiest things in 
the world to grow, was long regarded by the Amer- 
ican farmer as a crop of mystery. Only within 
the past few years has this remarkable hay plant 
come into its own, so that it is now recognized 
as one of the hardiest of all plants, highly re- 
sponsive to cultivation and a boon, if not a bo- 
nanza, to the enterprising and enlightened grower. 

Alfalfa was grown in ancient Egypt and Persia. 
It was introduced into Rome in 140 B. C. and has 
been cultivated in Italy ever since. In the 16th 
century it was imported into America by the Span- 
iards. Its introduction into the United States has 
been from both the east and the west. 



Many Names 



The botanical name of alfalfa is medicagro Bativa. 

It is also known throughout the world by the fol- 
lowing names: Lucerne, French clover, Brazilian 
clover, Syrian clover, sainfoin, Spanish trefoil, purple 
medic, medica, common fodder, snail clover, branch- 
ing clover, stem clover, monthly clover, horned 
clover, perennial clover. Burgundy clover, Welsh 
clover and Sicilian clover. 

These names are given to the plant in English- 
speaking countries and indicate its widespread char- 
acter and some of its characteristics. The names 
given to alfalfa in foreign languages would fill a 
column. 

The importance of alfalfa to the farmer and 
stockman lies in the fact that it is the richest 
hav food known. An enthusiastic grower has said: 
"The cultivation and feeding of alfalfa mark the 
highest development of our modern agriculture. 
Alfalfa is one of Nature's choicest gifts to man. It 
is the preserver and the conserver of the homestead. 
It does not fail from old age. It loves the sun- 
shine, converting the sunbeams into gold coins in 
Ihe pockets of the thrifty husbandman. It is the 
greatest mortgage lifter yet discovered. 

"The labor alfalfa performs in penetrating the 
subsoil is enormous. No other agricultural plant 
leaves the soil in such good physical condition. It 
prospects beneath the surface of the earth and 
brings her hidden treasures to the light of day. 
It forms a partnership with the micro-organisms 
of the earth, by which it is enabled to enrich the 
soil upon which it feeds. The farmer with a 50- 
acre meadow of alfalfa will have steady, enjoyable 
employment from June to October; for as soon as 
he has finished gathering the hay at one end of 
the field, it will be again ready for the mower 
at the other." 

Grown Successfully in All Sections 

Alfalfa is hardy, has a deep-feeding root system 
and is grown successfully in every section of the 
United States. But it demands proper treatment 
and a knowledge of the needs of the plant is nec- 
essary to successful growing. 

The conditions as regards moisture are the dom- 
inating influence in growing alfalfa. Locality, alti- 
tude, soil and position are minor considerations. 
The expression so often heard, "Alfalfa will not 
stand wet feet," Is literally true in every locality. 

Necessary Soil Conditions 

Choose a loamy surface with good drainage; 
this can best be obtained on a sloping hillside or 
on gently rolling land. The water level should be 
not less than three feet below the surface and the 
subsoil should be porous enough to permit the roots 
to penetrate to the saturated soil beneath. If 
the soil be water-logged less than three feet below 
the surface, alfalfa is unable to utilize its deep- 
feeding root system and the best results are not 
obtained. 

Gently rolling land has the advantage in not hav- 
ing low, wet, flat spots in it where ice may form, 
a situation which is as detrimental as is standing 
water to a good stand of alfalfa. WTien the plants 
are dormant the field will stand flooding, but ice 
will kill them. It is essential that, if a soil is low 
and sub.iect to standing water, complete drainage 
be provided before alfalfa is seeded. 



Preparing the Soil 



A soil intended for alfalfa growing must not be 
acid, because alfalfa will not thrive on acid soil; 
its roots absorb the plant food in the soil for its 
nourishment, but this is not enough to satisfy the 
plant — it must have abundance of nitrogen; this 
it secures from the air by means of nitrogen- 
gathering bacteria which live in nodules on its roots. 
These bacteria cannot live in an acid soil and in 
such a soil it is impossible to establish them by 
artificial transplantation or otherwise, therefore, 
ground limestone must be applied in quantity suffi- 
cient not only to sweeten the soil but to keep it 
sweet for a term of years, if success in growing the 
crop is attained. 

Where It Will Grow Best 

It was formerly thought that only certain soils 
would grow alfalfa. Now it is known that, while 
it prefers rich, loose limestone soils, it will grow 
luxuriantly on strong, stiff limestone clays, once 
they are made dry with tiles and fed with manure. 
It grows on sand, when the sand is made rich. It 
grows away from limestone, when the land has 
been sweetened with lime. In fact there is hardly 
a type of soils in the United States that is not now 
growing alfalfa, under culturists who persist in 
giving the conditions that it needs and deserves. 

Alfalfa is the most energetic soil-enricher of all 
the clovers, but it must find fertile soil on which 
to begin, and cannot, like sweet clover, begin on 
wornout lands. Once it is well established, however, 
its ability to build up the field on which it stands, 
and the adjoining fields (from the manure made by 
feeding the hay), is nothing less than marvelous. 

Worth $65 an Acre as Fertilizer 

The New Jersey experiment station has shown that 
the yield of an acre of good alfalfa contains fertil- 
izing ingredients that in the shape of commercial 
fertilizers would cost on the market at least $6.5.00. 
So it can readily be seen that once alfalfa is es- 
tablished on a farm, and the hay fed thereon, and 
the manure saved, that farm must very rapidly in- 
crease in productiveness. 

Several Crops a Year 

Alfalfa is a perennial, enduring on well-drained 
soil from five to fifty years with one sowing. It 
may be cut from three to five times a year, and 
will yield, in the regions of the corn-belt, from 
three to six tons of hay per acre. 

The composition of alfalfa hay is such that it has 
almost the same nutritive value as wheat bran, 
and may be substituted for wheat bran in the 
ration of clover with good results. As a feed for 
all classes of live stock it is unexcelled. 

Every animal upon the farm loves alfalfa, and 
thrives upon it. 

As a pasture plant alfalfa has no equal in the 
amount which animals will gain from an acre of 
it; as much as 600 pounds of pork per acre being 
frequently reported where hogs have grazed it. 
It is also the best horse pasture known, and is 
sometimes used as a pasture for sheep and cows. 



Alfalfa Seeding 



Much needless mystery has been made of the 
question of seeding alfalfa. The best authorities 
now agree that the matter can be summed up 
in four words: Lime, drainage, humus, inocula- 
tion. 

1. Lime is necessary on soils rot naturally of 
limestone formation or filled with limestone pebbles. 
The importance of this is seen more and more each 
year. 

2. As to drainage, there is no use in planting 
alfalfa on any soil where water may ordinarily 
be found at a depth of less than three feet. The 
alfalfa may grow all right until its roots strike 
this water, but then it will probably die. 



.S81 



Preparation of Ground — Proper Seeding 



3. Fertile soil contains enough humus. Impov- 
erished soils may be so deficient that special prepa- 
ration must be made before alfalfa can possibly 
succeed. Stable manure, where obtainable is the 
very best thing for adding the proper humus to the 
soil; and its use wherever possible is advised. It 
might be best to use this a year in advance of 
sowing alfalfa, and follow with clean cultivation 
to overcome what weeds might be sown with the 
manure, or, a good way is to top-dress the alfalfa 
during its first winter, using a manure spreader 
and applying the manure evenly without large 
chunks that might smother the young plants. On 
impoverished soils, experts recommend preparation 
for alfalfa one or two years in advance, growing 
such crops as crimson clover, mammoth clover, cow 
peas, Canada field peas, or soja beans, and prefer- 
ably turning them under or else pasturing them 
off, so as to give the soil the greatest benefit possi- 
ble from them. 

4. Inoculation is recommended, not that it is 
always necessary, but because it is an inexpensive 
process and in five cases out of six it will actually 
pay. The methods are described later on. 

Having determined that the soil is sweet, well 
drained, and sufficiently supplied with humus, the 
only questions that remain are: 1, the prepara- 
tion of a good seed-bed; 2, sowing at the proper time 
of year; and, 3, the use of good seed. 

Carefully Prepare Seed-Bed 

For the seed-bed, it is essential that the ground 
be carefully fitted. It must be plowed, unless it 
is old ground, such as corn stubble, which may be 
thoroughly disked instead of plowing. It is better 
to firm the subsoil a little, so that only the surface 
is really loose. This, because if the entire soil is 
very loose, the seed may be planted too deep, and 
also because the alfalfa seems to prefer the sub- 
surface being a trifle firmed. 



Time of Seeding 



Alfalfa may be seeded in the spring, summer, or 
autumn, the time varying according to locality, the 
personal experience of the grower, or the nature 
of the previous crop or nurse crop, as it is generally 
called. In the Central States many successful 
growers sow alfalfa about the first week in April, 
using beardless spring barley as a nurse crop. 
Many farmers, using oats as a nurse crop, prefer 
to sow alfalfa later. 

Where beardless spring barley may be used as 
a nurse crop, alfalfa experts advise the early spring 
seeding in the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 
Michigan, New York and part of Pennsylvania. 
The late seeding is preferable in some of the New 
England states, in Virginia, and in the states south 
of the Ohio River. In these states the alfalfa 
thrives better when sown late than when sown 
early. The farther south one goes the later it is 
safe to sow alfalfa. There are growers in Georgia, 
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas who seed 
as late as November 1st, but their winters are 
so mild that the alfalfa is never winter-killed, and 
it comes on the next spring in Just as good shape 
as if it had been sown earlier in the season. 



Seeding in August 



In Illinois success has been attained by seeding 
in August, as by seeding at this time land can 
be utilized that has already produced a crop of 
grain, and the fall weeds are not so injurious. 
The young plants also begin to make their growth 
after the hot days of summer are past and are not 
so likely to be burned from excessive sun-heat. 
In ordinary years the young plants will reach suffi- 
cient size and maturity to stand the winter without 
loss, though if sown too late it is likely to get 
winter-killed because of immaturity at time of 
frost. 

Seeding in August gives opportunity to harvest 
a crop of rye, wheat, oats, or potatoes and to 
thoroughly eradicate the weeds and grasses that 
are ever a serious trouble. 

A good rule is to seed at such time as will 
enable the young plants to have made a vigorous 
growth before freezing weather. 



Method of Seeding 



If the farmer owns a special grass drill that 
can be adjusted to the sowing of alfalfa seed he 
will find it very satisfactory; If not, a press wheat 
drill is the most practical machine for putting 
the seed in the ground. 



The amount of seed to the acre varies between 
four and thirty pounds. The smaller amount of 
seed is sometimes sown when reed is desired from 
it, as it seeds better not to be thick. 

There are 14,448,000 seeds in a bushel of alfalfa 
seed. Therefore to sow half a bushel to the acre 
would put 166 seeds to the square foot. To sow 
fifteen pounds would put on eighty-three seeds. See- 
ing that this is true, it is evident that it is more 
essential to have good seed and good distribution of 
the seed than to use a great amount of seed. About 
twelve to sixteen plants to the square foot are all 
that will ever stand, and on rich, deep soils they 
will not long endure even that much crowding. 

Crops are often taken from the seed the same 
year, though alfalfa is not at its best until the 
third year; but it Will yield very heavy crops 
the second year. 

The depth that the seed should be sown varies 
according to the soil. In the Middle West where 
the soils are mostly black, loose, and loamy, the 
seed is sown about one and one-half or two inches 
deep, except in early spring sowings, when it is not 
necessary to sow so deep. 

Good Seed Important 

Good seed is of great importance. Alfalfa seed 
coming from South America, or Arabia, will grow 
all right the first year, and then will probably 
winter-kill the first winter, especially in any of the 
northern states. It has been found that the very 
best seed in the world, that whicli is freest from 
dangerous weeds and which possesses the greatest 
vitality, is produced in our own United States, 
particularly in the northwestern part. Also it is 
better if grown on non-irrigated soil. 

Kansas, Iowa, the Dakotas, Nebraska, Wisconsin, 
and Minnesota produce the alfalfa seed that is 
most highly esteemed by expert growers of the 
Middle West. 

Clipping the Young Alfalfa 

Weeds often come up to crowd the young alfalfa. 
To destroy these weeds clip the field with the 
mower, setting it to run as close to the ground 
as possible. There may come a yellowish rust that 
attacks the leaves. To destroy this clip close with 
the mower. Therefore when preparing land for al- 
falfa, see to it that the field is left as smooth 
as practicable, so that the mower may run over 
it in security. This trouble of the leaf rust will 
not be so much in evidence in western lands as in 
the lands east of the Mississippi river. 

Time to Cut Alfalfa 

Some successful growers cut alfalfa when about 
one-fifth of the plants begin to show bloom. A 
somewhat better way of ascertaining the proper 
time is to watch for the buds at the base of the 
plants and cut when they appear above the ground. 
These buds are the beginning of new stalks, and 
their appearance indicates that the plant is ready 
to make another crop. 

Secure Crop Quickly 

If pocsible, all of one crop should be cut down 
within a week, seeing that it is all ready at one 
time. Thus the hay is secured in best condition 
and the following crop is benefited by being given 
the space in which to grow. 

Wide cut mowers are convenient things in the 
alfalfa field. After the hay is laid down the hay- 
makers should keep close watch, and as soon as 
it shows signs of drying and before the leaves 
fall from the stems, it should be raked into small 
windrows and permitted to cure in part in the 
windrow, or in the cock, according to where you 
are and what sort of climate you must work in. 
Alfalfa dried in the swath loses many of the 
leaves when raked. 

Stack or put in the barn when cured, which will 
be in one to four days, according to weather condi- 
tions. 

Inoculation 

All legumes like the clover plants have tiny 
bacteria that work on their roots, forming "nod- 
ules." These bacteria draw nitrogen from the air, 
and both supply the plants with it and also add it 
directly to the soil. Without these bacteria the 
legumes will soon perish, although most of the 
legumes seem to find their proper bacteria in 
almost any soil. Alfalfa is an exception, and it 
nearly always pays to supply its bacteria artificially. 



Alfalfa Soil from Another Field 



This may be done very inexpensively. Obtain 
soil from some near-by alfalfa field and apply it at 
the rate of one hundred pounds per acre, sowing- 
it late in the afternoon and harrowing it in imme- 
diately, before allowing the sun to strike it. This 
is the best way to inoculate. Soil from around 
the sweet clover or melilotus roots answers equally 
well. The government will furnish inoculation of 
another sort free; this usually succeeds, but not 
always. 

Another excellent way is to sow a few pounds of 
alfalfa seed with your red clover. After the clover 
is plowed up, sow alfalfa, and you will probably 
have the field inoculated. 

Earth From an Old Field 

Alfalfa will not thrive without the right bacteria 
upon the roots. Nor will milk sour without the 
bacteria of souring being present. And yet milk 
sours, and yet women folks do not add bacteria, 
knowingly, to their milk. Nevertheless, milk will 
sour more rapidly if a little sour milk is added 
to the sweet at milking time. So alfalfa will surely 
become inoculated by natural processes if grown on 
fit soil, but it will the sooner become inoculated 
if earth from an old field is dried in the shed and 
pulverized and sown broadcast over the field and 
harrowed in. There are also cultures available that 
are used to inoculate the seed. They are some- 
times of use. They often fail to be of use, through 
some defect in the method. It is not worth while to 
bother with cultures. 

It is worth while, when sowing alfalfa on land 
that has never had it before, to use soil from 
either an old alfalfa field or a sweet clover (meli- 
lotus) patch. The bacteria that live on melilotus 
are the same that live upon alfalfa. 

Do not sow either alfalfa or bacteria upon soils 
not a fit home for bacteria. That means that the 
land should be dry, sweet, and stored with vegetable 
matter. 



Field Management 



It is sometimes a good practice to harrow a new 
alfalfa field after the plants have attained a height 
of three or four inches in order to stir the top 
soil; this, of course, depends upon the condition 
of the soil. Young alfalfa plants are easily affected 
by a compact surface soil. Set the harrow teeth 
at quite an angle and weight them down so they 
will penetrate the land. This treatment will pull 
out some small weeds and cover up others, but will 
not pull out many alfalfa plants because of their 
long tap-root. 

Do Not Mow Too Low 

When clipping alfalfa, do not set the mower too 
close to the ground, because the plant must not be 
cut of¥ below the lowest branch. Alfalfa plants re- 
quire considerable top growth to balance their great 
root development and too close mowing will put 
them out of balance, kill some, and decrease the 
vitality of others so they cannot survive the sum- 
mer. 

How Treat Land After Crop 

Harrowing or disking after cutting is necessary 
to successful alfalfa growing. Use a spring-tooth 
harrow or disk; if a disk is used, set the disks rather 
straight, but, in any event, see to it that the land 



is well dug up, the crowns of the alfalfa plants 
split, and the grass and weeds destroyed. Do this 
thoroughly. It will not injure the alfalfa. It will 
help its growth, and at the same time retard the 
growth of grass and weeds. When a grower fails 
to give his alfalfa field this treatment he usually 
finds that the grass and weeds take the field in a 
few years. 

Penetrate Soil Deeper 

When the alfalfa is three years old the disk 
may be weighted and made to penetrate the soil 
at least two inches and this should be followed 
by a smoothing harrow to level the land again. 

It is absolutely necessary that the soil be thor- 
oughly stirred in order that the air may pene- 
trate to the roots of the plants where the bacteria 
can gather from it the nitrogen so necessary to 
the growth of the plant. 

Advantages of the Alfalfa Crop 

What, briefly, are the advantages of the alfalfa 
plant over other forage crops? 

First, that it root.s so deep in the soil. It is 
safe to say that alfalfa roots penetrate as deep 
as there is any soil. If the soil i-s three feet deep, 
the roots will penetrate three feet. If the soil is 
ten feet deep, the roots will go down ten feet. And 
if the soil is thirty feet deep, the roots will go 
down thirty feet. Thus the whole soil is utilized. 

Second, the alfalfa plant uses the whole of the 
growing season, and it is the one crop that the 
farmer grows that does this. Soon after the corn 
is planted the alfalfa is ready to cut — by the first 
of June in most of the region of the corn belt, 
earlier in the South, and not much later anywhere. 
Thus the soil has yielded one crop almost before 
the corn has begun to take hold at all. 

Three or Four Crops a Season 

Third, there are three or four crops of alfalfa 
to the season. Thus it uses to the best advantage 
all of the soil, all of the season from early spring 
till late fall, and all of the soil moisture. Of no 
other crop can this be said. 

Fourth, and best of all, the forage that the alfalfa 
plant produces is the richest and most palatable 
hay food that the farmer can grow. 

Comparison of Corn and Alfalfa 

It is hard for a farmer in the heart of the corn 
belt to consider seriously the demands of any other 
crop, says Mr. Joseph E. Wing, the Ohio alfalfa 
expert, yet if he will study alfalfa a little he will 
see that he is accepting no inferior plant when he 
puts it in place of some of his corn fields. Alfalfa 
will make, on good land in that region, a total yield 
during the season of from four to eight tons per 
acre. Taking six tons as a standard, and calling 
the hay worth $8.00 per ton, there is thus derived 
from that acre a gross revenue of $48.00. To equal 
that amount the field must yield 120 bushels of 
corn which must sell at forty cents per bushel. 
Or, put it according to the amount of available and 
digestible carbohydrates and protein produced by 
these crops, the alfalfa will yield fully three times 
as inuch protein as the corn and double the carbo- 
hydrates, too! Furthermore, the alfalfa is not de- 
pleting the soil, while corn is a robber crop. 



FORAGE CROPS 



A mixed crop of oats and Canadian field peas is 
recommended as being valuable for pasture, for 
cutting as a soiling crop, and when mature, for hay. 
When planted in succession of about two weeks, 
the first planting being as early in the spring as 
conditions will permit, a succession of highly nu- 
tritious forage is produced which is greatly relished 
by stock. 

The following directions for growing this crop may 
be given: 

The crop loves a mellow loamy soil, but will grow 
fairly well on soils ranging between heavy clay and 
sand and produce liberal returns. For early forage 
land should be selected which is moderately open 
and porous, so that the plowing may be done early. 
Those soils containing a comparatively large per- 
centage of clay can better be used where late forage 
is desired. 

Land should be plowed deep, and in cases where 
sod is inverted the jointer should be used. While 
the land is still rough, as left by the plow, the peas 
should be sown broadcast at the rate of about 1 



bushel per acre. Then the harrow should be used 
and the land thoroughly fitted and fined for oats. 
This fitting will cover the peas deeply and well, and 
it is to secure this deep covering that the peas are 
sown directly after the plow. 

Oats may then be sown broadcast or drilled in the 
ordinary way, using 1 to 1% bushels of seed per acre. 
If the soil is somewhat porous, sandy, or gravelly, 
the roller may follow the seeding. But should there 
be a somewhat large percentage of clay in the soil 
then the rolling would better be deferred until the 
young plants are 2 or 3 inches high, when the roller 
can be used without danger of producing injurious 
soil conditions due to packing. 

Comparative tests were made at Cornell a few 
years ago of oats and peas; oats; barley and oats; 
and barley. The average yields were nearly 12, 8, 
7..^, and 6.5 tons per acre, respectively. The esti- 
mated value of the food constituents per acre, calcu- 
lated on the dry matter, is given as $63.11 for oats 
and peas, $57.99 for oats alone, $43.39 for oats and 
barley, and $31.99 for barley alone. 



383 



THE SILO ON THE FARM 



Illustration Showing How Silo Is Made, Location, How the Silo Is 
Filled From Power Which May Be Supplied by Automobile 



Keeping in mind the fact that ensilage is literally 
fodder kept in a pit, the principles requisite for a 
good silo are more easily grasped. 

The first requisite of a silo is that it must be air- 
tight, with smooth perpendicular walls that will 
allow the mass to settle without leaving open spaces 
along the walls, and the walls must be firm so as 
not to spring with the pressure of the mass as it 
settles. The bottom may be of clay, but the use of 
stones covered with cement is preferable. The foun- 
dation should be set below the frost-line, in northern 
climates the wall should run down five feet below the 
suiface. 

Since the object is to have the least possible sur- 
face exposure, the round form of silo is preferred. 
It must be emptied from the top in even layers, so 
as to expose the silage as little as possible to the 
action of the air. 

As it must be visited twice a day, the silo should 
be located near the barn, but not where the odors 
from the open silo will penetrate the stable at milk- 
ing time to affect the milk. The roof should have a 



dry roughage, and it is always well to avoid feeding 
it excessively. 

Corn is the preferred ensilage crop, and the favor- 
ite time for cutting is when it has reached the 
roasting-ear stage; the slow-growing varieties are 
best, as they continue to grow later and produce a 
greater yield of ensilage to the acre than those varie- 
ties grown chiefly for the grain. Next to corn come 
clover and alfalfa, followed by sorghum, cow-peas 
and soya-beans, with beet pulp near the front rank 
where easy access lo a sugar beet factory is to be 
had. Oats, rye, kafir corn, and milo maize are used 
in different sections. 

How Big a Silo Shall Be Built 

Allow 40 pounds of silage per day for each mature 
cow and half this amount for each head of young 
stock. Figure on feeding the silage for about 200 
days each year. 

The deeper the silo in relation to Its diameter and 
the tighter and better it is built, the smaller the 




Filling; the Silo. Special Power Machine at Right. Belt Extending from Machine to Silage 

at the Left. 



cupola for ventilation, and in extremely cold weather 
this will be closed to prevent freezing. If it can be 
placed south or east of the barn the danger of the 
silo's being blown over by wind-storms is lessened. 

In building of brick it is economy to use brick of 
a high grade. Strength, durability, and a sinooth in- 
side wall, impenetrable to the air, are objects 
aimed at. 

A stave silo built on the principle of a stave water- 
tank or cistern may be bought ready to place on a 
cement foundation, such silo of lGx32 feet dimensions, 
but without foundations, costing about $300; the cost 
of a concrete silo of equal dimensions is $300 to $500. 

It is advisable for three or four farmers located 
close together to buy a silage cutter together. Then 
by helping each other they are able to fill the silo 
for the group at the minimum expense. The cutters 
used to fill medium to large size silos have a capacity 
of from 10 to 15 tons per hour. 

Silage is pre-eminently a cow food; steers may be 
fed to advantage 40 to rjO pounds a day; in moderate 
quantities, up to about 20 pounds a day, it is good to 
mix with the rations of horses; sheep-men look upon 
it with great favor, especially for ewes at lambing 
time; and opinions vary as to its value for hogs. 
Silage must always be fed in connection with some 



allowance that must be made for spoiled material. 
In any case it is wise to build a bigger silo than you 
absolutely need, to allow for shrinkage, an unexpect- 
edly long season, and a possible increase in the size 
of your herd. 

The Dairy Division of the Department of Agricul- 
ture has for a number of years conducted experi- 
ments in growing, preparing, and feeding silage. The 
results of these investigations have lately been 
summed up: 

Cost accounts kept for silos on thirty-one farms in 
"Wisconsin and Michigan show that the cost of put- 
ting up a ton of silage varies from 4(5 to 86 cents. 
Cost records kept for eighty-seven silos in various 
parts of the United States give 87 cents a ton as the 
average cost of filling. 

"The cost of producing a ton of silage," explains 
the Department, "varies, of course, with the acre 
yield, the cost of growing an acre, and the cost of 
filling the silo. In general, it may be stated that 
from $l..''i0 to $4 a ton represents the limits between 
which most of the silage is produced." 

As to the use of silage the Department draws from 
its records of various feeding experiments with vari- 
ous classes of cattle several rations that have been 
found to give satisfactory results. 



".S4 



Amount of Silage Consumed in Different Parts United States 



Amount of Silage Required Per Day 

Rations for dairy cows are classified in accordance 
with milk yield and the quality of this yield, as 
follows: 

For a 1300-pound cow yielding 40 pounds of milk 
testing 3.5 per cent: Silage, 40 pounds; clover, cow- 
pea, or alfalfa hay, 10 pounds; grain mixture, 10 
pounds. 

For a cow of the same weight yielding 20 pounds 
of 3.5 per cent milk: Silage, 40 pounds; clover, cow- 
pea, or alfalfa hay, 5 pounds; grain mixture, 5 
pounds. 

For a 900-pound cow yielding 30 pounds of 5 per 
cent milk: Silage, 30 pounds; clover, cow-pea, or 
alfalfa hay, 10 pounds; grain mixture, 11 pounds. 

For a cow of the same weight yielding 15 pounds 
of 5 per cent milk: Silage, 30 pounds; clover, cow- 
pea, or alfalfa hay, 8 pounds; grain mixture, 5 
pounds. 

Mixture of Grain for Silage 

A good grain mixture to be used in a ration that 
includes silage and some sort of leguminous hay is 
composed of: Corn chop, four parts; wheat bran, two 
parts; linseed-oil meal or cottonseed meal, one part. 

The Department classifies rations for fattening 
steers according to locality. The following rations 
have been found highly satisfactory for a 1000- 
pound steer: 

For the Com Belt. Ration 1: Corn silage, 25 
pounds; corn stover, 6 pounds; cottonseed meal or 
oil meal, 3 pounds; shelled corn, 14 pounds. 

Ration 2: Corn silage, 25 pounds; clover hay, 7 
pounds; shelled corn, 15 pounds. 

For the Eastern States where hay is very high and 
corn is relatively high: Corn silage, 30 pounds; corn 
stover, 6 pounds; cottonseed meal or oil meal, 4 
pounds; shelled corn, 10 pounds. 

For the South where cottonseed meal is of mod- 
erate price and cow-pea hay is raised on the farm. 
Ration 1: Corn silage, 35 pounds; cow-pea hay, 8 
pounds; cottonseed meal or oil meal, 7 pounds. 

Ration 2: Corn silage, 30 pounds; cottonseed hulls, 
12 pounds; cottonseed meal, 7 pounds. 

For the West where corn cannot be raised. Ra- 
tion 1: Kafir silage, 30 pounds; prairie hay, 3 
pounds; cottonseed meal, 3 pounds; kafir meal, 10 
pounds. 

Ration 2: Kafir silage, 25 pounds; alfalfa, 7 
pounds; kafir, 15 pounds. 

Pays for Itself Yearly 

It is claimed by some that "one could build a 
silo, fill it, and destroy it every year, and still make 



money on the investment." It is stated authorita- 
tively that "the man who feeds ten head of cattle 
without a silo for a year loses the cost of the silo 
and still has none." 

A pioneer silo company reports: 

"A silo will pay for itself in a single year, and the 
years to come it is a clean and usually an enormous 
profit. 

"And the silo is the best means yet found of con- 
serving the land. It gives value to products of the 
farm that without the silo would be wasted, and by 
stimulating feeding as against the sale of grain it 
puts the farmer in a position to turn out the finished 
product, the marketable live stoclc and dairy products. 

"In turning out only the finished product the 
farmer keeps the manure, the fertilizing value. He 
sells product and not farm, and the latter keeps on 
developing and getting better from year to year in- 
stead of undergoing a gradual but sure impoverish- 
mient." 

Feeding Value of Silage 

It is well known that cows produce more milk 
when fed green, succulent feed than when kept on 
dry feed. June is usually the month when the cows 
yield their largest flow of milk. This is due chiefly 
to the fact that they have been turned onto fresh, 
green pastures where they get an abundance of suc- 
culent food. In cold winter months, when the pas- 
tures are frozen and covered with snow, silage, prop- 
erly preserved, furnishes feed that is highly nutri- 
tious and keeps the cow's digestion and appetite in 
the best possible condition. Silage is recognized 
by successful dairymen as absolutely necessary for 
economical milk production. 

Advantage of Corn Silage 

The superiority of corn silage over dried corn fod- 
der lies in the fact that the silage is juicy and appe- 
tizing; cattle relish it when they would reject ordi- 
nary dried fodder. The Vermont Experiment Station 
made a careful test of the relative values of corn 
silage and dried fodder. The results were: 

24,858 pounds of green fodder corn, when dried and 
fed with a uniform allowance of hay and grain, pro- 
duced 7,688 pounds of milk. 

24,858 pounds of green fodder corn, converted into 
silage and fed with the same ration of hay and grain 
as was fed with the dried fodder, produced 8,525 
pounds of milk. 

Four acres planted in corn will produce about 40 
or 50 tons of silage, with only an average crop. 
Forty tons will feed ten cows 200 days, allowing 40 
pounds of feed per day for each cow. 



BUSHELS OF CORN ON AN ACRE 



How Many Bushels of Corn Can Be Grown on an Acre? 
Shelled Corn Produced on One Acre, 160.4 Bushels 



For four years the Bowker Fertilizer Company 
conducted special scientific crop growing contests 
for cash prizes. The first two were corn contests in 
which $1000 was offered each year for the largest 
yields of crib-dry corn containing not over 12 per 
cent moisture. Each contest acre was a measured 
acre and the crops were harvested in the presence 
of several disinterested witnesses. The samples were 
sealed and sent to the Massachusetts Agricultural 
Experiment Station, where they were tested for 
moisture, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. This re- 
sulted in a very interesting and instructive coinpari- 
son bet.ween the flint and dent varieties, but tlie 
greatest value of this analysis was the determination 
of amount of moisture and of cob. 

One of the samples analyzed as high as 73 per 
cent of water and cob, and in order to determine the 
actual winners producing the greatest dry food value 
per acre, all the yields were reduced to the 12 per 
cent moisture basis. The result was that many crops 
which were large at harvest time were fairly well 
down the column in the final report. 

Contest of 1910, 27 Contestants 

There were 27 contestants who finished in the 
1910 contest. The grand prize crop a.s harvested 
was 126.8 bushels and when reduced to a basis of 



12 per cent moisture it was found to be 103.23 
bushels of crib-dry shelled corn. This crop was 
grown by Perley E. Davis, Granby, Mass., and was 
awarded the grand prize of $500. 

Contest of 1911, 39 Contestants 

In the contest for 1911 there were 39 contestants 
who finished. The grand .$500 prize was won by 
Lester S. White, Collinsville, Conn., with a yield 
of 160.4 bushels, harvest measure, which by an- 
alysis was found to equal 112.68 bushels of crib- 
dry shelled corn per acre, containing 12 per cent 
moisture. 

The average yield of the two first prize winners 
in the two contests was 107.95 bushels of crib-dry 
shelled corn containing 12 per cent moisture. The 
average yield of all the contest acres for two years 
was 59.05 bushels crib-dry shelled corn per acre. 
The average yield for the New England States in 
which this contest was held was 45.5 bushels to the 
acre as harvested, and for the entire United States 
27.4 bushels to the acre, field run. "When we read 
about these phenomenal yields of 150, 200 and 250 
bushels of shelled corn per acre, we should ask 
what was the moisture at harvest time. Water and 
cob should not be reckoned as shelled corn, and 
were not in these tests. 



385 



IRISH 
POTATOES 



POTATOES 



SWEET 
POTATOES 



How Prepare Soil, Cultivate and Raise Potatoes 




Irish Potatoes 



Sweet Potatoes 



Irish Potato Culture 



The value of a potato crop to the grower depends 
mainly upon the yield and the size, form, and healthv 
condition of the tubers. Perfect tubers find ready 
sale at the best prices, while the yield in itself has 
no effect on the transaction, and the chemical com- 
position of the potatoes is, as a rule, disregarded by 
the buyer, unless they are to be used in starch- 
making. 

In every 100 pounds of average potatoes there is 
75 pounds of water. Of the remaining 25 pounds 
about 20 pounds is carbohydrates (starch and sugar, 
etc.) and 2 pounds protein. 

The chief value of the potato for food as well 
as for starch-making lies in the starch which the 
tubers contain. The protein content is low and the 
carbohydrates high, and, therefore, potatoes are 
especially valuable for use in connection with foods 
rich in protein, such as lean meat, eggs, etc., to 
furnish a well-balanced diet. 

Thorough tillage of potatoes is highly important, 
but intensive tillage alone is not sufficient to produce 
a large yield. Intensive tillage may be overdone. 
During a drought only so much tillage is necessary 
as shall keep the surface mulch loose and thoroughly 
dry. The drier the surface layer of soil the more 
slowly will moisture be absorbed by it from the lay- 
ers of subsurface soil. 



Harrowing potato land before the plants appear 
above ground is considered a wise practice. ' In an 
important series of experiments conducted by the 
New York Cornell Station, the use of Bordeaux 
mixture in nearly every case resulted in an increased 
yield, even when blight was not prevalent, and 
thorough spraying with this material is therefore 
recommended as a general practice. Pruning potato 
vines to one main stem was not beneficial. 

Potato machinery, while not yet perfected, has 
reached such a degree of perfection that where pota- 
toes are grown upon any considerable area special 
potato machinery should be provided. Implements 
should be purchased which .are found adapted to 
the local conditions. 

There is no royal road *o success with potatoes. 
Methods of procedure which are applicable during 
one season must be modified to meet the require- 
ments of another season; treatment of one soil 
might be radically wrong when applied to another 
soil. Success will be attained only by thorough 
familiarity with the plant and its habits of growth, 
and then conditions must be made to meet as com- 
pletely as possible the requirements of the plant. 
The general adoption of the common potato as an 
article of food by the Irish people in the middle of 
the 18th century, gave the name Irish to this potato. 



The Sweet Potato 



A sandy loam and fourteen to sixteen weeks of 
hot, growing weather is what the sweet potato asks. 
If to this can be added lots of rain in the early part 
of the season and comparatively dry weather for 
ripening and harvesting, a crop of 200 bushels to the 
acre may be expected, with proper cultivation. Crim- 
son clover in the North and cowpeas in the South 
are good crops to precede the sweet potato because 
they add nitrogen and humus, subsoil the earth, and 
leave it in good physical condition, and aid in keep- 
ing the soil mellow as is required for well-formed 
sweet potatoes. Ten tons of manure, with 25 lbs. 
of nitrogen, 50 lbs. phosphoric acid, and 75 lbs. of 
potash, may be used per acre as fertilizer. Well- 
rotted horse manure, ten to twenty tons to the 
acre, is also good. Deep plowing increases the 
■yield of potatoes, but has a tendency to make long 
potatoes, which are not as popular in the markets. 
The fertilizer should be applied in the furrow after 
the land is plowed, then harrowed in. Next, the 
land is thrown up into beds or ridges three or four 
inches high, with the centers of the ridges about 
three and one-half feet apart, and the sets planted 
eighteen inches apart in the row. 

The sweet potato may be planted like the Irish 



potato, by cutting in pieces and planting the "eyes," 
but the usual way is to plant in a hotbed. The 
tubers are placed quite close together, but not touch- 
ing, and covered with manure; they are then cov- 
ered with three inches of soil, the bed covered with 
glass, and watered as often as necessary. The 
shoots, or sets, that develop should not be trans- 
planted to the field until the ground is quite warm — • 
about the first of June in the latitude of Iowa or 
Michigan. The vines or runners may be lifted from 
time to time with a pitchfork if there is a tendency 
to root. Good cultivation is absolutely necessary. 
It should be frequent and shallow, to save moisture. 

Black-rot is to be guarded against. If a plant 
shows a leaf that is black it should be dug up and 
destroyed, and, as the germs of black-rot remain 
in the soil over winter, the same ground should 
not be used again for sweet potatoes. 

Digging may be begun as soon as ripe, to supply 
immediate demands, but the main crop is not dug 
till about time of first frost. The potatoes should be 
stored in a well ventilated place in the shade. 

Yams are a variety of sweet potatoes, popular in 
the South and are larger than the ordinary sweet 
potato. Both are natives of America. 



386 



POTATOES ON AN ACRE 



To test the possibilities of an acre the Bowker Fertilizing Company, of Massachusetts, has been giv- 
ing prizes for best productions, with following result on potatoes: 



Potatoes Produced on One Acre, 545.4 Bushels 



For two years there were conducted potato con- 
tests based on quality and size as well as yield, 
which is a new way of deciding such contests, The 
crops were planted on measured acres and dug and 
sampled in the presence of witnesses. The samples 
were tested for cooking qualities by three experts, 
a woman (professor of houseliold economics), a 
professor, and a potato merchant, who boiled and 
baked the potatoes under precisely the same condi- 
tions and scored them accordingly. They also scored 
the potatoes for appearance, size, etc. Finally the 
potatoes were tested for starch by Professor Phillip 
H. Smith of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station at Amherst. All the judges and the 
chemists worked on samples marked with the con- 
testant's numbers. The names were unknown to 
them. 

There were 33 contestants who finished In the 1912 
contest. The grand prize crop was 545.4 bushels, 
77 per cent of which (410 bushels) were table size, 
scoring perfect as to cooking ciualities and almost 
perfect in appearance, shape, etc. This crop was 
grown by L. A. Littlefleld, Lincoln, Penobscot County, 
Maine, and was awarded first prize of $200. 

In the contest for 1913, New England was divided 
into two zones. There were 20 contestants who 
finished. The first prize of $100 in the northern 
zone (Me., N. H.. and Vt. ) was won by Alvah B. 
Cobb, Lee, Penobscot County, Maine, for a yield 
of 502.6 bushels, 75 per cent of which (378 bushels) 
were table size, scoring 85 out of a possible 100 in 
cooking quality and appearance. 

Mr. Cobb's acre was planted on a rocky loam soil 
which yielded about one-half ton of hay in 1912. 
The rows were 33 inches apart and seeded with 
Green Mountain cut by guess, planted 10 inches 
apart in the rows by machine and covered 4 inches 
deep. The piece was cultivated three times and 
hoed three times and sprayed twice with Pyrox. 
2,200 lbs. of a patented Potato Manure was applied, 
400 lbs. broadcast and 1,800 lbs. in the -drill. No 
other fertilizer or dressing of any kind was used. 
The entire crop weighed 30,156 lbs. which is equal 
to 502.6 bushels. 

The second prize was awarded to O. B. Keene of 
Liberty, Maine. His acre was planted on dark 
loamv soil which produced In 1912 without any fer- 
tilizer about 800 lbs. of hay to the acre. In 1913 it 
was planted in potatoes in rows 32 inches apart and 
seeded with Cuban Multipliers, cut 1 to 3 eyes, 
dropped 8 inches apart in the rows, covered 6 to 8 
inches deep and was cultivated by bushing 3 times 
with a heavy brush harrow until perfectly level. 



When the plants broke through the ground they 
were horse hoed and buried, and in 11 days buried 
again. He applied 1,900 lbs. of commercial ferti- 
lizer, 1,000 lbs. in the drill, the balance broadcast. 
The yield was 418. 5 bushels, of which 72.01 per cent 
were table size, 26.41 per cent under 4 ozs., and 1.58 
per cent above 12 ozs. 

The first prize in the southern zone (Mass., R. I., 
and Conn.) was won by A. W. Butler, Brockton, 
Mass., whose yield was 363.1 bushels from one acre, 
72.51 per cent of which (263 bushels) were table 
size, scoring 82 out of a possible 100 for cooking 
quality and appearance. 

Mr. Butler's acre was planted on "rocky loam" 
which produced about 2i/4 tons of hay per acre in 
1912, which had been grown on barn manure. The 
rows were 36 inches apart and seeded with Green 
Mountains cut to two eyes, planted 14 inches apart 
by hand, and covered 3 Inches deep. The piece was 
cultivated five times by machine. First when the 
potatoes were two inches high and then about every 
two weeks. The acre was sprayed with Pyrox when 
the plants were about 4 inches high and then about 
every two weeks until they had been sprayed five 
times altogether. 2,800 lbs. of commercial fertilizer 
was applied, 2,100 lbs. broadcast and 700 lbs. in 
the drill. 

One important fact has been demonstrated by 
these contests; namely, that apparently the starch 
content has no dependable relation to cooking qual- 
ity. For example, Mr. Keene, who took second prize 
In the northern zone for 1913, scored 102 for starch 
and 17 on mealiness, while Mr. Demeritt, who took 
third, scored only 60 on starch but got 18 on meali- 
ness. Thus these results confirm the conclusion that 
high starch content does not necessarily mean high 
cooking quality, and that the only way to determine 
cooking quality is to make an actual cooking test of 
representative samples. Over one-half of the crops 
ran over 300 bushels of potatoes per acre. 

The average yield of potatoes in New England 
for the northern zone is only 156 bushels per acre 
and in the southern zone 107 bushels, and 89 bushels 
per acre for the whole country. The average yield 
in this contest was 383.1 bushels per acre for the 
northern zone and 247.4 bushels for the southern 
zone. 

These corn and potato contests, which have been 
conducted for four years on strictly scientific lines, 
have attracted not only the attention of practical 
farmers but have been followed with great interest 
by the Department of Agriculture, and by scientific 
men and economists throughout the country. 



FERTILIZERS FOR SALE BY ALL NURSERYMEN 



Potato Manure. Its great potash 
content makes it very valuable 
for use on all root crops, also 
on fruit lands. It works well 
on grass and fruit in connec- 
tion with bone meal, and makes 
a valuable and lasting top- 
dressing. 2 per cent ammonia, 
5 per cent available phosphoric 
acid, 10 per cent potash. Per 
sack, 200 lbs., $3.50; per ton, 
$28. 

Potato and Truck Special. A high 
grade fertilizer for the vege- 
table and truck garden; espe- 
cially recommended for beans, 
corn, eggplants, tomatoes, po- 
tatoes, and all other root crops. 
Sacks of 200 lbs., $3.75; per ton. 



Keep Up Fertility in the Soil. 

Poudrette (Native Guano). Con. 
tains all the elements necessary 
for plant life; used extensively 
by market gardeners. An ex- 
cellent lawn top-dressing. Per 
100 lbs., $1.50; 200 lbs., $2.75; 
1,000 lbs., $9.50; per ton, $18. 

Salt, Agricultural. For top-dress- 
ing asparagus beds. Apply very 
early in spring at the rate of 
800 to 1,000 pounds per acre. 
200 lbs., $1.50; per ton, $10. 

Sheep Manure, Pulverized. A 

pure natural manure, unequaled 
for mixing with potting soil, for 
lawns, general vegetable and 
flower garden fertilizer, for 
making liquid manure water, or 
for any purpose where quicli as 



•jfell as lasting results are want- 
ed. 2-lb. package, 15c; 5 lbs., 
25c; 10 lbs., 40c; 25 lbs., 75c; 
.50 lbs., $1.25; 100 lbs., $2; 500 
lbs., $9; 1,000 lbs., $16; ton, $30. 

Soot. The leading growers recom- 
mend the use of soot to produce 
plants of a good healthy color; 
destroys insects and grubs in 
the soil, and should be spread 
on greenhouse staging and flow- 
er beds; then stir the soil. 25 
lbs., $1; 100 lbs., $3.50. 

Tobacco Stems. A lawn covering 
for winter. It not only acts as 
a protector, but imparts large 
quantities of ammonia and 
drives away insects and moles. 
Bbl., $1; bale, $2; ton, $12. 



887 



FERTILIZERS 



Fertilizers for Farm, Lawn, Garden and Greenhouse 

For Sale by All Nurserj-men and Seed Dealers. 



(Fertilizers marked * can be 
sent by Parcel Post at purchaser's 
expense. Consult your local post- 
ortlce for rate from wholesale 
houses. We give approximate 
prices at which the fertilizers 
may be bought from dealers be- 
cause users will thus be enabled 
to estimate the cost.) 

Animal Base and Potash Com- 
pound. For all crops. Superior 
for broadcasting in spring prior 
to harrowing. 2 per cent am- 
monia, 8 per cent Av. Ph. Acid, 
2 per cent potash. Per sack, 
200 lbs., $3; per ton, $23.50. 

Blood (dried). One of the quick- 
est acting fertilizers, being im- 
mediately soluble. 5 lbs., 30c; 
10 lbs., 50c; 50 lbs., $2; 100 lbs., 
$3.75. 

Bone Flour. Ground very fine; 
excellent for pot plants or beds 
where an immediate effect is 
wanted. 5 lbs., 25c; 100 lbs., 
$2.50; bbl. of 200 lbs., $4.50; 
ton, $40. 

Pure Bone Meal. A standard fer- 
tilizer for all purposes, safe and 
effective. 3 lbs., 15c; per ton, 
$33. 

Ground Bone. A little coarser 
than above; excellent for grass 
plots, gardens, etc. Apply 400 
to 600 lbs. to the acre. 5 lbs., 
25c; 25 lbs., 75c; 50 lbs., $1.25; 
sack of 200 lbs., $3.75. 

Coarse Bone. Ground coarse, for 
grape borders and poultry. A 
superior fertilizer to use when 
planting shrubbery and trees. 5 
lbs., 25c; 50 lbs., $1.25; per ton, 
$36. 

Cattle or Cow Manure, Shredded. 
For garden, lawn, and green- 
house, and especially good to 
mix with, compost and for water 
lilies. 100 lbs., $2; 500 lbs., $9; 
1,000 lbs., $16; per ton, $30. 



Troy Weight 

24 grains 1 pwt. 

20 pwt 1 ounce 

12 ounces 1 pound 

Used for weighing gold, silver, 
and jewels. 

Apothecaries' Weight 
20 grains 1 scruple 

3 scruples 1 dram 

8 drams 1 ounce 

12 ounces 1 pound 

The grain, ounce, and pound in 
this are the same as in Troy 
Weight. 

Avoirdupois Weight 

27 11-32 grains 1 dram 

16 drams 1 ounce 

16 ounces 1 pound 

25 pounds 1 quarter 

4 quarters 1 cwt. 

2,000 pounds 1 short ton 

2,240 pounds 1 long ton 

The avoirdupois pound contains 
7,000 Troy grains, the Troy pound 
5,760 grains. 

Dry Measure 

2 pints 1 quart 

8 quarts 1 peck 

4 pecks 1 bushel 

36 bushels 1 chaldron 

Liquid Measure 

4 gills 1 pint 

2 pints 1 quart 

4 quarts 1 gallon 

31 % gallons 1 barrel 

2 barrels 1 hogshead 

Time Measure 

60 seconds 1 minute 

60 minutes 1 hour 

24 hours 1 day 



Clay's Fertilizer. (Imported.) 

Recommended to all who grow 
either fruit, flowers, or vege- 
tables. Should be used in pot- 
ting soil and spread on staging 
of greenhouses planted with 
flowering plants. 28 lbs., $2; 56 
lbs., $3.50; 112 lbs., $6.50. 

Hardwood Ashes. Ciood dressing 
to apply to orchards. Should 
be applied late in fall or early 
spring. This is a splendid fer- 
tilizer for the lawn and garden, 
containing all of the fertilizing 
elements except nitrogen. If 
used on the lawn at the rate of 
a ton or more per acre as a 
first application, and annual 
dressing of 300 pounds after- 
wards, will insure a thrifty 
growth of dark color, exemp- 
tion from ill effects of dry 
weather, and freedom from 
weeds. It is also beneficial to 
vegetables and field crops, and 
especially recominended to cab- 
bage and onion growers. 100 
lbs., $1,50; per bbl., $2.50; per 
ton, $22. Special price by the 
car. 

Kainit (German Potash Salt). 
Analysis: 12 per cent actual 
potash. Excellent to apply in 
fall or winter on lawns or vege- 
table garden. Apply 1,000 lbs. 
per acre. 100 lbs., $1.25; 200 
lbs., $2; per ton, $15. 

Land Plaster. Much used in com- 
posting or mixed with guano, 
etc. 100-lb. bag, $1; bag, 200 
lbs., $1.50; per ton, $10. 

Lime (hydrated). For lawn and 
field use where the ground has 
become sour. 100 lbs., $1; ton, 
$12.50. Special price by the car. 

Manure. Fresh horse manure by 
carload. W^rite for prices. 

Muriate of Potash. 80 per cent 
pure, equivalent to 48 to 50 per 
cent actual potash. A high 



Weights and Measures 

7 days 1 week 

28, 29, 30, or 31 days..l calendar 
month (30 days, 1 month in 
computing interest.) 

365 days 1 year 

366 days 1 leap year 

Circular Measure 

60 seconds 1 minute 

60 minutes 1 degree 

30 degrees 1 sign 

90 degrees 1 quadrant 

4 quadrants 12 signs, or 360 de- 

grees 1 circle 

Mariners' Measure 

6 feet 1 fathom 

120 fathoms 1 'cable length 

7% cable lengths 1 mile 

5,280 feet 1 statute mile 

6,085 feet 1 nautical mile 

Long Measure 

12 inches 1 foot 

3 feet 1 yard 

5 V4 yards 1 rod 

40 rods 1 furlong 

8 furlongs 1 statute mile 

3 miles 1 league 

Cloth Measure 

2% inches 1 nail 

4 nails 1 quarter 

4 quarters 1 yard 

Paper Measure 

24 sheets 1 quire 

20 quires....! ream (480 sheets) 

2 reams 1 bundle 

5 bundles 1 bale 

3Iiscellaneou8 

3 inches 1 palm 

4 inches 1 hand 

6 inches 1 span 

18 inches 1 cubit 



grade fertilizer and one of the 
best orchard fertilizers known. 
25 lbs.. $1; 50 lbs., $1.75; 100 
lbs., $3. Original sacks of 200 
lbs., $5.50. 

Nitrate of Soda. A fertilizer for 
all crops. It is very quick in 
action and hastens maturity of 
crops fully two weeks. Being 
quickly soluble, it should not be 
applied until the plants are 
above ground, when 200 to 300 
lbs. mixed with land plaster is 
sufficient per acre. Nitrate of 
soda does not exhaust the land. 
5 lbs., 25c; 25 lbs., $1.25; 50 lbs., 
$2; 100 lbs., $3. .50. Large quan- 
tities, prices on application. 

"Peerless" Plant Food for House 
Plants. (Odorless.) May he 
used either dry or liquid, the 
latter much the best, being im- 
inediately available to the plant, 
and less danger of giving an 
overdose. Put up in V2 and 1-lb. 
packages. Directions for use 
with each package. 15c and 
25c; by mail, 25c and 40c. 

"Peerless" Plant Food for Lawn 
and Garden. (Odorless.) A high- 
grade fertilizer. Apply at any 
time during spring or fall. It 
will restore lawns to full lux- 
uriance, and acts quickly in the 
vegetable garden, where it can 
be applied at any time during 
the growing season. 5 lbs., 25c; 
10 lbs., 40c; 25 lbs., $1; 50 lbs., 
$1.75; 100 lbs., $3; 200 lbs., $5; 
ton, .$45. 

Peruvian Guano Substitute. For 
potatoes and all vegetables. 
Since it is difficult to procure 
pure Peruvian guano, this is a 
good all-round fertilizer. 5 per 
cent ammonia, 6 per cent avail- 
able phosphoric acid, 7 per cent 
potash. 50 lbs., $1.50; 100 lbs., 
$2.50; sack of 200 lbs., $4; ton. 
$36. 



21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit 

2.5 feet 1 military pace 

Square Measure 
144 square inches.. 1 square foot 
9 square feet...l square yard 
30 Vi square yards... 1 square rod 

40 square rods 1 rood 

4 roods 1 acre 

640 acres 1 square mile 

Surveyors' Measure 

7.92 inches 1 link 

25 links 1 rod 

4 rods 1 chain 

10 sq. chains or 160 sq. 

rods 1 acre 

640 acres 1 sq. mile 

36 sq. miles (6 miles 

square) 1 township 

Measurements of Acre. 

220 feet by 198 feet 1 acre 

110 feet by 396 feet 1 acre 

60 feet by 726 feet 1 acre 

120 feet by 363 feet 1 acre 

300 feet by 145. 2 feet 1 acre 

400 feet by 108.9 feet 1 acre 

210 feet by 210 feet 1 acre 

The last is approximate. 
Cubic Measure 
1,728 cubic inches. 1 cubic foot 
27 cubic feet . . . . 1 cubic yard 
128 cubic feet..l cord (wood) 
40 cubic feet.l ton (shipping) 
2,150.42 cubic Inches...! standard 
dry bushel 
231 cubic inches. . . .1 standard 

liquid gallon 
268.8 cubic inches...! standard 
dry gallon 
1 cubic foot.. about 4-5 of a 
bushel. 



3S8 



BARNYARD MANURE 
SAVING MANURE 



MANURES 



USE OF MANURE 
COMPOSTS 



In those regions where fertilizers are extensively 
used it is of the greatest iinportance to know with 
reasonable exactness the varying fertilizer require- 
ments of different soils and crops in order to get the 
greatest return froin the fertilizers applied. A com- 
monly accepted method of securing this information 
is by ineans of plat experiments, in which the crops 
are grown on the different soils with the various 
fertilizers whose merits are to be tested. Many of 
tlie experiment stations have carried out extensive 
experiments of this kind, in cooperation with farm- 
ers, on a great variety of soils and crops; but the 
safest plan is for each farmer to test the question 
for himself on his own soil, using the results of 
experiments on other soils only as general guides 
in the use of fertilizers in default of such tests. 

Barnyard manure is easily the most important of 
all fertilizers. A well-kept manure heap may be 
safely taken as one of the surest indications of 
tlirift and success in farming. Neglect of this re- 
source causes losses, which, though little appreciated, 
are vast in extent. Waste of manure is either so 
common as to breed indifference or so silent and 
hidden as to escape notice. 

Loss from Wasting Manure 

Experiments indicate that if the horses, mules, 
cattle, hogs and sheep in the United States were 
kept in stalls or pens tliroughout the year, and the 
manure carefully saved, the approximate value of 
the fertilizing constituents of the manure produced 
by each horse or mule annually would be $27, by 
each head of cattle $20, by each hog $8, and by 
each sheep .$2. In the aggregate the value of these 
fertilizing materials would reach a fabulous amount 
— considerably over two billion dollars. 

Discussing this subject from a practical stand- 
point, a well-known expert has suggested the sum of 
$2.'50 as a conservative estimate of the value of the 
manure produced during seven winter montlis on a 
small farm carrying i horses, 20 cows, GO sheep and 
10 hogs. 

It should be clearly understood that when the 
farmer sells meat, milk, grain, hay. fruits, vegeta- 
bles, etc., from his farm, or neglects to save and 
use the manure produced, he removes from his soil 
a certain amount of potash, phosphoric acid, and 
nitrogen that must be restored sooner or later if 
productiveness is to be maintained. 

A useful table has been compiled showing the 
amount and value of fertilizing constituents carried 
away from the soil in different products. We learn 
from this table that the farmer who sells a ton of 
hay, for example, sells in this ton of hay fertilizing 
ingredients which, if purchased in tlie form of com- 
mercial fertilizers, would cost him about $5.10; that 
if he sells 2,000 pounds of wheat he sells an amount 
of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash which it 
would cost him ,$7.01 to replace in his soil in the 
form of commercial fertilizers. Or, looking at it from 
a somewhat different standpoint, a farmer who sells, 
for example, $10 worth of wheat sells with it aijout 
$2.63 worth of the fertility of his soil. In other 
words, when he receives his $10 this a:nount does 
not represent the net receipts of the transaction, 
for he has parted with $2.63 worth of his capital, 
that is, of the stored-up fertility of his soil, and if 
he does not take this into the account he makes 
the same mistake a merchant would make should he 
estimate his profits by the amount of cash which he 
received and neglect to take account of stock. 

Benefit from Feeding Stock 

If the farmer, instead of selling off his crops, feeds 
them to live stock on the farin as far as possible, 
a large proportion of this fertility, as has been 
shown above, is retained on the farm; and "if the 
business of stock feeding is carried to the point 
where feed is purchased in addition to that grown 
on the farm, a considerable addition may in this 
way be made to the fertility of the farm at an 
almost nominal cost, since it is assumed that feed 
will not be bought unless its feeding value will at 
least pay its cost." This system of indirect pur- 
chase of fertilizers in feeding stuffs is practiced 
largely in England and other European countries, 
and accounts for no small share of the profits of 
stock raising in those countries. 

But it is evident that these advantages will not 
be secured unless the manure produced is carefully 
saved and used. 

The growing of more leguminous plants, such as 
beans, peas, clover, lupines, etc., as a means of 



Increasing the fertility of the soil, is strongly recom- 
mended both from theoretical and practical consider- 
ations. But the leguminous crop is best utilized 
when it is fed out on the farm and the manure 
saved and applied to the soil. The greatest profit 
is thus secured, and nearly the same fertility is 
maintained as in green manuring. The farmer should 
mend his system so that the barnyard manure will 
be as well cared for as any other farm product. 
Loss from surface washing, leaching, fermentation, 
and decay should be guarded against. Then the 
feeding of richer food will mean richer manure and 
better and cheaper crops. 

Dislike Changing Old Habits 

It is hard to persuade the farmer to abandon time- 
honored practices and adopt methods with which he 
is unfamiliar. He also hestitates about incurring 
the necessary expense of building suitable recep- 
tacles for the storage of manure, frequently assuming 
that this is greater than it really is. As the expert 
quoted above says, "The new idea that the manure 
should be as carefully preserved from unnecessary 
waste as any other product of the farm is hard to 
put in practice, after having for forty years stored 
the farmyard manure under the eaves upon the 
steep hillside which forms one border of the running' 
brook." 

Management of Manure 

Barnyard manure rapidly undergoes change. When 
practicable to remove the manure and spread it on 
the field at short intervals the losses of valuable 
constituents need not be very great, but when the 
manure must be stored for some time the difficulties 
of preservation are greatly increased. 

Loss of Manure Value 

The deterioration of manure results from two chief 
causes, (a) fermentation, whereby nitrogen, either 
as ammonia or in the gaseous state, is set free, and 
(b) weathering or leaching, which involves a loss 
of the soluble fertilizing constituents. The loss from 
destructive fermentation may be largely prevented 
by the use of proper absorbents and by "keeping the 
manure moist and compact. Loss from leaching 
may be prevented by storage under cover or in water- 
tight pits. Extremes of moisture and temperature 
are to be avoided, and uniform and moderate fer- 
mentation is the object to be sought. To this end it 
is advisable to mix the manure from the different 
animals thoroughly in the heap. 

Use of Manure 

The disposition to be made of the manure of the 
farm (both fermented and unfermented) must be 
determined largely by the nature of the crop and 
soil. Where improvement of the mechanical condi- 
tion of the soil is the principal object sought, fresh 
manure is best adapted for this purpose to heavy 
soils and well-rotted manure to light soils. Where 
prompt action of the fertilizing constituents is de- 
sired, the best results will probably be obtained by 
applying fresh manure to the light soils, although 
excessive applications in this case should be avoided 
on account of the danger of "burning out" of the 
soil in dry seasons. Fresh manure has a forcing 
effect, and is better suited to early garden truck, 
grasses, and forage plants than to plants grown for 
seed, such as cereals, or to fruits. Direct applica- 
tions to root crops, such as sugar-beets and potatoes, 
or to tobacco, often prove injurious. The manure 
should be spread when carried to the field, and not 
left in heaps to leach. 

The rate of application must be determined by 
Individual circumstances. As a rule it is better to 
manure lightly and frequently than to apply a large 
amount at longer intervals. 

Composting With Other Material 

One of the best ways to utilize barnyard manure 
is to apply it in connection with such fertilizing ma- 
terials as supplement its fertilizing constituents. 
These materials may be either composted with the 
manure or used separately, except in case of a 
nitrate, such as nitrate of soda, which should never 
be composted with barnyard manure on account of 
danger of denitriflcation and loss of nitrogen. As 
is well known, barnyard manure is lasting in its 
effects, and in many cases need not be applied so 
frequently as the more soluble and quick-acting 
superphosphates and potash and nitrogen salts. 



3S9 



MAKE SOIL 
HOLD MOISTURE 



DRY FARMING 



HOW PREPARE 
TOP SOIL 



Method of Holding Moisture to Prevent Evaporation 



Dry farming, also called arid farming, is the pro- 
duction of crops without irrigation in regions having 
a limited rainfall. As a rule, where dry farming is 
practised the annual rainfall ranges from about 8 to 
20 inches. There are vast semi-arid areas in the 
West which cannot be brought under irrigation, and 
this method of farming is an attempt to utilize 
some of these lands for other agricultural purposes 
than mere grazing. 

Farming without irrigation was practised In 
numerous localities by the early settlers, and while 
in many cases these efforts were successful, in many 
more they were failures. They demonstrated, how- 
ever, that under certain conditions dry-land agri- 
culture may be successfully practised. 

The experience gained during the last thirty or 
forty years and the results of the recent work in this 
connection carried on by several experiment stations 
and other agencies, indicate that, by means of 
special methods of cultivation requiring, in some in- 
stances, special tools and implements, and by the 
use of drought-resistant crops and varieties, arid 
farming may be placed on a much safer basis than 
heretofore. The fact should not be disregarded, how- 
ever, that under semi-arid conditions without irriga- 
tion crop failures are bound to be much more fre- 
quent than in regions of adequate rainfall; and it is 
generally conceded that, in order to establish a 
permanent home on the dry lands of the western 
plains, provision should be made for the irrigation 
of a small area on which vegetable food for the 
family and forage for the stock kept may be grown 
with certainty every year to tide over the seasons 
of possible crop failures on the unirrigated portion 
of the farm. 

The experts of the Utah Experiment Station have 
pointed out that the two main problems in dry 
farming are (1) the absorption and retention of 
moisture by the soil, and (2) the culture of crops 
which make satisfactory growth and reach maturity 
with very little water. The soils of Utah, generally 
very deep and quite uniform to great depths in 
chemical and physical properties, are well adapted 
to dry farming on account of their great moisture- 
retaining capacity. The station estimates that under 
ordinary conditions the average annual rainfall of 
12 inches can be held in 3% feet of soil of this de- 
scription. In this method of farming, therefore, the 
soil should be treated to facilitate the absorption and 
retention of as much as possible of the moisture 
that falls upon it. 

Data secured by the station indicate that on the 
dry farms of the State 750 pounds of water is re- 
quired to produce 1 pound of dry matter in the 
plant, while experiments conducted in this country 
and in Europe show that under humid conditions 
only about 500 pounds is sufficient for the same 
purpose. A rainfall of 12 inches amounts to 1,361 
tons of water per acre, or a quantity sufficient, if 
entirely used by the crop, to produce 27 bushels of 
grain, even on semi-arid lands. 

Large areas within the State have an annual pre- 
cipitation of 12 inches or more. During the summer 
months the proportion of sunny days reaches SO per 
cent, and the average temperature from May to 
September is about 65° F. The highest average day 
temperature, which is from 100° to 105° F., occurs 



in June and July. Under these climatic conditions 
dry farming is considered feasible. 

The best yield of corn secured on the Utah ex- 
perimental farms amounted to 25.03 bushels of ear 
corn and about a ton of stover per acre. 

On all these farms fall planting of alfalfa proved 
a failure, while spring planting produced a stand 
wherever tried. To obtain a good stand of alfalfa 
under similar conditions, the Colorado experts recom- 
mend plowing the ground early in the season 5 to 
8 inches deep, harrowing it until it is well packed, 
and planting the seed after the ground is thoroughly 
wet. If a crust has been formed on the surface by 
the rain, this should be broken up with a light 
harrowing and the seed then sown broadcast. If a 
drill is used, the seed should be drilled in as soon 
as the ground shows dry on top. The sowing may 
be done at any time, while the ground is in good 
condition, between May 10 and July 15. 

A study of the principles of dry farming made by 
the Utah Experiment Station indicates that fall plow- 
ing is essential for the purpose of opening the soil 
and permitting the storage of the fall and winter 
precipitation, and that deep plowing and, in many 
cases, subsoiling is desirable, as the water is stored 
deeper and is not so readily driven off by the direct 
rays of the sun. In general wheat was the most 
successful crop grown. 

On account of the limited quantity of soil moisture 
thin seeding is recommended, as it was found that 
sowing from one-half to 1 .bushel of wheat per acre 
gave the best results. Fall sowing is preferred to 
spring sowing, as the crop beginning its growth in 
the fall is at a better advantage to make use of the 
soil moisture. 

Experience has shown that sowing broadcast when 
the surface is dry does not place the seed deep 
enough in the soil to assure favorable conditions for 
germination, but that by the use of the press drill 
this difficulty is largely overcome. Dry farming does 
not generally produce long straw, and the harvesting 
for this reason is done with the header. 

The main purpose of summer fallow on dry farms 
is to store the water of two or more seasons in the 
soil for the production of a crop, and hence this is 
practiced more frequently where the rainfall is 
limited than where it is heavier. The Colorado 
Station gives the following directions for this practice: 

"After the snows of winter have melted in the 
spring plow the ground at least 7 to 8 inches deep. 
Level this down with the harrow and packer, follow- 
ing this process with a smoothing harrow forming 
an earth mulch to check evaporation. This mulch 
should not be too fine, as the winds of the plains will 
tend to rift the soil or blow the earth mulch entirely 
away. If possible stir the surface soil from 2 to 4 
inches every 10 to 15 days throughout the summer. 
Allow no crust to form after summer showers, as this 
will increase the evaporation of the sail moisture." 

In additon to the crops noted above, kafir corn, 
sorghum, millet, field peas, brome grass, meadow 
fescue, and western wheat grass have given good 
results on the plains. As regards the quantity of 
water required for maturity, the common field crops 
are placed in the following ascending order: Corn, 
potatoes, wheat, barley, field peas, oats, alfalfa, and 
red clover. 



Spray Formulas for Insect Destruction 



Paris Green. — Use 5 ounces to 
50 gallons of water. Always add 
1 pound of fresh burned lime. In 
small quantities use 1 heaping 
teaspoonful to 3 gallons of water. 

Lead Arsenate. — Use 3 pounds 
to 50 gallons of water. In small 
quantities use 1 tablespoonful to 
1 gallon of water. Lead arsenate 
sticks better than Paris green. 

Poisoned Bait. — Mix dry 1 peck 
of bran and 3 tablespoonfuls of 
Paris green. Moisten the bran 
with sweetened water. Don't get 
it too wet. Distribute this in 
small amounts through your gar- 
den for cut-worms. 

Hellebore. — Mix 1 part hellebore 
with 3 parts fiour, and keep in 
closed vessel over night. This 



may be used on vegetables or 
fruits that are about ready for 
the table. Hellebore inay be 
steeped in water, 1 ounce to 1 
quart of water, for spraying. 
Contact Poisons — For Sucliing 
Insects 

Lime Sulphur. — Slake 20 pounds 
of fresh burned lime. Add 15 
pounds of sulphur. Boil in 25 
gallons of water for one hour. 
Dilute to make 50 gallons. This 
is a winter spray only. 

Kerosene Emulsion. — Dissolve 1 
pound of hard soap in 2 gallons 
of hot water. Reinove from fire 
and add 4 gallons of kerosene. At 
once churn violently, until a 
creamy emulsion is formed. Di- 
lute this with water so as to have 



10 per cent of kerosene oil in your 
spray for summer use, or 15 per 
cent for winter use. 

Tobacco Water. — Cover tobacco 
stems with hot water. Allow to 
stand over night. Dilute the re- 
sulting liquor with 3 parts of 
water. 

Pyrethrum. — Mix with 3 parts 
of flour and keep in closed vessel 
for several hours. 

Soap Solution. — -Use 1 poynd of 
soap to 8 gallons of water. This 
will be found excellent for plant 
lice, scale on house plants, or for 
any of the soft-bndied insects. 

Whale Oil Soap. — For winter 
use dissolve 2 pounds in 1 gallon of 
water. For summer use dissolve 
1 pound in 4 gallons of water. 



390 



SPRAY 

ORCHARD TREES 

AVOID WORMY 

FRUIT 



FERTILIZERS AND 
SPRAYING 



SUCCESSFUL 

FRUIT GROWERS 

SPRAY 

FREELY 



Among Latest Improvements Is Spraying Fruit Trees 



In no department of human endeavor has there 
been greater advancement made in the last half 
century than in machinery for increasing the pro- 
duction of food by cultivation of land. Coinprising 
plowing, harrowing, threshing, and culture of crops. 
But along with improvement in machinery has come 
knowledge of constituents of soils by which greater 
crops have been made possible by application of cer- 
tain ingredients to the soil by which growth of 
vegetables and fruits have been increased. 

It is within the past fifty years that scientists have 
been giving attention to the chemistry of soils. 
Within that time they have studied the effect of 
different manures, and in case of scarcity of animal 
manures, what could take the place as a substitute. 
Study and experiment have evolved many fertilizers 
which materially aid in producing greater yield of 
crops, while demonstrating that at the very head of 
all fertilizers stand the animal manures from horses, 
cattle, hogs, sheep, and poultry. 

Among the substitutes are guano made from bird 
droppings where waterfowl and various birds have 
roosted on certain islands in the South seas for 



thousands of years. Certain stone, known as phos- 
phate rock, and straw of various vegetables known 
as legumes which highly fertilize the soil when 
plowed in with the common earth. 

Chemists have discovered that plants are sus- 
ceptible to change from the application of certain 
materials which they name as follows: 

Nitrogen. This is a material which is heavily in 
the air. Thus the pumpkin vine which comes from 
a quart of earth, creeps along the ground, and pro- 
duces several large pumpkins without diminishing 
the amount of the quart of soil — comes from the 
air. 

Nitrogen is the principal factor m the production 
of all vegetable growth. Thus, the immense crop 
of corn that stands on the field, which a short time 
ago was bare land, without a blade of vegetation, 
the hay fields, the fruit and grain fields, heavy with 
the approaching harvest, all attest the wonderful 
power and accomplishment of nitrogen and other 
fertilizers. 

Phosphates are restored to the soil by adding some 
form of decayed or burned animal matter. 



Commercial Fertilizers 



The theory of the use of commercial fertilizers is 
that crops cannot reach perfection in quality and 
quantity at the time they are supposed to mature, 
without plenty of available plant food. If this is not 
found in the soil or supplied by the barnyard 
manure, it must be fed to the crops in the form of 
one of the commercial fertilizers. 

A careful study of the present conditions of 
farming in the United States indicates, however, 
that as a rule the manure produced on the farm is 
not sufficient to maintain its fertility, and that the 
need for artificial supplies is real, though the amount 
required may be considerably reduced by careful 
management. 

The ordinary methods of grain farming, one-crop 
farming, market gardening and fruit growing result 
in the rapid depletion or exhaustion of our fertile 
soils; hence the need of supplies of plant food froin 
sources outside the farm In order that maximum 
crops may be produced. 

The important points for the farmer to recognize 
may be summed up as follows: 

1. Commercial fertilizers are mainly valuable be- 
cause they furnish the elements — nitrogen, phosphoric 
acid, and potash — which serve as food, not as 
Btimulants. 

2. The kind of farming in the past and the 
demands for special products in the present make 
their use necessary in profitable farming. 

3. In order to use them profitably the farmer 
should know: 

(a) That nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash are 
the essential manurial constituents. 



(b) That the agricultural value of these constitu- 
ents depends largely upon their chemical form. 

(c) That these forms are contained in specific 
products of a well-defined character and composition, 
and may be purchased as such from dealers and 
manufacturers and may be mixed successfully on the 
farm. 

4. The agricultural value of a fertilizer bears no 
strict relation to the commercial valuv, the one is 
determined by soil, crop, and climatic conditions, the 
other by market and trade conditions only. 

5. The variations in the composition and value of 
manufactured fertilizers which contain the three 
essential constituents are due to variations In the 
character and in the proportion of the materials 
used. , . , . 4^, 

6. The ton basis alone is not a safe guide in the 
purchase of these commercial fertilizers. Low ton 
prices mean either low content of good forms of 
plant food or the use of poorer forms. Fertilizers, 
high grade both in quality and quantity of plant 
food, cannot be purchased at a low price per ton. 

7. The best fertilizers cannot exert their full 
effect on soils that are too dry or too wet, toe com- 
pact, or too porous. They can furnish but one of 
the conditions of fertility. 

8. The kind and amount to use should be de- 
termined by the value of the crop grown and its 
power of acquiring food. 

9. A definite svstem or plan should be adopted 
in the use of fertilizers; "hit or miss" methods are 
seldom satisfactory, and frequently very expensive. 



ABOUT SPRAYING 

Cost of Spraying 

Written for Farm and Garden News, by A. C. McLean 



The actual cost of my spraying operations in an 
apple orchard of six hundred trees, approximately 
twenty-five years old, is about $249. This is the 
average cost for the past two seasons — it varies a 
little each year, but can be taken for a guide. Of 
course in the localities where labor is cheaper the 
cost could be much reduced. Our labor here receives 
$1.75 per day of nine hours, and we pay $4 per day 
for teams. 

The cost of material is reckoned on the basis of 
that bought by our Apple Club. We pay $6 per bar- 
rel for lime-sulphur and 7 cents a pound for arsenate 
of lead. For the winter application it takes four 
days with a crew of three men and one team, put- 
ting out five tanks of 150 gallons each of solution 
per day. Itemized cost is as follows: 

Man and team, four days, at $4 $16.00 

Two men four days, at $1.75 14.00 



Gasoline and oil for engine 2.50 

Lime-sulphur, 6I/2 barrels 39.00 

Total $71.50 

We make four summer applications — one when the 
blossom buds show pink, one when they fall (three 
weeks later), and about a month after this for second 
brood of codling moth and sooty fungus. It takes 
three days for each of these applications with a team 
and three men putting out six tanks per day of 150 
gallons each. Cost of these sprayings: 

Man and team, three days at $4 $12.00 

Two men three days,- at $1.75 10.50 

Gasoline and oil 1'<'5 

Lime-sulphur "^rS^ 

Arsenate of lead 1-89 

Total $38.14 



391 



Elxpense of Spraying 



This cost is for each time. The total cost of sum- 
mer spraying would be ,$152.56. Adding to this the 
cost of our winter application and the wear and tear 
on spraying rig, $25 (that is 10 per cent deprecia- 
tion), the total cost of a year's spraying would be 
$240.06. This makes the cost per tree $0,415. As to 
the profit derived from spraying, I have never left 
any trees unsprayed for a test. We are not running 
an experiment station, and I firmly believe that un- 
sprayed trees are a serious menace as breeding places 
for insects and fungi, and I think they tend to make 
the results of spraying less beneficial. Prom my ob- 
servation of unsprayed orchards, I should say that 
spraying is easily worth $5 per tree, if properly done. 
In this locality about 50 per cent of apples on un- 
sprayed trees are either wormy or marred with fun- 
gus, and the drop is also much heavier, due to cod- 
ling moth and scab. Again, by spraying you keep 



them at it for a longer time they wanted to look 
for another job. This is a consideration these days, 
with the scarcity of competent labor. 

Another point is to get the work done when it 
should be. For instance, in spraying for codling 
moth, the time after the petals fall before the calyx 
leaves close, when the spraying must be done to be 
efficient, is often limited to five or six days, and is 
never over ten days for a given variety. Thus, 
should a stormy day or two intervene it is almost 
impossible to get your work done without an efficient 
power sprayer, unless men at the pump are changed 
frequently, as this spraying is one that is important 
to apply at a high pressure to force the spray mate- 
rial into the calyx cup. Again, looking at it from a 
business standpoint, gasoline is cheaper than labor. 
Two or three gallons of gasoline and a pint of oil 
will easily run an engine for a day at a cost of about 





O/^u^ i^J^ ^>^bDi.i^ Ub^' 



^rn^rj- 



I'owiT Spraj er on Ten Acre Orchard. 



the foliage of the trees healthy, which greatly in- 
creases the size and quality of your fruit. 

The benefit of careful spraying was shown by a 
talk with a neighboring fruit grower who does not 
spray. The variety of apples mentioned was Smith's 
Cider, which is a rather low-grade apple. My neigh- 
bor received $1,50 per barrel for his apples on the 
open market. We are getting $2.50 at the same time, 
and our yield on trees of the same age was fully 50 
per cent more. 

In an orchard of ten acres or more a power 
sprayer, in my opinion, is a very good investment. 
The work is not only done on time, but it is done 
as it ought to be done. It is very difficult to keep 
up a sufficient pressure on a hand pump to do good 
work for a considerable length of time — in fact, 
it is hard work on any hand pump I ever saw to 
keep over 100 pounds pressure for half a day. We 
tried using hand pumps, but our men wanted to quit 
after three or four hours pumping, and if we kept 



50 cents. W^hile it is advisable to* have a driver who 
might do the pumping, he loses considerable time in 
changing iobs, and, besides, the pressure is apt to 
run down on a hand pump, and it takes time to 
bring it up again. A driver is desirable either with a 
power rig or hand pump. With a steady pair of 
horses the rod men on a power sprayer can drive 
and do their work without losing any more time 
than changing from driving to pumping. 

Figuring the cost of a power sprayer at about $250, 
for which you can buy a very good one, the actual 
cost for its use should be around $25 per year. With 
reasonable care nearly any of the good machines 
now on the market, made by a reliable firm, should 
give good service for ten years without much expense 
for repairs. I flrmlv believe that a power machine 
will be worth much more than this to any orchardist 
with ten acres of apples who wishes to raise first- 
class fruit. 



302 



LOCATED 

NEAR A 

CITY 



MARKET GARDENING 



VEGETABLES 

THAT SELL 

BEST 



How Manage a Successful Market- Garden Business 



An idea of what may be done by market-gardeners 
near the thriving cities of the Mid-West is shown 
by a few extracts from an article by H. W. Doyle, in 
The Country Gentleman for June 27, 1914: 

A short distance northwest of the city of Topeka, 
past a fine grove of maples and on a little eminence, 
lives P. P. Rude, market gardener. Going up the 
long driveway one catches a glimpse of a tennis 
court. Mr. Rude has sons, and those sons not only 
share in the business but enjoy the same pleasures 
that city boys enjoy. Rounding the house, you soon 
find yourself in a tidy barnyard with everything ar- 
ranged neatly in place, all wagons and implements 
under cover. 

F, P. Rude and Sons farm ninety-three of their one 
hundred and thirteen acres of Kaw Valley soil — 
probably as fine a soil as can be found anywhere, 
varying from a dark brown to a black sandy loam. 
This makes it possible to suit the crop to the soil. 
The early crops and sweet potatoes are grown on the 
lighter soils, the main crops and the cabbages, toma- 
toes and sweet corn on the darker soils. 



Crop. Acres. 

Rhubarb 3 

Spinach 4 

Squash 4 

Tomatoes 5% 

Turnips 8 

Salsify, parsley and 

miscellaneous .... 1 
Field corn G 



Crop. Acres. 

Carrots iy2 

Sweet corn 14 

Cucumbers 1 

Egg-plants 1 

Lettuce IV2 

Muskmelons V2 

Watermelons y^ 

Onions 3 

Parsnips 3 

These total more than ninety-three acres, but it 
should be borne in mind that part of the area is 
occupied by two or more crops a season. The yearly 
volume of business amounts to something like $8,100. 

Profitable Half-Acre of Hotbeds 

From the half-acre devoted to hotbeds comes more 
profit than from any other like area on the farm. 
In fact, a considerable part of the income is derived 
from the sale of cabbage, tomato, egg-plant, pepper, 




Spraying the Potato Field Against Insects 



The firm does a market-gardening business exclu- 
sively, and nearly all the farm, except twenty acres 
that are rented to nurserymen, is devoted to vege- 
tables. There are two dairy cows, a few pigs for 
meat, and some pure-bred chickens for eggs, a few 
of which are sold. Four acres are devoted to alfalfa, 
and a little fruit is raised for home use. Five acres 
take in the farmstead, lawns and a small pasture. 
Occasionally a few acres of field corn are planted. 
The fodder from sweet corn supplies forage during 
about four months of each year. All other food and 
supplies for both man and laeast are purchased. 

The Rudes grow almost everything in the vegetable 
line except celery. "No one crop, or even a few crops, 
except perhaps potatoes, would be profitable under 
our conditions every year," said Mr. Rude. "It does 
not pay us to put all our eggs in one basket. Some 
crops that we find it wise to grow do not pay well in 
themselves, but they aid materially in selling other 
more profitable ones. Oiir customers look to us for 
a full line of vegetables, and we think it good policy 
to supply them." 

Principal among the vegetables grown are Irish 
potatoes, cabbages, sweet corn, and sweet potatoes. 
The annual acreage of the different crops, though 
they vary somewhat from year to year, are about as 
follows: 



Crop. Acres. 

Asparagus 2 

Beans 4 

Beets 3 

Cabbage 18 

Cauliflower 1 



Crop. Acres. 

Peas 3 

Peppers 2 

Radishes 5 

Irish potatoes 15 

Sweet potatoes 7 



and sweet potato plants. The only crop coming to 
maturity under glass is leaf lettuce, of which a 
limited quantity is grown. 

Hotbeds are started late in January. The heat is 
furnished by fermenting horse manure, which is ob- 
tained in large quantities fresh from the livery 
stables in the city. The first hotbed crop is lettuce. 
A little later cabbage and cauliflower plants are 
started. Then when the lettuce is out of the way, 
which is in eight or nine weeks, the seeds of toma- 
toes, egg-plants, and peppers are sown. Finally about 
350 bushels of sweet potatoes are bedded. Glass is 
used as a covering for all the hotbed crops except 
sweet potato plants, which are covered with muslin. 
The capital invested is approximately as follows: 

Land and buildings $30,000 

Sash and frames 1,000 

Implements, wagons 2,000 

Horses (12 head) and harness... 2,000 

Total $35,000 

Mr. Rude believes that a knowledge of markets 
and marketing has more to do with a truck grower's 
success than anything else. One has to know the 
demands of consumers to understand the market. 

For thirty years he has toiled away in the Kaw 
Valley, and he is well-to-do. He started by working 
for the other fellow, and since striking out for him- 
self his business has grown steadily. One son, who 
continues in the business, is married and has made a 
home for himself; the other remains at home. 

Surely one must call this success: Health, a com- 
petence, and the boys on the farm. 



393 



HOW DESTROY 
INSECTS 



INSECTICIDES 



HOW TO USE 
THESE REMEDIES 



The Result of Invention and Discovery 



ANT EXTERMINATOR. A non- 
poisonous powder which, if scat- 
tered about their haunts or 
runs, will kill or drive away 
ants from lawns, etc. Box, 25c; 
by mail, 35c; smaller size, 15c. 

APHINE. Aphine is a powerful 
insecticide, in a readily soluble 
form, which can be easily di- 
luted with water and applied 
as a spray, wash, or dipping 
solution. It kills all insects 
Green and black fly, thrips, red 
spider, slugs, ants, mealy bug, 
scale, etc. Price, 1 gill, 25c; 
V, pint, 40c; pint, 65c; quart, 
$1.00; gallon, $2.50. 

ARSENATE OF LEAD. (Paste 
form.) A poison taking the 
place of Paris green. Its great 
advantages are that it adheres 
well to the foliage and does not 
readily wash off by rain and 
does not injure tender foliage. 
It also remains well suspended 
in solution so that an even dis- 
tribution can be obtained. It is 
white in color and shows just 
where it has been applied. Price, 
1 lb. tin, 20c; 5 lb. tin, 90c; 121/2 
lb pail, $2.00; 25 lb. bucket 
$3.75; 50 lb. bucket, $7.00; 100 
lb keg, $12.00; 300 lb. bbl., 
$30.00. 

BEECHCREOT. A wood preserv- 
ing tree paint. It kills fungus 
and is shunned by borers and 
other insects. It prevents decay 
in the portions of trees injured 
by storm-torn limbs and applied 
after pruning it prevents bleed- 
ing. One gallon applied with 
a brush covers about 300 square 
feet. Price, 40c per quart; $1.25 
per gallon. 

BORDEAIX MIXTURE (liquid 
or paste). The best fungicide 
for curing and preventing black 
rot, mildew, blight, leaf curl, 
scab, or other fungoid diseases 
on fruits and plants. One gal- 
lon will make 50 gallons liquid. 
1 qt , 40c; gal.. $1.00; 5 gals., 
4 50 (Dry.) Ready for use by 
simply adding water. Lb^ 25c; 
postpaid, 40c; 5 lbs., $1.00; 28- 
Ib. keg, $4.75. 

BOROWAX. A complete protec- 
tion against tree borers if ap- 
plied in accordance with in- 
structions, armorplates the tree 
at the point where the moth 
deposits its eggs and thus ren- 
ders it immune to further infes- 
tation for several years. Quan- 
tity required: half to one pint to 
a tree according to size. Price, 
quart, 35c; half gallon, 60c; 
gallon can (boxed), $1.00; half 
barrel, $20.00; barrel, $35.00. 

BUG DEATH. Is a non-poisonous, 
insect-killing powder that is in 
high favor for cabbage and to- 
mato worms, potato and cucum- 
ber bugs, etc. It is applied with 
a duster bellows or powder-gun. 
at the rate of about 12 lbs. per 
acre. Price, 15c lb. (Parcel 
Post 2 lbs.); 3 lbs., 35c. (P. P. 
4 lbs.); 5 lbs., 50c (P. P. 6 lbs.); 
121/2 lbs., $1.00; 100 lbs., $7.50. 

IMPORTED GERMAN CATER- 
PILLAR LIME. A highly 
recommended European remedy 
for the prevention of crawling 
insects from going up or down 
the trunks of trees; the claim 



is made that it prevents the 
laying of eggs on the bark, 
and the hatching of those al- 
ready laid; prevents borers, 
scale, etc., and keeps all ani- 
mals from gnawing the trees; 
it remains sticky and efficacious 
from 3 to 5 months, and is 
easily and cheaply applied. 
Apply with a paddle and spread 
evenly and thinly with a hard 
brush. For crawling insects, a 
ring of it 4 inches wide around 
the tree will suffice. 

CLUBICIDE. An insecticide, ger- 
micide, and disinfecting fluid 
particularly valuable — in addi- 
tion to its other uses — as a soil 
sterilizer. It destroys all soil 
Insects, ants, worms, slugs, mag- 
gots, and fungous diseases and 
in consequence plants attain 
maximum root development and 
produce larger and better crops. 
It is a certain preventative 
of club roots, maggots, and 
root lice that infest carrots, 
onions, cabbage, asters, etc. 
Apply to the ground thoroughly 
once a week in proportion of 
1 gallon of Clubicide to 1,500 
gallons of water, gradually in- 
creasing the strength to one 
gallon of Clubicide to 1,000 gal- 
lons of water as the plants 
approach maturity. Price, 1 
quart, 60c; gal., $2.00; 5 gal- 
lons, $8.00. 

COPPER SOLUTION, AMMONI- 
ATED. A fungicide, the same 
as Bordeaux Mixture, the essen- 
tial ingredient, "Carbonate of 
Copper," being dissolved in am- 
monia in this, while in Bor- 
deaux it is counteracted by 
lime. Bordeaux is the cheaper 
and most popular for all ordin- 
ary purposes, but for late spray- 
ings, when fruits are nearing 
maturity, or plants in bloom, 
Copper Solution is usually used, 
as there is no limy sediment to 
be washed off by rain or hand 
before marketing. Dilute 1 
quart to 25 gallons of water; 
apply with sprayer, bellows 
vaporizer, or spray pump. 

CUT-WORM FOOD. A sweetened 
poisoned compound alluring and 
palatable to cut-worms, cabbage 
worms, etc., in consequence 
when sprinkled around such 
newly set plants as are usually 
"cut off" by these depredators, 
they feast on cut-worm food 
and are destroyed. One pound 
is sufficient for about 100 plants. 
Price, 1 lb., 25c (Parcel Post 2 
lbs.); 5 lbs., $1.00. 

FIR TREE OIL. Fine spray for 
greenhouse and house plants af- 
fected with mealy bug, scale, 
red spider, black and green 
aphis, thrip, lice, worms, and 
slugs; an ounce makes 1 gallon. 
Small bottle, 25c; 1/2 pint, 40c; 
pint, 75c; quart, $1.25; gallon, 
$4.00. 

FIR TREE OIL SOAP, A for- 
mula of the above Fir Tree Oil, 
prepared in soap form and pre- 
ferred by some. It will do all 
claimed for the fluid prepara- 
tion. One ounce makes a gal- 
lon of non-poisonous insect- 
killing liquid. Apply with 
syringe, bellows vaporizer, or 
sprayer. 



FISH-OIL SOAP. (Whale Oil 

Soap.) Makes an excellent wash 
for trees and plants where in- 
sects and eggs affect the bark, 
and for smearing on the trunks 
of trees to prevent worms from 
crawling up. Price, 15c per lb. 
(Parcel Post 2 lbs.); 2 lbs., 30c 
P. P. 3 lbs.); 5 lbs., 60c (P. P. 
6 lbs.); 25 lbs. and over at 10c 
per lb. 

FLOWERS OF SULPHUR. Per 
lb., 10c; 10 lbs., 75c; 25 lbs., 
$1.50. 

FORMALDEHYDE. Is of pro- 
nounced efficiency in destroying 
disease germs affecting both ani- 
mal and plant life, and is suc- 
cessfully employed as a prevent- 
ive of such fungoid diseases as 
potato scab, onion and grain 
smuts, musty corn, and other af- 
fected seeds, damping off of 
seedlings, club root of roses, 
etc., for the restraining of de- 
cay in vegetables, fruits, etc., 
and as an antiseptic wash and 
spray for bark diseases, canker 
and wounds in trees, and as a 
disinfectant for stables, kennels, 
poultry houses, etc. The dilu- 
tion for most purposes is 1 lb. 
(1 pint) Formaldehyde to 15 or 
20 gallons of water and 1 to 2 
gallons of this dilution is re- 
quired for treatment of every 
bushel of seed. Price of For- 
maldehyde (40 volume %), 1 
lb. bottle, 40c; 5 lb. bottle, at 
35c lb.; 10 lb. bottle, at 30c lb.; 
50 lb. demijohn, at 25c lb.; 132 
lb. carboy, at 23c lb. 

FOSTITE. A famous new French 
preparation, containing silicate 
of magnesia and copper sul- 
phate, powdered so minutely 
that when puffed or blown from 
a powder gun or bellows, it 
forms a cloud which settles 
evenly over foliage and plants, 
and is hot only of inestimable 
value for all fungoid diseases — 
mildew, black rot, rust, leaf 
blight, etc. — but it is also a 
splendid insect destroyer. It is a 
powder. Blow on with a powder 
bellows or powder gun, while 
the foliage is moist, either with 
dew or after syringing, at the 
rate of 10 to 25 lbs. per acre for 
grapevines, for each application. 

FUMIGATING AND DUSTING 
POWDER. Formerly sold un- 
der the name of Tobacco Dust. 
Destroys rose bugs, lice, cut 
worms, vine bugs, tomato 
worms, cabbage lice, and para- 
sites of all descriptions. Should 
be applied when foliage is wet. 
Also a fertilizer for plants and 
vines. Will not burn or injure 
the plants. By parcel post, 1 
lb. 22c, 5 lbs. 57c. By express, 
lb. 10c, 5 lbs. for 25c. 

FUNGINE. An effective sulphur- 
ated remedy for mildew, rust, 
and other blights. A spraying 
material which docs not stain 
the foliage. Prices, half pint, 
30c; pint, 50c; quart, 75c; gal- 
lon, $2.00. 

GR.\PE DUST. Excellent for the 
prevention and destruction of 
mildew on plants. Per lb., 10c; 
5 lbs., 35c. 

HELLEBORE (Powdered, White). 
Less poisonous than Paris Green 
or London Purple, and safer to 



394 



Insecticides — Continued 



use when fruit ia nearly ripe. 
Dust over plants either pure or 
mixed with flour or plaster. If 
used pure, exercise care and do 
not dust it on too freely. If 
used as a liquid spray, dissolve 
one ounce in three gallons of 
water. Per lb., 30c; by parcel 
post, 45c; 5 lbs., $1.40; 10 lbs., 
$2.50. 

HORICUM. Sulphur, lime, salt, 
etc., in such proportions as to 
make an effective wash for use 
as a preventive and cure for 
San Jose scale. Use 1 gallon 
to 20 gallons of water and 
spray trees when leaves are off. 
Per gal., $1.00; 5 gals., $4.50. 

IMPORTED SCOTCH SOFT COAL, 
SOOT. This prevents insect 
ravages and also acts as a 
stimulating fertilizer. Used in 
onion drills, radish beds, cab- 
bage grounds, celery trenches, 
etc., it checks the attacks of 
grubs, cut-worms, etc. When 
scattered lightly, as a top- 
dressing around plants, it drives 
away insects that hide in the 
ground by day and lay their 
eggs near the roots. Supplied 
in 100-lb. bags only, price, $4.00. 

KEROSENE EMULSION. One of 
the best insecticides for all soft- 
bodied sucking insects, either on 
plants or animals, feeding open- 
ly so as to be within reach of 
actual contact, such as plant 
lice, fleas, beetles, aphis, green 
fly, mealy bug, also for insects 
of fruit trees, including San Jose 
scale. Per qt. can, 40c; 1 gal., 
$1.00; 5-gal. can, $4.50. 

LEMON OIL. An efl^cient insec- 
ticide for destroying all insects 
and soft scales. It is applied 
as a spray or wash and has an 
agreeable odor. 1/2 pint, 25c; 
1 pint, 40c; quart, 75c; % gal., 
$1.25; 1 gal., $2.00. 

NICO-rUME. strips of paper 
strongly saturated with nico- 
tine. These when suspended 
and lighted make one of the 
best and simplest methods of 
fumigating greenhouses. Use 4 
to 6 sheets for ordinary house 
100 ft. long by 20 ft. wide. 
Price, 24 sheets, 75c, postpaid, 
90c; 144 sheets, $3.50; 288 
sheets, $6.50. 

NICO-FUME (liquid). A con- 
densed preparation of tobacco, 
almost pure nicotine. Best 
spraying and fumigating prepa- 
ration for greenhouse use, since 
it does not injure plants or 
blooms and kills aphis, red spi- 
der, and mealy bugs. Use one 
ounce in 10 to 15 gallons of 
water, and it will be even bet- 
ter if a pound of whale oil snap 
is added. Price, 4-oz. can., 75c; 
pint, $2.00; one-half gallon, 
$7.00. 

NICOTEEN, An extract of to- 
bacco, containing about 30 per 
cent nicotine. A most effectual, 
economical, and safe remedy for 
fumigating greenhouses. Use a 
scant tablespoonful to 1% pints 
of water for each pan, which is 



sufficient, when vaporized by 
placing a hot iron in it, for 000 
square feet of floor space. Pricie, 
pint bottle, $1.50; 2 oz. bottle, 
40c. 

NICOTICIDE. An extract of to- 
bacco used in fumigation. The 
required quantity placed in a 
tin dish and evaporated by a 
spirit lamp placed underneath. 
An effectual remedy for insects 
in the greenhouse, window gar- 
den or frames. Price, 4 oz. can, 
70c; 1/0 pint, $1.25; pint, $2.50; 
gallon, $18.00. 

PARAGRENE. This poisonous in- 
secticide is put on the market 
by a large manufacturer of 
Paris green, as something su- 
perior to the latter, and the 
claims have been verified by 
many who have tried it, in- 
cluding several Agricultural 
Experimental Stations. It is a 
compound of arsenic, sulphate 
of copper, and lime, while it is 
fully as poisonous as Paris 
green, it is more bulky, remains 
longer in suspension, making a 
more uniform inixture, and the 
lime counteracts the tendency 
to burn the foliage, which is 
such a fault with Paris green. 

PARIS GREEN. A poisonous, in- 
soluble powder indispensable on 
the farm or garden for prevent- 
ing the ravages of potato bugs, 
codling moth, worms, caterpil- 
lars, slugs, and bugs. Applied as 
a powder, it should be mixed 
with plaster or flour, 100 parts 
to 1 part of Paris Green, in solu- 
tion; mix 1 lb. in 200 to 300 
gallons water. Price, Vs lb. 
package, 20c; 1 lb. package, 
35c; 5 lb. package, $1.50; 28 lb. 
bucket, $7.00; 100 lb. keg, $25. 

PERSIAN POWDER, OR BU- 
HACH. (Cheap adulterated 

grades are worthless.) A most 
effective, non-poisonous impal- 
pable powder, so fine that it 
penetrates the innermost crev- 
ices. For worms, flies, aphis, 
and almost all kinds of insects 
it is very effectual, suffocating 
them by filling up the breath- 
ing pores. Dry. Blow on with 
a bellows or gun. Lb., 40c; by 
7nail, 55c. 

PYROX. To kill all leaf-eating 
insects, destroying fungous 
growth, and rot. Mixes easily 
in cold water, should spray 
without clogging, and sticks to 
foliage, vegetables, fruits, and 
shrubs. Price, 1 lb., 25c; 10 
lbs., $1.75; 100 lbs., $13.50. 

SCALECIDE. Oil preparation for 
San Jose scale. Gal., $1.25; 5 
gals., $4.00; 10 gals., $7.00. 

SCALECIDE. The latest and best 
spray for San Jose scale, cot- 
tony maple scale, and Pear 
Psylla. It is not poisonous, be- 
ing simply a mechanical prep- 
aration of petroleum oil that 
instantly mixes with cold water 
and is immediately ready to 
apply. 1 gallon of "Scalecide" 
to 20 gallons of water sprayed 
on your trees and bushes will 



kill every scale that it reaches 
without injury to tree or fruit 
if applied in late fall, winter, or 
early spring while the foliage 
is off. Safe and easy to apply. 
Price, 1 gallon can, $1.00; 5 gal- 
lon can, $3.25; 10 gallon can, 
$6.00; 50 gallon barrel, $25.00. 

SLUG SHOT. A non-poisonous 
powder and a very popular in- 
secticide; it requires no further 
mixing or preparation, easily 
applied and not injurious or 
dangerous to animals, the per- 
son applying it, or fruits and 
vegetables treated. Very ef- 
fectual in destroying potato 
bugs and beetles, green and 
black flies, slugs, worms, cater- 
pillars, etc. Apply with duster, 
bellows, or gun. 10 to 40 lbs. 
is sufficient for an acre. 

SOLUTION OF COPPER. For 
trees, vines, or vegetables af- 
fected with rot, blight, or scab. 
Pint, 35c; quart, 00c; gal., $1.75. 

SULPHATE OF IRON. A remedy 
for weeds on lawns. It is 
claimed that it will kill dande- 
lions without injuring the grass. 
To be successful, liquid should 
be applied with a fine spray. 
5 lbs., 25c; 10 lbs., 40c; 25 lbs., 
75c; 50 lbs., $1.25; 100 lbs., 
$2.25. 

SULPHUR FLOWERS. Exten- 
sively used for mildew, by be- 
ing blown on affected plants 
when moist — it is also mixed 
with paint applied to steam 
pipes. Apply with bellows or 
gun. 

THRIP JUICE. For mealy bug, 
scale, thrip, codling moth, can- 
ker worms, beetles, caterpillars, 
etc. Per pint, 65c. 

TOBACCO DUST, Fine. For green 
an.d black aphis, fleas, beetles, 
etc. Splend'id fertilizer and pre- 
ventive for insects in the ground 
and around roots. Price 10c 
per lb. (P. P. 2 lb.); 5 lbs., 30c 
(P. P. 6 lb.); 10 lbs., 50c (P. P. 
11 lb.); 25 lb. bag, S5c; 50 lb. 
bag, $1.50; 100 lb. bag, $2.50. 

TREE TANGLEFOOT. No crawl- 
ing insect can pass a band of 
tree tanglefoot. Apply early in 
the spring — before the cater- 
pillars commence to crawl — and 
again in the fall if troubled 
with the fall Canker worm. One 
pound for a six-foot band 4 
inches wide, 1/16-inch thick. 
Prices, 1 lb. can 30c; (Parcel 
Post 2 lb.); 3 lb. can, 85c (P. P. 
4 lb.); 10 lb. can, $2.65 (P. P 
11 lb.); 20 lb. can, $4.80. 

WORM ERADICATOR. For im- 
mediately removing worms of 
every kind from lawns, garden 
plots, flower pots, etc., without 
injury to the most delicate 
plant or flower. Mix two table- 
spoonfuls with one gallon of 
water, and use freely with a 
watering can. The worms will 
immediately rise to the surface 
of the lawn or pot, and should 
at once be picked up and 
burned, as, if left about they 
would injure birds or fowls 




395 



Old and Well Known Fruits. Apples and Peaches 




I=]E 



31=11= 



El [HIE 



E][=IE 



EII=1E 



=]|=1E 



ORCHARD BLESSING 



By John G. WTiittier 



This day two hundred years ago. 
The wild grapes by the river's side 

And tasteless groundnuts trailing low. 
The table of the woods supplied. 

Unknown the apple's red and gold, 

The blushing tints of peach and pear; 

The mirror of the river told 

No tale of orchards ripe and rare. 

Wild as the fruits he scorned to till, 
These vales, the idle Indian trod; 

Nor knew the glad creative skill 

The joy of him who toils with God. 



O painter of the fruits and flowers! 

We thank thee for thy wise design. 
Whereby these human hands of ours 

In Nature's garden work with thine. 

Give fools their gold and knaves their power 
Let fortune's bubbles rise and fall; 

Who sows a seed or trains a flower, 
Or plants a tree, is more than all. 

For he who ble.«ses most is blest; 

And God and man shall own his worth 
Who toils to leave as his bequest 

An added beauty to the earth. 



BE 



E1BE 



E][=]E 



D[=]E 



EII=]E 



EIBE 




FRUIT GROWING 



Among the profitable occupations of the American 
farmer, that of fruit-growing ranks deservedly higli. 
In bygone days the average farmer was not a fruit 
grower, but the econoinic and hygienic importance 
of adding fruit to the products of the farm is now 
generally recognized, and an orchard or fruit garden 
is found near almost every farmhouse. 

Whether or not the farmer can inake money by 
growing fruit, there can be no doubt that he adds 
to the health, pleasure and comfort of his fainily 
by so doing. It gives a variety of occupation which 
is welcomed by all who live on a fann. The 
cultivation of the different kinds of fruit creates 
pleasant work for the mind, while it adds pleasing 
variety to manual labor. Aside from the question 
of profit, the farmer's fainily should have the bene- 
fit of a succession of fruits, large and small. Fruit 
all the year round is possible on every farm, begin- 
ning with the strawberry in late spring or early 
summer and running through the successive varia- 
tions of berries, grapes, peaches and other fruits, 
ending with the late-keeping apples, which dis- 
appear with the coming of the strawberry again. 

Farmers may either propagate their own fruit 
trees or obtain them ready for planting from the 
nurseries. The various processes of propagating 
fruit trees, vines and shrubs are by seed, layers, 
budding, and grafting. Growing from seed is cliiefly 
for the purpose of originating new varieties, or for 
raising stocks to be budded or grafted with ap- 
proved varieties. 



Apples 



Among the fruits that may well be raised on the 
farm, the apple is easily the leader. Its numer- 
ous varieties are freely grown in almost every 
State of the Union. Other fruits may be re- 
garded as luxuries, but the apple has become a 
neces.oity. 

Whether the apple of Eden resembled any modern 
variety is uncertain, but the British Crabapple is 
generally regarded by fruit growers as the orig- 
inal of the modern edible kinds. Scientific culti- 
vation has produced innumerable varieties, large 
and small, and the apple industry is now of con- 
siderable importance in several States. 

As a rule the apple tree is as hardy as most of 
our native forest trees and any soil that will pro- 
duce good crops of grain and potatoes will be 
found to be adapted to the growth of healthy and 
vigorous apple trees. The surface of an orchard 
should preferably be gently rolling, with good sur- 
face drainage. But if the farm is entirely level, 
or made up of steep hillsides, it should still have 
its apple orchard. Good apples have been grown 
in orchards of almost every conceivable location 
and character. When natural advantages are lack- 
ing, however, artificial means of preparing the soil 
must be resorted to. If the surface be entirely 
level and the soil wet and heavy, the ground 
should be subsoiled and tile drained. 

After a thorough plowing of the land, the apple 
trees should be carefully set out at the distance 
apart that is recommended by the nurseryman 
from whom the stock is secured. The holes should 



be dug large, so that the roots will be in a natural 
position. The trees should be young and of vigor- 
ous growth when removed from the nursery rows. 
If possible they should be planted in the late au- 
tumn or very early in the spring. When planting is 
done in the spring and the ground is dry, the trees 
should be thoroughly watered once, after which 
the ground should be mulched with leaves or straw. 

Crops Between Apple Trees 

Cultivation of the orchard should begin at once 
after planting. For the first three or four years 
the plow and the lioe should be freely used and all 
weeds should be destroyed. Root crops or grass 
may be grown between the trees. The orchard 
should be carefully cultivated for several season.^, 
great care being taken not to injure the roots or 
bark of the apple trees with the plow. 

Apple trees should be pruned sparingly. The 
heads or tops should be kept suificiently open to 
admit sunshine and air. Pruning should be done in 
the early .spring. During the summer much good 
may be done by cutting or pinching off the newlj 
forming shoots which appear where not wanted. 
If, however, one grows his own trees from the graft 
or bud, no pruning is necessary. 

Lists of varieties of apples recommended to 
growers in all the various sections of the United 
States are published in the reports of the American 
Pomological Society and can be obtained from the 
nurserymen. The society has catalogued over 300 
varieties of apples grown in the United States 
and Canada. 

Peaches 

Peach growing engages the attention of a great 
many of those who have gone "back to the land" 
in recent years. Where it is engaged in as a busi- 
ness, the most approved methods of care and culti- 
vation should carefully be studied in advance. 

Varieties of peaches should be carefully selected, 
to have them adapted to the section where they are 
to be planted. This done, good trees planted on 
new land with good drainage, and carefully culti- 
vated, will bring quick returns, and are among 
the most satisfactory fruits that can be grown 
either for home use or for the market. 

The types of peaches are as follows: Persian, 
commonly planted in the North; Northern Chinese, 
which includes Elberta and related varieties, gener- 
ally planted in the cotton-belt; well adapted to 
western Florida; Spanish, native varieties that have 
originated in Florida and on the Gulf Coast; 
adapted to the latitude of northern Florida; Honey, 
comprising the Honey and its seedlings, adapted 
to northern Florida, southern Georgia and westward 
around the Gulf; Peen-to, comprising the original 
Peen-to and the varieties originated from it; well 
adapted to Florida, tropical and subtropical regions. 
Jewel is the most important commercial variety 
in the group. Oriental Bloods, Red Ceylon, adapted 
to the same range as Peen-to, and ,Iapan Dwarf 
Blood to the same territory as the Honey peach. 



396 



Oranges and Other Citrus Fruits 



There are so many varieties, assigned to districts 
of wide area, that the best plan for the novice 
grower is to follow the advice of a reliable nursery- 
man in choosing varieties to plant. 

The peach requires a dry, sandy and very rich 
soil. Slow-growing trees are the hardiest. 

Pears 

In recent years the pear crop has been bringing 
splendid returns. There has been a steady upward 
trend in prices until, even with a short crop oc- 
casionally, it pays to grow pears. At prices ranging 
from six to twelve dollars a barrel it does not take 
a heavy yield to pay good returns on land planted 
to this fruit. 

The most serious drawback in growing pears is 
pear blight. But the oriental pears, such as Kieffer, 
Le Conte, and Garber, are not nearly .so subject to 
it as the European pears. With careful attention to 
pruning, fertilizing and cultivation, these pears are 
quite free from bligiit. This group of oriental 
pears is the very bes: for planting, especially in 
the South. No cultivation should be given more 
than to cut down the grass and weeds around the 
trees. The fertilizer used should contain but little 
nitrogen or ammonia and should be rich in potash. 
This practice of no cultivation and using potash 
fertilizer produces hard, firm wood-growth, and 
such growth is not nearly so subject to in.i'ury. 
It is the sappy, vigorous shoots that blight. Dead 
or blighted branches should be cut out, cutting 
well below the line between dead and living wood. 
These prunings should be burned. Attention to 
these details will go a long way toward making a 
success of pear-growing. 

Plums 

Plums have been cultivated from the most ancient 
times. The best soil Is a thick loam. The trees 
should be planted 20 feet apart and require but 
little care. They should be thinned out each 
spring by pruning. 

In the extreme South, particularly in central and 
south Florida, southern Texas, and, in fact, all 
along the Gulf Coast, the pure-bred Japanese varie- 
ties have not been good bearers, consequently, were 
not generally profitable. But cross-bred varieties — 
Japanese varieties crossed with native varieties — 
have proven heavy annual bearers. These cross- 
bred varieties have made commercial plum growing 
not only possible, but worthy the attention of fruit- 
growers even in south Florida and northern Mexico. 



Cherries 



Cherry trees will thrive in almost any soil. In 
northern latitudes high fertilizing is no', advisable, 
as rapid-growing trees are in danger of injury fro:n 
the severe winters. The trees should be planted 
about 2.5 feet apart. Very little pruning is neces- 
sary. The central leader may be cut back at the 
time of planting to prevent a high heading of the 
tree, as a low top is greatly to be preferred. 



Oranges 



In planting oranges, lemons, and other citrus 
fruits, three things are of primary importance — 
soil, climate, and trees. 

Good judgment must be exercised in the selection 
of a location, that the trees may be set in ideal 
surroundings, for no amount of expense and labor 
will overcome unsuitable conditions. Prepare the 
soil well; this is easier done before than after 
planting. 

Location and Good Soil 

Having selected a good soil and a suitable loca- 
tion, it is essential that good trees be procured. 
These should be well grown with clean, smooth 
trunks, not stunted nor bark-bound, but vigorous, 
thrifty trees. They should be free from insects and 
diseases, carefully dug and car'efully packed, so 
as to reach the planter in good condition. Given 
the right sort of care, and planted properly in 
well prepared soil, this is the kind of tree which 
will give the best results. 

Sour Orange Stock Preferred 

For general planting in the citrus districts. Sour 
Orange stock will be found most satisfactory. It 



is adapted to .a wide range of territory and condi- 
tions, but prefers rather heavy soil and a good 
supply of moisture. Its habit of developing a deep 
root-system, its thrift.v, vigorous growth, its hardi- 
ness, its immunity froin foot-rot, and its general 
adaptability to different varieties of citrus fruits, 
are all strong points in its favor and well worthy 
of note. 

Rough Lemon stock produces a very strong growth 
of bud placed upon it. It is recommended for 
plantings on dry soils and in those localities whei-e 
either lack of moisture or trying soil conditions 
render the use of Sour stock inadvisable. It is 
particularly adapted to deep, sandy soils. Most 
shy-bearing varieties are much more prolific on 
Rough Lemon stock. It cannot bo recommended for 
the colder sections. 

Stock for the Satsuma Orange 

Citrus trifoliata is the hardiest species of citrus 
known in this country. It is deciduous, grows well 
in the open ground as far north as Washington, 
D. C, and withstands temperatures of 15 degrees 
below zero and lower. 

It has becom.e of great importance as a stock for 
c'trus trees of all kinds. Varieties budded on it 
are made hardier because of its dormant and hardy 
character, and the fruit is of exceedingly fine qual- 
ity, ripening two or three weeks earlier than if 
budded on other stocks. For the Satsuma orange, 
it is the only stock to use. 

Grapefruit, or Pomelo 

Many of the older citrus-fruit growers in Florida 
can remember when pomelo fruit was not worth 
picking; in fact, it had no market value. Within 
twenty-five or thirty years the status of the grape- 
fruit has changed materially, and, at this time, 
it is not too much to say that, from a commercial 
standpoint, it is equal or superior to the orange. 
It was in Florida that the pomelo as a market fruit 
■was discovered, and the Florida product is still con- 
sidered the standard of quality. 

No other citrus tree will outyield the grapefruit 
in bulk of fruit produced. It is usually considered 
to be a more vigorous grower than the orange and 
lemon, and can take care of larger amounts of 
plant-food to advantage. From the grower's point 
of view it is a cheaper fruit to pick and pack than 
the orange. Fewer fruits need be picked and 
wrapped to fill a box, and the saving in this connec- 
tion is considerable. 

Outlook for Grape Fruit 

The outlook for grapefruit in our markets is ex- 
cellent. It is the breakfast fruit of America par 
excellence, and its use on the breakfast-table is 
steadily increasing. No other fruit takes its place, 
because of its appetizing and refreshing qualities, 
and once converted to its use, a consumer wants 
no other fruit. Even should the price per box fall 
to the level of oranges, it would still be the more 
profitable fruit to grow, for reasons already pointed 
out. 

In its soil requirements the pomelo, or grapefruit, 
does not differ from other citrus trees. The trees 
are grown on the same roots as the orange, and it 
'is the root that governs. It may be pointed out, 
however, that on account of its large, dense, dark 
green foliage, the pomelo has the advantage on 
poorer types of soil, as it is able to prepare a larger 
amount of food. 

The soil should be well drained, and, if it is not 
naturally drained, this should be provided for by 
ditching. The surface soil shosld be good, tillable 
earth, and if the subsoil contains some clay it 
will be an advantage in saving plant-food. if a 
hard layer is present beneath the surface soil, it 
should be broken up. It is best to clear the land 
and cultivate it for one season in cowpeas or 
velvet beans before planting. Such a crop, when 
plowed under, will do much toward starting the 
trees into vigorous growth. 

How Plant Grape Fruit 

Thoroughly plow and harrow the soil to put it 
in the best possible condition. . Stake the ground, 
setting a lath or other small stake where each tree 
is to stand. Pomelos on sour orange and rough 
lemon stock should be set 2.^ feet by 2.5 feet, or 25 
feet by 30 feet. If on Citrus trifoliata stock they 
may be set 18 feet by 18 feet, or 20 feet by 20 feet. 



397 



Lemons and Other Sour Fruits 



Have on hand enough commercial fertilizer to allow 
a pound or a pound and a half to each tree. This 
fertilizer should analyze tour per cent ammouia 
and five or six per cent each phosphoric acid and 
potash. 

Open the boxes of trees as soon as received, 
heel-in the trees in a shady place, covering the 
roots with soil and the tops with the packing ma- 
terial, straw, or a cover of any kind. Dig the holes 
just in advance of planting. Fill in around the 
roots with surface soil with which the fertilizer 
mentioned above has been thoroughly mixed. 

In planting, spread out the roots carefully, and 
pack the soil about them by hand. When the 
hole is three-quarters filled, add a bucket or two 
of water, then fill up the rest of the hole. Pack 
the earth tight about the roots. If the soil is dry 
it is an advantage to bank up around the trunk 
to a height of ten or twelve inches with clean, dry 
soil. This should be removed as soon as the trees 
start to grow. 

Pomelo and other citrus trees may be set out at 
almost any time, but the best seasons are November 
to March, and May and June, depending upon soil 
and weather conditions. 

It is the common practice to cultivate the pomelo 
grove, and with few exceptions it is best to do so. 
The plan usually followed is to begin cultivation 
about the time growth starts in spring, and con- 
tinue to cultivate at intervals of ten days or two 
weeks until the middle of June or the first of July. 
If the spring should be dry, cultivation should be 
thoroughly followed up. After cultivation has been 
discontinued for the season, the native grasses and 
weeds may be allowed to spring up and form a 
cover, or beggarweed may be sown. 

The grove on heavy soils may be plowed once 
each year, in November, but on lighter soils all the 
necessary cultivation may be given with harrows. 

Lemons 

The lemon is the most valuable of the acid citrus 
fruits, and it is probably used in more different 
ways than any of its relatives. The very high prices 
secured for lemons raise the question, why should 
not more lemons be grown for home and local 
consumption in the southeastern citrus belt. 

While not so hardy as the orange and pomelo, 
yet lemons can be grown over a wide range of 
territory. Even in north Florida growers have 
often been able to produce more fruit than they 
could use. Certainly no collection of citrus fruits for 
home use in the citrus belt is complete without a 
few lemons, and in sections most immune from 
cold this fruit may be grown in quantity. 

Trifoliata 

Citrus trifoliata is adapted for planting on allu- 
vial lands, clay lands, soils underlaid with clay 
and those which naturally contain plenty of mois- 
ture or to which water can be applied by irrigation. 
It should not be planted on high, dry, sandy lands 
lacking in moisture. On such soils it is a failure. 

Seedlings can be used as a hedge, and it forms an 
impenetrable barrier to man or beast, and, with 
proper care, can be made rabbit-proof. 

Persimmons 

Since its introduction into this country in 1S7.'5, 
the .Japanese persimmon has been slowly but 
steadily gaining in favor. Native persimmon seed- 
lings are used as stocks on which to grow the 
Japanese sorts, hence these latter can be grown 
on as wide a range of soil as the native persim- 
mon — that is, throughout the cotton-growing belt. 
The persimmon, or kakis, has been developed by the 
Japanese until it is the best fruit of Japan and the 
persimmon takes the place with them of our apple. 

They respond generously to good care and culti- 
vation. The fruit keeps and ships well and wher- 
ever known in the markets it meets with ready sale. 

Soil for Persimmons 

The soil on which the Persimmon orchard is set 
should bo well prepared. Old Held land may be 
used, but, if in poor condition, it should be built 
up before setting the trees. This can best be done 
by growing a crop of cowpeas or velvet beans on 
the land and plowing them under pre^vious to 
planting. 

While persimmon trees can be set out at any 
time between November 1.5 and March 1, in the 
lower South, preference in planting should be given 
to the period from December 1 to February 1. 



When and How Set Persimmon Trees 

They should be given a distance of 18 to 20 feet 
apart each way, 134 or 108 trees per acre. Great 
care should be exercised in setting them, and the 
roots should not be allowed to become dried out. 
The tops should be cut back to 2 or 2V2 feet on the 
smaller sizes. 

Cultivation during the early portion of the sea- 
son should be frequent and thorough. This may be 
discontinued about July 1 or 15, and a cover crop 
of natural weeds or cowpeas or beggarweed should 
be allowed to cover the ground. To avoid danger 
from fire during winter, this should be turned into 
the soil after it has become dead and dry in au- 
tumn. Commercial fertilizers can be used to 
advantage, and these, with the food supplied by 
the cover crops, will keep the trees in a thrifty 
growing condition. 



Quince 



The quince is so easily grown, so delicious for pre- 
serves, and, ripening at a time later than most 
fruits, affords the busy housewife more leisure to 
preserve it for a winter luxury, one or more quince 
bushes, or trees, deserve a place in every garden. 
It thrives best on a moist soil, and if this is not 
attainable naturally, a heavy mulching of leaves and 
rotten wood will answer the purpose. 

Of the several varieties of quinces, the apple, or 
orange quince is universally liked. The angus is 
a longer keeper than the orange. The Portugal is 
a strong tree but unproductive, it makes a good 
stock on which to graft other varieties. Rea's seed- 
ling is larger than the orange and equally good. 

If raised in large quantities, the trees should be 
set twelve feet apart, the ground should be culti- 
vated the first three years after planting, then 
seeded to clover. Salt should be sprinkled thinly 
about the trees each spring and stable manure ap- 
plied each winter. 

Guavas 

The guava is a sub-tropical fruit and quite 
hardy. Its range of culture is almost the same as 
the hardy varieties of the orange. The Cattley 
guava is the hardiest species. The bushes are very 
handsome, with rather thick, bright green, shiny 
leaves. The fruit measures %to 1 inch in diameter 
or larger. It has a pleasant sub-acid flavor and is 
very highly esteemed for making jellies and pre- 
serves. It is one of the most ornamental of all 
fruit trees and the .plants make handsome lawn 
specimens. 

Kumquats 

The kumquat is the smallest of the citrus fruits 
in general cultivation in this country. Usually the 
plants are called bushes, for they do not make 
trees. The plant grows to a height of 10 to 12 
feet, with a spread of branches about equal to its 
height. The bright, dark green leaves and deep 
golden yellow fruits make a very pleasing combin- 
ation of color. The flowers are small, sweet 
scented, and appear in June on the shoots produced 
earlier in the same season. The fruit ripens during 
the fall and winter, beginning with the month of 
November. In point of hardiness the kumquat 
ranks with the Satsuma orange. It will with- 
stand temperatures of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit and 
even lower. The bushes are given considerable 
pruning each season. 

Limes 

Limes can be put to all t^e uses for which the 
lemon is adapted. The flavor is different from that 
of the lemon, but is highly appreciated by every 
one who has used the fruit. In tropical countries 
they are in rnore general use than lemons. 

Lime trees are vigorous growers, and in suitable 
climates bloom and bear continuously throughout 
the year. It must be remembered that limes are 
very tender trees, but they grow well under very 
adverse conditions. 



Pomegranates 



The pomegranates are very hardy shrubs which 
can be grown throughout the Gulf States and the 
coastal sections of Georgia and the Caiiolinafi. 
The brilliant scarlet flowers are produced in profu- 
sion, and the plants are very prolific. The fruit 
is used in making jellies, marmalades, and acid 
drinks. For this latter purpose they are highly 
esteemed. The fruit has a fresh crispness, delicacy 
and sprightliness of flavor found in few fruits. The 
juice-cells surrounding the seeds, the edible part 
of the fruit, are of a dark ruby or wine color. 



398 



Elxhibit of Different Varieties of Grapes 




GRAPES 

How Plant, 
Cultivate and 

Grow Them 

in the 
United States 




In planting- grapes be particular to use strong, 
well-rooted, one or two-year vines. Plant in rows 
8 to 9 feet apart, 7 to 8 feet apart in the rows. 
The soil should be well prepared and enriched. 
Good drainage is absolutely necessary, for the vines 
will not thrive in wet soil. For fertilizer, well- 
rotted stable manure may be used or a heavy ap- 
plication of raw bone meal. 

If the soil is naturally poor, give a liberal applica- 
tion of thoroughly rotted stable manure, or raw 
bone meal, about 600 pounds to the acre, with about 
300 pounds muriate of potash, or two tons of good, 
unleached hardwood ashes. Some planters put 
manure or fertilizer in the hole when planting, which 
is recommended, and helps the vines to make, a 
strong, vigorous growth. 

Deep and thorough preparation of the soil should 
be made before the vines are planted. The vines 
may be trained on a trellis, a grape-arbor or even 
over a fence, but, of course, the trellis will give 
the best results so far as the crop is concerned. 
Pruning is usually practiced in the North in late 
fall. 

Planting Grape Vines 

Before planting, the tops should be cut back to 
within two or three buds of the previous year's 
growth, and the roots to six to eight inches in 
length, being kept constantly moist. Spread the 
roots horizontally in the bottom of the hole, in as 
nearly a natural position as possible. Cover with 
good, fine, surface soil two or three inches deep, then 
step into the hole and firm the earth thoroughly. 
Now put on your fertilizer, and then fill the hole 
full, treading it the second time, and finish with 
sufficient earth to cover the vine, so that only one 
or two buds will be above the surface. The last 
filling should not be trodden, but be left loose, to 
act as mulch. This firming or treading the soil 
is very essential to success, and sliould never be 
neglected. 

Cultivation 

During the first summer after planting, cultivate 
the soil thoroughly and hoe frequently about the 
vines, allowing no weeds to grow. Stirring the 
ground frequently, especially in dry weather, acts as 
a stimulant to growth, the finely pulverized soil 
forming the best kind of mulch. 

The red Delaware grape is the standard by 
which the quality of American grapes is gauged. 
The berries are small, juicy, sweet and with thin 
but firm skin. Together with these good qualities 
it is able to withstand climatic conditions under 
which other hardy varieties fail and to adapt 
itself to many soils not suited to most other grapes. 
It is rightly considered the table grape of un- 
surpassed excellence. As a wine grape it is among 
the best; its early maturity insuring a crop; at- 
tractiveness in appearance, keeping quality on the 
vine and in the package, shipping excellence and 
comparative immunity to black rot make it also a 
very desirable market berry. 



In the southern states, grapes belonging to two 
separate groups may be grown. These are the 
Muscadine grapes and the northern bunch grapes. 
The wine and raisin grapes of Eui'ope are worthless 
except in dry cliinates. 

Grapes of the Muscadine group are native to the 
South, and are well adapted to the soil and climate. 
When compared with the bunch grapes, the fruit- 
clusters are small, buc the fruit is fine flavored and 
valuable as a table grape, for making unfermented 
grape-juice, preserves, jellies, and wine. In Virginia 
and North Carolina they are extensively grown for 
wine-making. 

Muscadine vines are long-lived, reaching a 
healthy, vigorous old age. They require plenty of 
space for the best results, and should be planted 
15 to 25 feet apart each way. The usual plan is 
to allow them to run on an overhead trellis, G^/^ 
to 7 feet froin the ground. The posts should be 
heart-pine, cypress, or cedar. The trellis may be 
made of wood and wire, or of wood alone. 

The usual plan, heretofore, has been to allow the 
Muscadine grapes to grow without pruning, but this 
is a mistake It has been shown that, to secure 
the best results, the vines should be pruned. This 
is best done in October, immediately after the 
leaves have fallen. They may also be pruned in 
suminer. Pruning should consist largely in thinning 
out the vines to admit air and sunlight. Judicious 
pruning will assist materially in producing more 
fruit of larger size and better quality. 

In the lower South, the northern bunch grapes, 
while not so thoroughly at home, can be grown 
to perfection for home use and for local market, 
when well cultivated, sprayed, and cared for. The 
leading varieties are Delaware, Diamond, Ives, 
Moore's Early, and Niagara. 

The vines should be planted 8 to 10 feet apart. 
For the first season or two a post placed at each 
vine will be sufficient. Later cross-pieces and wires 
can be added, and the vines allowed to run out 
over them. 

For best results, the bunch grapes must be care- 
fully pruned each winter season. Cut away a goodly 
portion of last season's growth, leaving four or five 
buds on each shoot. The best spray for the canes 
and fruit is Bordeaux mixture. This should be ap- 
plied several times each season, beginning soon 
after the growth starts in spring. It is also good 
practice to give an application in winter, just after 
the pruning is done. 

Commercial fertilizer can be used to advantage 
on all grapes. Stable manure and wood-ashes are 
also good. 



Niagara White Grape 



The leading white grape of America is the Ni- 
agara white. The bunches are large, handsome, 
shouldered and compact. The berries are large, 
round, with thin but tough skin. In all, it presents 
a very fine appearance. The vine is vigorous and 
comparatively free from disease, though it responds 
very well to spraying. 



399 



Some of the Well Known Garden Fruits 



Conditions for Producing Sure Good Crop. 



Some Principles of 
Garden Planning 

1. Rows should run north and 
south and, if possible, across rath- 
er than up and down a slope. 

2. Perennial plants should be 
kept together at one end or side 
of the garden. 

3. The rows should be as long 
and as continuous as possible, to 
effect ease and simplicity of culti- 
vation. 

4. Plant the tallest crops at 
the north end of the garden. 

5. So arrange the crops as to 
Iteep all the ground busy all sea- 
son. 

6. Do not let two crops of sim- 
ilar nature follow one another on 
the same ground. 

7. Keep the plants requiring 
the same distances between rows 
together, gradually increasing this 
distance as you cross the garden. 

8. Arrange to raise quick grow- 
ing crops between tlie rows of 
more slowly maturing ones. 

9. In the small garden sow a 
little seed often rather than a 
large amount at one time. 

10. Try to get one planting in 
Just about when the previous sow- 
ing is appearing above the ground. 




Blackberries 

The best soil for blackberries is a strong clay 
loam that will retain moisture, though the plants 
will grow and thrive almost anywhere if planted 
in fertile soil. The plants should be set in rows 
5 to C feet apart and 3 feet in the rows. The 
cultivation should be shallow, and three good canes 
only should be permitted to grow in each hill. 




After fruiting cut out the old canes and allow 
the new growth to come on. Pinch the tips when 
about 3 feet in height, to make them grow bushy 
and better able to stand. Sometimes it is neces- 
sary to offer support to the canes, and for garden 
culture a line of chicken wire netting offers a 
serviceable support. In field culture it is not 
usual to support the canes in any way. 



Gooseberries 

The gooseberry is a northern plant, and seldorn 
fruits well south of Maryland except in the high 
mountain sections. It grows best in a cool climate 
and moist soil. The plants may be set in rows 
from 5 to 6 feet apart and 4 feet apart in the rows 
and cultivated both ways for the first year or two. 
Little pruning is required and that is mainly to 
remove the stunted shoots and keep up a supply 
of vigorous new shoots from the base. Spraying 
with Bordeaux mixture will keep down mildew, 
but mildew may be prevented in a great measure 
by keeping the head of the plant open and not 
allowing it to get crowded with shoots that are 
not needed. 

Little cultivation is required other than heavy 
mulching. This will keep down the weeds and 
keep the ground in a moist condition. 



Currants 

There are white, red, and black varieties of cur- 
rants grown in the fruit garden, the most widely 
distributed being the red. 

The red currants are more particular in regard to 
soil requirements than most other small fruits. 
They will grow in sandy soil, but they are not 
so productive as when set in cool, moist loam. They 
should be set in rows about 5 to 6 feet apart, 
and about 4 feet apart in the rows. A half-dozen 
thrifty shoots will make more and larger fruits 
than a crowded cluster. 

The first season allow three good shoots to grow, 
and the next spring shorten these slightly if they 
have made a good growth, thus permitting the 
new shoots that have started to come up for the 
second season. 

For the first five or six years after setting, a few 
inches of the new wood, or current year's growth, 
should be cut off each fall. If this is not done, the 
result will be a tall, barren stem with but few fruit- 
buds. No plant will better repay generous treatment 
and high cultivation than the currant. Two or 
three forkfuls of good stable manure around each 
bush every fall is desirable. 

If this cannot be readily obtained, an experienced 
grower recommends the following special fertilizer: 
Pure ground bone, 600 lbs.; muriate of potash. 250 
lbs, ; nitrate of soda, 1.^0 lbs. Apply the above, 
thoroughly mixed, to each acre every spring, sowing 
it broadcast and cultivating it in. 



400 



Crabapples, Olives, Quince and Sunflowers 



Crab Apples 



The Siberian crab is most used here for jellies; 
the trees of all species are ornamental aside from 
thiir fruit-bearing qualities. The blossoms in the 
spring- are incomparable. The generally accepted 
theory is that all apples originally sprang from the 
wild crab apple, and this is indigenous to most parts 
of temperate United States, so the crab apple is 
capable of almost universal cultivation. It stands 
neglect but responds richly to care. 



Loganberries 



The loganberry is a novelty of recent growth. 
The vine is an exceedingly strong grower, trailing 
on the ground like the dewberry. The fruit is 
rather long, often an inch or more in length, dark 
red, with the shape of the blackberry and color 
of a red raspberry, and the flavor a combin-Btion 
of both. It is claimed to be a cross of the black- 
berry and the raspberry. 

Mulberries 

The Mulberry can be successfully grown wherever 
the cherry succeeds. The fruit is well liked by 
epicures. Three favorite varieties are the Downing, 
Persian Black, and Persian White. If silk worms 
are raised the mulberry is an essential to their 
well-being, since the silk worm is fed on the young 
leaves of the mulberry tree. 

Nectarines 

A dry, sandy, very rich soil is preferred by the 
nectarine, which is of the almond family and comes 
originally from Persia. It can be grown wherever 
the peach thrives, its cultivation is the same, and 
it differs from the peach mainly in having a thin, 
smooth skin where the peach skin is velvety. 

Olives 

According to the Italian proverb, "If you would 
leave a lasting inheritance to your children, plant 
an olive tree." The tree has been liighly esteemed 
in all ages and both sacred and classical history are 
filled with references to the olive. 

It is a native of Syria and flourishes best in a 
warm, comparatively dry climate. It will not thrive 
in a region where the temperature falls below 20 
degrees Fahrenheit. It seems especially suited to 
sandy or loam soils rich in lime and potash. The 
olive has done so well in California in recent years 
that Florida and the Gulf states are introducing its 
culture more and more. The American oils are said 
to rival those of Aix, France, or Florence, Italy. 
The olive has been grown in California since the 
days of the Mission Fathers, having been brought 
from Spain by the Spanish owners of the land. 

The olive tree is a low-branching evergreen, grow- 
ing from twenty to thirty feet in height. The leaves 
bear a strong resemblance to those of the willow 
but are more delicate and of a dusky deep-green or 
bluish tinge above, silvery beneath. The flowers, 
as delicate as the leaves, are at first a pale yellow 
color but, opening, disclose four white petals with 
yellow centers. The wood is hard, compact, and 
brittle and is susceptible of a high polish. 

The fruit is a berried drupe about the size of a 
native plum, and "olive-green" in color. The green 
fruit is used for pickling and from the ripe fruit is 
extracted the olive-oil of commerce, sometimes called 
"sweet oil." 

Olive oil is coming more and more into use as a 
table oil. and in America, as elsewhere in the sec- 
tions where the tree is grown, the oil is rapidly 
gaining popularity in cooking, taking the place of 
butter. 

A young olive tree will bear fruit when two years 
old, but rarely pays the expense of cultivation till 
six years old; it grows slowly and is long-lived. 

The tree is easily propagated either by seed, slip, 
or grafting. When seeds are planted the pits should 
be removed from the olives and the shell softened 
liy soaking about 24 hours in a lye solution, contain- 
ing about one-half pound of caustic soda to a gal- 
lon of water. If the shells are not thus softened 
they should be cracked before planting as they are 
liable to stay in the ground two years before ger- 
minating. 



Blueberries 



The blueberry, called in Ireland billberry, so de- 
licious when found wild, has been aptly character- 
ized by J. H. Hale, in the Rural New Yorker: "The 
blueberry proved to be a good deal like Indians — it 
would not stand civilization, and was never satis- 
factory, although I monkeyed with it for a period of 
about ten years." If fortunate enough to have a 
blueberry patch it is well to let it have its own 
sweet will, merely keeping it within bounds. A new 
garden variety is being developed, but as yet it is in 
an experimental stage. 



Figs 



No fruit is more valuable in the southern fruit- 
gai-den than the fig. They can be closely planted — 
10 to 12 feet apart — and yield heavily. The tig- 
canning industry is gradually extending throughout 
the South, and since several tons of fruit can be 
produced on an acre of ground, it is well adapted 
to intensive culture. The preserved product put 
up at the present time in no wise supplies the de- 
mand, and a very material increase in the flg- 
c'anning industry is expected. 

The fresh fig is also finding its way into the 
markets, and meeting with a ready sale. Carefully 
picked at the right stage of maturity and packed in 
strawberry crates, they can be placed by express 
in distant markets, four or five hundred miles, or 
even more, in good condition. 

Figs come into bearing very early and for that 
reason commend themselves to the fruit-grower. 
With a proper selection of varieties, fruit may be 
secured from June to November. No other fruit 
covers so long a summer-fruiting season. 

Soja Bean, or Soy Bean 

German Coffee Berry, the seed sometimes being 
parched and ground for use as coffee. Plants grow 
eighteen inches in height, and are immensely pro- 
ductive, having small round seed. The plant, being 
a legume, is valuable as a soil enricher, while the 
plant and seed make a highly nutritious forage. 
Sow broadcast at rate of one and one-half bushels 
per acre. 



Sunflowers 



The sunflower is largely cultivated for its seeds, 
which make excellent food for cattle, sheep, and 
poultry. Where largely grown the leaves are used 
for stock and the stalks for fire-kindling. 

Sunflowers grow best on a light, well-drained, well- 
tilled, and fertile soil. When grown between the 
rows of potatoes they are planted only every third 
or fourth row, to avoid shading the potatoes too 
much, and are thinned to a distance of twenty to 
twenty-four inches apart. 

The seeds may be planted two to four inches deep, 
in hills three feet apart, in rows three to three and 
one-half feet apart. If planted in rows, by drilling, 
the young plants should be thinned, when about 
ten inches high, to twelve to sixteen inches apart. 
An acre requires ten to fifteen pounds of seed when 
planted by the drill method. The seeds may be 
planted quite early, as they are not injured by slight 
freezing. The cost of raising a crop of sunflowers 
is about the same as for corn. The mammoth 
Russian variety is considered by experts the best 
variety for oil; single-headed varieties are favored 
for seed production. 

Planted in swampy places the sunflower absorbs 
miasma and renders the region healthier. In the 
earlier days of the country there was a saying that 
where sunflowers grew there was no ague. 

Wlien the French explorer, Champlain, arrived in 
America in 1G06 he found the Indians growing 
sunflowers for the oil. About 1650 the plant was 
introduced into Europe, where it is widely grown 
for its seed and oil. 

The oil is used for illumination, for wool dressing, 
in paints, and especially in soap making; but it has 
not served for lubricating. The cold-pressed oil has 
found favor for culinary purposes. 

The residue or cake remaining after the extrac- 
tion of the oil is a valuable feeding stuff and can be 
u.=ed for fertilizer. Sunflower seed fed to milch cows 
has produced good results when fed in the proportion 
of 4 lbs. ground sunflower seed, 6 lbs. barley, 15 lbs. 
clover hay, and 30 lbs. silage. 



401 



PINEAPPLES 

Adapted to Much of the New Territory Belonging to the United States 



The time at which the main crop In the United 
States ripens has something to do with the popu- 
larity of the pineapple, as it comes into the market 
after the strawberry has become somewhat common 
and before the main shipping season for peaches. 
The main shipping season is from the middle of 
April to the middle of July. 

A considerable area in the United States is adapted 
to the cultivation of this fruit, and with the in- 
creased demand for it there can be no doubt that 
this will be greatly extended. The State of Florida 
doubtless contains the largest tract of pmeapple 
land in one body. Southern California has some 
land that will produce pineapples profitably. 

In Hawaii and Porto Rico 

All of Porto Rico and the Hawaiian Islands are 
free from frost, but the soil and climate are not 
uniformly adapted to the production of this crop. 
In the Philippines there is more land adapted to 
the production of pineapples than will be utilized for 
several generations. Porto Rico is thought to be 
especially well adapted for the locating of canneries. 

The pineapple plant will remain alive for months 
without being in contact with the soil. In contact 
with moist, loamy soil it soon sickens and dies. 

It takes about four months from the time of 
blossoming to the ripening of the fruit. The main 
season of blooming is during January and February, 
though occasionally plants bloom through the entire 
year. 

Gift of America to the World 

The discovery of the pineapple, as a fruit, was 
coincident with the exploration of South America 
by the Spaniards. As early as the seventeenth cen- 
tury it was cultivated in Holland and in England, 
but its use was confined to royalty. Outdoor culti- 
vation of pineapples in the United States dates back 
to 1860, though attemps to grow it in Florida were 
made earlier. 

Soil 

The pineapple thrives on a soil from which it 
would seem impossible for another plant to secure 
food. This is because of the fact that it is one of 
the plants that, like the orchids, grow on substances 
but do not derive nourishment from them. 

The proper selection of soil for pineapples is the 
most important problem in connection with their cul- 
ture. The requirements of the plant in this respect 
are so different from the ordinary fruits that it is 
hard for the would-be pineapple grower to realize 
that he has hei e a plant that demands a soil utterly 
intolerable to the ordinary crops of vegetables. This 
crop can be grown upon land that will produce 
ordinary vegetables, but the soil must be of a loose 
and open nature and not allowed to become water- 
soaked. It is not the fertility nor the humus in 
the soil that is detrimental to the pineapple, but 
it is the want of free drainage. The soil prepared 
by the gardeners who grow this crop under glass 
illustrates this point. Their standard formula is 
about as follows: Two parts decomposed fibrous 
loam, one part well-decayed inanure, another part 
one-half inch bones and pounded oyster shells. From 
this it is seen that even where the control over 
temperature and moisture is the most perfect the 
texture of the favorite soil is open and decidedly 
loose. The directions for watering are fully as In- 
teresting. "Moderately in winter and freely in 
summer." 

Philippines. In Niihu and the Philippine Islands, 
where pineapples succeed well, the soil is disin- 
tegrated lava covered with a layer of humus. There 
i;? but little cohesion in such soils, particularly when, 
as in this case, they contain considerable lime. When 
clay is present it is said to be important that it 
should not be so abundant as to hinder root pene- 
tration or to hold the soil water. 

In some of the best pineapple plantations of 
Florida the mechanical analysis of the soil is as 
follows, the depth of the soil ranging from nothing 
to six inches: Substance — Moisture in air dried 
samples, 0.15; organic matter, 1.21; gravel, .23; 
coarse sand, 3.02; medium sand, 01.11; fine sand, 
33.76; very fine sand, .54; silt, .22; fine silt, .06; 
clay, .50 — nearly 97 per cent of sand and gravel. 



How it is that pineapple plants can grow and 
produce a crop on a soil that seems to be so de- 
ficient in the chemical constituents that are neces- 
sary for plant growth has not been explained satis- 
factorily. 

Climate 

A sub-tropical climate whose temperature never 
reaches the freezing point is not all that is neces- 
sary for pineapple growing. It will rot in an at- 
mosphere continually saturated with moisture. Pine- 
apple plants may be shipped from the Hawaiian 
Islands to Florida if they be kept dry. This fact 
merely indicates that the healthy pineapple plant 
does not suffer seriously from ordinary dry weather. 
It is one of the class of plants that prefers an 
alternating dry and wet season. 



Laying Off the Land 



After the field has been thoroughly cleared it Is 
laid off into "lands." In extensive fields the lands 
are about sixty feet wide. This leaves a distance of 
about thirty feet for the man who, in gathering the 
crop, breaks the fruit to toss it to the man in the 
pathway — one side of a land being picked over at a 
time. The lands should be laid off in various 
"checks," 18x22 inches for the smaller varieties up 
to 48x48 inches for the largest varieties. 

The method of planting in beds about fifteen feet 
wide under sheds has been practiced for a con- 
siderable time and is gaining in favor. This allows 
the laborer to use the shuffle hoe without going 
between the plants, and also to apply the fertilizer 
by merely stepping among ,the plants of the first 
two rows. It is always necessary to exercise the 
greatest care in order to avoid breaking the leaves. 

Planting 

Suckers are planted for the main crop of the com- 
mon varieties Slips and crowns take too long to 
mature a crop to be utilized excepting when suckers 
are not to be obtained. Well-matured suckers will 
produce a crop in fourteen to eighteen montlis from 
time of setting out. The sucker should be set three 
to five inches deep, according to size, care being 
taken not to set it so deep that sand can be easily 
blown into the bud. Sanded plants are difficult to 
handle successfully, and it is easier to avoid trouble 
in this line than to remedy it after it has occurred. 

To prevent sanding (sand getting into the bud) 
fill the bud with a mixture of cotton-seed meal and 
tobacco dust. This will form a solid cake and as the 
new leaves grow out the plug is lifted and no harm 
done to the plants. As the dews and rains dissolve 
the plant food it is carried into the soil and the 
tobacco dust furnishes insecticide as well as plant 
food. 

Seed is used only for experimental purposes, like 
originating new varieties. It takes these ten or 
twelve years to mature a crop. 

Best Time to Plant 

Time of Planting. Plants may be set out at any 

time during the year but the best time is during the 
fall. If set out at this time they will make consid- 
erable growth before winter sets in. 

If there should be suckers fit to set out during the 
spring the pineapple grower should not permit any 
avoidable disturbance at that time, because it is the 
time of fruiting, when the plants need every ad- 
vantage possible to produce the finest fruit. Prac- 
tically the time for setting out pineapple suckers is 
limited to the season from July to November. 

Cultivation 

In the sandy region of south Florida very little 
attention is directed toward the matter of cultivat- 
ing after the field has been set out. This is by no 
means due to indifference or carelessness,, but rather 
to the result of years of experience. 

Cultivation as it is now practiced consists in 
agitating the surface of the soil to the depth of 
about an inch with a shuffle hoe three or four times 
a year. Some planters hoe the pines as often as once 



402 



Pineapples in Warm Regions of the United States 



a month. The roots of the plants do not penetrate 
the soil deeply. The soil is made up of so large a 
per cent of sand that it cannot bake or form a hard 
erust. 

In Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Pliilippine Islands 
a different class of soil is utilized for producing pine- 
apples, and more attention must be given to tlie 
cultivation of this crop. Jn all of these sections 
pineapple growing is still undeveloped, and conse- 
quently the cultivation varied and often indifferent. 

Avoid Breaking the Leaves. During tiie growing 
season the leaves of the pineapple plant are very 
easily broken. The peculiar and complicated struc- 
ture of the pineapple leaf makes it very resistant 
to' drought, but if the outer skin is broken it soon 
loses moisture to an excessive extent, and damage to 
the plant results. Whatever implements are used 
or whatever operations are performed in the field, 
special care must be exercised to avoid breaking 
leaves. 



Pineapple Sheds 



For thirty years growers have practiced the use 
of a sort of a protection built on posts in the form 
of an elevated platform and covered witli palm 
(palmetto) leaves to protect pineapples against cold. 
It was discovered tliat the pineapples grown in par- 
tial shade were more tender and juicy than those 
grown in the open. The desire to protect this 
lilant from the winter's cold seems to have been 
the origin of our present pineapple sheds, though 
the protecting of pineapples by sheds has now ex- 
tended to the region where there is little danger of 
freezing. The value of the half-shade condition 
in improving the quality of the fruit is now so 
generally recognized that this is the important con- 
sideration by many for building slieds. The cover 
should not be less than six and one-half feet from 
the ground, and it is preferable to have about seven 
feet in the clear. If plastering laths are used the 
cover may be six inches lower than when boards are 
used. 

Trees for Shade. Growers have discovered the 
beneficial effect from the presence of cabbage pal- 
mettoes, which not only seem to protect the pine- 
apple plants from the cold of winter, but to be 
an advantage to the crop in the summer. Its native 
haunts appear to be in tlie shade of dry forests in 
.some of the tropical countries of America. 



Pineapple Fibre 



The plant after maturing a fruit gives rise to one 
or more suckers and later in the season dies, to 
remain in the field where it is beneficial, as it forms 
a slight covering as a mulch, but during the dry 
.■season it may become a source of danger from acci- 
dtntal fires. 

Growers are learning that these leaves may be put 
tn a more profitable use. The fibre yields readily to 
machine manipulation and comes out white and 
clean without washing by simply drying in the 
sun after being extracted. There are said to be 
aliout sixty pounds of fibre in a ton of green leaves — 
about double the amount in a ton of green ramie 
stalks. The fibre has many qualities that give 
it superior merit, and is used in the textile industry. 



Jlaiiy of the soldier.s serving in the Philippines and 
travelers in the Orient have brought home beautiful 
embroideries worked on pineapple cloth. 

Gathering 

It is not an unusual experience for the argicul- 
turist to do all that is necessary to bring a crop to 
excellent maturity and lose it all or in part for 
tile want of proper handling at the time of gather- 
ing. It is necessary to pay the closest attention to 
details in gathering. This is the operation in which 
.iudgment plays the most important part. It cannot 
be learned except by experience. 

The Fruit Should Be Dry When Gathered. After 
that, care in handling, care, and more care is the 
watchword. The pineapple, though enduring the 
most trying' conditions of temperature and rough 
handling as long as the skin remains unbroken, 
deteriorates rapidly after the slightest break. 

Ordinarily there are but two grades, fruits and 
culls, but besides the culls the grower has often 
three grades on his hands: Ripes, greens, and 
mediums. 

In sizing, the fruit is known by the number it 
requires to fill a half barrel crate, viz: 18's. 24's, 
.3trs, 30's, 42's, 48's, and 54's. The last-named size 
is not crated unless the crop is very short. 

Starting Without Capital 

To produce good fruit, such as is demanded by the 
fancy markets, the cost per acre cannot be reduced 
below $100. If the soil be fertile enough to grow a 
crop without fertilizer the cost of clearing will be 
gieatly decreased. From the figures here given it 
AA ill be seen that it requires considerable capital to 
grow pineapples extensively. 

The Outlay per Acre 

Cost of land $ 1.50 to $ 80.00 

Cost of clearing 20.00 (iU.OO 

Cost of plants 25.00 800.00 

For fertilizer 20.00 150.00 

Freight, express, etc 20.00 80.00 

Labor 25.00 75.00 

Shed 325.00 GOO.OO 

Total $430.50 $1,845.00 

This estimate does not include the salary of the 
superintendent. 

The figures seem almost prohibitive to many 
farmers, but it has been demonstrated repeatedly 
that a willing laborer may become a pineapple 
grower. The absolute outlay in money may be re- 
duced to the cost of the plants, the cost of the 
fertilizer, and the cost of the land. This puts the 
cost for the first year at about $50, and to carry this 
forward to the ripening of the first crop about $20 
more should be added, making an outlay of $70 to 
produce the first crop on an acre. In the pineapple- 
growing section of Florida there is sufficient demand 
for labor to more than keep a man while he is 
growing his first crop. Another plan adopted is for 
t«o persons to form a partnership, one working to 
supply the needed cash while the other grows the 
croii of pineapples. After the first crop has been 
produced tlie increase in the number of plants will 
permit the extension of the area as rapidly as 
financial conditions will allow. 



BANANAS 



The banana is produced only in sub-tropical Amer- 
ica, the Canal Zone, the Philippines, etc. It is an 
herbaceous plant with an underground stem, the ap- 
parent stem, which sometimes attains a height of 
thirty feet, is only the sheath of the leaves, closely 
compacted. The leaves themselves are six to ten 
feet long and one or more broad. 

The fruit is 4 to 10 or 12 inches long anr 1 inch 
or more in diameter. It grows in large bunches 



weighing often from 40 to 80 pounds. The pulp is 
soft and of a lucious taste. When ripe, it is eaten 
raw or fries in slices. The banana is grown only 
in a warm, tropical or sub-tropical climate and is 
an important article of food. 

It requires a ricli soil with a large amount of mois- 
ture. Is propagated by cuttings, known as suckers. 
It gives an enormous yield per acre. 



PAPAWS 



The name is applied to two different kinds of fruit, 
one purely tropical, the other North American and 
especially belonging to the middle states. While it 
grows in warm climates, as a tree, 20 and 30 feet 
high, in the northern states it is a shrub. The 
fruit, ripening usually in September, is 3 or 4 inches 
long and about a third as thick, with tender yellow 
skin when quite ripe. The fruit is considered too 
sweet by many, while some prefer it to the banana. 

In warm climates, adapted to its growth, the 
fruit grows as a berry about 10 inches long and 



half as broad and is of a dull orange color. It is 
sometimes eaten raw with pepper and sugar, but 
is more generally cooked with sugar and lemon juice. 
The unripe fruit is boiled and eaten as a vegetable 
and is also pickled. The juice of the ripe fruit is 
said to be used as a cosmetic to remove freckles 
and that of the green fruit is a remarkably efficient 
vermifuge. The leaves are used in the French West 
Indies as a substitute for soap in washing linen. Cul- 
tivated as a shrub in rich soil. 



40.1 



Variety of Farm and Garden Production 



Broomcorn 



The soil should be plowed in the fall or as early 
in the spring as possible, so that it will retain mois- 
ture. The land should be disked and harrowed 
about two weeks before planting, and after plant- 
ing requires repeated cultivation to keep down 
weeds. The plants are tender and grow most 
rapidly in warm weather, not standing the early 
spring cold as corn will. Great care must be 
exercised in the selection of seed; one bushel of seed 
will plant about twenty acres. Broomcorn is a good 
sod crop. Two good varieties are the Dwarf and 
the Standard; the former grows only about six 
inches high with a brush from twelve to twenty 
inches; the Standard must be bent in order to make 
the heads easier to cut. Broomcorn demands prompt 
attention when it is ready to harvest, as it will 
not stand in the field without great damage. It 
must be cured in sheds in order to retain its green 
color. The price per ton ranges from $50 for the 
lower grades that have been damaged by weather, 
to over $200 for the superfine grades. 



Cranberries 



Swampy ground on the farm can be made very 
profitable by the cultivation of cranberries. The 
berry is a native of the colder regions of the North- 
ern Hemisphere and grows as far south as Virginia. 
It is cultivated in twenty of the States. The yield 
is a million bushels a year, half of this coming 
from Massachusetts. Low, moist ground forms the 
cranberry bog. It should be planted in hills 18 
inches apart and 6 inches apart in the rows. A 
thick coating of swamp muck may be applied with 
benefit before planting. The cranberry marsh should 
be kept free from weeds, grass, and moss, as clean, 
well-drained, and sanded bog renders the crop less 
liable to injury by frost. In case of berries rotting, 
the bog is generally found to contain less clay and 
silt (and iron), and more nitrogen than necessary. 
Potash and phosphoric acid applied to the soil, with 
some lime, will generally correct this. The berries 
should be picked late in September or early October 
and should not be picked in a wet condition nor 
stored in a moist place. 

The cranberry has a very high keeping quality 
if reasonably cared for. 



Apricots 



A fruit of the plum genus which was Introduced 
into Europe from Asia more than three centuries 
before Christ, and into England in the first half 
of the 16th century. It is a native of Armenia and 
other parts of Asia and also of Africa. The apricot 
is a low tree of rather crooked growth, with some- 
what heart shaped leaves and sessile flowers. The 
fruit is sweet, more or less juicy, of a yellowish 
color about the size of the peach and resembling it 
in delicacy of flavor. The wood is coarsly grained 
and soft. Apricot trees are chiefly raised against 
walls and are propagated by budding and grafting. 
Its care and cultivation is the same as the peach, 
the crown gall, produced by a small parasitic or- 
ganism, being the same disease which afflicts the 
peach, is liable to attack the apricot. As with the 
peach, there is no cure. The only remedy is to dig 
up and destroy the trees. 



Dewberries 



The dewberry is a species of low blackberry 
plant. The fruit ripens both before and after the 
blackberry varieties and is much grown for market. 

Do not plant dewberries on too rich garden soil, 
as they go too much to vine, with a corresponding 
loss of fruit. For fertilizer use a small percentage 
of ammonia and a large percentage of potash. 
The plants may be set in rows 5 to 6 feet apart and 
about 3 feet in the row. 

Some growers let their dewberries trail on the 
ground and keep the vines cut back to 2 or 3 feet 
in length; but much better results are obtained 
if the vines are given some support, either by 
trellis or by stakes driven between every alternate 
hill, tying one hill from each side to the top of 
the stake, which should be notched at the top to 
prevent slipping down. Cut off all surplus Vines 18 
inches beyond where tied. 



Emmer 

Emmer is a sub-species of wheat, cultivated in 
regions of little rainfall, under the name of spelt. 
It is valuable as a hardy forage plant. 



Raspberries 



Raspberries are divided into three general classes: 
The reds, blacks, and purples. The red raspberries 
thrive best in a strong soil which is inclined to 
hold the moisture. They have been grown suc- 
cessfully on sandy soil when highly cultivated and 
liberally manured with stable manure so that the 
moisture may be retained. It is customary to 
set the plants in rows 6 feet apart and about 3 
feet in the row; but, in highly fertilized soil, it 
may be necessary to give a little more space be- 
tween the rows. 

The best fertilizer is well-rotted stable manure, but 
if this cannot be obtained, a high-grade commercial 
fertilizer may be freely used. Bone meal seems to 
be especially suited to the needs of the plants. 

Clean cultivation through the whole season is 
especially important, and the cultivator should be set 
rather high so as to prevent the forination of too 
many suckers. In cold climates it may be necessary 
to protect the canes in winter, and the simplest 
plan is to bend them down along the row and cover 
with soil. This can be done late in the fall. 

Black raspberries should be planted in rows 5 to 
6 feet apart, and SM; to 4 feet apart in the rows. 
They are more hardy than the red raspberries and 
seldom need winter protection. The ends of the 
long canes should be pinched back to promote the 
production of side shoots and an increased crop of 
fruit. 

The cultural directions for the other class will 
apply equally well to purple raspberries; but the 
canes need not be pinched back in the spring. 
They are very vigorous and, if permitted to grow, 
will often produce a good crop when both the 
red and black varieties fail. 



Gherkin 



The burr, or gherkin, is a distinct species of cu- 
cumber which comes froin tlie West Indies. It is 
used exclusively for pickling. It is very small, two 
to three inches in length. The vines should be 
planted five feet apart, and cultivated as other 
cucumbers. 



Hemp 



The region for hemp growing in the United States 
is comparatively limited. It is raised here for its 
fibre used in making ropes and also as strong warp 
for carpets. Any soil adapted to corn can be used 
for growing hemp. It is sown broadcast and is 
ready to harvest in a trifle over three months. It 
is cut by hand in the same manner corn is cut. 
If retted or rotted by the dews or rains where it 
lies on the ground, the fibre is gray and harsh. If 
retted in water the fibre is soft, lustrous, and creamy 
white. It is a most exhaustive crop, unless the 
waste products are returned to the soil. Four to six 
pecks of seed to the acre is the amount usually 
sown if a crop of fibre is desired. If grown for 
hempseed it should be planted like corn, using half 
the amount of seed. 

Horseradish 

No more profitable market-garden crop can be 
found, as a second crop, than horseradish. It is 
a hardy plant, makes its main growth in the fall, 
and usually need not be dug until December. To 
secure roots for planting, all small roots are broken 
off of the main root when it is prepared for market 
in the winter. The rootlets, or sets, should be cut 
in pieces about five inches in length and a quarter 
to half inch in diameter. If the top end is cut 
square and the root end slanting it will guide one 
in planting to insure the riglit end being placed up- 
permost in the ground, developing a more sym- 
metrical root. The sets may be tied in bundles 
and stored in a cool cellar or pitted in the open 
ground. Early in May the horseradish sets may be 
planted between the rows of early cabbage or beets, 
placing the top of the set two or three inches under 
the surface of the soil, so that it may not come up 
until after the cabbage lias been harvested. 



404 



TABLES OF WEIGHTS, MEASURES, WOODS. HEAT, COLD, WAGES, Etc. 



Value of Indian Meal. 

As a food, lOO pounds 
of Indian nioal isciiual to 
tlio following: 



ArUclo. Pounila. 

White Turnips 1 ,2CK) 

liects 909 

Cabbage 700 

Carrots 700 

Rye Straw G66 

Kuta Bagas 625 

Wheat Straw 500 

Oat Straw 400 

Cornstalks 333 

Timothy Hay 200 

Barley Ill 

Kye 90 

Oats 83 

Wheat 76 

Beans 60 

Oil Cako 40 



Decay of Stumps. 



Weight of Lumber. 

Different kinds of Boa- 
<(oned lumber contain the 
following number of 
pounds in 1,000 feet. 



Lumber Required 

To build a mile of hoard 
fence, ordinary width of 



Age Attained by Birds. 



Kind of Lumbtr. 






Kind of 
Stump. 



Timo of 



Pine 200 

Cedar 9 to 18 

Hemlock 9 to 15 

Spruce 7 to 14 

Hickoi-y 6 to 10 

Maple 5 to 18 

Oak 5to8 

<^sh... 5to8 



Pitch Pino 4,150 

Maple 4,000 

Beech 4,000 

Hickory 3,960 

Locust 3,800 

Dog\yood 3,960 

Cherry 3,720 

Walnut. 3,690 

Oak 3,675 

Ash 3,550 

Cypress 3,350 

Elm 3,220 

Chestnut 3,170 

Red Pine 3,075 

Poplar 3,056 

Birch 2,950 

Cedar 2,925 

Yellow Pine 2,890 

White Pine 2,88Q 

Willow 2,780 

Norway Spruce 2,670 

Hemlock 2,350 

Butternut 1 ,960 

Per Cent, of Sweet. 



Sugar Cane 18 

Sugar Beet 10 

Sorghum 9j^ 

Com in Tassel 31^ 

Maple Sap 2>i 



board : 




1 board high. 


...2,640 feet 


2 boards " 


..5,280 •■ 


3 " " . 


..7,920 '• 


4 " " . 


10,560 " 


5 " " . 


13.200 " 



Pounds Per Acre. 

The following Ik about 
the number of pounds of 
each which may be grown 
on an acre: 



Mangel Wurzel. 

Parsnips 

Cabbage 

Turnips 

Apples 

Potatoes 

Carrots 

Pears 

Hay 

Onions 

Cherries 

Plums 

Beans 

Peas 

Oats 

Barley 

Wheat 

Hops 



.22,100 
.11,100 
.10,800 
..8,500 
..8,500 
..7,600 
..6,900 
..5,100 
..4,000 
..2,700 
..2,000 
..2,!C0 
..2,200 
..1,900 
..1,800 
..1,650 
..1,200 
....400 



Hon. 






80 


Pelican 


00 


Sparrow Hawk.. 
Skylark 


40 

30 


Crane 


24 




23 


Nightingale 

Lark 


18 

18 




. . 15 


Goldflnch 


15 






15 


Robin 


\'2 


Blackbird i' 




.10 


Wren 


.1 





Constituents of Milk. 

Of 1,000 parts of 
milk there are various 
constituent substances as 
follows. 

Constituents. Number. 

Water 840 

MilkSugar 45 

Butter 40 

Caseine 40 

Phosphate of Lime 17 

Chloride P4ta,ssium 9 

Phosphate Magnesia 4 

Free Soda 3 

Common Salt 3 



A Quartette of the Newer Fruits 



Alligator Pear 

The alligator poar, also known 
as aguacate, avocado, midship- 
man's butter, etc., is the fruit 
of a tree native to tropical Amer- 
ira, but now widely grown 
throughout tropical countries. 
There is an increasing production 
of this fruit in southern Florida, 
both on the mainland and the 
Keys; also in the milder regions 
of southern California. The West 
Indian type, which is the only 
one found in the markets of east- 
ern United States, yields a fruit 
about the size of the largest pears. 
The varieties differ considerably 
in form, and range from deep 
purple to light green in color. 
Generally speaking, they are not 
unlike a medium-sized egg-plant 
fruit in form and appearance. 
The portion eaten is a pulp which 
surrounds a single large seed. In 
texture the pulp is soft and some- 
what like butter, and is perhaps 
most commonly used for salad 
making. The Mexican type of al- 
ligator pear, which is now grown 
in California and Florida, is a 
smaller tree and yields a much 
smaller fruit. It is. however, re- 
ported to endure several degrees 
of frost, whereas the West Indian 



type is injured by a temperature 
of 32 degrees Fahrenheit. The 
average weight of the avocadoes 
is about three-fourths pound each. 
The edible portion or pulp con- 
stitutes on an average 71 per 
cent, the seed 20 per cent, and 
the skin 9 per cent of the entire 
fruit. 

Peen-to Peaches 

The Peen-to peach belongs to 
a group of peaches that is essen- 
tially adapted to sub-tropical con- 
ditions. The group is limited in 
its adaptations in this country to 
the States of Florida, Louisiana, 
Mississippi, Alabama, and the 
coast regions of Texas. It seems 
especially suited to Florida con- 
ditions, and is therefore of un- 
usual value to that State, since 
the varieties of peaches which 
flourish i'l orchards farther north 
are nearly always failures when 
grown in Florida. 



Roselle 



The roselle is the fruit of Hi- 
biscus sabdariffa, a widely dis- 
tributed tropical plant, which 
yields the roselle fiber of com- 
merce. As grown in Florida and 
California it is an herbaceous an- 



nual. The plants are grown from 
seed in spring, and require a long 
season free from frost to mature. 
Under favorable conditions they 
produce a very heavy, contiguous 
crop of blossoms in the latter part 
of the summer and autumn. The 
fruits, which somewhat resemble 
okra or gumbo in form, though 
they are much shorter in propor- 
tion to their size, are a dark, 
magenta red in color and are used 
for making jellies and preserves, 
which are of a beautiful red color 
and have a flavor suggesting that 
of the cranberry. The roselle may 
be grown in conditions where the 
ordinary hibiscus flourishes. 

Surinam Cherry 

The Surinam cherry, sometimes 
called pitanga, is the fruit of a 
tropical shrub, native to Brazil 
and other tropical regions of 
South America. This shrub, 
which attains a height of about 
20 feet, is grown to a limited 
extent in southern Florida and 
southern California. The fruit is 
about the size of an ordinary 
cherry, is roundish oblate in form, 
ribbed, bright red in color, and 
of a sharp but pleasant acid 
flavor. It is somewhat used for 
domestic jelly making. 



Angora Goats 

The raising of Angora goats has 
become one of the distinctive in- 
dustries of Texas, where it is 
found most profitable. In Iowa 
and other States this goat is intro- 
duced on land to be cleared, as it 
will clean up all underbrush and 
shrubbery in two years. 



Average Period of 
Incubation 

Chickens 20-22 days 

G.es(> 28-34 days 

Ducks 28 days 

Turkeys 27-29 days 

Guinea fowls 28 days 

Pheasants 2.5 days 

Ostriches 40-42 days 



Plant One Acre 

Ciirranfs and Gooseberries 

6 by 3 feet apart 2,420 

6 by 4 feet apart 1,815 

Raspberries and Blaoltberries 

6 by 3 feet apart 2,420 

7 by 3 feet apart 2,075 

Strawberries 

3 by 1% feet apart 9.6.58 

3'/4 by IMi feet apart 8,260 



405 



The Most Profitable Berry Plant 



STRAWBERRIES 

How to Plant 

Cultivate 

And Grow Them 

0£ all the small fruits the strawberry is prob- 
ably of the greatest commercial importance in this 
country. 

During early Colonial days the wild strawberries 
of the tleld were abundant in North America and 
furnished a much-prized article of diet. Later on 
the plants were transplanted to the garden and 
under cultivation gave fruits of increased size. 

The garden strawberries now so common in this 
country have come chiefly from the so-called Pine 
type of berries, imported plants of this type having 
been crossed with native American berries. The 
Pine type sprang from Fragaria chiliensis, a plant 
originally introduced into Europe from Chile, but 
now known to be native to the western mountain 
regions of both North and South America. The 
first native strawberries to be brought under culti- 
vation, however, were those of eastern North Amer- 
ica, which belong to the scarlet class, the species 
being known to botanists as Tragaria virginiana. 

The garden strawberry is an American product 
which adapts itself to a wider range of latitude 
than any other cultivated fruit. It is universally 
liked as well as commercially important. As it 
will grow on almost any soil and is easily culti- 
vated, no farm should be without its strawberry 
patch. 

Many growers find the strawberry a very attrac- 
tive subject for the propagation of new varieties. 
It is a plant which is readily propagated by 
seeds, which is, of course, the only means of se- 
curing new forms. And, fortunately for the breeder, 
the strawberry is provided with a means of self- 
preservation through the agency of stolons, or run- 
ners, which enables the grower to propagate any 
plant he may develop. 

The commercial propagation of the strawberry 
naturally proceeds along two lines: (1) The pro- 
duction of standard and novel sorts in large num- 
bers to be sold to local or distant purchasers; 
and (2) the production of a few standard kinds for 
the fruit crop. 

In the first instance fruit production Is only a 
side issue. The main crop is the plants. The 
aim is to get these as large and strong as possible, 
and to this end the ground is made rich and put 
in good tilth by frequent cultivation early in the 
season. 

The home production of runners for one's own 
planting is another matter; here the fruit crop 
is the chief ob.iect and the production of runners 
prior to harvesting the fruit is discouraged. The 
difficulty with this method is to secure strong, 
well-developed plants for August and September 
planting. When the main planting is done in the 
spring the earliness of the plants is of less iin- 
portance. In favorable seasons, however, strong 
plants for August and September planting can 
be secured even in the New England states. 

When to Set the Plants 

Field practices in the cultivation of strawberries 
vary in different sections of the country to conform 
to climatic and soil conditions. The factor most 
influenced by conditions of soil and climate is the 
time of setting. In some sections the rainfall will 
permit of either spring or autuinn planting, while in 
other equally good strawberry-producing regions, 
plants can only be successfully set during the fall. 
The demands of the market also influence the date 
of field planting. 

The land to be devoted to the growing of straw- 
berries should, if possible, be planted in a culti- 
vated ciop, such as potatoes, beans, or corn, at 
least one year previous to setting the plants, in 
order that the larvae of such insects as wireworms, 
white grubs, cutworms, etc., may be as completely 
eliminated as possible. Sod land is a favorite breed- 
ing ground for such insects, and should therefore 
be avoided unless it be new clover sod, which can 
be turned under with good results. 

In general there are only two seasons for planting 
— spring and fall — but in some localities spring 
planting should be done in .^priI or May by the 
use of the preceding season's plants, while in others 




Sample Strawberry 



it may be done in June from the crop of runners of 
the same season. 

In irrigated regions planting can be done at what- 
ever season the work will give best results in 
future crop production. In humid regions rainfall 
is a determining factor. 

Suggestions for Planting 

There is no plant that adapts itself so well as the 
strawberry to all conditions and to all sorts of 
soil, whether loam, sand or clay. Good drainage 
Is absolutely essential, but the plants should have 
a reasonable amount of moisture. 

Avoid setting the plants in land that has been 
for a long time in grass, for in such places you 
will find the larvae of the May beetle, which are 
extremely destructive to small plants. The soil 
cannot be made too fertile, and the richer it is 
made, and the more humus you can get into it, the 
better will be the crop. Stable manure is probably 
the best fertilizer that can be used, although there 
is an objecliiin on account of the grass seeds which 
may be brought in. If commercial fertilizer is used 
it can be made at home, and the following formula 
Is probably tlie best: Acid phosphate (16 per cent). 
900 lbs.; nitrate of soda, 100 lbs.; fish-scrap, 600 
lbs; sulphate of potash, 400 lbs. This will make 
a ton. .This fertilizer should be applied broadcast 
and worked well into the soil before plants are set, 
or applied as a top-dressing and worked into the soil 
after the plants have started to grow. Don't put 
directly under the plants when setting, as thousands 
upon thousands of strawberry plants have been 
killed in this way. 

Depth to Set the Plants 

No plant which the gardener has to handle is 
more exacting in regard to depth of planting than 
the strawberry. As the plant is practically stem- 
less, the base of the leaves and the roots being 
so close together, care is required to avoid setting 
the plant so deep that the terminal bud will be 
covered or so shallow that the upper portion of 
the roots will be exposed, either being a disadvan- 
tage which frequently results in the death of the 
plant. 



System of Planting 



There are two general systems of planting straw- 
berries. In the first the plants are set in hills 
and can be cultivated In both directions; the other 
allows more freedom and the plants spread and 
form a broad belt or row called a "matted row." 

In the hill system of culture the strawberry 
plants are set singly either 3 by 3 feet apart, or 
with the rows 4 feet apart and the plants 2 feet 
apart in the row, depending upon the character 
of the soil and the length of time the plantation is 
to be maintained. 

In Florida a common practice is to lay the 
land off in broad beds 8 to 12 feet wide, the rows 
of plants to run lengthwise of the beds, the rows 
24 inches apart, with the plants IS inches apart 
in the rows. Such beds afford suftlcient drainage 
and hold the mulch better than narrow beds or 
raised rows, and the space between the plants 
admits light to all sides of the plant, which is an 



406 



Protect Strawberries in Winter 



advantage in coloring the fruits. The hill system 
raises the plant somewhat and admits of more in- 
tensive cultivation tlian does the matted row. 

Planting in Matted Rows 

In order to maintain a belt of plants 12 to IS 
Inches wide (a convenient width), and still have 
space between the belts for cultivation and the other 
operations necessary to the successful management 
of a plantation, the rows at planting time should 
be much farther apart than is necessary with the 
hill system. 

A common practice is to set the plants in single 
rows 4 feet apart, with the plants 12 inches apart 
in the row. The runners which develop from these 
plants are then allowed to take possession of the 
area for 6 to 9 inches on either side of the original 
plants, thus making a matted row 12 to 18 inches 
wide; this leaves 30 inches between the rows, 
which allows ample space for cultivation and gath- 
ering the fruit. This space can be reduced from 30 
inches to as little as 18 inches where land is valu- 
able and it is necessary to secure maximum returns; 
on thin soil, however, the greater distance is most 
satisfactory. 

There is one advantage in the narrow culti- 
vated space. After the second crop has been har- 
vested the runners can be allowed to take pos- 
session of the cultivated middle, and when the 
young plants become thoroughly established the 
original rows can be broken up with a narrow 
turning plow or sharp cultivator. In this way a 
patch can be very satisfactorily and cheaply re- 
newed and by the liberal use of suitable fertilizers 
the rotation can be kept up on the same soil for 
several year. 

Some planters prefer to set the plants for the 
matted row in a double row at planting time. The 
practice is to establish two rows 12 inches apart, 
6 inches on each side of the center of the matted 
belt, setting the plants 2 feet apart in each row 
and alternating the plants in the row, so that the 
plants actually stand a little over a foot apart. 

Cultivation 

Clean and shallow culture are the watchwords of 
successful cultivators. Growers have come to real- 
ize that cultivation means more than the destruc- 
tion of weeds. Cultivation has a beneficial influ- 
ence upon the soil by loosening it and making it 
more easily penetrated by moisture in the form of 
rain or dew. A better stand of plants can be 
maintained during a dry period on well-tilled ground 
than upon ground that is poorly cultivated. 



Mulching 

Covering the surface of the soil with dead or 
decaying vegetable matter is the meaning of the 
term mulching as here used. 

Mulching in strawberry culture serves different 
purposes, depending upon the locality in which the 
plants are grown. A mulch acts as a protection 
from cold, prevents freezing and thawing and the 
consequent lifting of the plants ("heaving out"); 
it retards growth in cold regions by shading the 
crowns and maintaining a low soil temperature 
longer than in soil not mulched; it acts as a con- 
server of moisture, discourages weed growth by 
smothering the young seedling, and finally pro- 
tects the fruit from contact with the soil. 

The materials which can be used in mulching are 
various, but their value depends largely upon their 
freedom from weed seeds and their fitness to protect 
the plants without smothering them. Whole or 
cut straw free from grains, strawy manure from the 
horse stable, and pine straw from the forest are 
among the more common mulching materials. In 
certain sections marsh hay, either from fresh or 
salt water marshes, is a common and very satis- 
factory mulching material. 

Protect in Winter 

It is advisable in the middle states and in the 
North in general to protect the plants in winter. 
A mulch in the late fall should be applied, Just 
enough to cover the crowns of the plants. With 
the earliest start of the leaves in the spring, the 
mulch should be pulled back from the plants and 
left on the beds to keep the fruit clean. After 
the mulch is off, and before the fruiting season, 
keep a sharp lookout for weeds that will start in 
the rows. After the plants have fruited, the space 
between the rows should be cultivated to prevent 
evaporation of moi.sture, keep the plants growing, 
and kill weed growth. And this loose mulch should 
be maintained through the remainder of the season. 

The varieties of strawberries best adapted to 
any particular locality can be readily ascertained 
by inquiry of the nurserymen who supply strawberry 
plants. The question of the adaptability of varieties 
for the various fruit sections of the United States 
has been carefully worked out by the experts of the 
American Pomological Society and their recom- 
inendations can be easily secured by anyone desiring 
to grow strawberries on a commercial basis. 

The governinent is making extensive experiments 
at Sitka as to the strawberries which flourish best 
in Alaska. 



VARIOUS FERTILIZERS 



Pure Animal Manures — Pulverized 

Convenient, compact, high grade natural manures 
dried and ground or pulverized, very nutritious, im- 
mediate and lasting in effect. Excellent for mixing 
with the soil for plants. In the vegetable gar- 
den they promote a rapid, steady growth until matur- 
ity. They make a rich Liquid Manure. 

Quantity Required. For garden and field crops, 1 
to 2 tons per acre — V2 before plowing; the balance be- 
fore harrowing. For top-dressing grass, use 1 ton 
per acre, applied in fall or early spring. 

Sheep Manure Pulverized. Price, 50 lb. bag, .$1.2.5; 
100 lb. bag, $2.00; per ton of 2.000 lbs., $30.00; in 
packages of 2 lbs., 15c. (P. P. 21/3 lb.); 5 lbs., 30c. 
(P. P. 5% lb.); 10 lbs., 50c. (P. P. 11 lb.). 

Horse Manure Dried and Ground. Price, per 100 
lb. bag., $2.50; 500 lbs., $10.00; per ton of 2,000 lbs., 
$36.00. 



Ashes — Canada Hard Wood 



Drives away insects and improves the texture of 
the soil; indispensable for all crops requiring potash; 
very beneficial for garden and field crops, grass lands 
and lawns. (Guaranteed Analysis.) — Total Potash, 
to 5%; total Phosphoric Acid, 1 to 3%. Apply 1 to 2 
tons per acre, as one heavy application is better than 
the same quantity put on in fractions. 

Price per bbl. of about 200 lbs., $2.75; per ton of 
2,000 lbs., in bbls., $25.00. Special prices in bulk. 



Nitrate of Soda 

Valuable solely for the nitrogen it contains. It is 
chiefly a stimulant, used in addition to other ferti- 
lizers. It is quick in action and hastens crops to ma- 
turity, being extremely soluble, it is easily applied 
after the plants are above ground. Price per 5 lb. 
package, 35c. (P. P. 5% lb.); 10 lb. package, 60c. 
(P. P. 11 lb.); 25 lb. bag, $1.25; 50 lb. bag, $2.25; 
100 lb. bag. $4.00; 200 lb. bag, $7.00; per ton, $G5.00. 
Quantity required. 100 to 500 lbs. per acre. Liquid, 
5 lbs. to 80 gals, of water. 

Lime and Land Plaster 

Tvand Plaster or Gypsum. Valuable for soils re- 
quiring lime and sulphate; also good on grasslands 
and sour soils. Price, 100 lb. bag, $1.00; $10.00 per 
ton. Quantity required. One to two tons per acre. 

Lime Air Slaked. Price, 100 lb. bag, $1.00; per 
ton of 2,000 lbs., $1G.00. 

Fertilizing Constituents 

Basic Slas:. Price, 200 lb. bag, $2.75; per ton of 
2,000 lbs., $21.00. 

Kainit or German Potash Salt. 12',4% actual pot- 
ash and 33% common salt. Used chiefly for its pot- 
ash value. Price, $1.60 per 100 lbs.; 200 lbs., $2.35; 
ton of 2,000 lbs., $19.00. 

Acid Phosphate or Dissolved S. C. Rock., 14% 
available phosphoric acid. 100 lbs., $1.50; 200 lbs., 
$2.75; per ton, $20.00. 



407 



HOW KILL 
THISTLES 



CANADA THISTLES 



TELLS HOW 
IT IS DONE 



Herewith Is Given the Method for Extermination 




The Greatest Weed Pest 

Diagram showing the characteristic growth of the Canada thistle. The shoots are illustrated in various 
stages of development, from the most advanced down to buds just starting from the roots. 



Methods of Distribution and Means of Preventing It 



The Canada thistle spreads into new localities. 
from farm to farm, and even from field to field 
on the same farm, largely by its seeds. These seeds 
are smooth, brown, about one-eighth of an inch 
long, and nearly cylindrical, being a little pointed 
at one end. Each seed has a tuft of hairs called 
a pappus. The time of seeding extends from July 
to October. The principal ways in which the seeds 
are scattered are as follows: 

Wind and Water 

After the seeds mature they are easily detached 
from the heads by the wind and are scattered over 
the surrounding country. They are also carried by 
run-off water down hillsides and by streains. Water 
transportation becomes a special danger in irrigated 
districts. 

Small Grains and Straw 

Mature thistle seerte are often harvested with small 
grains, but are usually separated from them in 
thrashing. It is often advisable, however, to re- 
clean such small giain as is to be used for seed, 
especially in the case of oats. The thistle seeds are 
carried over into the straw stacks and from them 
through the manure to the fields; but if such manure 
Is left in piles for several months practically all the 
seeds will be decomposed. Harvesting machines 
often carry the seeds to other fields and thrashing 
outfits carry them from farm to farm. 

Hay 

If hay is cut sufficiently early, when the thistles 
are just starting to blooin, there will be no danger 
of their maturing seed. If farmers let their hay 
stand too long, they not only diminish its value 
but permit the thistle to form seed. 

Grass and Clover Seed 

Although of infrequent occurrence, the seeds of 
Canada thistles are sometimes found in grass and 
clover seed, especially in alsike clover and Canada 
bluegrass. It is not difficult to detect their presence 
by. the use of a hand lens after a little practice. If 
in doubt a farmer may send a sample to his State 
experiment station or to the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, for analysis. 
Farmers' Bulletin 428, entitled "Testing Farm Seeds 
in the Home and in the Rural School." is of great 
assistance to farmers in detecting the presence of 
weed seeds in commercial seed. 



Methods of Killing Canada Thistles 

After this Weed has obtained a foothold the best 
way to eradicate it is to prevent it from sending up 
top or above-ground growth, which finally causes the 
roots to die. This is the basic principle which must 
be kept in mind at all times. The top of the plant 
serves much the same purpose as the lungs of ani- 
mals, so that if the plant is continually deprived 
of that vital part it must soon die. 

There are a number of ways of keeping down the 
top growth. The best method for each case will 
depend on the farmer's rotation and convenience. 
Any practicable method will do. The man is of far 
rrore importance than the method. Many farmers 
make a start to kill the thistle, but abandon their 
efforts too soon. It is probably no exaggeration to 
say that 95 per cent of the efforts to kill thistles are 
failures. 

An Experience in Killing Thistles 

Mr. Oscar Montgomery purchased a farm in 
Fulton County, Ohio, at a comparatively low price 
because it had become badly infested with thistles; 
every field contained patches of the weed. 

It was the general opinion in the community that 
the thistle had come to stay — that it was a dispen- 
sation of Providence that could not be altered. The 
new owner, however, knew the situation and pre- 
pared to meet it. 

He wrote to the Department of Agriculture for 
information on the control of the thistle and was 
supplied with a statement giving the experience of 
various farmers in killing this weed. With this, 
supplemented by his own experience, he outlined a 
plan of attack. As the efforts of most farmers to 
kill this weed are unsystematic and lack persistence 
and the insufficient treatment usually given it, far 
from reducing its vigor, actually stimulate it to 
increased growth, he directed all his effort toward 
the prevention of top or above-ground growth, since 
only a little top growth is usually sufficient to pro- 
long the life of the thistle until the next year. 

The various fields were to be devoted to corn, 
oats, wheat, hay. and pasture. The first field, of 
which about 3 acres were thickly set to thistles, was 
planted in corn in check rows, so as to permit 
thorough cultivation. 

He replaced the cultivator shovels with 9-inch 
sweeps, thus having an instrument which acted as 
a series of knives run just under the surface. This 
is effective, if the edges are kept sharp, in cutting 



408 



Canada Thistles May Be Eradicated 



off the steins of weeds. Mr. Montgomery found this 
implement largely responsible for the work of kill- 
ing out the thistles in his cultivated crops. Some 
soils are too stony or otherwise unsuitable for this 
implement. In such cases reliance will have to be 
put on the ordinary cultivators, and such thistle 
tops as slip through between the teeth should be cut 
down with a hoe. 

Mr. Montgomery could use this tool only until the 
corn was laid by. however, and since at that time 
many thistles were still growing, he modified his 
plan of attack, but never lessened its vigor. Having 
the locations of the thistle patches well in mind, he 
went over them with a hoe, cutting all the tops be- 
low the surface of the ground. At the start it was 
necessary to visit the patches rather frequently 
(about once a week), but as the season advanced the 
intervals became less frequent. Assisted by his two 
children he would attend to it at some odd hour 
when other work was not pressing. It required 
about an hour's work each time. He considered it 
as one of the numerous chores about the place. 

Thistle Killed in One Year 

After the corn crop was taken off this field was 
plowed. In the spring it was again planted in corn 
for the purpose of locating and killing any stray 
plants that might have persisted, but somewhat to 
his surprise not a thistle top appeared in the field. 
The weed had been killed in one season with a little 
extra work. 

A second field was left in pasture during 1911. 
On the advice of the Department of Agriculture 
about two acres of this field that were most thickly 
infested, together with a small infested area in an 
adjoining meadow, were plowed in June just before 
the thistle blossomed. After that this plowed area 
was gone over frequently with a disk and no tops 
were permitted to appear. About two diskings a 
week were required at the start, but gradually they 
became less frequent, until toward the close of the 
season one in two weeks was sufficient. In 1912 this 
area was allowed to come up to a volunteer growth 
and not a thistle top appeared — a second example of 
eliminating the weed entirely in one year. Since this 
area was originally so full of thistles as to be practi- 
cally worthless, the owner did not consider that the 
fallowing cost him the use of the land. This fallow- 
ing is best done in the latter part of the season, be- 
ginning about the time thistles start to blossom. It 
may be done on pasture land or may immediately 
follow hay or grain harvest. It is usually best to 
follow this treatment with a cultivated crop the next 
year to kill any of the weeds that may persist. 

To Prevent the Thistle Seeding 

A third field was planted to oats. Before they 
started to blossom the owner cut the most thickly 
infested patches, oats and all; where the thistles 
were less numerous he cut down the tops with a 
sharp hoe. The result was a crop entirely free from 
thistles. Early in the spring this field was seeded 
to grass and clover. The same procedure was fol- 
lowed in this case as with the oats, and a clean crop 
of hay resulted. Mr. Montgomery did not expect 
that this treatment would kill the thistle. His ob- 
ject was to produce clean crops, prevent the thistle 
from seeding, and weaken its vitality as much as 
possible. He intended this treatment to hold it in 
check until the field should be planted to a culti- 
vated crop. 

Though a great deal of labor was required the first 
year, the result was so successful that the work the 
second year did not amount to more than two days' 
work for one man. 

The principal point in the extermination of Canada 
thistles is one that it seems hard for many farmers 
to grasp — that is, that it must be kept in mind and 
attended to on time and faithfully. Once begun, it 
must be continued till the thistle tops cease to 
appear. 

Several other methods are recommended by the 
United States Department of Agriculture. In using 
any of them the farmer should never lose sight of 
the all-important point of keeping down the top 
growth at all times, in order to exhaust the root. 



Growing Smother Crops 

Among the crops adapted to the purpose of smotli- 
ering Canada thistles are alfalfa, clover, the grasses, 
millet, sorghum, hemp, buckwheat, and small grains. 
Their effect is not only to restrict the top growth 
of the thistles by shading them, but also to crowd 
the roots. The land should be occupied by such 
crops at all times, so that the thistle has no chance 
to make a recovery. This method seems to be the 
best adapted to the deeper and more productive soils, 
where such crops grow well and where the thistle 
is apt to persist for a longer period than on the 
shallower and less productive soils. Alfalfa is prob- 
ably best for this purpose. Good grass and clover 
stands have also been known to rid fields of thistles. 

This method is not as sure in its results as clean 
cultivation, and seems to be of most value in giving 
the weed a setback more or less severe, which ren- 
ders easier the work of clean cultivation that should 
follow. 

Salting Thistles in Pastures 

The method of salting thistles in pastures is 
adapted to small patches accessible to live stock, 
especially sheep. In their effort to get the salt the 
stock nibble the thistles and trample them to death. 
It seems best to let them grow until they start to 
bloom and then cut off the tops close to the ground 
and apply a small handful of salt to each new shoot 
that springs up. 

Spraying With Chemicals 

Experiments for tlie purpose of permanently eradi- 
cating this weed by the application of plant poisons 
have not proved very practicable. Although the tops 
may be injured more or less, the plants make a re- 
newal growth at once. Hence, it appears at present 
that about the only value of this method is in pre- 
venting the thistle from maturing seed in grain 
fields, thereby being a substitute for cutting. It may 
be that under certain conditions spraying would be 
better than cutting, as in the vast grain fields of 
the semi-arid West. The best materials for this 
purpose seem to be solutions of common salt, iron 
sulphate, and arsenite of soda, which is poisonous to 
man and live stock. 

Methods on Waste Lands 

The Canada thistle commonly occurs along road- 
sides and fences, in woodlands, and on other unculti- 
vated lands, where it matures seeds, thus being a 
menace to the surrounding country. In many cases 
about all that can be done is to prevent seed from 
maturing by cutting off the tops at or below the soil 
surface just as blossoming starts. It will usually be 
necessary to make two cuttings a year to prevent 
seeding. Thistles in such locations can be entirely 
eradicated, however, by continually cutting off the 
tops until the roots are exhausted. 

Summary 

Canada thistles can be eradicated in a compara- 
tively short time with little or no loss in the use of 
the land. The length of time required varies in- 
versely with the thoroughness of the work. 

In dealing with this weed the following three rules 
must never be lost sight of: 

Easiest Way to Kill Thistles 

(1) The easiest way of killing Canada thistles is 
to deprive them of their tops continually, liius ex- 
hausting the roots. There are various me Jiods of 
keeping down the tops; there is no one best method. 
Each field presents a problem in itself and must be 
handled according to circumstances. Usually some 
form of clean cultivation is the best, either with a 
crop or by bare fallow. 

Follow Systematic Plan 

(2) Outline a systematic plan of attack. 

(3) Keep the plan in mind at all times and follow 
it faithfully. 




409 



CONSIDER 
SPECIAL 
SUBJECTS 



FARMERS' BULLETINS 



LIBRARY OF 
AGRICULTURAL 
INFORMATION 



Farmers Should Acquaint Themselves with Farm Subjects 

Bulletins in this list will be sent free, on application to the Secretary of Agriculture, Wash- 
ington D. C. ■ Because of the limited supply, applicants are urged to select only a few numbers, 
choosinw those which are of special interest to them. Residents of foreign countries should apply 
to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, who has 
these bulletins for sale. Price, 5 cents to Canada," Cuba, and Mexico; G cents to other foreign 
countries. The bulletins entitled ' ' Experiment Station Work ' ' give briefly the results of experi- 
ments performed by the State experiment stations. 



35. 
36. 

44. 
48. 
51. 

52. 
54. 
55. 
56. 
61. 
62. 
64. 
65. 
69. 
73. 
77. 
78. 
79. 
81. 
84. 
85. 
87. 



92. 
93. 
96. 
97. 
99. 

101. 
103. 
104. 
10.5. 
106. 
113. 

114. 
119. 
120. 
121. 

122. 
126. 

127. 
128. 



133. 
134. 



137. 
138. 



140. 
142. 

144. 
149. 

150. 
152. 



Subject. 
The Feeding, of Farm Ani- 
mals. 
Flax for Seed and Fiber. 
Weeds: And How to Kill 

Them. 
Grape Diseases on the Pa- 
cific Coast. 
Meats: Composition and 

Cooking. 
Potato Culture. 
Cotton Seed and Its Prod- 
ucts. 
Commercial Fertilizers. 
The Manuring of Cotton. 
Standard Varieties of Chick- 
ens. 
The Sugar Beet. 
Some Common Birds. 
The Dairy Herd. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Asparagus Culture. 
Marketing Farm Produce. 
Ducks and Geese. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Experiment Station Work. 
The Liming of Soils. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Corn Culture in the South. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Fish as Food. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Alkali Lands. 

Potato Diseases and Treat- 
ment. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Sugar as Food. 
Raising Sheep for Mutton. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Insect Enemies of Shade 

Trees. 
Millets. 

Experiment Station Work. 
Notes on Frost. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Breeds of Dairy Cattle. 
The Apple and How to Grow 

It. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Insects Affecting Tobacco. 
Beans, Peas, and Other 

Legumes as Food. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Practical Suggestions for 

Farm Buildings. 
Important Insecticides. 
Eggs and Their Uses as 

Food. 
Household Tests for Detec- 
tion of Oleomargarine and 
Renovated Butter. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Tree Planting on Rural 

School Grounds. 
The Angora Goat. 
Irrigation in Field and Gar- 
den. 
Emmer: A Grain for the 

Semi-arid Regions. 
Pineapple Growing. 
Principles of Nutrition and 

Nutritive Value of Food. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Clearing New Land. 
Scabies of Cattle. 



No. 
154. 



157. 

158. 

159. 
162. 
164. 
166. 
167. 
169. 
170. 
172. 

173. 

174. 
175. 



176. 

177. 

178. 

179. 
181. 
182. 
183. 

185. 

186. 
188. 
190. 
192. 
193. 
194. 
195. 
196. 

197. 

198. 
200. 
201. 

202. 
203. 

204 

205. 
200. 

209. 



210. 
213. 
218. 
219. 

220. 
221. 

222. 
223. 

224. 
225. 
227. 

228. 

229. 



Subject. 

The Home Fruit Garden: 
Preparation and Care. 

How Insects Affect Health 

in Rural Districts. 
The Propagation of Plants. 

How to Build Small Irriga- 
tion Ditches. 

Scab in Sheep. 

Experiment Station Work. 

Rape as a Forage Crop. 

Cheese Making on the Farm. 

Cassava. 

Experiment Station Work. 
, Principles of Horse Feeding. 

Scale Insects and Mites on 
Citrus Trees. 

Primer of Forestry. Part I: 
The Forest. 

Broom Corn. 

Home Manufacture and Use 
of Unfermented Grape 
Juice. 

Cranberry Culture. 

Squab Raising. 

Insects Injurious in Cran- 
berry Culture. 

Horseshoeing. 

Pruning. 

Poultry as Food. 

Meat on the Farm: Butcher- 
ing, Curing, and Keeping. 

Beautifying the Home 
Grounds. 

Experiment Station Work. 

Weeds Used in Medicine. 

Experiment Station Work. 

Barnyard Manure. 

Experiment Station Work. 

Alfalfa Seed. 

Annual Flowering Plants. 

Usefulness of the American 
Toad. 

Importation of Game Birds 
and Eggs for Propagation. 

Strawberries. 

Turkeys. 

Cream Separator on Western 
Farms. 

Experiment Station W^ork. 

Canned Fruits, Preserves, 
and .Tellies. 

Cultivation of Mushrooms. 

Pig Management. 

Milk Fever and Its Treat- 
ment. 

Controlling the Boll Weevil 
in Cotton Seed and at Gin- 
neries. 

Experiment Station Work. 

Raspberries. 

The School Garden. 

Lessons from the Grain Rust 
Epidemic of 1904. 

Tomatoes. 

Fungous Diseases of the 
Cranberry. 

Experiment Station Work. 

Miscellaneous Cotton Insects 
in Texas. 

Canadian Field Peas. 

Experiment Station Work. 

Experiment Station Work. 
Forest Planting and Farm 

Management. 
The Production of Good 

Seed Corn. 
Spraying for Cucumber and 
Melon Diseases. 



No. Subject. 

232. Okra: Its Culture and Uses. 

233. Experiment Station Work. 
2.34. The Guinea Fowl. 

236. Incubation and Incubators. 

237. Experiment Station Work. 

238. Citrus Fruit Growing in the 

Gulf States. 

239. The Corrosion of Fence 

Wire. 

241. Butter Making on the Farm. 

242. An Example of Model Farm- 

ing. 

243. Fungicides and Their Use in 

Preventing Diseases of 
Fruits. 

244. Experiment Station Work. 

245. Renovation of Worn-out 

Soils. 

246. Saccharine Sorghums for 

Forage. 

248. The Lawn. 

249. Cereal Breakfast Foods. 

250. The Prevention of Stinking 

Smut of Wheat and Loose 
Smut of Oats. 

251. Experiment Station Work. 

252. Maple Sugar and Syrup. 
2.53. Germination of Seed Corn. 

254. Cucumbers. 

255. The Home Vegetable Gar- 

den. 

256. Preparation of Vegetables 

for the Table. 

257. Soil Fertility. 

258. Texas or Tick Fever and Its 

Prevention. 

259. Experiment Station Work. 

260. Seed of Red Clover and Its 

Impurities. 

262. Experiment Station Work. 

263. Practical Information for 

Beginners in Irrigation. 

264. The Brown-tail Moth and 

How to Control It. 

266. Management of Soils to Con- 

serve Moisture. 

267. Experiment Station Work. 

269. Industrial Alcohol: Uses and 

Statistics. 

270. Modern Conveniences for the 

Farm Homes, 

271. Forage Crop Practices in 

Western Oregon and West- 
ern Washington. 

272. A Successful Hog and Seed- 

corn Farm. 

273. Experiment Station Work. 

274. Flax Culture. 

275. The Gipsy Moth and How to 

Control It. 

276. Experiment Station Work. 

277. The Use of Alcohol and 

Gasoline in Farm Engines. 

278. Leguminous Crops for Green 

Manuring. 

279. A Method of Eradicating 

Johnson Grass. 

280. A Profitable Tenant Dairy 

Farm. 

281. Experiment Station Work. 

282. Celery. 

283. Spraying for Apple Diseases 

and the Codling Moth in 
the Ozarks. 

284. Insects and Fungous Ene- 

mies of the Grape East of 
the Rocky Mountains. 



410 



Farmers' Bulletins — Continued* 



No. Subject. 

286. Comparative Value of Whole 

Cotton Seed and Cotton- 
seed Meal in Fertilizing 
Cotton. 

287. Poultry Management. 

288. Nonsaccharine Sorghums. 

289. Beans. 

290. The Cotton BoUworm. 

291. Evaporation of Apples. 

292. Cost of Pilling Silos. 

293. Use of Fruit as Food. 

294. Farm Practice in the Colum- 

bia Basin Uplands. 

295. Potatoes and Other Root 

Crops as Food. 

296. Experiment Station Work. 

298. Food Value of Corn and 

Corn Products. 

299. Diversified Farming Under 

the Plantation System. 

301. Home-grown Tea. 

302. Sea Island Cotton: Its Cul- 

ture, Improvement and 
Diseases. 

303. Corn Harvesting Machinery. 

304. Growing and Curing Hops. 

305. Experiment Station Work. 

306. Dodder In Relation to Farm 

Seeds. 

307. RoseP.e: Its Culture and 

Uses. 

309. Experiment Station Work. 

310. A Successful Alabama Di- 

versification Farm. 

311. Sand-clay and Burnt-clay 

Roads. 

312. A Successful Southern Hay 

Farm. 

313. Harvesting and Storing 

Corn. 

316. Experiment Station Work. 

317. Experiment Station Work. 

318. Cowpeas. 

320. Experiment Station Work. 

321. The Use of the Split-log 

Drag on Earth Roads. 

322. Milo as a Dry-land Grain 

Crop. ^ 

323. Clover Farming on the 

Sandy Jack-pine Lands of 
the North. 

324. Sweet Potatoes. 

325. Small Farms in the Corn 

Belt. 

326. Building Up a Run-down 

Cotton Plantation. 

328. Silver Fox Farming. 

329. Experiment Station Work. 

330. Deer Farming in the United 

States. 

331. Forage Crops for Hogs in 

Kansas and Oklahoma. 

332. Nuts and Their Uses as 

Foods. 

333. Cotton Wilt. 

334. Experiment Station Work. 

335. Harmful and Beneficial 

Mammals of the Arid In- 
terior. 

337. Cropping Systems for New 

England Dairy Farms. 

338. Macadam Roads. 

339. Alfalfa. 

341. The Basket Willow. 

342. Experiment Station Work. 

343. The Cultivation of Tobacco 

in Kentucky and Tennes- 
see. 

344. The Boll-weevil Problem 

with Special Reference to 
Means of Reducing Dam- 
age. 

345. Some Common Disinfectants. 

346. The Computation of Rations 

for Farm Animals by the 
Use of Energy Values. 

347. The Repair of Farm Equip- 

ment. 

349. The Dairy Industry in the 

South. 

350. The Dehorning of Cattle. 

351. The Tuberculin Test of Cat- 

tle for Tuberculosis. 

353. Experiment Station Work. 

354. Onion Culture. 

355. A Successful Poultry and 

Dairy Farm. 



No. Subject. 

357. Methods of Poultry Manage- 

ment at the Maine Agri- 
cultural Experiment Sta- 
tion. 

358. A Primer of Forestry. Part 

II. Practical Forestry. 

359. Canning Vegetables in the 

Home. 

300. Experiment Station Work. 

301. Meadow Fescue: Its Culture 

and Uses. 

302. Conditions Affecting the 

Value of Market Hay. 

363. The Use of Milk as Food. 

364. A Profitable Cotton Farm. 

365. Farm Management in North- 

ern Potato-growing Sec- 
tions. 

366. Experiment Station Work. 

367. Lightning and Lightning 

Conductors. 

368. The Eradication of Bind- 

weed, or Wild Morning- 
glory. 

369. How to Destroy Rats. 

370. Replanning a Farm for 

Profit. 

371. Drainage of Irrigated Lands. 

372. Soy Beans. 

373. Irrigation of Alfalfa. 

374. Experiment Station Work. 

375. Care of Food in the Home. 

376. Game Laws for 1909. 

377. Harmfulness of Headache 

Mixtures. 

378. Methods of Exterminating 

the Texas-fever Tick. 

379. Hog Cholera. 

380. The Loco-weed Disease. 

381. Experiment Station Work. 

382. The Adulteration of Forage- 

plant Seeds. 

384. Experiment Station Work. 

385. Boys' and Girls' Agricul- 

tural Clubs. • 

386. Potato Culture on Irrigated 

Farms of the West. 

387. The Preservative Treatment 

of Farm Timbers. 

388. Experiment Station Work. 

389. Bread and Bread Making. 

390. Pheasant Raising in the 

United States. 

391. Economical Use of Meat in 

the Home. 

392. Irrigation of Sugar Beets. 

393. Habit-forming Agents. 

394. The Use of Windmills in 

Irrigation in the Semi- 
arid West. 

395. Sixty-day and Kherson Oats. 

396. The Muskrat. 

398. Farm Practice in the Use of 

Commercial Fertilizers in 
the South Atlantic States. 

399. Irrigation of Grain. 

400. A More Profitable Corn- 

planting Method. 

401. The Protection of Orchards 

in the Pacific Northwest 
from Spring Frosts by 
Means of Fires and 
Smudges. 

402. Canada Bluegrass: Its Cul- 

ture and Uses. 

403. The Construction of Con- 

crete Fence Posts. 

404. Irrigation of Orchards. 

405. Experiment Station Work.' 

406. Soil Conservation. 

407. The Potato as a Truck Crop. 

408. School Exercises in Plant 

Production. 

409. School Les.=ons on Corn. 

410. Potato Culls as a Source of 

Industrial Alcohol. 

411. Feeding Hogs in the South. 

412. Experiment Station Work. 

413. The Care of Milk and Its 

Use in the Home. 

414. Corn Cultivation. 

415. Seed Corn. 

416. The Production of Cigar- 

Leaf Tobacco in Pennsyl- 
vania. 

417. Rice Culture. 

419. Experiment Station Work. 



No. 
420. 
421. 

422. 

423. 
424. 
42.5. 
426. 

427. 



429. 
430. 
431. 
432. 

433. 
434. 

435. 
436. 
437. 

438. 
439. 
440. 



441. 
442. 



443. 
444. 



446. 

447. 
448. 
449. 
450. 
451. 
452. 
453. 



454. 



455. 
456. 



457. 
458. 



459. 
460. 



401. 
462. 



46.3. 
464. 

46.5. 
466. 
407. 

468. 
469. 
470. 
471. 

472. 

473. 
474. 
475. 



477. 

478. 



479. 

480. 



Subject. 
Oats: Distribution and Uses. 
Tlie Control of Blowing 

Soils. 
Demonstration Work on 

Southern Farms. 
Forest Nurseries for Schools. 
Oats: Growing the Crop. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Canning Peaches on the 

Farm. 
Barley Culture in the South- 
ern States. 
Testing Farm Seeds in the 
Home and in the Rural 
School. 
Industrial Alcohol. 
Experiment Station Work. 
The Peanut. 
How a City Family Manageii 

a Farm. 
Cabbage. 
The Home Production of 

Onion Seed and Sets. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Winter Oats for the South. 
A System of Tenant Farm- 
ing and Its Results. 
Hog Houses. 
Anthrax. 

Spraying Peaches for the 
Control of Brown-Rot, 
Scab, and Curculio. 
Lespedeza, or Japan Clover. 
The Treatment of Bee Dis- 
eases. 
Barley: Growing the Crop. 
Remedies and Preventives 

Against Mosquitoes. 
Marketing Eggs Through 

the Creamery. 
The Choice of Crops for 

Alkali Land. 
Bees. 

Better Grain-Sorghum Crops. 
Rabies, or Hydrophobia. 
Some Facts About Malaria. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Capons and Caponizing. 
Danger of General Spread of 
the Gipsy and Brown-tail 
Moths Through Imported 
Nursery Stock. 
A Successful New Tork 

Farm. 
Red Clover. 
Our Grosbeaks and Their 

Value to Agriculture. 
Experiment Station Work. 
The Best Two Sweet Sor- 
ghums for Forage. 
House Flies. 
Frames as a Factor in 

Truck Growing. 
The Use of Concrete on the 

Farm. 
The Utilization of Logged- 
off Land for Pasture in 
Western Oregon and West- 
ern Washington. 
The Sanitary Privy. 
The Eradication of Quack- 
grass. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Winter Emmer. 
The Control of the Chestnut- 
bark Disease. 
Forestry in Nature Study. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Game Laws for 1911. 
Grape Propagation, Pruning, 

and Training. 
Systems of Farming in Cen- 
tral New Jersey. 
Tuberculosis. 

Use of Paint on the Farm. 
Ice Houses. 

The Dying of Pine in the 

Southern States, Cause, 

Extent, and Remedy. 

Sorghum Syrup Manufacture. 

How to Prevent Typhoid 

Fever. 
Experiment Station Work. 
Practical Methods of Dis- 
infecting Stables. 
Concrete Construction on the 
Live Stock Farm. 



* Bulletins being steadily increased in number. Write to Government for list of later bulletins. 



411 



Farmers' Bulletins — Continued 



No. 

482. 



483. 

484. 



485. 
486. 
487. 



490. 
491. 



494. 
495. 



Subject. 

The Pear and How to Grow 
It. 

The Thornless Prickly Pears. 

Some Common Mammals of 
Western Montana in Re- 
lation to Agriculture and 
Spotted Fever. 

Sweet Clover. 

Experiment Station Work. 

Cheese and Its Economical 
Uses in the Diet. 

Disease of Cabbage and Re- 
lated Crops and Their 
Control. 

Two Dangerous Imported 
Plant Diseases. 

Bacteria in Milk. 

The Profitable Management 
of the Small Apple 
Orchard on the General 
Farm. 

The More Important Insect 
and Fungous Enemies of 
the Fruit and Foliage of 
the Apple. 

The English Sparrow as a 
Pest. 

Lawns and Lawn Soils. 

Alfalfa Seed Production. 



No. Subject. 

496. Raising Belgian Hares and 

Other Rabbits. 

497. Some Common Game, Aquat- 

ic, and Rapacious Birds in 
Relation to Man. 

498. Methods of Exterminating 

the Texas-fever Tick. 

499. Experiment Station Work. 

500. The Control of the Boll Wee- 

vil. 

501. Cotton Im{)rovement under 

Weevil Conditions. 

502. Timothy Production on Irri- 

gated Land in the North- 
western States. 

503. Comb Honey, 

504. Experiment Station Work. 

505. Benefits of Iinproved Roads. 

506. Food of Some Well-Known 

Birds of Forest, Farm and 
Garden. 

507. The Smuts of Wheat, Oats, 

Barley and Corn. 
Washington: Government Printing 
Office: July, 1914. 

508. Market Hay. 

509. Forage Crops for the Cotton 

Region. 
511. Farm Bookkeeping. 



No. Subject. 

512. The Boll Weevil Problem. 

514. Experiment Station Work. 

515. Vetches. 

516. The Production of Maple 

Syrup and Sugar. 

517. Experiment Station Work. 

518. Winter Barley. 

519. An Example of Intensive 

Farming in the Cotton Belt. 

521. Canning Tomatoes at Home 

and in Club Work. 

522. Experiment Station Work. 

523. Tobacco Curing. 

524. Tile Drainage on the Farm. 

525. Raising Guinea Pigs. 

526. Mutton and Its Value In the 

Diet. 

528. Hints to Poultry Raisers. 

529. Vetch Growing in the South 

Atlantic States. 

530. Important Poultry Diseases. 

531. Darkspur, or "Poison-Weed." 

532. Experiment Station Work. 

533. Good Seed Potatoes and 

How to Produce Them. 

534. Durum T\^heat. 

535. Sugar and Its Value as Food. 

536. Stock Poisoning Due to Scarc- 

ity of Food. 



INFORMATION FREE 



Our readers will do well to send for booklets and 
circulars which advertisers in agricultural papers 
offer to send without charge. The literature they 
send, on application, contains a great amount of 
practical information which leads to an under- 
standing of agriculture and kindred subjects. 

We do not publish the entire list of Government 
Bulletins. They come out in large number during 
the year. Send to the Agricultural Department, 
Washington, D. C, for the later issues. 

On our table are many valuable publications. 



Among them are "The American Poultry Journal," 
Bowsfield's "Making the Farm Pay," "First Prin- 
ciples of Agriculture," "Gardening for Pleasure," 
"Gardening for Profit," Henderson; "Henderson's 
Picturesque Gardens," "How to Choose a Farm," 
"Soils and Crops," Hunt & Burkett's "Agriculture," 
"Success with Hens," Robert Joos; "The Back Yard 
Farmers," J. Willard Bolte; "Three Acres and Lib- 
erty," Bolton Hall; Mrs. Berry's "Golden Rule Poul- 
try Journal," and other publications. 



WE INTEND TO GIVE CREDIT 



It is highly probable, in the many subjects we 
treat, that we have failed to give credit for passages 
quoted and illustrations we have used, as we can- 
not always recollect whence they came. As our 
attention is called to any omissions of this kind we 
will endeavor to rectify mistakes in subsequent 
editions. 

To appreciate the liability to error in the prep- 
aration of this work let the reader consider the 
difficulty of so arranging the 43,000 towns mentioned 
in this work that the location of any one of these 
can be found in ten seconds; that the copy must be 
found and each one of the great variety of flowers 



must be made true to nature and, as never before 
done, the description of planting, cultivating and 
color all placed before the reader in such brief 
space. 

And further consider the task of getting forty-flve 
different breeds of dogs together, the over seventy 
different breeds of domestic fowls and all the lead- 
ing breeds of horses, cattle, sheep and swine, with 
descriptions of how to successfully care for them; 
and all the grains and fruits, alfalfa and bee-keeping. 
But see the index and then please carefully examine 
the book and see how highly probable it is that we 
have made some mistakes. 



HOW TO PREVENT FLOODS 



In 1888, Thomas E. Hill excavated a swamp to a 
depth of three feet, made of it a charming little 
three-acre lake and reclaimed several acres adjoining 
this body of water on a farm he owned at that time. 

This lake was filled with surface water from the 
first spring rains and from that time to this has 
been a feature of value and beauty on the premises. 

The supposition had been that this water might 
become stagnant, but, agitated by winds blowing 
across it, it is always clear an'd fresh. 

An important discovery was made following the 
making of this lake. During the dry weather, while 
the evaporation of moisture caused a falling in 
depth of water, it was not sufficient to make the 
lake dry, but it was sufficient to give a heavy sec- 
ond crop of hay on all the surrounding land. 

Since the construction of this body of water many 
have been the values and pleasures resulting from 
it. Though small in area, it was immediately 
appropriated for boating; it became the home for 
warm water fish; it made a place for winter skating, 
a reservoir from which water could be obtained for 
watering trees and plants, and it has for years 
supplied a town of several hundred people with ice. 

This little body of water is full of suggestions, 
among them being an admirable place for keeping 
waterfowl, the increased size of crops resulting 
from evaporation of moisture; the holding of water 
falling upon the soil, preventing Its escape into 



flood waters which devastate the lower lands; the 
reclaiming of low, wet, waste land and the beauti- 
fying of all properties where such lakes may be 
constructed. 

How to secure the making of these water reser- 
voirs is the question. 

As yet no practicable method has been devised 
for preventing floods. Various plans are proposed, 
including principally the dredging and enlargement 
of rivers, but with the putting in of thousands of 
miles of drain tile every year, increasing the rapid 
outflow with every long rain, it is seen that unless 
some method is adopted that will hold the water 
where it falls upon the uplands, floods will become 
more and more a danger. 

The description herewith given of this little lake 
is merely a suggestion. Mr. Hill does not tell how 
the thousands of water reservoirs in the uplands 
may be obtained. He rests his case by saying that 
the thousands of miles of tiling put in by fanners 
in draining their land is one cause of floods, and 
the remedy is to hold the water where it falls upon 
farm land. 

Whether it would not be less expensive for the 
government to co-operate with farmers in making 
reservoirs to hold rainfall, rather than to annually 
spend millions of dollars in repairs after floods 
which do nothing to prevent floods in coming years, 
is a subject for consideration. 



412 



KIND TREATMENT OF ANIMALS AND TREES 





Nosebag Abolished. 

When ready to eat the noon meal the kind, 
thoughtful master of the horse provides opportunity 
wliereby tlie animal may eat in comfort. The 
humane sentiment of your town should abolish the 
cruel nosebag. 



American Elm 

The streets about your premises may be bordered 
with American elm trees. The experienced forester 
of the town will trim those trees into graceful 
form. The necessity of his attention is seen in 
the lower part of the tree herewith. 




•CONSEEVA.TORY WITH WING3 KTi&.C'mJ>.-^Fvom Lord & Bumhani's BooTc of Plaus, 




Inferior. 

These two ears of corn represent the two types 
of farmers, one who is satisfied to produce the 
inferior. 



Superior. 

The other is not content unless he exhibits thi 
best. Determines always to excel, to do better. 



41.3 



IN THE 
COUNTRY 



CITY FAMILY 



HOW THEY 
SUCCEED 



Lessons for Thousands of City Families 

FARMERS' BULLETIN 432, U. S. DEPARTBIENT OF AGRICULTURE 

By J. H. Arnold, Scientific Assistant, Office of Farm Management, Bureau of Plant Industry 



Introduction 

This is a record of the experience for 18 years of 
a city family that moved onto a farm in 1892. The 
father had been a lawyer by profession, the man- 
ager of a well-established business firm in one of 
the principal cities of the Middle West, and was 
earning a salary of $3,000 a year. At CO years of 
age, having been in business about twenty-five 
years, he was compelled on account of ill health to 
abandon his profession and business. There were 
10 children in the family, ranging from 2 to 21 
years of age, of whom 7 were boys. 

Under these conditions, with available capital 
amounting to about $10,000, which had been partly 
saved in business and partly received by inheritance, 
the family decided to buy a farm and attempt to 
solve the problem confronting them, namely, "to 
make a living, educate the children, and make a 
pleasant home." This paper tells how they satis- 
factorily solved the problem, and while this is not a 
story of typical farm 'life, it shows what courage, 
energy, business ability, and moderate capital may 
accomplish on a farm. The fact that this farmer 
has been successful without previous experience or 
special training, following systematically the ordi- 
nary cropping system and methods of tillage, with 
the exercise of good judgment, shows that the 
chances for success in farming are as good as in 
most business enterprises. 

An attempt is made to present such facts about 
this farm as will enable the reader to comprehend 
under what conditions and by what means the re- 
sults were accomplished; hence, a description of the 
farm and the methods of operating it will be given 
in some detail. It is not intended to indicate in 
this description ideal methods of farming. As a 
model of farm management from the standpoint of 
maintaining soil fertility and thus obtaining large 
crop yields this bulletin will have no special in- 
terest. The methods of keeping accounts have been 
the instruments through which this farmer has kept 
track of his business, but they are not given as 
model forms. The description given is rather for 
the purpose of enabling the reader to get the 
point of view and spirit of the family in meeting 
the problems of life and realizing their ideals on 
a farm. 

It is believed that this farmer has, by his ex- 
perience, answered the chief objections to farming 
as an occupation and to a farm as a place for es- 
tablishing an ideal home. These objections, as usu- 
ally stated, are that farming is not as remunerative 
as other occupations for the same ability and effort 
expended, that the family is deprived of desirable 
educational and social opportunities, and that the 
labur is too hard and uninspiring, especially for the 
women. The record will also show how some impor- 
tant social, economic, and technical farm problems 
have been worked out; for instance, the farm-labor 
problem, the household prc^lem, the training of 
children in responsibility in*management, and the 
doing of farm work in a way to meet the require- 
ments of a normal social life and of cultivated in- 
tellectual tastes. It is also believed that a narrative 
of Ainerican farm life, such as this, will demonstrate 
not only the possibilities but the desirability and 
dignity of farming as an occupation. 

While the owner of the farm wishes to avoid 
publicity, he is willing that the results of his ex- 
perience be made known in order that other city 
men may feel safe in attempting to support and 
educate their families in this manner. 

A diary and a financial record were kept on this 
farm for a period of seventeen years. The facts 
here given are based upon these records. 

Description of the Farm 

When the family began country life in 1892 the 
farm consisted of 300 acres in a much run-down 
condition. About 80 acres were added to the farm 
a few years later, making the entire farm consist 



at present of 380 acres. It was an old farm, having 
been located and surveyed about the middle of the 
eighteenth century. The old house, which had been 
built about 100 years ago, was still substantial. In 
a remodeled form it is now the kitchen of a modern 
house. Much of the land had been allowed to grow 
up in bushes and young trees. The barns and fences 
were out of repair, so that the place as a whole 
presented a dilapidated appearance. The farm had 
been rented out and had produced a gross Income 
of about $700 a year. 

The location is in the beautiful and fertile region 
known as the Shenandoah Valley, the middle sec- 
tion of the great Appalachian Valley which extends 
f ! om the northeast corner of Pennsylvania to cen- 
tral Alabama. It is about 100 miles from a sea- 
board city and is accessible to railways leading to 
New York and to the large cities of the Ohio and 
Mississippi valleys. In this section there are now 
good turnpike roads. One of these passes the far:n 
and leads to a' shipping point 3 miles distant and to 
the county town of 3,500 inhabitants, 3% miles 
distant. 

The soil here is residual, formed from a lime- 
stone of the Cambro-Silurian age, having a rich 
brown color and, according to the classification 
adopted by the Bureau of Soils of the Department 
of Agriculture, is a clay loam of the Hagerstown 
series. 

Capital and Other Resources 

The inventory taken January 1, 1892, showed that 
the land with improvements was valued at $55 an 
acre, the whole farm and equipinent being worth 
$19,707. The debt on the farm, $8,459, and money 
borrowed for fertilizer, $220, made the total liabil- 
ities $8,679, which, deducted from the above assets, 
left a balance of $11,028, which constituted the 
"present worth" of farm and equipment at that 
date. 

Arrangement of the Fields 

The general management of the farm seems to 
have been well thought out from the first. The 
farm was laid out originally about as it appears at 
present, and with slight changes to fit conditions the 
cropping system was the same as now. It is divided 
into ten fields ranging from 18 to 44 acres in size, 
with 15 acres of woodland, and these fields are 
located on either side of a lane. 

Special attention was given to laying out the farm. 
All the fields except one may be reached within 
650 yards of the barnyard, and the last field is within 
half a mile. The fields are as long as can be 
arranged in accordance with the general farm plan. 
This is regarded as an important feature in the 
arrangement, since the time saved during the year 
in turning corners when plowing and in doing other 
farm operations is considerable. The gate to each 
field is placed at the corner nearest the barn, and 
workmen are required to leave implements at the 
gate when coming in from the fields. The lane lead- 
ing to the fields is 30 feet wide; except for the 
wagon track it is grown up in bluegrass, so there is 
practically no waste on its account. A well, 80 feet 
deep, located in a farther field, supplies water by 
windmill to a cement trough, which is so placed that 
it furnishes water in two fields and may be reached 
easily through the lane from other fields. 



Cropping System 



The general crop history of each field has fol- 
lowing system of rotation: Corn, wheat, wheat, 
grass for hay, pasture, corn. Usually two wheat 
crops follow in succession, and now and then if 
the stand of grass is not good it is plowed up, put 
into corn, and reseeded the next year to wheat. 
The crops raised on each field during 1910 being as 
follows: 1, pasture; 2, corn; 3, hay; 4, wheat; 5, 
wheat; 6, pasture; 7, wheat; and 8, pasture. This 
gives the following acreage of crops: WTieat, 95 



414 



The City Family's Help on the Farm 



acres; corn, 40 acres; hay, 49 acres, including alfalfa; 
pasture, 78 acres, besides the permanent pasture. 

There are thus 262 acres which have been farmed 
in the five or six year rotation for nearly seventeen 
years. During this time the division of crops, which 
have been run in rotation, has been on the average 
as follows: Corn, 47 acres; wheat, 80 acres; and 
hay and pasture, about 135 acres. It is to be added, 
however, that a field of 30 acres, which is now in 
orchard, was put in some field crop up to the time 
the trees were six or seven years old. The bearing 
orchard, 15 acres, is now 14 years old, and the re- 
mainder, 15 acres, is in 1 and 2 year old trees. The 
young orchard is in corn, making the total acreage 
of corn 55 acres. 

On one field alfalfa was sown in the fall. The 
alfalfa was not able to crowd out weeds, especially 
the sorrel, which for a time threatened to take the 
crop. During the next spring and summer the field 
was disked twice and harrowed two or three times 
with a spring-tooth harrow, and in September a 
heavy coating of lime was applied as a top dressing. 
On September 23 the alfalfa was vigorous and the 
indications were that it would continue to thrive. 

Water Supply and Sewerage 

The barn lots, dwelling, and permanent pasture 
fields are supplied from a well near the premises. 
By means of a steam engine the water is lifted into 
a tank and distributed through pipes where needed. 
The dwelling is equipped with modern conveniences, 
such as bathroom, water-closet, lavatories, and hot 
water. The sewage is distributed through tiles in 
the orchard. The entire system was planned by the 
owner and the work done by labor on the farm. 



Buildings 



The buildings have been constructed from the 
point of view of economy in expense and convenience 
in use. There are good, substantial horse and cow 
barns. Their location has been planned in accord- 
ance with principles of economy in getting to the 
fields on the farm. The cow barn and lots are so 
placed that all the fields may be reached directly. 
Stock cannot interfere with other buildings and 
premises. Horses may be taken to the fields by 
opening one gate. The wagon shed is so constructed 
that the teams are simply driven through the slied 
and the wagons left standing in their proper places. 
No labor and time are consumed in pulling or push- 
ing the wagons into place. 

Labor 
The System of Employment 

The farm laborers, who are hired by the year, 
have families, and live in houses built especially for 
their use. One acre of ground goes with each of 
the houses for a family garden. Barn room and the 
necessary outbuildings for stock belonging to the 
laborers are also furnished. 

The plan of housing laborers in separate quarters 
is followed, first, to secure privacy and freedom in 
the home and to relieve the household from extra 
labor. Second, experience shows that it is possible 
to secure better service by having men with families. 
This plan has been followed with but few exceptions 
from the first and has been quite satisfactory to the 
family and to the men. As a rule these men have 
been recruited from factories, railroads, and mines. 
They are secured by offering inducements not us- 
ually given on farms. Ten hours of labor, for in- 
stance, is all that is required, and usually a part 
holiday on Saturday. Sometimes a whole day is 
given as time off to work their gardens, etc. Any 
special service or extra good work is rewarded in 
some way. 

The standard money wages paid is $200 a year. 
In addition a dwelling, 1 acre of garden, one cow 
and pasture, and firewood are furnished. Remuner- 
ation beyond this is dependent upon the quality 
of service. If satisfactory service has been given 
during the first year $25 extra is paid in cash and 
5 barrels of corn to fatten hogs. After two years 
of satisfactory service $50 in cash and 10 barrels 
of corn are given at the end of each year. If wheat 
is put in satisfactorily and the crop is good, 30 
bushels of wheat in the mill is added to the income 
of the laborer's family. The laborer may keep as 
many fowls as he chooses, inclosed. He has the 
same area of garden as his employer's family and 
may sell as much as he likes from it. 

This plan has enabled the majority of the laborers 
who have lived on this farm to accumulate a suffi- 



cient amount of capital to take up farming for 
themselves. Some have become owners of farms. 
The employer takes pains to teach his men good 
farming methods. 

At least one of the laborers is expected to have 
sufficient mechanical ability to do all needed repair- 
ing and to help with the construction of buildings on 
the farm. For this purpose there is a well-equipped 
blacksmith and carpenter shop. This provides work 
on rainy days and in the winter. 

Relation Between Owner and Laborer 

The proprietor takes a personal interest in the 
welfare of the laborer and his family. He holds 
that work cannot be secured unless the laborer is 
contented and gives his services cheerfully. Mutual 
goodwill develops when the employer is careful in 
the selection of his men and permits them to share 
in the general success of the farm. In 1009 the 
best laborer on the farm, the man longest in serv- 
ice, concluded to begin farming for himself. The 
employer bought 20 acres of land for him, which will 
be paid for in small sums, as he can afford to make 
payments. 

Economical Use of Labor 

The econoinical use of labor is one of the most 
serious problems in farming. This farmer has plans 
drawn for the remodeling of buildings, the chang- 
ing of fences, and the erection of new buildings. "I 
make these plans as they come into my mind," 
he says, "and when labor cannot be profitably used 
in the fields it is employed in carrying out these 
plans. As a rule, I plan ahead for my farm work 
and find that it pays, since we lose no time, and 
labor can always be profitably employed'." 

During the winter of 1909-10 a new tenant house 
was planned by the owner and largely constructed 
by the regular farm labor, with such other help as 
could be obtained in the community. The large 
barn on the farm was built entirely by the men and 
boys of the family and two laborers. 

Family Discipline and Occupation 

The occupations and labor of the family are not 
arranged from the standpoint of economic results, 
but in accordance with the principle stated in the 
introduction — that of properly training the children 
and making the home pleasant. 

In the home the children, from the time they were 
old enough to perform any service, have been re- 
ciuired "to do something for the profit or welfare 
of the family before having any breakfast." The 
work done by the family in the house was systema- 
tized in such a way that each member when old 
enough assumed responsibility for some of the work. 
■This system of training is adapted to the require- 
ments of farm life. There have been developed on 
the farm, industries such as dairying, poultry keep- 
ing, gardening, orcharding, and general farming. At 
the present tiine one son makes the apple orchard his 
specialty. A daughter is responsible for the poultry 
and another for the marketing of produce and the 
bookkeeping. The mother does the cooking and 
superintends the dairy. The father superintends the 
whole farm, sees that crops are properly put in and 
cultivated, and that the stock is well cared for. He 
is in touch with every operation on the farm and 
inspects all the work that is done. 

Special attention is given to the care of work- 
horses. Every evening the shoulders of work-horses 
are bathed with cold water. At noon in summer the 
laborers are given an extra half hour to unharness 
and reharness the horses. As a result of this special 
care, sore shoulders on horses are seldom known on 
this farm. 

The Housework Problem 

No regular house servants are kept in the home. 
The work of housekeeping is done by the mother and 
two daughters. The laundry work is done outside. 
All heavy work, and such labor as caring for the 
garden, etc., is done by the men. The cooking ar- 
rangements are planned to economize labor and 
make it as easy as possible. A hot water tank is 
connected with the plumbing system, so that plenty 
of hot and cold water can be had at any time. This 
arrangement, combined with a large sink from which 
waste is carried to the sewer, eliminates most of 
the conditions which tend to make housework drudg- 
ery. Utensils are kept in their proper places, so that 
they can be reached with the fewest possible steps. 



415 



What Was Raised in the Garden 



The Farm Garden 

The garden, consisting of about 1 acre of land, is 
an important feature in the management of this 
farm. Besides the vegetables and small fruits for 
family use, the garden brings an income of about 
$200 a year, the products being exchanged for gro- 
ceries. This pays the expenses of the table. The 
principal money crops from the garden are kale, 
spinach, winter onions (sold in early spring), toma- 
toes, and cantaloupes. Kale and spinach are not 
common crops in this section and a ready market 
has always been found for them. Others, however, 
are beginning to raise kale on their own account, 
so that more spinach is now being raised on this 
farm. Prices have ranged from 40 to CO cents a 
bushel for kale and 60 to 80 cents a bushel for 
spinach. From 250 to 300 bushels an acre is con- 
sidered a good crop. Besides being raised for the 
market, kale is used as a general winter cover crop 
in the garden. On September 23 kale was coming 
up in all places not in regular garden crops. It is 
found that kale plowed under in the spring puts the 
ground in fine condition for cantaloupes. 

A specialty has been made of raising late toma- 
toes to be put on the market when this fruit is 
scarce. Tomatoes are sold from this garden about 
the last of October and in November. Most of the 
products are sold by telephone to the merchants in 
the town and villages in the county. 

What Grows in Garden 

The acre of garden is sown each year about as 
follows, with the permanent small fruit and the as- 
paragus bed, all in rows 160 ft. long: 

1 row of grapes. 
15 rows of spinach. 

6 rows of kale. 

10 rows late corn in roasting ear, to be followed by 

kale as a cover-crop. 
4 rows cantaloupes, followed by cover-crop of kale. 
1 row oyster plants. 
3 rows of late tomatoes for October and November 

markets. 

1 row of kale or spinach. 

2 rows lima beans. 

1 row celery. 

2 rows early tomatoes. 

1 row cabbage. 

7 rows sugar beets. 

11 rows winter onions. 

2 rows late corn. 

2 rows new strawberry bed. 

3 rows cuthbert raspberries. 

Old strawberry bed 20 feet wide. 
30 feet asparagus bed. 
20 rows early potatoes. 

A row of grapes occupies the space along the fence 
at one end of the garden. There are also four short 
rows outside. The vines are trimmed in winter, 
but receive no other special care. When the fruit 
is formed in early spring the bunches are bagged 
with 2-pound grocery bags, tied securely with a 
string about the base of the stem. It is stated that 
these bagged bunches will stay well preserved on the 
vines until frozen off. The bunches still hanging 
on the vines unbagged were badly diseased and 
rotted on September 23. 

The Orchard 

The 30-acre field now planted in orchard has 15 
acres in the bearing stage. With the exception of 
a few old trees near the house this orchard is 12 
to 14 years old. The trees were planted in the or- 
dinary manner about 30 feet apart, cultivated in 
crops for six or ten years, then seeded to grass and 
clover. At two different times a bushel of wood 
ashes was put around each tree. This year manure 
was hauled between the rows and spread about 
10 feet from the trees. Since it has been in grass 
the orchard has been pastured by sheep and hogs. 
The branches are thinned out in the dormant sea- 
son, being trimmed mostly at the top. The trees 
are sprayed four times a year, twice for the San 
Jose scale and twice for the codling moth. There is 
a space of about half an acre with no trees. The 
orchard had become infested with the San Jose scale 
and the infested trees were cut out before the pro- 
prietor learned how to deal with this pest. 

Reference to the table of receipts and expendi- 
tures shows that this orchard has been bringing in 
a substantial income for three years. Last year 
800 barrels of apples were marketed at $2.10 a 
barrel. The varieties grown for market are the Ben 
Davis and York Imperial. It is planned to increase 
the size of the orchard until it reaches about 100 
acres. 



Woodland and Permanent Pasture 

About 30 acres of the farm in one tract is in forest, 
containing many large and valuable oak, hickory, 
elm, and walnut trees. One field, in which are 
many of these trees, is known as "The Refuge." 
Squirrels play without fear in this field. Where the 
trees have been thinned out in the woodland, blue- 
grass has come up luxuriantly, so that the greater 
part of three fields on the farm furnish fine pasture 
in the early spring. 

Stock 

In the inventory of January 1, 1905, 182 head of 
live stock were recorded, and on January 1, 
1909, there were 200. Averaged for five years 
the proportion of different kinds of live stock is 
about as follows: Horses, 10; cows and stock 
cattle, 40; young cattle, 10; hogs, 35; and sheep, 
about 100. On the average about 160 acres remain 
in pasture. To show that this farm has about the 
right area in pasture, the following estimate of pas- 
ture area for each class of stock is given: 

40 cows and stock cattle 80 acres 

10 young cattle 15 acres 

35 hogs 10 acres 

100 sheep 40 acres 

10 horses and colts 15 acres 

160 acres 
The dairy department of the farm maintains on 
the average 8 to 10 cows. Butter is made and sold 
in the local markets. It is found to be more profit- 
able to buy young steers and keep them a year 
than to buy and feed the same year. 

Sheep have always been kept on the farm and 
the profit in them is very satisfactory. 

Ten horses and 2 or 3 colts are kept on the place. 
Seven horses are used for farm work and 3 for 
driving. 



Tillage 



Three-horse plows are run from 9 to 10 inches 
deep for both corn and wheat. No guessing is allowed 
on this point, since the furrows are measured fre- 
quently to see that the required depth is maintained. 
The ground for wheat is prepared in the following 
manner: As soon after harvest as possible the 
stubble ground is plowed. It is harrowed, then 
rolled and harrowed again, the second time with a 
spike-tooth harrow. A spring-tooth harrow pre- 
cedes the drill. The wheat is sowed about Septem- 
ber 25. Wheat to follow corn is put in as soon as 
possible after the corn is cut, the land being pre- 
pared by running a disk harrow over the field and 
then a spring-tooth harrow. Sometimes the spring- 
tooth harrow alone is deemed sufficient. The land 
is then drilled the same as the plowed ground. 

Corn is planted on land which has been in pasture. 
Before plowing, the ground is covered with stable 
manure. After plowing it is pulverized with a disk 
harrow and cross-harrowed before the planter. It 
is harrowed once after planting and then cultivated 
with two-horse cultivators, the last time or two 
very shallow. 

Fertilizers 

The manure spreader is regarded as one of the 
most important implements on the farm. By means 
of it, it has been possible during the past few years 
to cover about 75 acres of the farm each year with 
stable manure. 

It is a common practice in this section to use com- 
mercial fertilizers when sowing wheat and grass. 
The fertilizer is mixed on the farm. It consists of 
a mixture of one-half of ground raw bone, contain- 
ing 22 per cent of phosphoric acid and 2% per cent 
of nitrogen, and one-half of South Carolina ground 
rock, containing 16 per cent of phosphoric acid. It 
has not been the practice on the farm to plow under 
green crops, although the benefit of such practice is 
recognized. A straw mulch has been put on part 
of a field at different times and plowed under. The 
results have been good. One year the plowing under 
of straw alongside of land well manured gave about 
the same results as manured land. In the year 
1909 a part of the wheat stubble was mowed soon 
after harvest to serve as a mulch. On the ground 
that was mowed the clover was taller and more 
vigorous on September 2. The difference was to be 
seen also on September 23. The year 1909 being 
very dry, this covering no doubt prevented the 
evaporation of moisture and thus aided the clover 
in making a better growth. 



416 



What City Family Gained by Going to the Farm 



Financial Record of the Farm 
Inventories 

A simple but quite complete record of results on 
this farm has been kept from the time the farm 
was purchased until the present time. This is in 
the form of a diary and a bookkeeping record. On 
January 1 of each year an inventory was made. 

In 1892 the value of the plant was $18,107; in 
1905 it was $32,3C5; in 1909 it amounted to $41,972. 
It will be seen that the value of the plant has more 
than doubled during the seventeen-year period. The 
net income has more than doubled also, so that the 
increased valuation of the real estate could properly 
be based on the income. 

Receipts and Expenditures 

Businesslike records of receipts and expenditures 
are kept each year, the receipts covering: Cattle, 
including fat cattle sold; sheep, lambs, and wool; 
wheat; corn; oats; hay, pork products; live hogs; 
poultry, dairy, and garden products; wood; apples. 
Under the expenditures are classified: Labor; taxes; 
farm supplies; interest on debt; fertilizer; seed; 
grain and hay for stock (produced on farm and fed) ; 
cattle bought for feeding; hogs for feeding; extra 
labor picking apples, etc. The total receipts for 1909 
were $8,097; the expenditures, $2,899; the net income 
$5,197. 

Corn and Wheat 

The average yield of wheat during these years 
was 18 bushels an acre; that of corn nearly 40 
bushels (eight barrels) an acre. These were fair 
yields, somewhat above the average for this region. 
The average cost per acre of raising wheat was $6 
an acre. In this estimate the rent of land and the 
cost of superintendence are not included. It is 
believed that these figures fairly represent the cost 
of raising wheat in this region. 

No record is shown of the cost of raising corn. 
The owner estimates, however, that it costs more to 
raise corn than wheat. 

Hay on this farm is handled by modern machin- 
ery. It has produced on the average about 1% tons 
per acre. 

What the Farm Has Been Made to 
Accomplish for the Family 

An attempt has been made to set forth the actual 
operations of the farm. They are not set forth as 
models. On the whole, however, they represent eood 
farm practice. 

To just what degree this family has been success- 
ful depends upon the point of view taken. The 
financial record might seem to some disappointing, 
considering the amount invested and the number of 
people taking part in the labor producing these re- 
sults. In terms of dollars and cents it might not be 
considered a paying business. On the other hand, 
if we consider the results produced through the 
use made of the not income, the farm tells a 
different and a more satisfactory story. As has been 
stated, the intention in going on the farm was not 
primarily to increase the income, nor were money 
profits more than a secondary consideration. In the 
first place, the father was ill and was told by his 
physician that he could not live another year in the 
city if he continued his business. Some of the 
children were very young, while others were ready 
to enter the university. In order to measure success 
from the standpoint of the father and the mother 
we must know about the family and what it has 
accomplished and is doing. 

The boys have graduated from a State university 
and the girls have been educated by private tutors 
and in girls' schools. At the present time two sons are 
lawyers, one a minister, one a professor, one a 
civil engineer, and one a farmer. The education of 
the children has cost the farm about $10,000. Dur- 
ing the time the children were being educated there 
was no income except from the farm. At the 
present time these sons and daughters are profitably 
employed in honorable and useful occupations. 
While but three remain on the farm, one son and 
two daughters, all are following their present call- 
ings with the end in view of buying farms on 
which to make their homes. 

Each year all members of the family, including 
grandchildren, .spend their vacations on the farm. 
This is usually in harvest and haying time, so that 
no extra labor is hired during these farm operations. 

The father declares that he has improved in 
health every year since coming on the farm. Now 



76 years of age, he superintends all farm operations 
and knows the details of everything that is going 
on. He still enjoys good health and is fairly strong, 
being able to walk to every part of the farm. It 
must be remembered that he came on the farm long 
after most farmers begin to think of retiring, being 
then 60 years of age. 

The farm work is not regarded as drudgery, and 
there is an atmosphere of refinement about the 
home that indicates a wholesome life on the part of 
the family. Everyone on the farm is occupied with 
some kind of work, and the farm operations go on 
in a businesslike manner, but no one is rushed or 
overworked. The mother is well preserved and 
vigorous, with no trace of overwork, though she has 
always been active in the management of the home 
and farm. She believes that the farm life, on the 
whole, has been easier for her and more enjoyable 
than the life in the city. Every member of the 
family is in love with farm life and expects to live 
on a farm when conditions permit. 

Social and Agricultural Problems Satis- 
factorily Solved 

(1) A professional man, with no previous experi- 
ence as a farmer, with a large and expensive family, 
is able to rear and educate his children on the in- 
come of a well-located farm of 380 acres of good 
land with a modernized dwelling upon it. On a 
salary of $3,000 in the city the same amount of 
nioney could not have been expended on their educa- 
tion and a fair standard of living maintained. This 
fact is indicated in the inventory of 1892, which 
showed the present worth of the family to be $11,028, 
about $5,000 of which represented the savings of 22 
years, the remainder being inherited. The present 
worth of the family, as represented by the farm In 
1909, was $37,662. About $15,000 of this increase 
in present worth is due to increase in land values. 
This leaves nearly $12,000 to represent savings dur- 
ing the period when the children were receiving 
their education. 

Business training and experience have been im- 
portant factors in the success achieved. The father, 
who, at the age of 76, still keeps in touch with all 
the farming operations, says: "My life as a soldier 
taught me how to obey and command, ho%v to 
economize and endure. My life in the city as a 
lawyer in charge of a title and trust company 
taught me system and business methods, all of 
which were valuable to me on the farm." 

A fact of special importance is that these results 
were accomplished by following the established 
methods of farming. The yields are a little above 
the average for the community, because of more 
thorough tillage methods, but no extraordinary yields 
are recorded. The diary kept by the farmer and 
the history as written show keenness and foresight 
in adjusting crop and stock products to market 
conditions. The management of farm operations, 
although adjusted to the comfort and tastes of the 
family, have been conducted strictly on economic 
principles. From this standpoint a problem of 
great interest and importance has been worked out 
on this farm. 

Better Opportunities 

(2) The members of the family believe they have 
had more opportunities in the way of general cul- 
ture gained by travel, etc., than would have been 
possible for them in the city. Socially, they think 
there has been no essential loss; in fact, it is quite 
probable that the farm life has given better oppor- 
tunities for culture of the most wholesome kind 
than the city would have afforded. 

(3) The labor problem has been satisfactorily 
solved on this farm. With such wages as the farm 
could pay, the laborers have been able to accumu- 
late sufficient property in a few years to take up 
farming for themselves. At the same time the 
women of the family have been relieved of extra 
work and responsibility necessarily attending the 
boarding and lodging of laborers; also the family 
life has been more homelike. The service secured 
in this way has been good, and on the whole the 
relations between employer and employed have been 
remarkably satisfactory. 

An Acre Garden Pays Table Expenses 

(4) It has been found practicable and beneficial 
to train the children through occupations which re- 
quire them to assume responsibility. As an induce- 
ment to make the chosen line interesting and as an 
incentive to industry, the profits of the industries on 
the farm went to the children managing these de- 



417 



Condition of Farm — Plain Statement 



partments. It is the testimony of all who know the 
family that the children are all efficient managers. 

(5) It has been demonstrated on this farm that 
an acre garden, without any particular specializa- 
tion in crop methods, can be made to pay the ex- 
penses of the table for a large family. 

(6) The value of agricultural literature to the 
farmer is clearly demonstrated on this farm. Asked 
what benefit such literature had been to him, the 
father replied: "I would have been blind without 
it." The knowledge of spraying for San Jose scale 
saved a valuable orchard which is today the most 
profitable part of the farm. Fifteen or twenty well- 
chosen works on farming, with selected bulletins 
from State experiment stations and f i om the United 
States Department of Agriculture, constitute an 
important part of the farm library. Several standard 
agricultural papers are also taken. 

A Serious Problem 

Since 1905 there has been a marked increase in 
the income of this farm, due principally to the apple 
crop. About the same time a sharp advance took 
place in the price of field crops and of live stock, 
and these prices have advanced since. As a result 
of these conditions the net income for 1909 was 
$5,197.50, the largest in the history of the farm. 
That the advance in income is not due, however, to 
increased productivity of the soil is disclosed by 
the records of the farm. An examination shows 
that wheat has decreased in yield per acre to a 
marked extent during the last half of the seventeen 
years. The average yield of this crop during the 
first half of this period was 21 bushels, and dur- 
ing the last half 15 bushels per acre. Corn, how- 
ever, made an average of 35 bushels per acre during 
the first period of eight years and 43.5 bushels dur- 
ing the last nine years. On the other hand, clover 
and timothy have about held their own in yield 
during the entire period, the average being about 
1% tons per acre. The increase in the yield of corn 
may be accounted for largely by an important 
change in the method of tillage. The proprietor 
of the farm now gives corn shallow cultivation dur- 
ing the last two times, whereas formerly he followed 
the usual custom of cultivating deep at all times 
and "hilling up" the corn at the last cultivation. 
This method of cultivation, together with an in- 
crease in the depth of plowing, which is now 9 to 
10 inches, has greatly increased the yield of corn. 
It is to be noted also that a small quantity of lime, 
300 to 400 pounds per acre, was put on the land at 
intervals with beneficial results to clover and thus 
indirectly to corn. 

A statement in a letter received from this farmer 
shows that the soil has been held up to a normal 
standard of productivity with great difficulty and is 
in danger of decline. He says: "We are not getting 
the results for our labor and land that we should. 
I think we must work out a rotation that will give 
us larger yields of wheat. This, I think, can be 
accomplished by getting rid of the sorrel in our 
land and growing more clover and other leguminous 
crops. The wheat crop is the measure of all other 
values as a rule, and if we can grow more and 
cheaper wheat it will do more to reduce the cost of 
living than almost anything else." 

This farm has a very good financial record, due to 
intelligence and the application of business methods 
in management. But one of the essential factors 
in the management of a farm is maintaining or 
strengthening those soil conditions which are fa- 
vorable to the production of such value-producing 
ciops as it seems desirable to raise. 

If such conditions are not maintained certain weed 
pests, which find the soil favorable, come in and 
take the place of cultivated crops. The farmer is 
often misled by this fact and regards the presence 
of weeds as the direct agent preventing the vigor- 
out growth of crops, whereas the real cause may 
be the lack of a proper environment for the crops. 
For this reason attempts are often made to subdue 
weeds by cultivation alone, which is only partially 
successful and adds unnecessary expense. 

The fact that sorrel is a persistent and trouble- 
some weed on this farm is evidence that funda- 
mental conditions of soil are defective and that 
other methods besides cultivation must be planned 
to subdue it and allow the desirable crops to take 
its place. 

It is suggested, therefore, that a rotation of crops 
and some system of cultivating the soil be adopted 
which will build up and maintain the land in a con- 
dition which will better enable the cultivated crops 
to combat the weed enemy in the struggle to possess 
the soil. 

The practice of liming the soil is found to be bene- 
ficial in this region, stimulating the growth of 



clover and thus tending to eliminate the sorrel. 
On this farm lime could be applied at little expense, 
since in many places limestone rock crops out at 
the surface. This rock could be blasted out and 
either ground or burned to be scattered on the land. 
This could be done at shorter intervals than 
formerly or a heavier application made of 1,000 or 
2,000 pounds to the acre. 

Besides the use of lime and commercial fertilizer 
the following rotations are suggested, the practice 
of which would speedily supply humus and nitrogen, 
materials which are essential in maintaining the 
soil in a condition favorable to field crops: 

Corn plus crimson clover or rye and hairy vetch. 

Cow-peas. 

Wheat. 

Hay (6 pounds of clover seed the following spring). 

Pasture. 

Crimson clover has not generally proved success- 
ful here and should be tested on a small area before 
sowing a large quantity. Three conditions at least 
are essential for a satisfactory growth of crimson 
clnver. The soil must be inoculated with the proper 
bacteria, it must contain a fair amount of humus 
and nitrogen, and the seed must be sown sufficiently 
early in order to make a vigorous growth before 
winter. 

Lessons Learned on This Farm 

Rye and hairy vetch are adapted to more general 
conditions, may be sown later than crimson clover, 
and will grow under conditions that will not produce 
crimson clover. It is essential that the land be 
artificially inoculated for hairy vetch unless the 
bacteria are known to be in the soil. The 6 pounds 
of clover seed to be sown the spring following the 
hay crop are essential in getting a stand of clover 
to plow under the next year for corn. 

Alfalfa may be grown successfully on clean and 
fertile land in this region. When these conditions 
can be met, the following rotation is advised: 

Corn plus crimson clover or rye and hairy vetch. 

Cow-peas. 

Wheat. 

Alfalfa. 

Alfalfa. 

Alfalfa. 

On land that is fairly rich in nitrogen and humus, 
if the problem were simply to maintain fertility, 
a shorter rotation could be adopted by cutting out 
one year of wheat on this farm, making it a four- 
year rotation, which would have the effect of grow- 
ing more legumes. It has been demonstrated that 
such a rotation as this would gradually increase the 
nitrogen and humus content of the soil. Minnesota 
Agricultural Experiment Station gives the results 
of experiments carried on in several places through 
a series of 10 years with a rotation of corn, wheat, 
hay, and pasture, and it was found that the humus 
and nitrogen could not only be maintained but 
increased. 

Farm Implements and Their Cost 

The following is a complete list of the machinery 

and implements used on the farm described and 
their cost: 

1 seven-foot-cut wheat binder $ 135 

1 six-foot-cut wheat binder — old — for use in 

case the other gets out of repair 100 

1 five-foot mower 35 

1 four-foot mower 30 

1 manure spreader 80 

1 ten-spout wheat hoe drill 75 

1 eight-spout wheat disk drill 60 

2 disk harrows (one tongueless) 50 

2 spring-tooth harrows 27 

2 spike-tooth harrows 24 

2 two-horse chilled plows 12 

2 three-horse chilled plows 18 

2 walking wheeled double cultivators 50 

4 double-shovel plows 10 

1 double smoothing harrow 12 

1 two-row disk corn planter 40 

1 single-row corn planter 12 

1 iron roller 12 

1 plank drag 2 

1 hay loader 60 

1 side-delivery horserake '40 

2 single-horse cultivators 14 

2 four-horse wagons 120 

1 two-horse wagon 50 

2 road beds for wagons 40 

2 hayracks 20 

1 steel spring-tooth hayrake (10 feet) 20 

1 spring-tooth weeder 9 

$1,157 



418 



HASTENS 

THE HARVEST 

FINISH 



BINDER AND LOADER 



DO WORK 

OF SEVERAL 

MEN 



These Are Among the Larger of Farm Implements 







-#"„,, J,„ 






^^^-TT tr 


K>; 




i^^ 


fl 


M^mHHP"''^ 






jn^Jst^HoK^^KIItf^^ 


r 


i 



A modern self-bind- 
ing harvester. One 
man cuts and binds 
all of the grain and 
carries the budles into 
windrows. One man 
can shock the grain 
after the harvester. 
Two men in this way 
do the work of the 
six that were required 
to operate the old 
style reaper. 



im 




Uliisl ration from Keystone Loader Company. 



VALUE OF VARIOUS FOODS COMPARED WITH HAY 



Value of Hay as Food 

Table showing- amount of hay 
or its equivalent per day required 
by each 100 pounds of live weight 
of various animals: 

Pounds 

Working horses 3.08 

Working oxen 2.40 

Fatting oxen 5.00 

Fatting oxen when fat 4.00 

Milch cows 2.25 to 2.40 

Dry cows 2.42 

Young growing cattle 3.08 

Steers 2.84 

Pigs 3.00 

Sheep 3.00 



It ha.s been estimated that one 

hundred pounds of good hay will 

possess the same feeding value as 

Pounds 

Wheat 44 1/2 

Corn 621/2 

Clover, Red, Green 373 

Beets 6(59 

Beans 28 

Barley 58 

Carrots 371 

Oil Cake, linseed 43 

Buckwheat 78 '> 

Oats .'>0 

Rve 5314 

Potatoes 300 

Peas, drv 37% 

Oat Straw 347 

Clover, Red, Dry 88 

Turnips 469 

Carrot leaves (tops) 135 

Rye Sti aw 429 



Average Period of 
Gestation 

The period of gestation In ani- 
mals varies considerably, but the 
following is an average period 
based on a long series of obser- 
vations: 

Elephant 2 years 

Camel 11-12 months 

A.«s 12 months 

Mare 11 months 

Cow 9 months 

Sheep 5 months 

Goat 5 months 

Pig 31/2 months 

Bitch 9 weeks 

Cat 8 weeks 

Guinea pig 65 davs 

Rabbit 30 days 



419 



DOES NOT 
TEAR SOIL 



NEW FARM IMPLEMENT 



CUTS SOIL 
IN PIECES 



Unlike Tooth Harrow, the Disk Pulverises Soil by Cutting 




The Disk Harrow 

By Henry Wallace. Editor "Wallace's Farmer," Des Moines, Iowa 



The to us unknown man who invented the disk, 
which slices the plowed soil instead of tearing it to 
pieces with the harrow, deserves a monument higher 
than erected in Washington in memory of the Father 
of his Country. He ranks witli that other unknown 
man who invented the knife to cut his meat, rather 
than tear it to pieces with his fingers and his teeth. 
Each of them builded better than he knew, and de- 
serves the thanks of posterity while grass grows and 
water runs. The disk iinpleinents, whether harrow, 
cultivator, grain drill or roller, are revolutionizing 
modern agriculture. 

The disk harrow, properly used on corn-stalk 
ground, at once acts as a stalk cutter, levels the sur- 
face, and forms a proper seed-bed for spring grain 
in the states that are subject to deep winter-freez- 
ing, without breaking the capillary connection be- 
tween the seed-bed and the undersoil. In corn-stalk 
lands which need plowing for spring grain, previous 
disking prevents clod formation and restores capil- 
lary connection by providing a mulch of loose dirt, 
which fills up the spaces made by the plow, espe- 



cially if disking follows the plow, which it should 
always do. If corn is to be followed by corn, the 
disk should always precede the plow, thus cutting 
the corn-stalks, preventing clod formation by con- 
serving moisture, and providing a mulch of loose dirt 
that will fill up the air spaces left by the plow and 
gerininate the weed seeds near the surface, to be 
killed when plowed under. The disk should follow 
the plow; and if the harrow follows at right angles 
you have the best seed-bed for corn possible on that 
kind of land. 

Where sod is to be plowed for corn in the fall, 
running the disk perpendicularly or straight, thus 
slitting the sod, renders the plowing much easier 
and in the spring requires less work to settle the 
furrow and restore contact with the under furrow, 
thus restoring capillary connection with the under- 
soil. Whether plowing in the fall or spring, the disk 
should run with the furrow. In preparing the seed- 
bed, if a second disking is necessary it should be at 
right angles. 



The first thing to do in most 
cases is to induce vomiting, if 
possible. Give an emetic; a table- 
spoonful of powdered inustard in 
a tumbler of warm water is good. 
Warm water and salt is dlso effi- 
cacious. 

For Poisoning^ from Opium, 
Laudanum, and Morphine: An 
emetic should be followed by 
strong coffee or the white of an 
egg. Keep the patient walking 
fi>r two or three hours. 

For Poisoning from Arsenic, 
Corrosive Sublimate, Verdigris, 



Antidotes for Poisons 

Blue Vitriol, and Vegetables Kept 
in Copper Vessels: Give an emetic 
and the white of an egg, sweet 
oil and milk. 

For Sugar of I.,ead Poisoning: 
Give an emetic and epsom salts. 

For Poisoning from Hemlock, 
Aconite, Belladonna, and Fox- 
glove: After emetic give tannin 
and stimulants. 

Stryclinine: First give an emet- 
ic, and then large dose of bromide 
of sodium (60 grains in solution). 
Repeat every hour until three or 
four doses have been taken. 



Toadstool Poisoning: Give emet- 
ics promptly and then castor oil 
and stimulants. Apply heat. 

Poison Ivy or Oak: There are 
three generally effective remedies 
for poison ivy or mercury. One is 
to apply hot water to the pois- 
oned surface. Another is peroxide 
of hydrogen. The third is to ap- 
ply a solution of sugar of lead. 
about 40 grains to a pound of 
water. Two other remedies tliat 
are more or less effective are bak- 
ing soda and dry starch. 



420 



IN 
AGRICULTURE 



TECHNICAL TERMS 



IN 
FOOD 



Terms Used in Consideration of Fertilization, Grains, Etc. 



Acid phosphate or superphos- 
phate of lime, is finely-ground, 
raw, rock phosphate mixed with 
about an equal weight of sulphuric 
acid. The acid phosphate is more 
soluble in water and thus more 
readily assimilated by plants than 
raw phosphate applied as a fer- 
tilizer. 

Aftermath, A second crop of 
grass in the same season; rowen. 

Albuminoid nitrogen is nitrogen 
in the form of albuminoids, which 
is the name given to one of the 
most important groups of sub- 
stances classed together under the 
general term protein. The al- 
bumen of eggs is a type of albu- 
minoids. 

Albuminoids is the name given 
to one of the most important 
groups of substances classed to- 
gether under the general term 
protein. The albumen of eggs is 
a type of albuminoids. 

Alkali soils. — Soils found in arid 
or semi-arid regions, which con- 
tain an unusual amount of solu- 
ble mineral salts (alkali), which 
effloresce or bloom out in the 
form of a white powder or crust 
in dry weather following rains 
or irrigation. Two distinct classes 
of alkali are known: White al- 
kali, composed largely of sulphate 
of soda and common salt, which 
is comparatively harmless; and 
black alkali, composed largely of 
carbonate of soda, which is high- 
ly corrosive and destructive to 
vegetation. 

Alkaloids are a class of bitter, 
nitrogenous constituents of plants 
which have active medicinal or 
poisonous properties. Quinin, 

morphin, strychnin, etc., are al- 
kaloids. 

Amid nitrogen is nitrogen In the 
form of amids, one of the groups 
of substances classed together 
under the general term protein. 
Amids, unlike albuminoids, are 
usually soluble in water, but are 
generally considered of less value 
as food than albuminoids. 

Ammonia is a compound of ni- 
trogen more readily available to 
plants than organic nitrogen. The 
most common form is sulphate of 
ammonia, or ammonium sulphate. 
It is one of the first products that 
results from the decay of vegetable 
or animal substances. 

Ammoniated superphosphate is 
the trade name for a mixture of 
a superphosphate with some ma- 
terial supplying nitrogen. 

Analysis is a separation into con- 
stituent parts. 

Annuals are the plants which 
last but a year. The seed, plant- 
ed in the spring, in one season 
develops into a mature plant 
which produces its flowers, fruit, 
and seed, and dies in the fall. 
The annuals must be renewed 
each year, and most of them 
thrive best where there is no 
shade. Sweet peas and Indian 
corn are samples of the annuals. 
The word annual comes from the 
Latin word for year — annus; the 
name biennials — two-year plant.? — 
is from the same word with "bis," 
twice; while the perennials — liv- 
ing on from year to year — have 
the same root-word with "per" in 
the sense of through all the years. 



Ash is what is left when the 
combustible part of a feeding stuff 
is burned away. It consists chief- 
ly of lime, magnesia, potash, soda, 
iron, chlorin, and carbonic, sul- 
phuric, and phosphoric acids, and 
is used largely in making bones. 
Part of the ash constituents of 
the food is stored up in the ani- 
mal's body; the rest is voided in 
the manure. 

Atomic Theory is the doctrine 
that an element is composed of in- 
finitesimally sinall particles to 
which the name atom is given. 
The atoms of different elements 
coiTibine in certain definite propor- 
tions to form molecules. Thus 
water, which chemically repre- 
sented by the symbol HoO, mean- 
ing that oxygen and hydrogen com- 
bine to form water in the definite 
proportion of two parts of hydro- 
gen to every one part of oxygen. 

Available phosphoric acid is the 

soluble and reverted taken to- 
gether. 

Babcock test. A method for 
rapidly determining the fat con- 
tents of milk by the aid of 
chemical reagents. Invented by 
Dr. S. M. Babcock, of the Wis- 
consin Agricultural Experiment 
Station. The little machine for 
applying this test is made in sev- 
eral patterns, the principle applied 
in all is the use of centrifugal 
force aided by some chemical 
agents, notably sulphuric acid. 
The handling of the machine can 
be readily learned by a careful 
person. 

The milk or cream to he tested 
is measured in a pipette and placed 
in a bottle which has a long, 
slender, graduated neck; sulphuric 
acid is then added, and the bottle 
shaken a few moments until the 
mixture becomes dark colored. The 
acid, without affecting the fat, dis- 
solves the other inilk solids, which 
keep the fat globules apart. The 
bottle is then placed in the ma- 
chine by which it is rapidly re- 
volved with the neck toward the 
centre. The fat is thus forced 
toward the neck by the other con- 
tents of the bottle, which are 
heavier and therefore thrown 
away from the centre. 

Bacterium (plural, Bacteria) is 

the name applied in common to 
a number of different or closely 
related microscopic organisms, all 
of which consist of single short 
cylindrical or elliptical cells or 
two such cells joined end to end 
and capable of spontaneous move- 
ment. Many kinds of bacteria 
are harmful and cause diseases 
and other in.i'urious effects, but 
many are beneficial. Among the 
latter are those which give aroina 
to tobacco and flavor to butter 
and cheese, and those which en- 
able leguminous plants to use the 
free nitrogen of the air. 

Barkbound. Having the hark 
too firm or close, as trees; this 
disease is usually cured by slitting 
the bark. 

Biennials. A biennial plant is 
one which takes two years to de- 
velop flower and fruit. The first 
year the seed is planted the root 
and leaves are formed; the second 
year, flower and seed; the plant 
then dies down. The hollyhocks 
are an illustration of the biennials. 



Boll weevil. A small insect 
■which in its larva state feeds 
within the bud or boll of cotton. 
This grub is less than a quarter of 
an inch in length, is of white color, 
and without feet; developing in 
two weeks into the adult state, 
when it becomes a hard-shelled in- 
sect with a head prolonged into a 
slender snout that conceals the 
jaws with which the weevils punc- 
ture the surface of their food sup- 
ply. 

Bordeaux mixture is a mixture 
of copper of sulphate, freshly 
slaked lime and water. It is 
used as a fungicide and also to 
prevent attacks of some insects. 

Brown rot is a disease which 
appears first as a small, dark- 
brown decayed spot on any half- 
grown stone fruit such as the peach 
or the plum, usually causing the 
fruit to shrink and wither. The 
disease is caused by a fungus 
growth and the twigs of apricots 
and peaches may be blighted by 
this disease entering from the af- 
fected flower or fruit. 

Budding. The insertion of a 
bud of one tree under the bark 
of another, for propagation. It 
must be done during the growing 
season. 

Butter-fat. — The oleaginous glob- 
ules in milk surrounded by casein, 
from which butter is made in the 
process of churning. A pound of 
butter contains about 14 oz. of 
butter-fat. 

Buttermilk. — That part of milk 
•which remains after the butter is 
extracted. 

Calyx. — The outermost series of 
leaves (called sepals) of the 
flower, usually green, but some- 
times colored. 

Carbohydrates. — The nitrogen- 
free extract and fiber are often 
classed together under the name 
of carbohydrates. The carbohy- 
drates form the largest part of all 
vegetable foods. They are either 
stored up as fat or burned in the 
body to produce heat and energy. 
The most common and important 
carbohydrates are sugar and 
starch. 

Cat's Tail Grass. Another name 
for timothy or herd's grass, so 
called from the shape of its heads. 

Cellulose is the chief constitu- 
ent of crude fiber. 

Chard Beet. A variety of which 
only the leaves are used, boiled 
as Spinach. The Swiss Chard is 
one of the principal vegetables of 
the laboring classes of Europe. 

Chemical Analysis of Soils. An 

analysis to find the constituent 
elements in any given soil which 
may indicate what the soil needs, 
if a very marked differences exist 
— as in a soil derived from lime- 
stone and a soil derived from sand- 
stone. In soils of similar char- 
acter analyses are seldom of much 
value because difference of fer- 
tility is either due to variations 
too minute for ordinary analysis 
to determine, or else is due to 
causes not connected with the 
amount of plant food. 

Chlorophyll. — The green color- 
ing matter of plants. By the 
combined action of chlorophyll 
and sunlight plants are able to 



Technical Terms — Continued 



build tissue from the carbon di- 
oxid and water of the atmos- 
phere. 

Citrus fruits. The citron tree is 
a tree bearing fruit resembling a 
lemon; it gives its name to the 
family of citrus fruits which com- 
prise the lemon, lime, orange, 
grapefruit, shaddock, and citron. 

Clay. The name given to various 
earths. 

Complete fertilizer is one which 
contains the three essential fer- 
tilizing constituents, i. e., nitro- 
gen, phosphoric acid, and potash. 

CoDidiuni (plural Conidia) is one 
form of spore or reproductive body 
of fungi. 

Com is the name used in Europe 
as a general term for all cereals. 
This is the sense in which the 
word is translated in the Bible 
when it speaks of Jacob's sons 
saying, "There is corn in Egypt." 
The word originally meant any 
hard, edible seed, grain, or kernel. 
The colonists found this plant, 
properly called maize, cultivated 
by the Indians, and used the name 
Indian Corn to distinguish it from 
other corn of the mother country. 
In Latin America — Mexico, Porto 
Rica. etc. — "maiz" is the term 
generally used. 

Corn Smut. A cancerous out- 
growth with a thin covering over 
black, dust-like masses, that oc- 
curs on various parts of the grow- 
ing corn, notably the ear and tas- 
sels. Well manured soil favors 
the growth. Frequent spraying 
of stalks and ground with a fungi- 
cide will prevent spreading but is 
expensive. The most efficient and 
economical method of prevention 
is by the collection and burning 
of all smut masses btfore they 
ripen and scatter their spores. 

Corn tassel. The pendent in- 
florescence at the top of a stalk of 
corn; also the silk protruding from 
an ear of corn. Corn is fertilized 
by the pollen from the tassel on 
the stalk applied to the silk. The 
tassel at the top is formed of many 
flowers' which usually contain only 
stamens — the young ears bear the 
pistils, which are the so-called 
Bilk. 

Corolla. — The inner circle or 
set of leaves (called petals) of a 
flower, usually bright colored. 

Corrosive sublimate is a very 
poisonous compound of mercury 
and chlorin, used as a fungicide. 

Cotton boll. The large capsule 
into which the pistil of the cotton 
flower develops. It is about the 
size and somewhat the shape of a 
hen's egg, except that it is dis- 
tinctly pointed at the free end. 
"When ripe the bolls open, disclos- 
ing the dark seeds covered with 
the pearly white fibres for which 
the cotton-plant is cultivated. Dif- 
ferent varieties of cotton require 
from 50 to 65 bolls to make a 
pound of cotton. 

Cream. — The richer and butry- 
aceous part of milk, which, when 
the milk stands unagitated in a 
cool place, rises and forms a scum 
on the surface. 

Cream Separator. A machine 
so constructed that the butter- 
fat or cream in milk, by rapid 
agitation, will be thrown to one 
side so separated from the milk 
that it will flow in separate 
stream, the milk from the ma- 
chine flowing in another stream. 
See illustration elsewhere of 
cream separator. 

Cross-pollination, as here used, 
means the conveying of pollen to 
pistils of flowers of a plant of an- 



other variety. In case of plants 
propagated by seeds it also means 
the transfer of pollen to a pistil of 
another plant of the same variety. 

Culm. — The stem or straw of 
grains and grasses. 

Culture, as here applied to bac- 
teria or other organisms, is the 
product of their growth under 
artificial conditions. 

Deoitlxious trees. Trees that 
shed their leaves in the autumn. 

Denitrification is the process, 
due to microorganisms, by which 
the readily available nitrates are 
converted into less valuable forms 
of nitrogen. 

Dent com. A variety having the 
kernel furrowed or depressed at 
the large end; the common Itind. 

Diffusion residue, or beet chips, 
consists in the residue ol tne neet 
after extraction of sugar at tne 
sugar factories under pressure in 
the diffusion batteries. 

Digrestible matter is that por- 
tion of the food eaten which is 
actually digested. The rest is 
excreted and is of no aid in nu- 
trition. 

Drupe. — A fruit consisting es- 
sentially of a hard-shelled nut or 
stone surrounded by a fleshy pulp, 
as the peach, plum, cherry. 

Dry Matter is the portion re- 
maining after excluding the water. 

Eau celeste is a solution of 
copper sulphate in water to which 
ammonia is added, and it is used 
as a fungicide. 

Ether extract is the same as the 
fat or crude fat of feeding stuffs. 

Euonymus. The botanical name 
for the burning hush or spindle 
tree; the native American species 
is the well-known Waahoo tree 
with its red berries which stay 
on the tree all winter. 

Exocborda (Pearl Bush). The 
name refers to the cords by which 
the seeds are suspended. A beau- 
tiful hardy tall-growing shrub or 
tree, introduced from China, as 
yet comparatively little known. 
It is propagated by seeds, layers, 
and suckers, and is suitable for 
parks and private grounds in sec- 
tions east of the Mississippi and 
north of the Ohio. 

Exogrens. Plant* that increase 
their growth by adding successive 
layers to the outside, as the oak 
tree, whose annual growth can be 
noted when the trunk is sawn 
across, by the distinctly marked 
series of rings, each of which 
marks a year's growth. Most of 
the primary plants are exogens. 

Fat, or the materials dissolved 
from a feeding stuff by ether, is 
a substance nf mixed character 
and may include, besides real fats, 
wax, the green coloring matter of 
plants, etc. The fat of food is 
either stored up in the body as 
fat or burned to furnish heat and 
energy. 

Feeding: standards are state- 
ments of the approximate amounts 
of digestible protein, fat, carbo- 
hydrates, etc., adapted to animals 
under different conditions. 

Fecundation is the action of 
pollen upon the ovule.s. rendering 
them capable of becoming seeds. 

Fiber, sometimes called crude 
cellulose, is the framework of 
plants, and is, as a rule, the most 
indigestible constituent of feed- 
ing stuffs. The coarse fodders, 
such as hay and straw, contain 
a much larger pronortion of fiber 
than the grains, oil cakes, etc. 



Flow pipes and returns. — In the 

heating systems of greenhouses 
it is a common practice to have 
one or two main pipes, known as 
flow pipes, to supply the steam or 
hot water to the house. These 
pipes frequently run the full 
length of the house and then 
unite with sinaller pipes known 
as return pipes, or "returns," 
which carry the hot water or 
steam through the house and back 
to the boiler. 

Fodder, when applied to corn, is 
the plants, including the ears, 
which have been cut and field- 
cured. The residue, after the ears 
have been removed is properly 
termed Stover. 

Formalin is a 40 per cent so- 
lution of formic aldehyde, used as 
a disinfectant, preservative, etc. 

Fungnis (plural. Fungi) is a low 
form of plant life destitute of 
green coloring matter; molds and 
mushrooms are familiar examples. 
Many diseases of plants are due 
to fungi. 

Fungicide is a substance used 
to destroy fungi or prevent their 
growth. 

Garden bed. A plat or piece of 
ground in a garden, usually a 
little raised above the adjoining 
level. 

Gluten is the name given to 
one of the most important of the 
nitrogenous substances classed to- 
gether under the general term 
"protein." "Wheat gum," ob- 
tained by carefully chewing 
wheat, is a familiar example. It 
is the gluten of flour that gives 
consistency to the dough. 

Heavy Soil. A soil that is 
moist, deep, soft, or miry, as a 
clay soil. 

Hessian fly. One of the most 
destructive of the 100 species of 
insects which prey upon tlie wheat. 
Its ravages may be recognized if 
in the early spring the wheat is 
noticed falling down unaccount- 
ably. This sniall. two-winged in- 
sect, belongs to the same order as 
the mosquito and the common 
house-fly — known as Diptera. It 
deposits its eggs between the 
sheath and the stem of wheat at 
the base of the stock, and the pu-' 
parium, which resembles a flax- 
seed in form and color, hatching 
out in a few weeks' time, feeds on 
the tender wheat stem, cutting it 
off near the ground. 

Humus is the name applied to 
the partially decomposed organic 
(animal and vegetable) matter of 
the soil. It is the principal source 
of nitrogen in the soil. 

Hygroscopic water. The water 
lost and gained by a soil through 
artificial drying. Not the moisture 
naturally removed by drainage or 
by evaporation; these are called 
the first "drainage water," the 
last "capillary water" since it finds 
the surface by capillary attraction. 

Indian Meal is the moal of 
maize, or Indian corn; cornmeal. 

Inoculation is the introduction 
of bacteria or other organisms 
into surroundings suited to their 
growth with a view to produc- 
ing tlie effects which are the re- 
sult of their activity. 

Tnte^TJode. — The part of the 
stem between the nodes. 

Infercultural tillage means till- 
ing the soil while the plant is 
growing, it is done primarily to 
kill weeds, it also lets in air and 
rain more freely to the roots of 
the plant, and. in dry periods 
prevents the evaporation of water 



422 



Technical Terms — Continued 



from the surface. The inter- 
cultural tillage of corn should be 
shallow, not more than two inches 
dtep near the plant, since any 
brciikage of the roots of corn 
is injurious, and the most of the 
roots lie from two to four inches 
below the surface and six inches 
from the plant. Three to five 
cultivations of corn are usually 
enough; nothing is gained by culti- 
vating corn after the plant is three 
to four feet high, provided the land 
is free from weeds. Farmers re- 
fer colloquially to this stage as 
"when tlie corn is laid-by." 

Kainit is an impure form of 
potassium sulphate and ordinarily 
contains about 12 to 20 per cent 
of potash. 

Lactation. — The formation or 
secretion of milk. The "period of 
lactation" as applied to cows 
means the length of time since 
calving that they have been giv- 
ing milk. 

Lard is obtained from the fat 
of swine when it is heated to a 
boiling point and then strained. 
Layering:. Method of propagat- 
ing woody plants by bending down 
branches and burying in adjoin- 
ing soil. 

Legume. Any plant belonging to 
the pea family, including the 
leguminous forage crops, alfalfa, 
Japan clover, the soy bean, cow- 
pea, velvet bean, and vetch. The 
leguminous crops, including the 
clovers, are valuable as fertilizers 
in that they add nitrogen to the 
soil in a form easily available for 
the crops that are planted after 
them. 

Legume seeds are always found 
in a pod wliich contains one or 
more seeds; their peculiarity is 
that while other seeds have a small 
embryo the seed-coat of the legume 
is entirely filled by the large em- 
bryo. They are exceedingly rich 
in nitrogen. 

Leguminous plant is a plant of 
the botanical order Leguminosae, 
the more common representatives 
of which are clover, peas, beans, 
etc. 

Light Soil. One that is loose, 
easily pulverized. 

Lime is, strictly speaking, cal- 
cium oxide, a combination of cal- 
cium and oxygen. 

Liquid-ambar. A genus of trees 
of the witch-hazel family. It is 
found in Mexico and the United 
States and is known as the sweet- 
gum, in this country. Its home 
fxtends from the Rio Grande to 
the Potomac. 

Loafer Land. The Agricultural 
Depiirtment name for stump-land, 
where the trees have been felled 
and the stumps left. 

Loam. A natural mixture of 
sand and clay with organic matter 
(decayed vegetable or animal sub- 
stances); a species of earth or 
soil readily fusible in water. 

Melilotus. A genus of the legu- 
minous plants, the sweet clovers. 
They are natives of southern and 
central Europe and western Asia. 
White melilot has been recom- 
mended as a fodder plant under 
the names of Bokhara clover and 
Cabul clover. This variety (Meli- 
lotus alba) is common along our 
roadsides and is sometimes culti- 
vated as a forage crop for bees. 
The very name meliloti's comes 
from the Greek word for honey, 
"meli" and "lotos." 

Micro-organism, or micros'-opic 
organism, is a plant or animal too 
small to be seen without the aid 
of a compound microscope. 



Milo maize. A name given in 
some localities to Kafir corn, which 
is also known as Egyptian rice 
corn, dhura, African millet. Jeru- 
salem corn, and Guinea corn. 

Mulching, covering the surface 
of the soil by a layer of straw, 
shavings, leaves, tanbark, manure, 
or other matter, to reduce evapora- 
tion and so keep the moisture be- 
neath the surface. 

Narrow ration is one in which 
the ratio of protein to other con- 
stituents is narrow, i. e., one com- 
paratively rich in protein. 

Nitrates furnish the most read- 
ily available forms of nitrogen. 
The most common are nitrate of 
soda and nitrate of potash (salt- 
peter). 

Nitrification Is the process by 
which the highly available ni- 
trates are formed from the less 
active nitrogen of organic matter, 
ammonia, salt, etc. It is due to 
the action of minute microscopic 
organisms. 

Nitrogen exists in fertilizers in 
three distinct forms, viz., as or- 
ganic matter, as ammonia, and as 
nitrates. It is the most expensive 
fertilizing ingredient. 

Nitrogen-free extract includes 
starch, sugar, gums, and the like, 
and forms an important part of 
all feeding stuffs, but especially 
of most grains. 

Node. — That part of the stem 
(usually somewhat enlarged and 
hardened, especially in grains and 
grasses) to which the leaves are 
attached. 

Nutritive ratio is the ratio of 
the digestible protein (taken as 
1) Lo the other digestible mate- 
rials of the food. Thus, if a ra- 
tion contains one part of pro- 
tein for every five parts of the 
other digestible materials, the nu- 
tritive ratio is 1:5. 

Oleomargarine is made from 
various mixtures of oleo oil, cot- 
tonseed oil, neutral lard and milk 
or butter. Is nutricious and 
sometimes passes under the head 
of "butterine." 

Organic matter is the dry mat- 
ter less the ash. 

Ovules are bodies which, when 
acted upon by pollen, become 
seeds. 

Osmosis is the impulse or tend- 
ency of fluids to push their way 
through porous matter which 
separates them, and mix together. 
Exosmosis is the passage of liquids 
or gases or vapors from within 
outward and endosmosis is the 
similar passage of a fluid substance 
inward. Largely used in speaking 
of the passage of fluids, whether 
watery or gaseous, through the 
separating tissues of plants. 

Pasteurized milk or cream is 
that which has been heated to a 
temperature (about 1.5.5° F. ) which 
does not kill all the bacteria, 
but only those which are in a 
vegetating condition and ready to 
begin their activity at once. 

Perennial, literally, lasting 
through all the years. The per- 
ennial plants, once planted, con- 
tinue their growth year after 
year, as the lilacs, or the garden 
sage. Those perennials which 
shed their leaves in autumn arc 
called deciduous; those which 
keep their leaves through the 
winter, evergreen. 

Perennial grasses are, prac- 
tically, the meadow grasses. They 
propagate themselves from year 
to year, increasing by new culms 
which soon become independent 



plants. Timothy is not, strictly 
speaking, a perennial, but an an- 
nual. However, under favoring 
circumstances, by seeding itself 
yearly the same result is attained. 

Peruvian cotton, as its name 
implies, originated in Peru, but it 
is raised largely also in Brazil. It 
is a perennial plant; however, only 
the growth of the second and third 
years is utilized. The staple lint 
is mostly shorter, coarser, and 
more wiry than American upland 
cotton. 

Phosphoric acid, one of the es- 
sential fertilizing ingredients, is 
derived from materials called 
phosphates. It does not exist 
alone, but in combination, most 
commonly as phosphate of lime 
In the form of bones, rock phos- 
phate, and phosphatic slag. Phos- 
phoric acid occurs in fertilizers 
In three forms — soluble, reverted, 
and insoluble phosphoric acid. 

Pistil is the ovule-bearing organ 
of the flower. It is often called 
the fertile or female organ. 

Pollination of corn. Corn is 
wind-fertilized, since the ex- 
tremely abundant pollen — esti- 
mated 9,000 pollen grains for each 
grain of corn — is carried long dis- 
tances by wind and often is de- 
posited on silks remote from the 
tassel bearing the pollen. 

Potash, as a constituent of fer- 
tilizers, exists in a number of 
forms, but chiefly as chlorid or 
muriate and as sulphate. All 
forms are freely soluble in water 
and are believed to be nearly, If 
not quite, equally available, but 
It has been found that the chlor- 
ids may injuriously affect the 
quality of tobacco, potatoes, and 
certain other crops. The chief 
sources of potash are the potash 
salts from Stassfurt, Germany — 
Kainit, sylvinit, muriate of pot- 
ash, sulphate of potash, and sul- 
phate of potash and magnesia. 
Wood ashes and cotton-hull ashes 
are also sources of potash. 

Process butter is made by 
treating old or rancid butter by 
melting, skimming and allowing 
the brine and curd to sink to 
the bottom, whence it is drawn 
off. Air is then blown through 
the melted butter-fat and the 
product is churned with milk or 
cream. It is then considered 
"renovated," by which name it is 
sometimes known. 

Protein (nitrogenous matter) is 
the name of a group of substances 
containing nitrogen. Protein fur- 
nishes the materials for the lean 
flesh, blood, skin, muscles, ten- 
dons, nerves, hair, horns, wool, 
casein of milk, albumen of eggs, 
etc., and is one of the most im- 
portant constituents of feeding 
stuffs. 

Pure culture is a culture con- 
taining one kind of organism. 
Pure cultures of yeasts are used 
in wine making, and pure cul- 
tures of bacteria are used in but- 
ter and cheese making, and for 
other purposes, to insure a uni- 
form product. 

Bice Ijirds are the same bobo- 
links which in the earlier months 
of the summer delighted the ears 
of Northern farmers with their 
song, and gladdened his eye with 
their bright plumage; in their 
Southern migration they reach the 
rice fields in tiine to glut their ap- 
petite on the ripening grain and 
prove themselves a pest in the pad- 
dy-field; so much so that men and 
boys, called "bird minders," are 
hired to drive them away. They 
are called reed-birds, also, from 
their feeding-grounds. 



422 



Technical Terms in Agriculture — Continued 



Kowen. A stubble-fleld left un- 
plowed until late in the autumn, 
that it may be cropped by cattle. 
The second growth of grass in a 
season after the hay has been 
mown. 

Sainfoin is a valuable forage 
plant of the order of legumes; it 
is a small perennial shrub, native 
of western Asia and northern 
Africa, hence thrives in the light, 
dry, sandy, or calcareous soil 
found in our Southern or Western 
States. Its long taproots, descend- 
ing deep for moisture, enable it to 
withstand long-continued droughts 
at the same time bringing up from 
the depths nutriment for the crops 
that follow and rendering the sub- 
soil loose and porous for subse- 
quent cultivation. The sainfoin is 
very nutritious and whether fed 
green or made into hay is greatly 
relished by all domestic cattle. It 
is said to be the favorite food of 
the ass and from this takes its bo- 
tanical name, Onobrychia — onos, 
the ass, and brycho, to bray. Sain- 
foin will crop seven to ten years, 
according to the nature of the soil, 
but its yield is greatly Increased 
by top dressing. 

Sea Island Cotton is a variety of 
cotton found in the West Indies 
when Columbus discovered Amer- 
ica. The plants differ from the 
upland cotton in their larger 
growth, 3 to 8 feet high, with 
longer and more flexible branches 
and more deeply lobed leaves. In- 
stead of being white the flowers 
are bright yellow, the bolls are 
sharp-pointed and have three in- 
stead of four lobes. It is grown 
in the U. S. chiefly on islands and 
adjacent mainlands of South Caro- 



lina and Georgia. Sea Island Cot- 
ton commands a higher price in 
the market, but it yields less an 
acre and costs more to pick and 
gin than ordinary varieties. , 

Setting Hen, A hen which gives 
attention to incubating eggs. 

Specific gravity of solid sub- 
stances is the ratio of the weight 
of a given bulk of the body to 
that of an equal bulk of water; 
or stated in another way, the 
ratio of the weight of the sub- 
stance in air to its weight in 
water. 

Spore is a minute body, borne 
by a fungus, which is capable of 
reproducing the fungus directly. 
It corresponds in function with 
the seed of higher plants. 

Stamen. — Part of a flower which 
produces pollen. 

Staminate, producing stamens. 

Soluble phosplioric acid is that 
form which is soluble In water 
and readily taken up by plants. 

Subsoil. The bed or stratum of 
earth lying ne.xt below the surface 
soil. It does not usually contain 
plant food in a form ready to be 
taken by the plant. 

Subsoil plow. A plow adapted 
to follow the common plow, and 
loosen the subsoil at the bottom of 
the furrow without raising it to 
the surface, in this way forming 
a porous foundation for the mold 
which will be turned upon it by 
the ordinary plow in its next fur- 
row. 

Sulphuric acid; oil of vitriol. A 
heavy, oily, very corrosive liquid 
(H2SO4) produced commercially by 



burning sulphur in atmospheric 
air and passing the sulphurous 
oxid formed into a lead chamber 
along with the vapor of nitric acid. 
It is the most extensively used of 
all the acids, and is the primary 
agent for obtaining almost all the 
others by disengaging them from 
their saline combinations. It is 
used in breaking up organic sub- 
stances into their element, as 
sugar; applied by Dr. Babcock in 
the standard "Babcock test" for 
separating the butterfat from milk. 

Superphosphate. — In natural or 
untreated prosphates the phos- 
phoric acid is insoluble in water 
and not readily available to plants. 
Superphosphate is prepared from 
these by grinding and treating 
with sulphuric acid, which makes 
the phosphoric acid more avail- 
able to plants. Superphosphates 
are sometimes called acid phos- 
phates. 

Thrip. A genus of small, spot- 
ted flies, many of them destruc- 
tive to plant life. One species is 
specially pernicious in the onion 
bed. 

Tilth is the state of being pre- 
pared for a crop; tillage. In rare 
instance that which is tilled; till- 
age-ground. 

Viscosity. — Stickiness; gummi- 
ness; the quality of matter hav- 
ing a thick or sticky consistency. 

Water is contained in all foods 
and feeding stuffs. The amount 
varies from 8 to 15 pounds per 
100 pounds of such dry materials 
as hay, straw, or grain to 80 
pounds in silage and 90 pounds 
in some roots. 



HYDROPHOBIA 



Although this is not, strictly speaking, a technical 
term, it is a term often applied to a dog which, 
frothing at the mouth, is supposed to be dangerously 
mad. 

Oftentimes this frothing is the result of exhaustion 
and over-heat. While it is necessary to be cautious 
and careful in confining the dog that exhibits these 



symptoms, it is weU not to kill the animal until the 
cause of its peculiar action is perfectly understood. 

A frequent cause of unusual action on the part of 
the dog may be, and probably is, lack of water to 
drink. 

Dog keepers should always keep a dish of fresh 
water accessible to dogs on the premises. 



The Family Dog on the Farm 



The origin of the dog is a much debated question, 
some considering the breed derived froin the wolf, 
an opinion which is based on resemblances, the sus- 
ceptibility which the wolf shows of being domesti- 
cated, the readiness with which the two animals 
breed together, the equal period of gestation, and 
their general appearance and similarity in structure. 

Various attempts have been made to make a 
systematic classification of the varieties of dogs 
but without much success. One authority divides 
dogs into six groups, as follows: 1. Wolf dogs, 
including the Newfoundlands, Esquimaux, St. Ber- 
nard, shepherd's dog, etc. 2. Watch dogs and 
cattle dogs, including the boar-hound, the Danish 
dog, etc. 3. Greyhounds, the Irish hound, etc. 4. 
Hounds, the bloodhound, staghound, foxhound, set- 
ter, pointer, spaniel, cocker, poodle, etc. 5. Cur 
dogs, including the terriers and their allies. 0. 
Mastiff, including the different kinds of mastiffs, 
bull-dog, pug-dog, etc. 

The female has six to ten pups, and goes with 
young nine weeks as a rule. The young are born 
blind, their eyes opening in ten or twelve days. 
Their growth ceases at two years of age. The dog 
commonly lives about ten or twelve years; at 
the most twenty. 

The dog's fidelity and affection endear him to the 
human family. As pets, dogs are highly valued. 
They are agreeable companions for children, a boy 



playing with his dog getting a great deal of pleasure 
and a great deal of healthful exercise. 

With careful training and under rigid restriction 
the dog may be of service on the farm; if rightly 
restrained and kept at home vhe may be allowed in 
suburban towns, but in cities and thickly settled 
regions he is out of place. 

Wherever he is kept he should have a comfortable 
doghouse and be taught to stay there nights and 
at proper hours. He should be regularly and so 
abundantly fed that he will not be compelled to 
wander about the neighborhood in search of food. 

He should not disturb people by barking, and par- 
ticularly should he not bark at pedestrians or 
passing teams. 

To teach him not to chase cats, rabbits, squirrels 
or any little animals on the premises the master 
will break this habit with the aid of a handful of 
small pebble stones vigorously thrown with a sharp 
command to "stop it." Assisted by a quart of 
pea-sized pebbles, a dog's bad manners and the 
quarrels of cats in the neighborhood may be abol- 
ished in a short time. 

On the farm especially the dog may be trained to 
be of much service in watching property and 
guarding and driving animals. To be of use, he 
should never be allowed to form the habit of 
killing sheep and doing other mischief, the result 
of wandering away from home after dark. 



424 



VIEW OF 
GLASS FRAME 



HOTBED 



TOOLS IN USE 
ON THE FARM 



Directions for Making a Hot Bed 



A hotbed consists of a frame covered by a glazed 
sash. Heat is secured from a bed of fermenting 
manure set in the frame below the ground level. 
The plants are grown in soil placed to a depth of 
five to eight inches over the manure. 

A cold-frame consists of four boards joined to- 
gether to form a frame which is set upon the 
ground and covered with sash. The heat secured 
comes from sunlight only. 

Hotbeds should be placed free from walls so there 
will be space on all sides. The pit is usually six 
feet by six feet, the frame requiring two sash, each 
three feet by six feet. A location facing the south 
or southeast should be selected, protected on the 
north and west by buildings, walls, or bushes. 
Frames should face the south and be placed so that 
no shade will fall upon them during the day. It is 
usual to dig the pit about eighteen inches deep and 
to use a subframe. Fresh horse inanure containing 
plenty of straw is most desirable for use in the pit, 
as it gives a quick, intense heat. Before placing it 
in the ground it is best to prolong fermentation as 
long as possible by mixing it thoroughly every two or 



three days while in the pile. "When ready place it 
in the pit and tramp down thoroughly. 

Before adding the soil the sash should be placed 
over the frame for three or four days while the 
manure reaches a good condition. When the soil is 
finally placed in the frame to a depth of from five 
to eight inches it should be allowed to remain for 
about four days until it becomes warm and the weed 
seeds germinate. It should then be carefully raked 
and pressed down and your hotbed is ready. 

The hotbed should be made about two weeks be- 
fore the seeds are sown. The sash should be raised 
a little every morning for ventilation, but not over- 
done in cold weather. To retain the heat the sash 
should be closed at night, and when it is extremely 
cold it is best to cover the beds with boards or old 
blankets to prevent the plants from becoming chilled. 
This precaution, however, is unnecessary when double 
glazed sash are used. 

Bank the frame above ground with straw, manure, 
or other litter, with a little soil thrown over to hold 
in position. 







THE LARGE FARM TOOLS 

Comprising Reaping Machine, Manure Spreader, Motor Wagon, Hay Loader, Hay 
Press, Mowing Machine, Horse Rake 






425 





WARMEST 






HOW LOW 






REGIONS IN 


TFMPFR 


• ATTIRFS 


THERMOMETER 






UNITED STATES 


1 JLiur £ii\ 


ii\ 1 Ui\£iO 


GOES IN U. S. 






The Records Here Given Include 


Long Periods, Ten Years or More 






Explanation. — Water freezes at 32 degrees above 


zero. We designate zero on the thermometer by a 






cipher, and in this table we designate zero by a dash before figures. Thus the table shows that cold does not 






reach below 29 degrees at San Francisco, whereas the 


record shows 29 d<grees below at Denver. 






Aver- Higli- Low- 


Aver- High- Low- 






age est est 


age est est 






Alabama — Birmingham 64 lo4 . . . — 10 


Missouri — Kansas City 60 104... — 10 






Mobile 64 102... — 1 


St. Louis 56 107... — 22 








66 107. . . — 5 


Montana — Great Falls 40 106... — 38 

Kalispell 43 92 . . .—19 






Alaska — See below. 






Arizona — Flagstaff 45 92... ^18 


Miles City 45 111...— 40 








70 116 22 

72 120 22 

61 107...— 15 


Nebraska — Fremont 










50 lOfi. . . — 2a 






Arkansas — Fort Smith 


North Platte 48 107... — 35 






Little Rock 62 106... — 32 


Nevada — Carson City 40 100... — 22 






California — Los Angeles 62 109 28 


Winnemucca 48 104... — 28 






San Diego 61 101 32 


New Hampshire — Concord 46 100... — 35 








56 100 29 

50 105...— 29 


Plymouth 43 102 . . . — 38 

New Jersey — Cape May 52 99... — 7 






Colorado — Denver 






Grand Junction 53 104... — 16 


Trenton 52 103 . . . — 15 






Pueblo 


52 104...— 27 

50 100. ..—14 


New Mexico — Mcsilla Park 60 106 1 

Santa Fe 49 97 . . .—13 






Connecticut — New Haven 






Delaware — Hillsboro 55 104... — 17 


New York — Albany 48 100... — 25 






Washington, D. C 55 104... — 15 


Buffalo 47 95 . . .—14 






Florida — Jacksonville 69 104 10 


New York City 52 100... — 6 






Key West 77 100 41 


North Carolina — Asheville 55 94... ■ — 9 






Tampa 69 104 10 


Charlotte 60 102... —5 






Georgia — Atlanta 61 100... — 8 


Raleigh 60 103 .. . —2 






Columbus 


North Dakota — Bismarck 40 106... — 44 






Toccoa 


Devils Lake 38 101... — 41 






Idaho — Boise 51 Ill . . . — 28 


Ohio— Cleveland 49 99. . .—17 








106. ..—16 

48 102...— 19 


Cincinnati 55 105... — 17 

Columbus 52 104. . . — 20 






Pocatello 








.58 106...— 16 

48 103. . . — 23 


Oklahoma — Chandle 

Muskogee 








Chicago 








Springfield 52 107... — 22 


Stillwater 59 107. . . — 17 






Indiana — Bloomington 


fis inf. 9S 


Oregon — Baker City 45 101 . . . — 20 

Portland 53 102... — 2 












South Bend 50 103... — 22 


Pennsylvania — Philadelphia 54 103... — 6 






Iowa — Des Moines 40 109... — 30 


Pittsburgh 53 103...— 20 








Rhode Island — Providence 50 103... — 9 






Sioux City 48 107... — 31 


South Carolina — Charleston 66 104... — 7 






Kansas — Fort Scott 




Greenville 58 97... —5 

South Dakota — Pierre 47 110... — 39 






Manhattan 








Tennessee — Memphis 62 104 . . . - — 9 






Kentucky — Bowling Green 


Nashville 59 104... — 13 








55 102...— 20 

."ST 107 •M^ 


Texas — El Paso 63 113... — 5 

Galveston 70 98 8 












Louisiana — New Orleans 60 102 7 


Utah — Logan 47 100... — 19 








66 107. .. —5 

43 100. . . — 36 


Salt Lake City 52 102...— 20 

Vermont — Burlington 46 96... — 21 






Maine — Orono 






Portland 46 97. . . — 17 


Northfield 41 95. . . — 32 








Virginia — Charlottesville 56 100... — 9 






Princess Anne 57 99... — 10 


Hampton 59 98 4 






Washington — Tacoma 50 99... ■ — 2 






Wooster 47 100... — 16 


Spokane 48 104... — 30 








West Virginia — Elkins 50 94 . . . — 21 






Michigan — Detroit 48 101... — 24 


Parkersburg 54 102... — 27 






Saginaw 


Wisconsin — Madison 46 104 . . . — 29 






Minnesota — Minneapolis 


45 104...— 41 


Milwaukee 45 100... — 25 

Wyoming — Cheyenne 45 100... — 38 






Winnebago 








67 100 1 

65 101. . . —1 


Lander 42 99. . . — 36 






Vicksburg 






These records have been taken by the United 


less snow. There are naturally eight climatic prov- 






States Government and cover quite long periods of 


inces in Alaska, with temperatures ranging as 






time, in many cases ten years. 


follows: 






It will be noticed that Key West, Florida, has the 


1 — Pacific coast: 90 degrees above to 4 below. 








2 — Alaskan Peninsula. 






the killing frost comes with the thermometer down 


3 — Aleutian Islands: 78 degrees above to 5 below. 








4 — Behring Sea: 70 degrees above at Mt. Carmel 






ida, never gets lower than 41 degrees. 


Mission; 30 below at Ft. Alexander. 








5 — Behring Sea Islands. 






territory in the United States is in Alaska, north 


6 — Arctic Coast: 65 degrees above to 55 below at 






of the Yukon River. The great growth of straw- 


Ft. Barrow. 






berries, grasses and other plants in summer in 


7 — Interior: 112 degrees above (Circle City) to 80 






northern Alaska results from the long days of 


below at Ft. Reliance. 






sunshine, when the days of sunshine are about 


Government Agricultural Stations are located at 








Sitka, Rampart, Fairbanks and Kodiak. A score of 






Having no ocean breeze to cool the air, Yuma, 


varieties of strawberries suitable for the climate 








have been developed at Sitka. Rampart has made 






of the United States. Yuma, 120 above. Aaska. 


successful experimental tests in grain, notably barley 








and oats. The Kodiak station has been devoted 
principally to dairying and livestock; the native 








grasses have proved almost as good as alfalfa for 






Alaska is greater than the range between Maine 


stock. Fairbanks station is little more than fairly 








under way; experiments in raising potatoes, oats. 






will average about the same as Washington, D. C, 


hay. winter wheat, celery, rhubarb, cauliflower and 








cabbage. 





426 



WHEN 
INJURIOUS 



FROSTS 



HOW 

PREVENT 



Temperatures at Which Fruits Are Injured by Frost 



The total damage wrought in the United States 
by the frosts of spring and fall runs into many mil- 
lions of dollars. Naturally most of this is unavoid- 
able, but a knowledge of the conditions governing 
frosts, and where possible the use of proper meas- 
ures of protection, would reduce this sum materially 
and for the individual may easily mean the differ- 
ence between profit and loss. 

What Is Frost? 

Frost, as we all commonly recognize it, is a con- 
densation of moisture on plants in the shape of 
small ice crystals. Usually the air a short distance 
above the earth is several degrees above the freez- 
ing point at the time that frosts occur. The plants 
and the earth itself, however, radiate heat very 
rapidly after sunset and may reach a point where 
the surface is below the temperature of freezing. 
Immediately the moisture in the air is deposited on 
these surfaces in the form of ice crystals. 

Location 

In setting out to plant a given area, or in search- 
ing for a suitable piece of ground on which to place 
a given crop, the danger of frost should receive 
careful study. Many crops can stand heavy frosts. 
Naturally these may be raised in areas that are 
not particularly free from spring and fall frosts. 
Other crops which are especially tender should 
never be attempted except in suitable locations. 

Any valley within the temperate zone that is 
more or less shut in at its lower end is likely to 
prove a settling point for cold air. On the other 
hand, hillsides sufficiently elevated above such val- 
leys are protected by the very fact that the cold 
air drains away from them and are likely to be 
comparatively free from damaging frosts. Due 
recognition of these two facts should be made in 
deciding what crop to grow or what land to choose. 

Factors That Influence Frosts 

It is everywhere recognized that clear, still nights 
are particularly apt to be frosty. The reason for 
this is easily found. Clouds serve as a blanket to 
the layer of atmosphere just above the earth and 
hold the heat. The radiation of heat from the earth 
and from plants goes on very much more slowly 
when the sky is overcast with clouds. 

Winds tend to prevent -frosts, because they stir 
up the air and keep it from forming in layers. Tf 
the air is kept constantly stirred by winds, the cold 
air next the earth will be mixed with the warmer 
air above and the freezing temperature at the sur- 
face of the earth will not be reached. Thus large 
fans, propelled by gasoline or electric power, may 
produce a breeze that will prevent frost. 

Protection Against Frosts 

Anything that will serve as a blanket to assist 
the earth and the plants to retain the heat they 
have absorbed during the day will tend to prevent 
frost. This blanket may be water vapor, a heavy 
cloud of smoke, or such artificial coverings as straw, 
boards, earth, etc. With low-growing plants like 
the strawberry, straw may be used to great advan- 
tage as a protection against frost. The value of 
one crop saved in this way will pay for the labor 
and cost many times over. Garden vegetables of 
tender varieties may often be protected by plowing 
so as to cover their tops with earth. 

No practical means have yet been devised for 
protecting extensive areas of field crops such as po- 
tatoes from frost, but in vine and tree fruits, where 
the value of the crop is so much greater, protective 
measures may profitably be employed. 

A common plan is to build fires or smudges at fre- 
quent intervals through an orchard, thereby creating 
a dense cloud of smoke, which hangs over the or- 
chard and blankets it. These fires may be made of 
any suitable material that is at hand, or special 
orchard heaters may be purchased. Several makes 
are now on the market. 

It is important that the fires be rather small in 
size and distributed at frequent intervals. This la 
because it is undesirable to create a heavy and 
strong draft such as a large fire gives rise to, since 
this draft will carry away to the upper atmosphere 
the heat and smoke that is needed next to the earth. 

Some orchardists have followed the plan of using 



bags of manure to create a smudge. The manure 
is tightly packed into the bags and these are dis- 
tributed through the orchard so as to be ready for 
use if needed. When frost threatens kerosene is 
poured on the bag and it is set on fire. It will burn 
slowly, giving off a dense smoke and adding moisture 
to the air, which will assist in forming an effective 
blanket. 

Temperatures Injurious to Plants 

The following table shows the temperatures at 
which the plants mentioned are liable to receive 
Injury from frost. The temperatures are, as nearly 
as possible, those of the air in contact with the plant 
itself. Frost usually comes when the sky is clear, 
the wind dies down at sunset, and the air has a 
crisp, sharp feeling. Plants may often be saved if 
given very slight protection — a cover of cheese-cloth, 
branches of trees or even newspapers. In small 
Bheltered gardens frost may sometimes be warded 
off by building a smudge fire or by placing shallow 
pans of water near the plants: 

In In In Setting At 

Plant or Fruit — Bud Blossom Fruit Other 

Almonds 28 30 30 28 

Apples 27 29 30 2G 

Apricots 30 31 32 30 

Asparagus 29 29 29 26 

Bananas 31 31 32 31 

Barley 29 

Beans 31 

Beets 25 

Cabbage 15-27 

Cantaloupes 32 32 30-31 

Cauliflower 20-27 

Celery 28 

Cucumbers 31 31 31 32 

Cymlings or squash 31 31 31 30 

Flowers* 31 31 31 30 

Grapes 31 31 30 28 

Grape-fruit 30 31 31 28 

Lemons 30 31 31 28 

Lettuce 12-28 

Mandarins 31 31 31 28 

Oats 31 

Okra 31t 

Olives 30 31 31 | Jf § 

Onions 20 

Orangest 30 31 31 { Igg 

Parsnips 27 

Peaches 29 30 30 29 

Pears 28 29 29 28 

Peas 29 30 30 25 

Plums 30 31 31 29 

Potatoes: Irish 30 30 30 31 

Potatoes: Sweet 31 31 31 31 

Prunes 30 31 31 29 

Radishes 25 

Shrubs, trees, or roses. .26-30. . .28-32 30-25 

Spinach 21 

Strawberries 28 28 28 30 

Tangerines 31 31 31 . .28 

Tomatoes 31 31 31 31 

Turnips 26 

Watermelons 28-31 

Wheat 31 31 

Walnuts, English 30 31 31 28 

♦Depends on variety. 

tinjured at 2 higher if continued 4-6 hours. 

JRipe. § Green. 



Fruit-bearing Table 



Time 



Bear, 
Tears. 



Length of 
Good Bearing 

Crop, Season, 

Years. Years. 

Apple 6 10 25-40 

Blackberry 1 3 6-14 

Orange and Lemon 3 6 50 

Currant 1 3 20 

Gooseberry 1 3 20 

Peach 3 5 12 

Pear 4 12 75 

Quince 2 4 15 

Raspberry 1 3 12 

Plum 3 6 25 

Strawberry 1 2 3 



427 



HOW NATURE PREPARES FOR SPRING 



No Change in a Thousand Years 

S. Edward Paschall, in Farm and Garden News 



The rush and haste and hurry of spring work, 
when a score of things sometimes demand attention 
at once, can be avoided by imitating Nature. 

Nature never hurries. The secret of her achieve- 
ment is that she never halts. Springtime is merely 
one of her several annual culminations. Well-devised 
and long-pursued plans have produced their due re- 
sults. It is like a play on the stage. The actors 
have been rehearsing for months and know their 
parts well. The curtain rises on a performance that 
is perfect in every detail. The scenery is fresh each 
season, though the plot is as old as the hills. 

Nature begins her spring work just about twelve 
months in advance. No sooner are this year's leaves 
open than next year's buds begin to form. By 
August the axillary buds of the apple are mature 
and may be transferred by human agency to another 
tree. Leaf buds and fruit buds are alike formed and 
finished before the close of summer. Witch hazel 
opens its yellow flowers in October and November 
and perfects its seeds late the following summer. 

Underground work is completed before the advent 
of winter. All the bulbs, corms, tubers, rootstocks, 
and suckers are developed and made ready for quick 
action when spring comes striding northward at the 
rate of thirteen miles a day. 

The so-called weeds and wild flowers sow their 
seeds in autumn. The freezing of winter does not 
injure them. Indeed, the seeds of certain plants re- 
quire freezing before they will germinate. Nature 
scatters the smaller seeds gently on the surface of 
the ground, to be covered with sand or loam by«the 
action of rain, snow, or wind. The larger seeds must 
be placed deeper in the soil, and the work devolves 
upon squirrels, mice, and birds. Human beings, copy- 
ing Nature's methods, have adopted the following 
rule: Plant seeds about four times their own diam- 
eter in the •soil. 

In winter the trees, shrubs, and herbs appear to 
be asleep, but in reality they are more or less awake 
and active, at least part of the time. The sap of 
trees begins to flow freely in February and March, 
with the increase of daylight. 

Nature does a vast amount of effective manure- 
spreading in autumn, when she coats every field and 
forest with decaying organic matter, including leaves. 
dead grass, and the stems of weeds. The rain and 
snow compost this material and convert it into plant 
food. 

In addition to this annual supply of organic plant 
food, there is a considerable amount of inorganic 
fertility separated each year from the rock particles 
of the soil. Nature employs frost and ice to lift, 
pinch, expand, and tear apart the upper layer of the 
earth, thus affecting the soil to a depth of five or 
more inches. Often the ground is pulverized as 
though stirred by harrow teeth. No small amounts 
of lime, potash, and phosphoric acid (called mineral 
fertilizers) are thus set free and made available. 
F'reezing and thawing produce both mechanical and 
chemical results, just as summer cultivation of the 
soil produces results of two sorts. 

At the close of winter, with long days and warm 
rains, Nature is ready with her moving pictures. 



Her land has been fertilized, cultivated, seeded and 
rested, and everything set in order. Results are cer- 
tain to be quick and spectacular. How can human- 
ity coinpete with such conditions? There is going 
to be a sudden release of energy on a world-wide 
scale. How can the farmer hope to keep step with 
the rapid march of events? 

The answer is simple. It is only needful to Imi- 
tate Nature — that is, to be prepared. The secret is 
in beginning long in advance — a year, if need be. 
To work for tomorrow as well as for today, is called 
cumulative action; it gains force as it proceeds. 
Soine people call it taking time by the forelock. A 
well-broken horse can be led by the forelock or tuft 
of hair growing above the forehead. Time, to be led 
by the forelock, must be under control. Thorough 
cultivation of the soil is cumulative in its effects be- 
cause the process benefits more than one crop. Na- 
ture's work is conspicuously cumulative, for she is 
ever making plans for the morrow. She hoards her 
resources and lives within her income. 

Operations in field and garden can be hastened 
and valuable spring days saved by observing Nature's 
methods of preparing and applying plant food not 
only in autumn but at all seasons of the year. Im- 
mediate destruction of waste material is the rule. 
The old becomes the new. Death is at once followed 
by life. 

Nobody has yet found a better place to store the 
natural manures than on the surface of the garden, 
lawn, or field. Some farmers follow the system of 
immediate disposal during the entire year, never per- 
mitting heaps to accumulate at the stables. When 
the ground is covered with snow they set up stakes 
to mark the area that has been top-dressed. People 
who oppose this plan speak of a loss of fertility by 
leaching when the ground is frozen, but those who 
practice it say that the waste is trifling as compared 
to any known method of storage and that the results 
are highly satisfactory. 

It will be observed also (and this is not a stretch 
of the imagination) that Nature sharpens her tools 
during the so-called rest months of winter. There 
is a keen cutting edge on the frost and ice and even 
on the air and the sunshine of early spring, though 
soft, is still suggestive of cold. Men's sharp tools 
make for haste and speed. Nature's sharp tools pre- 
vent hurry and check progress that would otherwise 
be too rapid. 

Nature's working plans have not changed one iota 
in a thousand years. Her master word is prepared- 
ness. Good farmers are those who are prepared. 
Pieparedness enables workers to keep pace with their 
work and to push things instead of being pushed by 
things. This spring, therefore, is the time to get 
started on next spring's work. 

Remember Nature's sequences: Plans made long in 
advance; continuous and cumulative work; entire 
preparedness without haste or hurry. It is not ar- 
gued that a farmer's spring work can be done in 
advance of the season's arrival, but only that it can 
be so planned and executed that there will be no 
need of worry or waste of energy. 



The necessity of spraying is ac- 
knowledged by all authorities as 
being one of the requirements of 
successful fruit growing. Spray- 
ing not only insures better fruit, 
but more of it, greatly increasing 
its quality and value. 

Grapevines (Fiingiis diseases; flea- 
beetle) 

First application: In spring 
when buds swell, copper sulphate 
solution. Paris green for flea- 
beetle. 

Second application: When leaves 
are 1 to 1% inches in diameter, 
Bordeaux. Paris green for larvae 
of flea-beetle. 

Third application: When flow- 
ers have fallen, Bordeaux. Paris 
green as before. 



Spraying Calendar 

Fourth application: Ten to 14 
days later, Bordeaux. 

Currant (>IUdew; worms) 

First application: At first sight 
of worms, arsenites. 

Second application: Ten days 
later, hellebore. If leaves mildew, 
Bordeaux. 

Third application: If worms 
persist, hellebore. 

Gooseberry (Mildew; worms) 

First application: When leaves 
expand, Bordeaux. For worms, as 
above. 

Second application: Ten to 14 
days later, Bordeaux. For worms, 
as above. 

Raspberry, Blackberry, Dewberry 
(Anthracnose; rust) 

First application: Before buds 



bceak, copper sulphate solution. 
Cut out badly diseased canes. 

Second application: During the 
summer, if rust appears on leaves. 
Be rdeaux. 

Third application: Repeat sec- 
ond, if necessary. (Orange or red 
rust is treated best by destroying 
entirely the affected plants.) 

Strawberry (rust) 

First application: As first fruits 
are setting, Bordeaux. 

Second application: After last 
fruits are harvested, Bordeaux. 

Spray materials are now sold 
by all leading seedsmen, drug and 
hardware stores, and are put up 
in concentrated form with full di- 
rections for use. 



42S 



PECAN AND 
OTHER NUTS 



NUTS 



FACTS ABOUT 
NUT TREES 



Conditions Favorable for Growing Nuts 



Almonds 



The almond is of the same family as the peach and 
the nectarine, and the cultivation is similar to that 
for those fruits. It is a native of Asia and northern 
Africa and flourishes in America in those regions 
where the olive thrives. The tree grows to about 
20 feet in height, has delicate pinkish blossoms that 
appear before the leaves, which are a long oval, 
pointed, with delicate saw-toothed edges. 



Chestnuts 



The chestnut is profitably grown for market and 
as a shade tree makes a beautiful ornament. The 
native chestnut produces a comparatively sinall, but 
sweet-flavored nut, while the Spanish nut, intro- 
duced by the early Spaniards, has spread through 
the South and is larger, if coarser. A new species 
recently introduced from Japan, grows on tall shrubs, 
it makes a good hedge-row plant besides producing 
a profitable crop. The pounded chestnut paste is 
used in confectionery here but the nut has not yet 
become a staple article of diet as it is among the 
peasantry of Italy and Spain, though American 
epicures have learned to use chestnuts in stuffing 
roast poultry. 

Pecans 

In recent years the pecan has become a very Im- 
portant nut, particularly in the Southern States, 
and it may be said that there is no other fruit or 
nut tree which fits so well into the general farm- 
ing of this region as the pecan. Cotton, corn, 
cowpeas, and other farm crops can be grown to 
advantage among the trees when they are young, 
and even until the trees have begun to bear well. 

When Start a Pecan Orchard 

The region in which the pecan may be grown, 
with a proper selection of varieties, extends froin 
Virginia to Florida, thence west into Texas and 
Oklahoma. It is destined to become the most im- 
portant horticultural tree in this whole region, and 
the pecan orchards of the South will rival the ap- 
ple orchards of the North and Northwest. The 
pecan, under proper conditions, will continue to 
bear fruit long after other trees planted at the 
same time have ceased to grow; in fact, a pecan 
orchard is equal to many peach orchards — for in- 
stance, in length of life and fruitfulness. As shade 
trees they make handsome specimens, and they are 
well adapted for street, road, and yard planting. 

How Plant Pecan Trees 

Pecan trees should not be set closer than 40 feet 
apart each way, and from this distance up to .50 
feet will be found about right for most soils. The 
best season for setting the trees is immediately 
after the leaves fall in autumn. December and 
January are good months, though the planting sea- 
son may be continued through February or even 
March if there is good moisture in the soil. In 
planting, it will always be found best to set trees 
of good size, provided they are vigorous and thrifty. 
Preference should be given to trees of 4 to 5 and 
5 to 7 feet grades, as they will give better satis- 
faction than smaller sizes. 

The ground should be carefully staked out, a 
stake being set for each tree. The holes should 
be dug wide and deep. In planting the trees, set 
them at the same depth as they stood in the 
nursery rows. Pack the earth close and tight 
around the roots with the hands. The roots must 
be well covered with damp sacks or burlap to keep 
them from the sun and wind. Any broken roots 
should be cut back or cut off before planting. The 
tops of young trees need not be cut back, but trees 
grading 4 to 5 feet and up should have the tops cut. 

How Soon Yield Crop 

In six to eight years after planting, the trees 
will begin to bear light crops, and by ten years they 
should be yielding fairly well. A good fertilizer for 
young trees is one containing about 4 per cent 
nitrogen and 6 to 7 per cent each of phosphoric 
acid and potash. For bearing trees increase the 
potash to about 10 per cent. Stable manure and 
woodashes can also be used to advantage. 



Walnuts 

Engrlish Walnut or Persian Walnut, sometimes 
called the Madeira-nut tree, is a native of Persia, 
is beautiful as an ornamental tree and will grow 
as far north as New York but produces fruit only 
in the warmer sections of the country. As a profit- 
able industry the raising of English walnuts is con- 
fined to about the same localities as the raisin grape. 
The tree has flourished in California for years. 

In the development of the nut industry, the Japan 
walnut is well worthy of a place in every planting, 
and no home orchard should be without a few trees. 
They should be planted on well-drained land — a 
sandy or clay loam with a clay foundation is well 
adapted. The tree is a vigorous grower, and comes 
Into bearing early. In habit of growth they are 
low and spreading, reaching a height of 15 or 
20 feet, with a spread of branch of about the 
same distance. The leaves are large and handsome. 
The nuts are borne in clusters of fifteen to twenty. 
They have rather thick shells, with sweet, plump 
kernels of very fine quality. They make beautiful 
lawn or shade trees. 

The black walnut is one of our most noteworthy 
native trees. At one time common throughout the 
whole of the Eastern and Central United States, 
It has become a comparatively rare tree in most 
parts of its native home. Its timber, highly prized 
for cabinet work, is more valuable than any other 
native timber. It is also coming into prominence 
as a stock on which to graft and bud the English or 
Persian walnut. The nuts, though thick-shelled, 
are rich, oily, and sweet. The trees grow to a large 
size with wide-spreading branches, making it a 
noticeable tree in any landscape. It is well worth 
planting for its nuts, for its timber, and for its 
beauty as an ornamental shade tree. It succeeds 
best on well-drained land, and should not be planted 
on wet soil. 

Peanuts 

The peanut plant is a "trailing annual," growing 
from 1 to 2 feet high, with pale green, hairy stems 
and spreading branches. It has the peculiar habit 
of maturing its fruit underground. 

Two general varieties are known, the larger 
termed "Virginia hand-picked," and the smaller va- 
riety called Spanish. The former are generally sold 
for roasting and the latter used, shelled, for the 
manufacture of peanut butter, salted peanuts, the 
many candies, and the peanut oil of commerce, 
which is considered preferable to olive oil for table 
use, and is used also by watch-makers and others 
for delicate machinery. 

A long, hot, moist summer, at least five months 
without frost, is demanded by the peanut, and to 
reach perfect condition it should have little rainfall 
at harvest time. It wants a well-balanced soil; too 
much humus makes an excessive growth of vine 
at the expense of the root, while if the soil is poor 
in lime, one will harvest only a crop of empty pods; 
in such case, a ton of quick-lime or three tons of 
marl may be applied to an acre with good results; 
phosphoric acid and potash may be used liberally. 

The peanut should follow a cultivated crop, as 
corn or cotton, and for the benefit of the peanut, 
stable manure should be applied to this previous 
crop. The Spanish peanut is recommended as a 
forage crop, being especially raised for swine. It 
should be harvested before frost, even if grown only 
for fodder. 

Peanuts are sometimes planted in hills, so that 
they may be cultivated both ways; the usual way, 
however, is to plant them in furrows, 3 feet apart, 
dropping the seed by hand at distances of four 
inches to two feet apart in the row. Two bushels 
of seed in the pod will sow an acre. It is best to 
remove the pod before sowing the larger varieties, 
taking great care that the skin is not broken. Sur- 
face cultivation should be given to kill the weeds 
and also to let in the air and rain more freely to 
the roots. 

In harvesting, the tap-root should be cut, using 
a special plow adapted to this purpose, the vines 
may then be carefully lifted with pitchforks and 
later stacked around short poles, where they are left 
for perhaps a fortnight; the pods are then picked off 
by hand and placed in bags to be stored in dry, 
well-ventilated sheds. 



429 



TOOLS REQUIRED BY THE NEW SETTLERS 

Iron Beam Plow to Break Ground, Followed by Subsoil and Other 
Tools Herewith Seen and Mentioned 




STEEL BEAM PLOW 




Siib=soil Plow 




By following the ^w with a sub-soil plow 
the earth can be broken to a depth of from 
j) to 20 inches, giving roots a wider range 
lor food, and the plants are hardly affected 
by excessive 
drought or a 
wet season, 
as the deep 
soil absorbs 
all ihe rain 
like a sponge 
and gradu- 
ally gives ofiE 
moisture 
during dry, 
hot wcathrr. 

th'Jowing^anJ^sub soil"nn^Too"^T,P""''P.'^' ^"'^ accomplishes the work without 
superior pulverization nf Vf-^ ^*' """""V' ''^■'' ^^'? °[ penetration, light draft. 
Th» ^r;„ u , '°" °f "^'^d P^"' perfection of the "mole track" pffpc/ 

to le mche;-fn7t^e' '"^'^ '° ^ f'^P'^ '^^""'i" ^^^ ^^^^^t of Its standard-15 
^.^ io incnes and the two horse plow to the depth of 20 inches. 







Tools hOR Preparing Seed Bed. 

Common on many farms. Wooden drag, tubu- 
lar roller, spring-tooth harrow, disk harrow, 
iplice-tooth harrow, 



It Is Well to 
Know Weights of 
All Farm Products 



WEIGHTS OF A BUSHEL 

Form the Habit «f Learning 
Weight of Every Farm I'roduct 



Scales a 
Convenience 
on the Farm 



Legal and Customary Weights, per Bushel, in Various States 



Anthracite 

Coal. Apples. 



Apples, 
Dried. 



STATE. Coal. Apples. JUrieU. Barley. 

Alabama • -47 . . . . 

Arkan.«as 80 24 ..48. . . . 

California .-50 

Colorado ..48. . . . 

Connecticut ..48. . . . 



Beans. 
. . . (!0 . . 
. . .60. . 



Buck- 
wheat. 
. . .48 



Corn, 
on Cob. 



.GO. 
.00. 



.40. 
.52. 

.48. 



Corn, 
Shelled. 

... 50 

... .50 

. . .52 



Oats. 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 



Delaware 50 



District of Columbia ..47.., 

Florida ..48. . . 

Georgia 80 24 ..47. . 

Idaho -.48. . 

Illinois 80 24 ..48. . . 

Indiana 25 .,48. . 

Iowa 80 48 24 ••48. . 

Kansas 80 24 ..48. . 

Kentucky 76 24 24 ••47. . . 

IjC 



.02 

.00. 



.48. 
.48. , 
.52. , 
.42. , 



00 . 

00 . 

... .00. 
00 . 

00. 



.50. 
.50. 



.44. 



.48. 



.02 



50. . . 

50. .. 

.70 50 . . , 

50 . . , 

.70 50. . . 

.08 56. . , 

.70 50 . . . 

.70 50. . 

. • 56. . 

50 . . 



Maine 

JIaryland 02 

]\Ia.s.«achusetts 48 ..48 60 

Michigan 48 22 ..48 00 

Jlinnesota 28 ••48 60 

Mississippi ..48 00 

Missouri 48 24 ••48 60 

Montana ..48 60 

Nebraska • .48 00 , 

New Hampshire 02. 

New .Jersey 50 25 ••48 

New York ^^48 62 

North Carolina .-48 

North Dakota ..48 60. 

Ohio 48 22 48 60, 

Oklahoma ..48 , 

Oregon 45 46 

Pennsylvania • .47 

Rhode Island 48 

South Carolina 26 48 60, 

South Dakota 48 00. 

Tennessee 50 20 48 60. 

Texas 48 60. 

Vermont 46 48 62. 

Virginia 80 28 48 00. 

Washington 45 48 

West Virginia 48 00. 

Wisconsin 57 28 48 60 . 

• Potatoes 

STATE. Onions. Peaches. Irish. Sweet. Rye 

Alabama 57 00 •''•O 

Arkansas 57 00 50 56, 

California 54. 



48 




50 


48 




50 


48 


70 


56 


50 




56 

.56 



.52. 
.52. 
.52. 



.50. 
.48. 
.50. 
.42. 
.50. 
.42. 
.42. 
.48. 



.56. 
.42. 
.50. 
.42. 
.48. 
.52. 
.42. 
.52. 
.48. 



.70. 
!72'. 



Salt. 

; '.50'.'..'. 



...70. 
Timothy 



.56., 
.56. , 
.56. . 
.56.. 
.56. . 
.58., 
.54. , 
.56. . 
. 56 . . 
.56. , 
.56. . 
.56. . 
.56. . 
.56. . 
.56. . 
. 56 . , 
.56. . 
.56. . 
.56. . 
.50. , 
.56.. 
.56.. 



Turnips. Whe 
. 55 . . 
.57. . 



Colorado 60. 

Connecticut 50 60. 

Delaware 



.50. 
.56. 



District of Columbia 57. . , 

Florida 57 . . 

Georgia 57 . . 

Idaho 

Illinois 57. . . 

Indiana 48. . . 

Iowa 57. . , 

Kansas , 57. . , 

Kentucky 57. . , 

Louisiana 



.38. 



. . .33. 

. . .33. 

33. 

33. 

. . .39. 



.50. 
.00. 
.60. 
.60. 
.60. 
.60. 
.60. 
.60. 
.00. 



.50. 
.50. 
. 56 . 



.56. 



. 45 . 
.45. 
.45. 



.55. 
.55. 
.55. 



.56. 
.56. 
.56. 
.56. 



50 45 . 

50 45. 

50 45 . 

50 45 . 

50 45. 



.55. 
.60. 



Maine 52 

Maryland 40. 

Massachusetts 52 

Michigan 54 28. 

Minnesota 57 28. 

Mississippi 

Missouri 57 33. 

J'ontana 57 

Nebraska 52 33 . 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 57 

New York 



.00. 
.50. 
.00. 
.60. 
.00. 
.60. 
. 00 . 
. 00 . 
.60. 
.00. 
.60. 
.00. 



.45. 



.50. 
.56. 



.54. 



.56. 
.56. 
. 50 . 
. ."lO. 
.56. 
.56. 
. 50 . 
. 50 . 
.50. 
.50. 
. 50 . 



56. 



.56 45. . 

45 . . 

45. . , 

.50 45. . , 

45 . . , 

.50 45. . 



.58. 
.52. 



.42. 
.50. 
.55. 



.45. 
.44. 



North Carolina 50 . . . 

North Dakota 57 00 50. . , 

Ohio 55 48 00 50 50. . , 

Oklahoma 52 00 50. . , 

Oregon 00 50. . . 

Pennsylvania 50 00 56. . , 

Rhode Island .50 00 50. . , 

South Carolina 57 00 50 56. . , 

South Dakota 52 60 56. . . 

Tennessee 50 50 60 50 50. . , 

Texas 57 60 56. . , 

Vermont 52 60 56. . , 

Virginia 57 40 60 56 56. . , 

Washington 60 56. . . 

West Virginia. ... 33 60 56. . . 

Wisconsin 57 28 60 56 . . . 



.42. 
.45. 
.42. 



.60. 
.60. 
.00. 



.42 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.40 

.45 

.45 



.60. 
.50. 
.55. 
.60. 
.56. 



.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.0!O 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 



431 



Garden Tools from Henderson's Implement Catalogue 




432 



Horticultural Implements from Henderson's Catalogue 




433 



Modern Improvement in Tools and Growth of Plants 



The gardens of to-day with 
their long rows instead of beds, need up-to- 
'date tools that will do all of the work with 
the least expenditure of time, labor and 
money. Here are 38 combinations, 
ranging in price from $2.50 to $12.00, 
that answer every need whether 
planting, cultivating, or distrib- 
uting fertilizer. There are 




many attachments for special 
purposes so that each gar- 
dener may find just what he 
wants. 





Combined Harrow 




and Cultivator. 



Price 

Complete 

$5.00 



An all-around, popular, adaptable tooL 
extensively used in cultivatiiif,' sugar 
beets. Hat 
d i a m o n d - 
fihar-ed steel 
teeth with cul- 
tivator point 
foi^ci] on one 
end. They are 
adjustable for 
dept.'i and 

angle. With lever expander, cultivates 34 in. wide and closes to 11. When 

furnished without wheel. Price, $4.50, 





,A Spike-Tooth Haifow with Lever Up. A Smoothiag 
Harrow with Lever Down. 



Tcay partially filled with potatoes for 
eproutiDg. 



434 



Some of the Tools and Helps on the Farm 



Churn, Cream Separator, Grapery, Chicken Coop, and Manure Spreader 




This style of chum proves very eatisfactoiry 
on the average farm 





Cream Separator 



Fig. 78. — GREENHOUSE OB GRAPERY. 




iChicken coop with inclosed and partly covered 
run 




KEMP'S MANCRE SPREADER. 



435 



Implements Used on the Farm, from Henderson's Catalogue 



HAND CARTS. 



HUSKING PINS. 



GRASS SHEARS. 



WINE MILLS. 





SEED SOWERS 

/^. BONE CUTTERS. 





436 



STORAGE OF FARM PRODUCTS 



Community Interests Are Solving the Problem of Proper Care of 

Fruits, Vegetables and Grain — the Last Step Towards 

Putting the Farm on a Business Basis. 

Proper storage, whether for fruits, vegetables or grain, is a topic 
of constantly growing importance to the farmer. Every year cold 
storage is being brought closer to the farm. The farmer knows its 
benefits; he knows that by means of refrigeration crops may be held 
till market conditions are right. He knows that the harvest time is 
not the proper season for realizing good prices for his produce, and 
he knows as well that someone is making an extra profit from holding 
the fruit that he has raised until the normal supply has been used 
and prices have gone up in consequence. Like other business men, 
he wants a fair return for his labor and investment, and through 
individual or community cold-storage plants he is beginning to see 
his way clear to accomplishing his object. 

Of course only on large farms would an individual storage plant 
pay, except in the way of granaries, bins, silos, barns and cellars. 
Artificial refrigeration requires a fairly large output to overcome 
the cost of maintenance. But the community storage plant is easily 
feasible, as has been proved in the case of co-operative grain elevators, 
and in the shipping associations of fruit and vegetable growers in 
many parts of the country. The larger the organization, the greater 
the net profit, but even small communities raising a common crop 
can profitably adapt the scheme to their own use. 

In California — in all the big fruit states — co-operative associations 
of fruit-growers are taking over for themselves the responsibilities 
as well as the profits of proper handling, holding and selling of 
perishable farm products. The orange and lemon growers of Cali- 
fornia are banded together in sucli a mutually helpful organization. 
The growers of early vegetables, both there and in Florida and other 
southern states, are falling in line. In the East, the cranberry industry 
is organized on much the same basis, and in many Michigan localities 
peaches are marketed and handled in this economical fashion. 

Branch cold-storage plants are being installed in the smaller mar- 
ket towns as feeders for the big centers of consumption. Farmers are 
being encouraged to buy storage when the market price of farm 
products is too low to tempt selling. The commission man is hiring 



437 



Storage of Farm Products — Continued 



out liis services as an expert in the storage of fruit, selling storage 
to tlie farmer who wants to take his own chances on the market. 

There was a time, not so many years ago, when the average 
farmer raised only fruit for home use. The surplus was sold when 
ripe — if at all — at ridiculous prices, or left to rot on the ground. 
Apples brought twenty to fift}^ cents the bushel direct from the 
orchard; by the holidays the price was out of sight and few to be 
bought at any price. That was before the day of commercial refrig- 
eration. Now the situation has changed. Prices continue to be low 
when the crop matures; prices soar through the winter; but apples 
are nevertheless plentiful. The profit goes to the man who takes the 
risk — the commission man who has a storage plant to conserve the 
fruit till market conditions are right. 

But conditions are again changing. Everywhere farmers are 
beginning to demand their fair share of the profits, willing at the 
same time to bear their fair share of the risk. A number of circum- 
stances have made the new condition possible. New and economical 
methods of refrigeration — smaller and cheaper plants nearer the farm 
or on it. Easier and cheaper means of distribution. The parcel post 
system is making an easy path direct from producer to consumer, 
and the express companies are offering like inducements. It is now 
profitable to ship in smaller and smaller quantities. The small fruits, 
eggs, butter, vegetables, etc., find a ready market in the city, trans- 
ported at a rate that leaves a margin. 

But for the larger fruits, the parcel post or express shipment is 
not so practical. Moreover, the harvest season comes but once, while 
the demand continues the year round, prices improving steadily out 
of season. The longer the farmer is able to hold his fruit, the better 
his profit. In progressive communities associations are being formed 
to install storage plants, refrigeration centers, sales agencies. An 
expert is put in charge, the expenses being taken care of pro rata. 
The local manager is in touch with markets, prices, the condition of 
the produce. His employers realize a good profit on his services. 

But the members of the association must know something about 
the storing of fruit so that it may reach the plant in condition best 
adapted for long keeping. A few directions along this line may prove 
of value. 

Apples, Pears, Peaches. These fruits usually should be fully 
grown and highly colored to give the best keeping and commercial 
qualities. Apjoearance counts a great deal in determining price, but 



438 



Storage of Farm Products — Continued 



fruit will stay sound longer and be freer from scald and rot if thor- 
oughly ripe. However, fruit from rapidly growing young trees is 
likely to be overgrown and often needs picking earlier. Picking over 
the trees several times may be necessary to get uniformity, but it 
pays. It pays to grade fruit according to size, color and quality. 
Imperfect fruit rots more quickly and soon contaminates the rest. 
Bruised fruit should be sorted out. 

The fruit should be stored as quickly as possible after picking. 
The ripening which takes place between picking and storage shortens 
the life of the fruit, especially if the weather is hot. In the storage 
plant the fruit should be kept at a temperature of 31 to 32 degrees. 
Wrapping the fruit holds the color and prevents wilting and bruising. 
Keeping the fruit closely packed in closed boxes or barrels helps; 
ventilation hastens rot. 

Small Fruit. As a rule small fruit, berries, etc., are not held in 
cold storage more than a few da^'s. For this purpose a temperature 
of 36 to 40 degTees is satisfactory. To keep for any great length of 
time the fruit must be thoroughly frozen. It is well to remember 
that such fruit rapidly deteriorates after being removed from refrig- 
eration, and that the best results are obtained when the fruit is merely 
cooled for quick sale. Small fruit that is carefully sorted and graded 
finds better and easier sale. Bruising of fruit is minimized by making 
the commercial package as small as possible. 

As a rule, berries, currants, cherries, etc., should be picked when 
well matured and fully colored, but while still firm. The same condi- 
tions hold true regarding grapes, cranberries, the smaller plums, etc. 

Pre-cooling of Fruit. In order to assist the shipper, pre-cooling 
plants have been established at nearly all large shipping stations, so 
that the fruit may be cooled before packing. After being placed in 
crates or boxes or barrels, the cooling is necessarily very slow, and 
much deteriorization may result before the car refrigeration is complete 
enough to arrest it. It cannot be too strongly emphasized that reduced 
temperature is necessary for the proper keeping of perishable products, 
even when fruit is separately w^rapped, packed in sawdust, or other- 
wise protected, and the initial cooling is a very essential part of 
the process. Packed fruit will stay warm or will stay cool a long time. 

Vegetables. As a rule vegetables are not so delicate and there is 
much better chance of reviving wilted shipments. Many of the coarser 
vegetables, too — potatoes, turnips, squashes, pumpkins, etc., unless 



439 



Storage of Farm Products — Continued 



designed for long keeping, do not require any extra precautions save 
protection from bruising, freezing and dampness. Of these the last 
is especially important. Potatoes should be thoroughly dry before 
being packed for shipping; any care in the way of cleaning, sorting, 
etc., pays in higher price per bushel. 

Fresh vegetables as a rule should be packed closely, where possible, 
with roots or tops left on. Lettuce keeps better where not trimmed 
too closely, although properly bleached head lettuce brings a higher 
price when trimmed. Bunch stuff sells more easily and brings better 
prices than bulk, but requires more careful handling and a readier 
market. Pod peas and beans should be boxed in commercial quan- 
tities — the less any vegetable is handled the better its appearance 
and condition. 

Grains. No farmer needs instruction in the storing of grain, 
and the method of shipping is familiar enough. The grain should 
be thoroughly ripe, thoroughly dry, and should be kept in a place 
not subject to great variations of temperature and away from all 
dampness. Proper ventilation is necessary, but water is the greatest 
grain enemy. Most of the grain of the country is now stored in 
elevators, one or more being located in or near every grain-producing 
community. Many of these elevators are co-operative in their nature, 
the expense being borne proportionately. As a rule, the farmer stores 
on his farm only his stock food and seeding grain. 

Co-operation in the handling and sale of fruit, vegetables and 
grain. Inasmuch as under the mixed-crop system few farmers raise 
enough of any one kind of fruit or vegetable to make an individual 
refrigeration plant very profitable, co-operative organizations are 
coming into favor. Occasionally it is cheaper to use the branch com- 
mission house for this purpose when the amount shipped at any one 
time is small. Only when the agriculture of a community is of one 
kind would any extensive plant pay. But in the grape districts, the 
apple regions, the peach and pear and truck-farming regions, such 
an organization meets a real need. Some of the benefits derived are 
quickly apparent to the farmer whose fruit has barely paid hauling 
expenses because of poor condition on arrival. Car-lot shipments of 
perfectly kept produce are cheaper to handle and bring better prices. 
Such an association, too, has a tendency to improve the quality of 
the fruit and vegetables offered for pale, and it certainly enables the 
farmer to realize his fair share of the profits derived from holding 
his crop for advantageous market conditions. 



440 



Index to 1,000 Subjects 



A 

Subject Pagre 

Abronia 20G 

Acre, Product of 241 

Acre, Vegetables, Profits 241 

Acrolinium 2GG 

Adirondacks, Mountains N. Y..140 

Adonis 206 

Adromoda, Tree 303 

Advancing Cost, Living 239 

Ageratum 2G6 

Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tions 240 

Agriculture, Growth of 237 

Air Produces Plants 243 

Alaska, Distances 15 

Alaska, Frost Depth 15 

Alaska, Gold Mining 15 

Alaska Towns 14 

Alfalfa 381 

Advantages, Alfalfa Crop... 383 
Carefully Prepare Seed-Bed. .382 

Clipping Young Alfalfa 382 

Compare Corn Alfalfa 383 

Don't Mow Too Low 383 

Earth from Old Field 383 

Field Management 383 

Good Seed Important 382 

Grows Well All Sections 381 

Inoculation 382 

Land After Crop 382 

Many Names 381 

Method of Seeding 382 

Penetrate Soil Deeper 383 

Secure Crop Quickly.- 382 

Seeding 381 

Seeding in August 382 

Several Crops a Year 381 

Soil Conditions Necessary .. .381 

Soil Preparing, The 381 

Time of Seeding 382 

Time to Cut Alfalfa 382 

Where Will Grow Best 381 

Alligator Pears 405 

Althea, Tree 305 

Alyssum 2GG 

Amaranthus 2GG 

America, North 6 

America, North, Map. 6 

America, South .9 

Ampelopsis 206 

Anconas, Poultry Breed 346 

Andalusians, Poultry, Blue. . . .346 

Angora Goat 33G 

Antidotes for Poison 420 

Antirrhinum 266 

Apples 306 

Apple Tree, Broad 303 

Apple Tree, Old 304 

Apricots, Fruit 404 

Arkansas River 8 

Artichoke, Vegetable 245 

Artificial Brooding, Poultry. . .344 

Artificial Manures 238 

Ayrshire, Breed Cattle 325 

Ashes as Fertilizers 407 

Asparagus, Roots, Vegetable. . .245 
Aster 26G 



B 

Subject Page 

Bachelor's Button, Flower. .. .206 

Back to Land 236 

Balsam Fir 303 

Balsam, Flower 26G 

Balsam Pear, Flower 200 

Bananas, Fruit 403 

Bantams 340 

Bantams, Buff 34G 

Bantams, Cochin, Fowl 347 

Bantams, Japanese 350 

Barley, Grain 378 

Bartonia, Flower 266 

Beans, Dwarf, Lima, 

Vegetable 246 

Beans, Dwarf, Vegetable 245 

Beans, Lima, Vegetable 245 

Beans, Pole, Vegetable 246 

Beans, Vegetable 245 

Beautiful Homes 286 

Bee Keeping 372 

Avoid Stings, How 372 

Bees, Different Races 373 

Bees Help Fruit 372 

Comb Honey 374 

Extracted Honey 374 

Hive to Adopt 373 

Location of Stands 373 

Maxims, Bee Keepers' 375 

Natural Swarming 373 

Obtaining Surplus Honey.... 374 
Particulars About Business. .372 

Pasturage for Bees 374 

Prevention of Swarming. .. .373 

Production of Wax 374 

Profits, the Business 372 

Swarming 373 

Beech Tree 305 

Beet, Vegetable 246 

Begonia, F16wer 266 

Bermuda Islands 9 

Birch Canoe, Tree 303 

Birch, Cut-leaved, Tree 303 

Blackberries, Fruit 400 

Black Hills, S. Dak 186 

Black Javas, Poultry 349 

Blood, Dried, Fertilizer 388 

Bloodhound, Dog 366 

Blueberries, Fruit 401 

Bluegrass, Kentucky 365 

Bone Meal, Fertilizer 388 

Borecole, Vegetable 246 

Botanical Gardens, Landscape. 316 

Brahmas, Dark 346 

Brahmas Light, Fowl 303 

Brocoli, Vegetable 246 

Brooder, Poultry 344 

Broomcorn 404 

Browallia, Flower 267 

Brown Red Games, Poultry .. .348 
Brussels Sprouts, Vegetable. . .246 

Buckeyes, Fowl 347 

Buckwheat 379 

Buff Cochin Bantam, Fowl.... 346 

Buff Cochins, Fowl 347 

Buildings and Yards, Poultry.. 339 

Butter 327 

Buttercups, Fowl 347 



c 

Subject Page 

Cabbage, Vegetable 246 

Calendula, Flower 267 

Calliopsis, Flower 267 

Campines, Fowl 346 

Campines, Silver 347 

Canada Thistles 408 

Canadian, Dominion 7 

Canary Vine, Flower 267 

Candy Tuft, Flower 267 

Canna, Flower 267 

Canterbury Bell, Flower 267 

Carnation, Flower 267 

Carrot, Vegetable 247 

Catchfly, Flower 267 

Cattle, Cruel Treatment 331 

Cattle Manure, Shredded ..388 

Cattle, Points Judging. .. .328-329 

Cauliflower, Vegetable 247 

Cecalia, Flower 267 

Celeriae, Vegetable 247 

Celery, Vegetable 247 

Celosia, Flower 267 

Centranthus, Flower 267 

Cherries, Fruit 397 

Chicory, Vegetable 248 

Chrysanthemum, Flower 267 

Citron, Vegetable 248 

City Family on Farm 414 

City Gardens 307 

Clarkia, Flower 267 

Clematis, Flower 368 

Cliff Dwellings, Arizona 17 

Climbers, Mixed, Flower 268 

Clintonia, Flower 268 

Clover 305 

Coarse Bone, Fertilizer 388 

Coboea, Flower 268 

Cochin, Buff, Fowl 347 

Cochins, Fowl 347 

Cochins, Partridge 347 

Coleus, Flower 268 

Colony, Lost 150 

Colorado, Famous Resorts 31 

Colorado Towns 28 

Columbine, Flower 268 

Comphrena, Flower 283 

Conservatory, Modern 413 

Convolvulus Minor, Flower. .. .268 

Copyright 2 

Corn 377,385 

Corn, Prize of .$500 385 

Corn Salad 248, 256 

Corn, Samples of 413 

Corn, Shelled Bushels 385 

Corn, Vegetable 248 

Cosmos, Flower 268 

Cottages, Beautiful Surround- 
ings 309 

Cotton Raising, Cost 116, 378 

Country, for Children 314 

Cow, Care Given, Champion. . .327 

Cow, Champion 1914 327 

Cow, Greatest Producers 327 

Coxcomb, Flower 268 

Cozy Cottages 309 

Crab Apples, Fruit 401 

Cranberries, Fruit 404 



441 



Subject Pagre 

Cress, Vegetable -'48 

Crevecoeurs, Fowl 347 

Cruel Checking Horses 324 

Cruelties to Horses 323 

Cruelties and Kindness 434 

Cuba 9 

Cucumber, Vegetable 248 

Cultivating Vacant Lots 241 

Currants, Fruit 400 



Dahlia, Flower 268 

Daisy, Double 268 

Dandelion, Vegetable 249 

Datura, Flower 268 

Death to Insects 395 

Depot Surroundings Beautiful .313 

Destroy Insects 390 

Dewberries, Fruit 404 

Dianthus, Flower 268 

Disk, Harrow 420 

Distances, Alaska 15 

Distances, Foreign Cities 6 

Distances, From Cities 38 

District of Columbia 99 

Divisions of Earth 5 

Dogs on Farm 424 

Dogs, 48 Breeds 366 

Domestic Pets 370 

Dominique, American 349 

Dominiques. Fowl 347 

Dorkings, Colored. Fowl 347 

Dorkings, Silver Gray, Fowl... 347 

Dorset SheeP 235 

Drains, Material for 242 

Drains, Proper, Garden 242 

Dry Farming 390 

Dry Farming, Depth to Plow.. 390 

Dry Farming, Directions 390 

Dry Farming, Soil for 390 

Dry Farming, When Feasible. .390 

Dry Farming, When Plow 390 

Duck Feeding '.357 

Duck, White Pekin 356 

Ducklings, Care of 356 

Ducklings, Hatching 357 

Ducklings, When Salable 356 

Ducks, Buildings for Breeding. 356 

Ducks, for Market 355 

Ducks, Twelve Breeds 356 

Ducks, "When Salable 356 

Ducks, Without Water 356 



E 



Egg-Plant, Vegetable 249 

Eggs, Cold Storage 360 

Eggs, Flavor of 353 

Eggs, For Hatching 361 

Eggs, For Setting 361 

Eggs, Gather Often 353 

Eggs, Gather Twice Daily 353 

Eggs Laid, Number 1 Year.... 339 

Eggs, Lime Water 360 

Eggs, Preserving 360 

Eggs, Selection of 342 

Eggs, Soft Shelled 364 

Eggs, Testing 361 

Eggs, Water Glass 360 

Electoral Vote 235 

Elm 413 

Elm, English 304 

Emmer, Grain 404 

Endive, Vegetable 249 

English Thoroughbred Horse. .319 

Eschscholtzia, Flower 268 

Experiment Stations, List 240 



F 

Subject Page 

Family Dog 424 

Famished Cow 331 

Farm Helps 436 

Farm Tools, Large 425 

Farmers, 500 Bulletins 412 

Fat-Tailed Sheep 235 

Fattening Young Geese 355 

Faverolles, Poultry Breed 347 

Feed, Fattening Poultry 361 

Feeding Chicks 344 

Feeding Fowls 341 

Feeding Setting Hen 342 

Feeding Stock, Manure Bene- 
fits 389 

Fertilizers, Commercial 391 

Fertilizers, 7 Kinds 387 

Fertilizers, 18 Kinds 388 

Fertilizers and Spraying 391 

Figs 401 

Five Acres, Ornamented 309 

Flax 380 

Floods, How Prevent 412 

Flowering Currant, Shrub 303 

Flowers, Varieties, Culture. .. .274 

Foods, Comparisons 419 

Forage Crops 383 

Forget-me-not, Flower 268 

Fountain, Suburban Grounds.. 314 

Four o'clock. Flower 269 

Fowl, Silky 349 

Fowls, Colored by Food 354 

Fox Glove, Flower 269 

Fox Tail Millet, Grass 365 

Frizzles, Poultry Breed 348 

Frost Bite, Fowls, Cure 352 

Frost, Depth, Alaska 15 

Frost, Escape Injury 427 

Frost, Methods Preventing. .. .427 
Frost, Temperatures Injurious. 427 

Fruit Bearing Period 427 

Fruit Bearing Table 427 

Fruit, Growing 396 

Fuchsia, Flower 269 

Future of Horse 321 



6 



Gailardia, Flower 269 

Galloway Cattle 326 

Games, Black Sumatra 348 

Games, Cornish Indian 348 

Games, Different Fowls 348 

Games, Fowls 349 

Games, Red Pyle 348 

Games, The Pit . 348 

Gapes, Cause 352 

Garden Associations, Benefits. .241 

Gardening, Market 393 

Half Acre Hotbeds 393 

How Be Successful 393 

How Much Plant 393 

How Spray Potatoes 393 

Locate Near City 393 

Profitable Hotbeds 393 

What Sells Best 393 

What to Plant 393 

Gardening, Moisture Necessary .242 

Garden Tools 435 

Garden Tools, Latest 435 

Garden Tools. Modern 432 

Geese, Fattening Young. ..... .365 

Geese, Good Setters 355 

Geese, Management of 354 

Geese, Standard Breeds 355 

Geese, Toulouse 354 

General Index 4 

Geranium, Flower 269 



Subject Page 

Gestation, Average Period 419 

Gherkin 404 

Giving Credit 412 

Gladiolus 269 

Globe Amaranth, Flower 269 

Godetia, Flower 269 

Gold, First California 27 

Gold Mining, Alaska 15 

Golden Arbor, Trees 303 

Golden-barked Linden, Tree. . .304 
Golden Seabright Bantam, 

Poultry 346 

Golden Seabright Bantams. .. .346 
Golden Wyandottes, Poultry .. .353 

Gooseberries, Fruit 400 

Gourds, Vegetable 249 

Grain, Price Bushel 240 

Grain, Wheat 376 

Grape, Fruit 397 

Grapes 399 

Grasses, Brown Grass 365 

Canada Blue 365 

Clover, Alfalfa 381 

Creeping Bent 365 

Crested Dogs Tail 365 

English Rye 365 

Hay 378 

Italian Rye 365 

Japanese Millet 365 

Kentucky Blue Grass 365 

Lippia 379 

Meadow Fox Tail 365 

Orchard Grass 365 

Red Top 365 

Rhode Island Bent 365 

Rice 365 

Sheep's Fescue 365 

Slender Fescue 365 

Timothy, Herd's Grass 365 

Wood Meadow Grass 365 

Green Bone, Poultry 361 

Green Mountains 207 

Greenland 7 

Grit, Necessary, Hens 361 

Ground Bone, Fertilizer 388 

Guatemala 9 

Guavas 398 

Guernsey, Sale Described 327 

Guineas, Fowls 348 

Gypsophila 269 



H 

Hamburgs, Fowl 349 

Hamiltonian Horse 319-320 

Hardwood Ashes, Fertilizer. . .388 

Harvest Time, Everywhere 6 

Hatching by Hens 341 

Hatching by Incubator 343 

Hay 378 

Hay Loader 419 

Hayti 6 

Helichrysum, Flower 269 

Heliotrope 269 

Heliotrope, Flower 269 

Hemp 404 

Hen, Cost of Feeding 361 

Hen, Hatching by 341 

Hens, Flavor, Eggs 352 

Hens, Frost Bite 352 

Hens, How Feed 341 

Hens' Nests, Location 353 

Hens' Nests, Size of 353 

Hens, Number Females 360 

Hens, Overcrowding 360 

Hens' Perches 360 

Hens, Separate Houses 357 

Hens, Setting 357 

Hens, Setting 359 



442 



Subject Page 

Herbs, Sweet Medicinal 24!) 

Herbs, Vegetables -4!) 

Hereford, Cattle 320 

Hibiscus 269 

Hibiscus, Flower 269 

Hill's Cottage Grounds 309 

Hill's Back to the Land 1 

Hill's Ornamental Grounds. .. .309 

Hillside, Steep, Improved 311 

Hogs, Different Breeds 337 

Holderness Cattle 32G 

Hollyhock 269 

Holstein Cattle 325 

Homes, Beautiful 280 

Homes, Palatial 310 

Honduras 9 

Honduras, Country 9 

Honey Locust, Tree 303 

Honeysuckle 270 

Honeysuckle, Flower 270 

Hops 379 

Horse Radish 404 

Horses, 12 Breeds 319 

A Good Feed 321 

American Running 319-320 

Arabian 319-320 

Ass, Bible Mention 319-320 

Breaking Wild Horse 321 

Cleveland Bay 319-320 

Clydesdale 319-320 

English Thoroughbred 319 

Foolish, Cruel Checking 324 

Gentle Treatment Im- 
portant 321 

Hamiltonian 319-320 

Horse Cruelly Treated 323 

How Get Best 321 

Morgan 319-320 

Mule 319-320 

Mustang 319-320 

Percheron 319-320 

Points of Horse 322 

Shetland Pony 319-320 

Space for Rolling 322 

Stable Cleanliness 321 

Weaning and Training 321 

When Blanket 322 

Horses, Different Breeds 319 

Hot Springs, Ark 23 

Hotbed, How to Make 425 

Houdans, Fowl 340 

Hounds, Blood — 3 Hounds ... .300 

Hounds, Four 300 

Humane Feeding, Horses. .... .413 

Hyacinth Bean 270 

Hyacinth Bean, Flower 270 

Hydrophobia 424 



Iceland, Country 7 

Ice Plant 270 

Incubation, Average Period... 405 

Incubator Cellar 301 

Insect Destroyer, Arsenate of 

Lead 390 

Insect Destroyers. Insecti- 
cides 394 

Insect, Destruction 390 

Insect Destruction, Insecti- 
cides 394 

Insect Destruction, Poisonous 

Bait 390 

Insect Destruction, Spray 390 

Insecticides 394 

Effectual Insect Destroyers. .394 

Forty Kinds Poisons 304 

How Destroy Insects 394 

Insects, Pests 863 



Subject Page 

Irrigated Land Values 64-81 

Irrigation, Government Map.... 04 

Irrigation, Instruction 125 

Irrigation, Land Offices 67 

Irrigation Projects, Wyoming. 227 
Irrigation, Where Originated. . .30 

Irish Juniper Tree 304 

Isthmus of Panama 9 

Ivy, English 270 



Japan Podocarpus, Tree 305 

Japanese Hop 270 

Japanese Weeping Sophora. . . .302 

Javas, Fowls 349 

Jersey Cattle 325 



Kanit, German Potash, Soft. . .388 
Kerosene Emulsion, Spray. . . .390 

Kohl-rabi 249 

Kumquats, Fruit 398 



Labrador 8 

La Fleche, Fowl 350 

Lakenveiders, Fowl 349 

Land Monopoly, Stopping 241 

Land Office, List 240 

Land Plaster 388 

Land Plaster 407 

Land Prices: 

Alabama 12 

Arkansas 23 

Connecticut 35 

Delaware 36 

Idaho 49 

Maryland 101 

Massachusetts 105 

Mississippi 117 

Missouri 121 

Montana 124 

Nebraska 129 

Nevada 131 

North Dakota 155 

Oklahoma 105 

Oregon 108 

Texas 197 

Land, Vacant, Public 239 

Langshans, Black Asiatics. .. .349 

Langshans, Black Fowl 349 

Langshans, Buff 349 

Langshans, Buff, Fowl 349 

Langshans, Poultry 349 

Langshans, White 349 

Langshans, White, Fowl 350 

Lantana, Flower 270 

Larkspur, Flower 270 

Leek, Vegetable 250 

Leghorns 350 

Leghorns, Rose Comb Brown.. 350 
Leghorns, Rose Comb White. .350 
Leghorns, Single Comb Brown. 350 
Leghorns, Single Comb Buff.. 350 
Leghorns, Single Comb White. 350 

Legislatures, Facts About 235 

Leicester Sheep 334 

Lemons, Fruit 398 

Lettuce, Vegetable 250 

Lice, How Prevent 344 

Lick Observatory, California. . .27 

Lilies, Flower 270 

Lilies of Valley, Flower 270 

Lime for Poultry 352 



Subject Page 

Lime Hydrated 388 

Limes 398 

Lincoln Sheep 235 

Linum, Flower 270 

Lippia, Soil Binder 379 

Lobelia, Flower 270 

Local Land Office 239 

Loganberries 401 

Lupin, Flower 270 

Lychnis, Flower 270 

M 

Mackenzie River 7 

Malays, Fowl 350 

Mall, The, Washington 317 

Mammoth Cave, Ky 89 

Manure, Best 243 

Manure, Composts 389 

Manure, Loss of Value 389 

Manure, Management of 389 

Manure, Use of 389 

Manures, Barnyard 389 

Benefit Feeding Stock 389 

Composts 389 

Loss, Wasting Manure 389 

Management Manure 389 

Use of Manure 389 

Manures, Wasting Loss From. 389 

Marigold, Flower 270 

Marketing Poultry 364 

Mash Feeding, Poultry 363 

Maurandia, Flower 270 

Melons, Rockyfords 30 

Merino Sheep 235 

Mexico 9 

Mignonette, Flower 283 

Milk and Butter 327 

Milk for Poultry 364 

Millions Invested 362 

Minorcas, Black Fowl 350 

Minorcas, Fowl, Black 350 

Minorcas, White 350 

Minorcas, White, Fowl 350 

Mint 249 

Mississippi River 8 

Missouri River 8 

Model Horned Cattle 325 

Model Polled Cattle 326 

Modern Garden Tools 432 

Molting Early Desirable 364 

Moon Flower 283 

Morgan Horse 319-320 

Morning Glory, Flower 283 

Mossy Cupped Turkey Oak, 

Tree 303 

Mountain View, Possibilities. .317 
Mountains, Pictures, as Possi- 
bilities 317 

Mourning Bride, Flower 283 

Mulberries 401 

Mule 319-320 

Muriate of Potash 388, 

Blushrooms 379 

Musk Melon 250 

Musk Melon, Vegetable 250 

Musk Plant, Flower 283 

Mustang Pony 319-320 

Mustard 250 

Mustard, Salad 250 



N 



Nasturtium, Flower 283 

Nature's Preparation 428 

Nectarines, Fruit 401 

Neighborhood Conjointly Im- 
proved 315 



443 



Subject Paffe 

Neighbors' Lawns 316 

Nesting- Box, Poultry 342 

Nests, Hens, Location of 353 

•Nests, Size of 353 

Newfoundland 8 

Niagara Falls, N. Y 146 

Nicaragua 9 

Nicotiana, Flower 283 

Nigella, Flower 283 

Nitrate of Soda 388 

North America, Map 6 

Norway 7 

Nosebag Abolished 413 

Nova Scotia 8 

Nuts, Almonds, Pecans 429 

Nuts, Chestnuts, Walnuts 429 

Nuts, Cocoanuts 380 

Nuts, Peanuts 429 



Oats 378 

Oblate Apple Tree 305 

Oblate Dwarf Evergreen Tree. 304 

Oblate Dwarf, Tree 303 

Ohio River 9 

Okra 250 

Oldest House, U. S 139 

Oldest Town in U. S 139 

Old White Oak 304 

Olives, Fruit 401 

Onions 250 

Onion Sets 250 

Orange Quince Tree 303 

Oranges, Fruit 397 

Orchard Blessing, Poem 396 

Ornamental Trees, 43 Vari- 
eties 289 

Orpington Single Comb Buff. .351 

Orpingtons, Black 351 

Orpingtons, Diamond Jubilee.. 351 

Orpingtons, White 351 

Oval Flattened Elm, Tree 304 



Panama Territory 9 

Pansy 283 

Papaws 403 

Park View, Washington 317 

Parsley 263 

Parsnip 263 

Partridge Cochins 347 

Passion Flower 283 

Peaches 396 

Peacocks 351 

Pears 397 

Peas, Garden 263 

Peen-to Peaches 405 

Peonies 283 

Pepper 263 

Pepper-Grass 380 

Percheron Horse 319-320 

Perches, Nests, Poultry 340 

Persimmons 398 

Petrified Forest, California 27 

Petrified Forests, Arizona 17 

Petunia 283 

Phlox 283 

Picturesque Grounds 317 

Pineapples 402 

Pink 284 

Plans, Home Grounds 288 

Plant Food, House Plants 388 

Plant Food, Lawns 388 

Plants, Acre Contains 405 

Plants from Air 243 

Plants in Vases 309 



Subject Pase 

Plants, Ornamental 313 

Pleasure Resorts 317 

Plow, When, Depth 230 

Plowing Loosens Soil 242 

Plums 397 

Plymouth Rocks, Barred 351 

Plymouth Rocks, Buff 351 

Plymouth Rocks, Columbian . .351 
Pocahontas, Descendants of... 210 

Points Describing Cattle 329 

Points of Fowl 345 

Pomegranates 398 

Pop-Corn 380 

Poppy 284 

Population Rapidly Increases. 234 

Population United States 234 

Pork, Cost Producing 233 

Portulaca . ; 284 

Possibilities, Wild Scenery 317 

Potash Compounds 388 

Potatoes, Amount Acre 387 

Potatoes, Plant, Cultivate 386 

Potatoes, Prize of ,$200 387 

Potatoes, Sweet, Irish 380 

Poultry: 

Partridge Plymouth Rocks.. 352 

Pea Comb White Rocks 352 

Silver Penciled Rocks 352 

"V^'hite Crested Black Polish. 352 

"U^hite Plymouth Rocks 352 

Poultry Buildings 339 

Poultry Business Good 362 

Poultry Business Open 363 

Poultry, Condensed Table 232 

Poultry, Disabled People 362 

Poultry, Equipment Necessary .340 

Poultry, Hatchable Eggs 342 

Poultry Periods, Incubation .. .341 

Poultry Raising 339 

Poultry, What Breed 341 

Prices, Grains 240 

Primrose 284 

Primula 284 

Profitable California Acre 241 

Profit One Acre 241 

Protecting Fruit, When Spray. 428 

Pumpkin 263 

Pyrethrum 284 



Quince 398 



R 



Radish 263 

Raspberries 404 

Reaper and Binder 419 

Rear Yards, Beautiful 312 

Red Caps, Fowl 352 

Red River 8 

Rhubarb 264 

Rice 380 

Rio Grande River 9 

Rockery 312 

Rose Comb Leghorn 350 

Rose Comb Reds 353 

Roselle 405 

Roses 284 

Rutabaga 264 

Rye 378 



Salaries of Governors 235 

Salpiglossis, Flower 284 

Salsify, Vegetable :261, 264 



Subject Pagre 

Salt and Bran SCO 

Salvia, Flower 284 

Sanitary Conveniences, 

Poultry 363 

Saponaria, Flower 284 

Sassafras Tree 305 

Scarlet Oak 303 

Scarlet Runner, Flower 285 

Schizanthus, Flower 285 

Scratching Shed, Hens 360 

Sensitive Plant, Flower 285 

Setters and Non-Setters 360 

Setting Hen 359 

Setting, Stop Desire 357 

Seventy Different Breeds, 

Fowls 339 

Several Crops Yearly 381 

Sheep Food, Table 232 

Sheep Manure, Pulverized 387 

Sheep on Prairie Farms 333 

Dry Yards 333 

Food and Fattening 333 

Fresh Water Necessary 333 

How Thrive Best 333 

Pasturage 333 

Profits, Sheep Raising 333 

Protection from Dogs 338 

Should Have Shelter 333 

Summer Management 333 

Winter Care 333 

Shell Bark Hickory 305 

Shetland Pony 319, 320 

Short Horn Cattle 326 

Shropshire Sheep 336 

Shrubs, Lawn Beautifiers 311 

Siberia 7 

Silo, View of 384 

Advantage Corn Silage 385 

Cost of Silo 384 

Expense for Silage 385 

Feeding Value Silage 385 

How Make 384 

Materials, Construction 384 

Necessary Size 384 

Silage Grain Mixture 385 

Silage Required Daily 385 

Where Best Locate 384 

Silver Spangled Hens 349 

Single Comb Brown 350 

Single Comb Buff 350 

Single Comb White 350 

Single Tax Described 241 

Six Spaniels 368 

Small Farms, Advantages 241 

Snowdrop Tree 302 

Soap Solution, Spray 390 

Soda, Nitrate of 407 

Soil, Make Firm 244 

Soils, Exhausted, Renovated. .228 

Soot, Insect Destroyer 387 

Sorghum 380 

Southdown Oxford, Sheep 334 

Southdown Sheep 336 

Soy Bean 401 

Spanish Fowl, Black 346 

Spitzbergen 7 

Spray Four Times 392 

Cost Each Time 392 

Cost per Tree 392 

Power Sprayer Cheapest ... .392 

Spraying Done Quickly 392 

Spraying Improves Foliage. .392 

Total Cost 392 

Worth per Tree 392 

Spraying 891 

Avoid Wormy Fruit 391 

Chemistry of Soils 391 

Commercial Fertilizers 391 

Cost of ' 391 

Discoveries, Fifty Years 391 



444 



'1 



Subject rage 

Fruit Trees 3U1 

General Directions 391 

Orchard 391 

Jlanurial Constituents 391 

Nitrogen In Air 391 

Successful Fruit Growers. . .391 

Spring "Wheat 37C 

Sprouted Oats, Poultry 364 

Squab Raisers, Points for 359 

Squab Raising 350 

Squabs, Housing, Feeding 359 

Squabs, 24 Hours Old 359 

Squash, Vegetable 264 

Stairway, Ornamental Grounds.310 

Stake Support for Trees 304 

Sterilized Milk 327 

St. Lawrence River 8 

Stock Flower 285 

Storage of Crops 437 

Strawberries 406 

Strawberries, Bearing Period.. 427 
Strawberries, Winter Produc- 
tion 407 

Suburban Residence, Elaborate.313 

Sultans Poultry 353 

Sumatra Games Poultry 348 

Summer Home Grounds 315 

Summer House Location 316 

Sunflower 285, 401 

Surinam Cherry 405 

Swedish Juniper 303 

Sweet Peas, Flower 285 

Sweet Rocket, Flower 285 

Sweet William, Flower 285 

Swine: 

Berkshire 337 

Cheshire 338 

Chester White 337 

Chinese 338 

Different Breeds of Hogs. . . .337 

Essex 337 

Jersey Red 337 

Poland China 337 

Small White Yorkshire 338 

Suffolk 337 

Yorkshire 338 

Swiss Pine 305 

T 

Taming Fowls 304 

Tea, South Carolina 182 

Technical Terms 421 



Subject Pagre 

Telling Sex, Poultry 364 

Temperatures of Weather 426 

Temperatures; Warmest, 

Arizona 420 

Coldest, Alaska 426 

Steadily Warmest 426 

Terrace Grounds Ornamented. 308 
Thomas Circle, Washington .. .315 

Thunbergia, Flower 285 

Tobacco 378 

Tobacco Water, Spray 390 

Tomatoes 264 

Tool Combination 433 

Tools, Improved Garden 433 

Common, Useful 436 

First Settler 430 

Transportation, Cattle Illus- 
trated 331 

Trees, Big 27 

Trees, Climate Adapted 290 

Trees, Directions, Planting. .. .289 

for Districts 290 

for Parks 307 

Trees, How Set , . 289 

Trees, Large Variety 308 

Trees, Numerous Kinds 289 

Trif oliata 398 

Tuberculin, Liquid 327 

Turkeys, Names, Breeds 358 

Egg-Laying 358 

Growing Poults 359 

Hatching 359 

Hiding Nests 358 

Origin 358 

Preferred Weight 358 

Range Necessary 350 

Roosting Places 358 

Selection Stock 358 

Turkeys, Standard Varieties. . .358 

Turnip 265 

Twelve Terrier Dogs 369 

Two-Acre Garden 307 



Umbrella Magnolia Tree 305 

Uneven Land Beautified 308 

United States, Area 235 

Facts About 235 

Land Offlces 240 

Population 235 



V 

Subject Tagre 

Vacant Lot Cultivation 241 

Variety Ornamental Plants. .. .317 

Vegetable Garden 242 

Vegetables, Forty Varieties. . .254 
Vegetables, Important Direc- 
tions 244 

Vegetables, Important Facts... 24 

Ventilation. Poultry 304 

Verbena Flower 285 

Vine Covered Cottage 309 

Violet. Flower 285 

Virginia Fringe Tree 305 



w 

Wages, Irrigated Regions 64 

Wall Flower 285 

Water Melon 205 

Water Wilderness, Beauty ... .317 

Weeping Elm 304 

Weight of Bushel 431 

Weights and Measures 431 

Whale Oil Soap, Spray 390 

Wheat, Different Varieties. .. .376 

Harvesting 377 

'VX'^hite Faced Black 353 

White House, Washington 311 

Whitewood Tulip Tree 303 

Wide Ration 327 

Wilderness, Possibilities Re- 
claiming 317 

Willow-leafed Thorn 304 

Wyandottes, Black, Poultry .. .353 

Buff 353 

Columbian 353 

Wyandottes, Golden 353 



Young White Oak 305 

Yukon Kiver, Alaska 7 



Zinnia, Flower 285 




443 



Index to Illustrations 



A 

Subject Page 

Acme Weeding Hoes 433 

Adjustable Disk Harrow 430 

Adjustable Harrow 434 

Adlumia 310 

Africa o 

Agawam Grapes 399 

Airedale Terrier 309 

Alabama, Map of 10 

Alaska, Map of 14 

Almond Tumbler Pigeon 371 

Angora Cat 370 

Angora Goat 330 

Angora Rabbit 371 

Arabian Horse 319 

Arctic Circle 5 

Arctic Ocean 14 

Arizona, Map of 10 

Arkansas, Map of 20 

Asparagus Knives 433 

Ass 319 

Australia, Location 5 

Axe 433 

Ayrshire Cattle 326 

B 

Basket 433 

Bassett Hound 307 

Beagle Dog 368 

Beating Famished Cow 331 

Beautiful Homes 280 

Beautified by Trees 288 

Bedlington Terrier 369 

Beef Cattle, Points 328 

Bees in Open Field 375 

Belgian Hare Rabbit 371 

Berkshire Hog 337 

Bill Hook 432 

Blackberries 400 

Black and Tan Terrier 309 

Black Faced Sheep 336 

Black Retriever 368 

Black Spanish Fowls 346 

Blenheim Spaniel 308 

Bloodhound 366 

Bone Cutter 436 

Boston Public Gardens 307 

Botanical Show Grounds 316 

Bronze Turkey 358 

Brown Leghorn Fowl 351 

Brown Tabby Cat 370 

Bryanopsis 316 

Bryophylluni 313 

Brush Axe 432 

Bulldog 307 

Bul'.flght 331 

Bull Terrier 369 

c 

Caladium 315 

California, Map of 24 

Canada Thistles 408 

Canary Islands, Location 5 

Cape Colony, Location 5 

Carrier Pigeon 371 



Subject Fagre 

Cattle, Devon Breed 325 

Cattle Points, Describing 328 

Cattle, Showing Hips 328 

Cattle, Model Horned 325 

Celery Hoe 433 

Cheshire Hog 338 

Chester White Hog 337 

Cheviot Sheep 334 

Chicken, Just Hatched 344 

Chicken Coop ._ 435 

Chickens With Mothers 342 

China, Location 5 

Chinese Crested Dog 367 

Chinese Hog 338 

Churn, Favorite 435 

City Lots, 2 Plans 307 

Claw Hammer 432 

Cleveland Bay Horse 319 

Clumber Spaniel 368 

Clydesdale Horse 319 

Cochin Bantams 347 

Cocker Spaniel 308 

Collie Dog 300 

Colorado, Map of 28 

Combined Garden Hoe 434 

Connecticut, Map of 32 

Conservatory 413 

Cotswold Sheep 334 

Corn Husker 433 

Corn Sheller 436 

Cow, Description, Outline 330 

Country Homes 307 

Cream Separator 435 

Crown of Thorns 315 

Cruelly Beating Horse 323 

Cruel Overchecking 324 

Cruel High Checking 324 

Cyclamen 313 

D 

Dachshund Dog 367 

Dairy Points, Cow 329 

Dalmatian Dog 367 

Dandy Dinmot Terrier 369 

Dark Brahmas 346 

Dark Wing Game 349 

Deer Hound 366 

Delaware, Map of 36 

Depot Grounds Beautified 313 

Dibber or Dibble 433 

Digging Forks 433 

Disk Harrow 420 

District of Columbia 98 

Divisions of the Earth 5 

Domestic Animals, 28 Kinds... 318 

Dorking Fowls 348 

Draw Hoe 433 

Drinking Convenience, Dogs... 363 

Driving Too Fast 323 

Drop Eared Terrier 367 

Dutch Rabbit 371 

E 

Ears, Champion Corn 377 

Elaborate Suburban Residence .313 
Elm Tree 413 



Subject Fagre 

English Fox Hound 366 

English Mastiff 306 

English Pouter Pigeon 370 

English Setter Dog 368 

Equator, Location 5 

Essex Hog 337 

Eureka Weeder 433 

Europe, Location 5 

Excelsior Weeder 433 



Falkland Islands 5 

Fan-Tail Pigeon 371 

Farm Wagon 436 

Fat Tailed Sheep 335 

Fences Removed, Effect 315 

Floral Tools 433 

Florida, Map of 40 

Flower Gathering Scissors 432 

Flowers in Colors 271 

Forty-seven States, Map of.... 229 

Fountain, Ornamental 314 

Fowl, Colony Houses 357 

Frizzle Fowls 351 

Front View Cattle 328 

Fruit Picker 433 



6 



Galloway Cow 327 

Garden Line 433 

Gardeners' Gloves 432 

Georgia, Map of 44 

Gold Spangled Hamburg 349 

Gooseberries 400 

Gourds 316 

Grand Canyon, Location 16 

Grape Thinning Scissors 432 

Grass Shears 432 

Grass Shears 436 

Gray Talking Parrot 370 

Greenhouse and Grapery 435 

Greyhound 307 

Grub Hoe 432 

Guinea Fowl 370 

Gulf of Mexico, Location 40 

H 

Hamiltonian Horse 319 

Hand-Cart 430 

Harrier Dog 307 

Harrow and Cultivator 434 

Harvest Field 376 

Hatching Chickens 341 

Hatching by Incubator 343 

Hatchets 433 

Hay Knife 433 

Hay Loader 419 

Hay Press 42.5 

Hazeltine's Weeder 432 

Heart Shaped Trowel 433 

Hereford Cow 327 

Hill, Thos. E., Portrait 

Frontispiece 



44R 



Subject Pagre 

Hillside, Ornamented 311 

Himalayan Rabbit 371 

Holderness Cow 320 

Holstein Cow 32(5 

Horse Naturally Beautiful 324 

Horses Rightly Checked 324 

Hotbed 425 

Horses, 12 Breeds 310 

Houdan Fowl 351 

Husking Gloves 43C 

Husking Pins 436 



Idaho, Map of 48 

Illinois, Map of 50 

India, Location 5 

Incubator 344 

Indiana, Map of 56 

Inferior, Superior Corn 413 

Iowa, Map of 60 

Irish Potatoes 38G 

Irish Terrier 369 

Irish Water Spaniel 368 

Iron Beam Plow 430 

Italian Greyhound Dog 367 



Jacobin Pigeon 371 

Japanese Bantams 350 

Jersey Cow 325 

Jersey Red Hog 337 

Johnson's Amaryllis 316 

Judging Dairy Cattle 329 



K 



Kansas, Map of 82 

Kentucky, Map of 86 

King Charles Spaniel 368 

Kitchen Grindstone 432 

Klondike Region, Location 14 



La Fleche Fowl 346 

Lake in Distance 308 

Landscape View, Park 308 

Landscape View, 5 Acres 309 

Langshan Fowl 350 

Lantern 436 

Latz Pigeon 371 

Lawn Mower 432 

Lawn Roller 4,Tfl 

Leghorn Runt Pigeon 370 

Leicester Sheep 334 

Light Brahma Fowls 346 

Lincoln Sheep 335 

Long Island, Location 32 

Lop Eared Rabbitt 370 

Lopping Shears 432 

Louisiana, Map of 90 



M 



Maine, Map of 94 

Maltese Dog 367 

Manchuria, Location 5 

Manure Fork 433 

Manure Spreader 435 

Manure Spreader Wagon 425 

Market Name, Cattle 330 

Maryland, Map of 98 

Massachusetts, Map of 102 



Subject Page 

Merino Sheep 33.", 

Jlichigan, Map of 106 

Milk Pan 436 

Minnesota, Map of 110 

Jlississippi, Map of 114 

Missouri, Map of 118 

Model Polled Cow 326 

Montana, Map of 122 

Jlorgan Horse 319 

JIoscow, Location 5 

Motor Wagon 425 

Slowing Machine 425 

Mule 319 

Mustang 319 

N 

Nebraska, Map of 126 

Nevada, Jlap of 130 

Newfoundland Dog 366 

New Hampshire, Map of 132 

New Jersey, Map of 134 

New Mexico, Map of 138 

New York, Map of 140 

New Zealand, Location 5 

Niagara Grapes 399 

North America, Jlap 6 

North Carolina, Map of 148 

North Dakota, Map of 152 

Nosebag Abolished 413 

Nosebag Cruelty 323 

Nun Pigeon 371 ■ 



Ohio, Map of 156 

Oil-Can 432 

Oklahoma, Map of 162 

Open View Cottage 309 

Oregon, Map of 166 

Otter Hound 367 

Overcheck Cruelty 324 

Oxford Down Sheep 334 



Park View, Washington 317 

Partridge Cochin Fowl 350 

Peacock 370 

Pennsylvania. Map of 170 

Percheron Horse 319 

Persian Cat 370 

Pheasant 371 

Pointer Dog 368 

Points of Fowl 345 

Points of the Horse 322 

Poland China Hog 337 

Pomeranian Dog 366 

Poodle Dog 367 

Porto Rico, Location 5 

Potatoes, How Sprout 434 

Potato Hooks 433 

Possibilities, Crop, 1 Acre 309 

Post Hole Spade 432 

Poultry House 340 

Prick Eared Terrier 369 

Pruner and Saw 432 

Pruning Saw 432 

Pruning Saw Chisel 432 

Pug Dog . 366 



R 



Railroad, Cruel Transportation. 331 

Reaper and Binder 419 

Reaping Machine 425 



Subject Page 

Rear Yard Improved 312 

Red Pile Game 347 

Rhode Island, Map of 178 

Rockery 312 

Rouen Ducks 354 

Rough Fox Terrier 369 

Rough St. Bernard 306 

Round Point Shovel 432 

Rubber Plant Sprinkler 432 

Ruined, Fast Driving 323 

Running Horse 319 

Rustic Bridges 313 



s 



Sandwich Islands, Location .5 

Scoop Shovel 432 

Scotch Terrier 368 

Sebright Bantam Fowls 048 

Seed Sower 436 

Shetland Pony 319 

Siberia, Location of 5 

Side View, Cattle 328 

Sierra Leone, Location 5 

Short Horn Heifer 327 

Shropshire Sheep 336 

Shrubs, Large Display 311 

Shrubbery, Vacant Spaces 305 

Silo on Farm 384 

Silky Fowl 349 

Silver Spangled Fowls 339 

Silver Gray Rabbit 370 

Slim Jim Trowel 433 

Smooth Fox Terrier 369 

Smooth St. Bernard 366 

South America, Location 5 

South Carolina, Map of 180 

South Dakota, Map of 181 

South Down Sheep 336 

Spangled Poland Fowl 351 

Spike Tooth Harrow 430 

Spraying Fruit Orchard 392 

Spraying Potato Field 393 

Spring Tooth Harrow 430 

Squabs 359 

Square Point Shovel..... 432 

Square Point Spade 432 

St. Petersburg 5 

Steel Bow Rake 433 

Steel Garden Rake 433 

Steel Trowel 433 

Strawberry 406 

Stream for Ducks 355 

Subsoil Plow 430 

Suffolk Hog 337 

Sussex Spaniel 368 

Swan, Water Fowl 370 

Sweet Potatoes 386 

Swivel Pruning Saw 432 

Syringe No. 10 432 



Tail Cruelly Shortened 323 

Tasmania 5 

Tennessee, Map of 188 

Terraced Residence Grounds.. 308 

Texan Steer 325 

Texas, Map of 192 

Thermometer Registering 433 

Thomas Circle, Washington .. .315 
Thoroughbred English Horse.. 319 

Tomato Vine Support 432 

Toulouse Geese 354 

Transporting Calves Cruelly .. .331 

Transplanting Forks 433 

Trees, Many Varieties 307 

Trees, 43 Varieties 289 



447 



Subject Page 

Tree Digging Spade 432 

Tree Scraper 433 

Trinidad, Location 5 

Truffle Dog 369 

Trumpeter Pigeon 371 

Tubular Roller 430 

Turkey, Bronze 358 

u 

U. S. Irrigation Projects G4 

TJ. S. Population Growth 234 

United States, Map of 235 

Utah, Map of 200 

V 

Vases, Flower 309 

Vegetable Scoop 432 

Vegetables in Colors 251 



Subject Page 

Vermont, Map of 2u4 

Vine Covered Cottage 309 

Vine Nails 433 

Virginia, Map of 208 



w 



TVashington. Map of 212 

Watch Dog 300 

Watering Pot 432 

Wavy Coated Retriever 308 

Wedge 433 

West Virginia, Map of 210 

White Cochin Fowls 348 

White Crested Fowl 348 

White English Terrier 309 

White Fowls 344 

White House Grounds 311 

White Leghorn Fowls 347 

White Pekin Ducks 356 



Subject Page 

White Yorkshire Hog 338 

Wilderness Beautified 317 

Winding Pathway 312 

Winding Pathway Effect 316 

Wine Mill 436 

Wire Cutter 432 

Wisconsin, Map of 220 

Wooden Drag 430 

Wooden Grain Scoop 432 

Wooden Water Pail 432 

Workmen's Garden Hoe 434 

World in Space 5 

Wyandotte Fowl 350 

Wyoming, Map of 224 



Yorkshire Hog 338 

Y'orkshire Terrier 308 

Young Fowls 341 




4-48 







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